Population, Settlement & Transport

Geography

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Population

● Population means the number of people in a geographic area.

● Population distribution refers to the way people are spaced over the
earth’s surface. Broadly, 90 percent of the world population lives in
about 10 percent of its land area.
● The population of the world is unevenly distributed.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Region wise population density

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Density & Distribution

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Factors Influencing The Distribution Of
Population

Geographical Factors

Economic Factors

Social and Cultural Factors

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Population Growth
Growth of Population :
● Change of population in particular area
between two points of time is known as
growth of population.

Natural Growth & Actual Growth of Population:

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Population Growth

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Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Migration
Movement of people for a permanent/ semi-permanent basis is called
migration.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Migration

● Place of Origin
● Place of Destination

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

● Migration to cities are traditionally
age and sex selective i.e. more
men of working age groups move
to cities.
● May be permanent, temporary or
seasonal.

Forms:
● Rural to Rural areas, Rural to
urban areas, Urban to urban areas
and Urban to rural areas.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Indian Population
● India 2020 population is estimated at 1,380,004,385 people at mid
year according to UN data.
● India's population is equivalent to 17.7% of the total world population.
● 35.0 % of the population is urban (483,098,640 people in 2020)

● The population density in India is 464 per Km2 (1,202 people per mi2).

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Population Growth Rate

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Demographic Transition

Demographic transition theory helps us to describe and predict the future

population of any area.
● Population Changes from

High Birth and High Death rate → → Low Birth and Low Death Rate

Rural Agrarian and illiterate → → Urban Industrial and literate

society

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Graph

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Population Pyramid
● A Population pyramid (also called "Age-Sex Pyramid") is a graphical
representation of the age and sex of a population.
● The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the
population.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Human Settlements
● Compact or Nucleated settlements :
● Dispersed Settlements:

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Rural settlements

● It is dominated by primary activities such as agriculture, animal

husbandry, fishing etc.
Factors affecting the location of rural settlements:
● Water Supply
● Land
● Upland

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Rural Settlement Patterns

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Urban Settlements
● Presently 54 percent of the world’s population lives in urban
settlements compared to only 3 per cent in the year 1800.

Classification : (Varies)
● Population Size : For example, 2500 in the USA , 5,000 in India and
30,000 in Japan.
● In India, along with population size, density of 400 persons per sq km
and share of non-agricultural workers are taken into consideration to
define any area as Urban area.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Urban Settlements

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Problems of Human Settlements in Developing Countries

Problems of Urban Settlements:

● Shortage of housing, growth of slums
● Economic Problems
● Environmental Problems

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Transport
● It includes:
○ Transport arteries
○ Vehicles
○ Organisation to maintain
● Modes of Transport
○ Land - road , railways
○ Water - inland, overseas
○ Air - domestic, international

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Land Transport

● Roads
○ National Highways
○ State Highways
○ District Roads
○ Rural Roads
○ Other Roads

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 National Highways
● These connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway
junctions, etc.
● They covers a length of 132,500 Km which forms 2% of total road
network.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Numbering Of Highways
● All North-South highways will carry EVEN number.
● All East-West highways will have ODD numbers.
● North-South highways will increase their numbers from East to
West.
● East-West highways will increase their numbers as we move from
North to South.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)
 Rail Transport
● Facilitates the movement of both freight and passengers and
contributes to the growth of economy.
● Introduced in 1853, between Bombay to Thane covering a distance
of 34 km.
● Indian Railways have grown into a vast network of 7,349 stations
spread over a route length of 67,368 km

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

The Indian Railways operate in three different gauges
○ Broad Gauge Railway (Distance between rails is 1.67 m).
○ Metre Gauge Railways (1.00 m).
○ Narrow Gauge Railway (0.762 or 0.610 m).
● As on 2019, 92.94% is broad-gauge followed by metre gauge
(4.62%) and narrow gauge (2.43%).

Project Unigauge

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Diamond Quadrilateral
● The Diamond Quadrilateral is a
project of the Indian railways to
establish a high speed rail network in
India.
● The Diamond Quadrilateral will
connect the four mega cities in
India, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Ch
ennai

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

 Water Transport
● Cheapest means of transport and is most suitable for carrying
heavy and bulky material.
● It is a fuel-efficient and eco-friendly mode of transport.
● The water transport is of two types–
○ Inland waterways
○ Oceanic waterways

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Inland Waterways
● India has 14,500 km of
navigable waterways,
contributing about 1% to the
country’s transportation.
● It comprises rivers, canals,
backwaters, creeks, etc.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Oceanic Routes
● India has a vast coastline of
approximate 7,517 km, including
islands.
● Twelve major and 185 minor ports
provide infrastructural support to these
routes.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Advantages

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Types of ports on the basis of specialised functions:

● Oil Ports
● Ports of Call
● Ferry ports
● Naval Ports

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)

Thank you.

Geography : MODULE XXIII (POPULATION & SETTLEMENT)