HUMANITIES

TOPIC : DEVELOPMENT OF URBANISED CITY

PRESENTED BY:

ANTARA HARNE

THIRD YEAR C

ROLLNO:13
URBANISATION IN INDIA:
Urbanization in India began to accelerate after independence, due to the
country's adoption of a mixed economy , which gave rise to the development of
the private sector. Urbanisation is taking place at quite a rapid rate in India.
Population residing in urban areas in India, according to 1901 census, was
11.4%. This count increased to 28.53% according to 2001 census, and crossing
30% as per 2011 census, standing at 31.16%. In 2017, the numbers increased to
34%, according to The World Bank. According to a survey by UN State of the
World Population report in 2007, by 2030, 40.76% of country's population is
expected to reside in urban areas. As per World Bank, India, along
with China, Indonesia, Nigeria, and the United States, will lead the world's urban
population surge by 2050.
Mumbai saw large-scale rural-urban migration in the 20th
century. Mumbai, in 2018, accommodates 22.1 million people, and is the
largest metropolis by population in India, followed by Delhi with 28 million
inhabitants. Delhi witnessed the fastest rate of urbanisation in the world, with a
4.1% rise in population as per the 2011 census. Mumbai and Kolkata were close
behind over that same stretch, with increases in the population of 3.1% and 2%
respectively.
Post-independence, India faced high rates of poverty, unemployment,
and a stagnant economy. The first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru, focused on the domain of science and technology. The mixed
economy system was adopted, resulting in the growth of the Public
sector in India crippling down the development of Indian economy leading to
what is popularly known as Hindu rate of growth. The South Asian region
though predominantly rural (accounted for 69.9% rural population as of 2010),
has recorded much higher annual growth of urban population. India, the leading
country in South Asia has shown an unprecedented increase in the urban
population in the last few decades and its urban population has increased about
14 fold from 1901 to 2011. This growth is mainly uneven but not skewed and
not concentrated to a single city of the country. India shares most characteristic
features of urbanization in the developing countries where the rate of
urbanization is faster than the developed countries. For instance, in 1971 there
were only about 150 cities whose population was more than one lakh, now this
figure has reached to 500 and if this trend persists then it is expected that more
than 800 million people will live in Indian cities by 2050. The urban population
of India has increased from 25.85 million in 1901 to 377.11 million in 2011.

The contribution of the agricultural sector to the Gdp of India started to decline
and the percentage contribution from secondary sector increased. The period
after 1941, witnessed rapid growth of four metropolitan cities in India, which
were Kokata Delhi Mumbai and Chennai.The nation's economy saw a rise due to
Industrial Revolution and the invention of new technologies increased the
standard of living of people living in urban areas. The growth of resulted in
development of public transport, roads, water supply, electricity, and hence the
infrastructure of urban areas.

CAUSES OF URBANISATION IN INDIA:

The main causes of urbanisation in India are:

 Expansion in government services, as a result of the SECOND WORLD

WAR Migration of people during the partition of India
 The Industrial revolution
 Eleventh five-year plan that aimed at Urbanisation for the economic
development of India.
 Economic opportunities are just one reason people move into cities
 Infrastructure facilities in the urban areas
 Growth of private sector after 1990
 Growth of employment in cities is attracting people from rural areas as well
as smaller cities to large towns.
 Therefore, it is being driven by economic compulsions where people move
out for economic advancements to areas offering better job opportunities.
 It is also driven by land fragmentations, villages being erased due to roads
and highway constructions, dam constructions and other activities.
 Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood, but it's no more profitable:

URBANISATION OF NEW DELHI

The capital of India, New Delhi, has been experiencing one of the fastest urban
expansions in the world. Vast areas of croplands and grasslands are being
turned into streets, buildings, and parking lots, attracting an unprecedented
amount of new residents. By 2050, the United Nations Projects India will add
400 million urban dwellers, which would be the largest urban migration in the
world for the thirty-two year period.

These images show the growth in the city of New Delhi and its adjacent areas a
territory collectively known as Delhi from December 5, 1989, to June 5, 2018
(right). These false-colour images use a combination of visible and short-wave
infrared light to make it easier to distinguish urban areas.
Most of the expansion in Delhi has occurred on the peripheries of New
Delhi, as rural areas have become more urban. The geographic size of Delhi has
almost doubled from 1991 to 2011, with the number of urban households
doubling while the number of rural houses declined by half. Cities outside of
Delhi Bahadurgarh, Ghaziabad, Noida, Faridabad, and Gurugram have also
experienced urban growth over the past three decades, as shown in these
images.
With a flourishing service economy, Delhi is a draw for migrants because
it has one of India’s. highest per capita income According to the latest census
data, most people (and their families) move into the city for work.The Times of
India reported that the nation’s capital grew by nearly 1,000 people each day in
2016, of which 300 moved into the city. By 2028, New Delhi is expected to
surpass Tokyo as the most populous city in the world. The increased
urbanization has had several consequences. One is that the temperatures of the
urban areas are often hotter than surrounding vegetated areas. Manmade
structures absorb the heat and then radiate that into the air at night, increasing
the local temperature (the urban heat island effect). Research has shown that
densely built parts of Delhi can be 7°C (45°F) to 9°C (48°F) warmer in the
wintertime than undeveloped regions.
Additionally, sprawling cities can have several environmental
consequences, such as increasing traffic congestion, greenhouse gas emissions,
and air pollution. From 2005 to 2014, Nasa scientists have observed an increase
in air pollution in India due to the country’s fast-growing economies and
expanding industry. India is one of many countries with fast-growing cities. By
2050, China is projected to add 250 million people in its urban areas, and
Nigeria may add 190 million urban dwellers. In total, India, China and Nigeria
are expected to account for 35% of the world’s urban population growth
between 2018
 Urbanization has increased rapidly in Delhi since 1911 when Delhi
became the capital of the country. The pace was accelerated during 1941-51
when the country was partitioned and refugees started settling in Delhi. 90% of
the population was living in urban area by 1991, compared to 57.5% in 1911.
 With rapid urbanisation, the rural area is shrinking: it has fallen from
1157.52 sq. km in 1961 to 782.77 sq. km in 1991. The population density was
12361 persons per sq. km in urban areas in 1991 and 1190 persons per sq. km
in rural areas. Rapid urbanisation has led to one distinctive feature in Delhi
different types of settlements. The types of settlements in Delhi are categorised
in terms of civic infrastructure, types of houses, authorised versus unauthorised
settlements, etc.

The types of settlements are listed below: -

i) JJ resettlement colonies
ii) Slum resettlement colonies
iii) Refugee resettlement colonies
iv) Approved/planned colonies
v) Unauthorised-regularised colonies
vi) Unauthorised colonies
vii) Urbanised villages
viii) JJ clusters
ix) Notified slum areas / Walled City
x) Rural villages

In colonies of Delhi, the occupational pattern as well as the standard of

living varies by type of habitat. About 79.48% of the households had electricity
connections and 63.38% of the households had toilet facilities according to the
1991 Census. About 60% of the households had both electricity and toilet
facilities.75.7% of the total households had piped water supply (individual plus
sharing) while 20% of the households depended on hand-pumps/tube-wells;
46.5% of the households used LPG as domestic fuel while 42% of the
households used kerosene as fuel.
MASTER PLANS FOR DELHI

The First Master Plan for Delhi, 1961-81, was published by DDA in 1962.
The Second Master Plan for Delhi 1981-2001, was published by DDA in 1990. As
per the First master Plan, 11.7% of the total area of Delhi (17287.45 hectares
was urbanized in 1958-59, holding an urban population of 20 lakhs. The First
master plan envisaged development of urbanisable area of 44,777 hectares by
1981, catering to an urban population of 46 lakhs. This was subsequently
increased to 48,777 hectares – 4000 hectares were added for development of
Patparganj, Sarita Vihar & Vasant Kunj. The Second Master Plan envisaged
acquisition of 20,000 hectares. for planned development by 2001, thereby
expanding the urbanisable area to 68,777 hectares. On the other hand, NCR
Planning board projected an urbanisable area of 62,777 hectares by 2001.
Remote sensing data available with the National Capital Region Planning Board
(NCRPB) indicates that the built up area in Delhi was 57,880 hectares in 1986,
60,340 hectares in 1993 and 75,000 hectares in 1999 (includes built up area of
rural settlements). More than 50% of the total area of Delhi has been built up
by 1999.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The National Commission on Urbanisation has described urbanisation in

India as a process whereby the surplus population of workers from rural areas
resettles in urban centres where non-agricultural job opportunities are
available. If job opportunities are productive and lead to gainful employment,
urbanisation becomes a catalyst for economic development. If, however,
urbanisation is merely a process of transfer of rural poverty to an urban
environment, it results in a concentration of misery. Describing civic conditions
in urban areas, the Commission pointed out that the urban centres in the
country generated the most brutal and inhuman living conditions, with large
sections of the population (nearly 30-50% in the case of Mumbai and Delhi)
living in squatter settlements. Overcrowding and the scarcity of water and
sanitation in the slums leads to severe health problems and the abject
degradation of human life. The Commission estimated that there would be 350
million people living in urban areas in India by 2001 compared to 160 million in
1981.
Urbanisation, according to the Commission, has been accelerated by
distress migration from rural areas. In 1951 the contribution of urban India to
Net State Domestic Product was 29% which grew to 37% in 1971 and is
projected to reach 60% by 2001. Thus, the Commission estimates that 35% of
the population of the country living in urban areas will contribute over 60% of
the country’s Net State Domestic Product by 2001.

HOUSING

According to the 1991 Census there were 18.62 lakh households in Delhi.
Out of these, 12,200 households were shelterless. There were 18.02 lakh
residential houses, which included 1,91,386 kaccha houses. Delhi faced a
shortage of 2,62,824 houses in 1991, which is about 14% of the total number of
households. Information on the availability of houses in urban and rural areas is
indicated below

HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSES AND HOUSING SHORTAGE IN DELHI-1991 CENSUS:

Including Industrial Households

The Master Plan for Delhi, 2001 (MPD -2001), suggested that 16.16 lakh
new dwelling units be made available in Delhi during 1981-2001 under different
programmes
JHUGGI JHONPRI CLUSTERS
Rapid in-migration has resulted in mushrooming of JJ clusters in Delhi.
Efforts to relocate households in JJ clusters have not succeeded, with only
about 17000 sites and services plots having been developed since 1990. The
target for 2000-01 is 30,000 plots. Growth of Jhuggies in Delhi is indicated in.
Delhi had an estimated 1080 JJ Clusters in 1994 The Delhi Government has
recently announced the setting up of a low cost Housing Corporation to tackle
this problem.

*Including institutional households.

Note: 1. The total number of households including industrial households is
18,61,576.
2. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total
Source: Population Statistics - 1991, Directorate of Economics & Statistics,
Government of NCT of Delhi.
HOUSING REQUIREMENT AS PER MASER PLAN OF DELHI – 2001