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RBI Grade B 2020: Urbanisation and

Migration
Urbanisation
➢ Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and
cities.
➢ Urbanisation occurs because people move from rural areas (countryside) to
urban areas (towns and cities). This usually occurs when a country is still
developing.
➢ It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal
or vertical.
World Urbanization Prospects 2018
➢ World Urbanization Prospects is produced by the Population Division of the
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA).
➢ It has been issued regularly since 1988 with revised estimates and projections
of the urban and rural populations for all countries of the world, and of their major
urban agglomerations.
➢ As per the latest urbanisation report, 55% of the world’s population lives in
urban areas and it is expected to increase to 68% by 2050.
➢ There will be 90% increase in urbanization in Asia and Africa, according to a
new United Nations data.
➢ World’s urban population are expected to be highly concentrated in just a few
countries.
➢ India, China, and Nigeria will account for 35% of the projected growth of
the world’s urban population between 2018 and 2050.
➢ By 2050, it is projected that India will have added 416 million urban dwellers,
China 255 million and Nigeria 189 million.
➢ The urban population of the world has grown rapidly from 751 million in 1950
to 4.2 billion in 2018.
➢ Presently, most urbanized regions are Northern America (with 82% of its
population living in urban areas in 2018), Latin America and the Caribbean (81%),
Europe (74%) and Oceania (68%).
➢ The level of urbanization in Asia is 50%.
➢ Africa remains mostly rural with 43% of urban population.
➢ Population decline in some cities and in rural areas:
▪ Some cities of Asia and Europe have experienced population decline in recent
years with the low fertility and emigration.
▪ Economic contraction and natural disasters have also contributed to population
losses in some cities.
▪ Asia: Few cities in Japan and the Republic of Korea like Nagasaki and Busan
have experienced population decline between 2000 and 2018.
▪ Eastern Europe: Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation and Ukraine.
▪ Africa and Asia are home to nearly 90% of the world’s rural population in 2018.
▪ India has the largest rural population (893 million), followed by China (578
million).

➢ Cities ranking and mega cities:

▪ Tokyo is the world’s largest city with 37 million inhabitants, followed by New
Delhi (29 million), Shanghai (26 million), Mexico City and São Paulo.
▪ Cairo, Mumbai, Beijing, and Dhaka are close to 20 million inhabitants.

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▪ By 2020, Tokyo’s population is projected to begin to decline while Delhi will

become the most populous city in the world around 2028.
▪ World is projected to have 43 megacities with more than 10 million inhabitants
by 2030.
▪ While 1 in 8 people live in 33 megacities worldwide, close to half of the world’s
urban dwellers reside in much smaller settlements with fewer than 500,000
inhabitants.
➢ Sustainable urbanization:
▪ Understanding the key trends in urbanization, implementation of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, including efforts to forge a new framework
of urban development is needed.
Urbanisation in India
Urban areas have been recognized as “engines of inclusive economic growth”. Of
the 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban
areas (32 % of the population). The 2021 census of India defines urban settlement
as :-
• All the places which have municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified
town area committee.
• The places that have minimum population of 5000 persons; at least 75 % of
male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and density
of population of at least 400 persons per square km.
Steps Taken by Government to improve urban Development
1. The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act: It came into effect in 1993,
emphasizes to strengthen urban planning, regulation of land use, roads and
bridges and providing urban amenities.
2. National Urban Transport Policy, 2006: Its main aim is to provide
affordable, comfortable, safe, and rapid, reliable, and sustainable urban transport
system for the growing number of city resident to jobs, education and recreation
and other needs within cities. It integrates land use and transportation for urban
improvement.
3. National Urban Renewal Mission (NURM), 2005: It creates economically
productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities.
▪ It consists of two sub-missions Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG) and
Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP).
▪ It focuses on Integrated development of infrastructure services; securing
linkages between asset creation and maintenance for long run project
sustainability, etc.
▪ Universalisation of urban services so as to ensure their availability to the urban
poor.
4. Introduction to Metro trains: Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore etc. are part of this
initiatives. Recently cabinet has also passes proposal for second phase of
Bangalore Metro (Namma Metro). In addition to this government has done many
feasibility studies in Tier-II & III cities.
5. Smart city concept: This was proposed in Budget 2014 projecting ‘one
hundred Smart cities’, as satellite towns of larger cities and modernizing the
existing mid- sized cities. It includes:
▪ e-governance (through Digital India initiative, National e-governance plan,
National Optical fiber network, e- panchayat project of MRD)
▪ Continuous improvements in design and management
▪ Climate oriented development
▪ Mass transit-oriented development
▪ People centric technological applications (m-health, e- learning)

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▪ Planning can be bottom up for future urbanization

▪ Smart PDS rationing
▪ Social inclusive and economically diverse.
6. Swachh Bharat: Clean urban areas will attract tourists and can increase the
economic diversity of the urban dwellers and it will be also source for revenue
generation for ULB.

Migration

➢ Migration is the 3rd factor for changes in the population, the other being
birth rate and death rate.
➢ As compared to birth rate and death rate, migration affects the size of
population differently.
➢ Migration is influenced by the social, cultural, economic, and political
factors.
➢ Migration is the movement of people between regions or countries.
➢ According to the Demographic Dictionary of United Nations, “Migration is
such an event in which people move from one geographical area to another
geographical area. When people leaving their place of residence go to live
permanently in another area then this is called migration.”
Types of Migration
1. Immigration and Emigration: When people from one country move
permanently to another country, for example, if people from India move to UK
then for UK, it is termed as Immigration, whereas for India it is termed as
Emigration.
2. In-migration and Out-migration: In-migration means migration occurring
within an area only while out-migration means migration out of the area. Both
types of migration are called internal migration occurring within the country.
3. Gross and Net Migration: During any time-period, the total number of
persons entering in the country and the total number of people exiting the country
for residing is called gross migration. The difference between them is termed as
net migration.
4. Internal Migration and External Migration: Internal migration means the
movement of people in different states and regions within a country. However,
external or international migration refers to the movement of people from one
country to another for permanent settlement.
New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants
UN General Assembly in 2016 unanimously adopted New York Declaration
for Refugees and Migrants. Here are its key features:
• Address all aspects of international migration, including the humanitarian,
developmental, human rights-related and other aspects.
• Make an important contribution to global governance and enhance coordination
on international migration.
• Present a framework for comprehensive international cooperation on migrants
and human mobility.
• Set out a range of actionable commitments, means of implementation and a
framework for follow-up and review among Member States regarding international
migration in all its dimensions.
• Be guided by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Addis Ababa
Action Agenda; and
• Be informed by the Declaration of the 2013 High-Level Dialogue on International
Migration and Development.

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Global Migration Report 2020

• Global Migration Report 2020 has been released by International Organisation
for Migration’s (IOM).
• Indian Context:
▪ India accounts for the highest share with 17.5 million Indians living
outside the country.
▪ India is the leading recipient of remittances. International remittances in 2018
(2020 report) reached $689 billion, out of which India received $78.6 billion from
the 17.5 million living abroad.
▪ Remittances received by India have consistently increased between the 2005
and 2020.
▪ The top migration corridors for Indians are the United Arab Emirates,
the US and Saudi Arabia.
▪ Highest number of migrants entering India come from Bangladesh.
• Global cases: Comparing the present report with 2000 Global Migration
Report, the number of international migrants has nearly doubled from 150 million
to 272 million. It’s key data are given here:
▪ India is followed by Mexico (11.8 million) and China (10.7 million).
▪ Two-third of international migrants are labour migrants.
▪ The United States was the top remittance-issuer ($68 billion) followed by
the United Arab Emirates ($44.4 billion) and Saudi Arabia ($36.1 billion).
▪ The top destinations for international migrants is US with 50.7 million
international migrants followed by Germany, Saudi Arabia, Russian
Federation and the UK.
▪ The proportion of female international migrants has only marginally changed
between the two reports, from 47.5% in 2000 to 47.9%.
▪ The share of international migrants who were children has dropped from 16%
in 2000 to 13.9%.
▪ Oceania is the region with the highest proportion of international migrants.
▪ UAE is the country with the highest proportion of international migrants.
▪ More than half of all international migrants (141 million) stay in Europe and
North America.

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