VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590 018.

A DISSERTATION ON

“Treatability Studies on Removal of Dissolved Solids from Ground Water

Selected from Raw Sewage Disposal Area of Belagavi City using Raw and
Activated Lateritic Stone Powder”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT, HEALTH & SAFETY ENGINEERING

Submitted by

AKASHAY P. SAVVASHERI
2AG19CWH01

Under the Guidance of

Dr. B.T. Suresh Babu

M. Tech., Ph.D., FIE
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

Suresh Angadi Education Foundation’s
ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
Savagaon Road, Belagavi – 590 009.

2022
 Suresh Angadi Education Foundation's

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT A

(Afiliated to Visvesvaraya Technology University, Belagavi)
Savagaon Road, Belagavi - 590 009.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that, the Project Work entitled "Treatability Studies on Removal of Dissolved
Solids from Ground Water Selected from Raw Sewage Disposal area of Belagavi City

using Raw and Activated Lateritic Stone Powder", has been carried out by
AKASHAY P. SAVVASHERI, USN: 2AG19CWHO1, for the partial fulfilment of the
Degree in Master of Technology in "Wastewater Management, Health & Safety
Engineering" under Civil Engg. department, by Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi for the Year 2022. The report has been approved, as it satisfies the academic
requirements for the said Degree. This thesis has not been submitted to any other university
or institute for the award of any degree.

Dr. B. T. Sures Babu Prof. M.V. Kanthi Dr. Anand Deshpande

Professor & Guide HOD, Civil Engineering Principal & Director, AITM

Name of the Examiners: Signature with Date:

1. *************************************

2.
 DECLARATION

I Akashay P. Savvasheri, bearing USN: 2AG19CWH01, student of IV semester M.Tech.,

Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, Belagavi, is hereby declare that, this
thesis entitled, “Treatability studies on Removal of Dissolved Solids from Ground Water
Selected from Raw Sewage Disposal area of Belagavi City using Raw and Activated
Lateritic Stone Powder” has been carried out under the guidance of Dr. B.T. Suresh Babu,
Professor, Department of Civil Engg., AITM, Belagavi. This thesis is submitted to
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, in the partial fulfillment of
the required for the award of degree in “Master of Technology” in “Wastewater
Management, Health and Safety Engineering” during the academic year 2021-22. The
results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other university or institute
for the award of any degree.

Date: 27.05.2022 Akashay P. Savvasheri.

Place: Belagavi. (2AG19CWH01)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is my privilege to express deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my beloved guide,

Dr. B.T. Suresh Babu, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for his valuable
guidance and assistance given to me for the successful completion of this thesis.

I express my sincere gratitude to our Prof. M.V. Kanthi, HOD, Civil Engineering for his
constant encouragement and support given throughout the completion of this thesis.

I am very much grateful to our beloved Principal & Director, Dr. Anand Deshpande of
our institution, for his inspiration and encouragement rendered to me in the completion of
this thesis.

I express my heart full thanks, to Prof. Ravi Basavaprabhu K, Librarian of our institution,
for providing me the necessary technical information and literature review required for the
studies.

Last but not the least, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of my respected
Teaching and Non-Teaching staff members of our department, institution and to my dear
Friends, for their co-operation and help either directly or indirectly for the completion of
this thesis work.

Akashay P. Savvasheri
(2AG19CWH01)

i
 ABSTRACT

The quality of ground water in urban areas is rapidly deteriorating due to increase in
population, fast growing technologies and their needs. Also, due to improper drainage
systems and raw sewage disposal on to the land, the ground water is being polluted in
several areas of cities and towns. The present study has been carried out, to know the
physico-chemical characteristics of ground water from Bore well sources, like, EC, TDS,
pH, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Calcium and Chloride content, where, the raw sewage
is disposed-off on to the land on downstream side of Belagavi city. In this area, it is
observed that, the TDS value and hardness causing elements in ground water are higher
than drinking water quality standards. By considering all these factors, this project work
has been taken up to remove the TDS content of the ground water by treating ground water
samples with raw lateritic stone powder and activated lateritic stone powder as a coagulant.

Experimental studies have been carried out to investigate on the treatment feasibility for
the removal of dissolved solids from ground water sources. After evaluation of results, it is
observed that, the removal efficiency of TDS content is varied from 12.5% and 27.88% for
raw and activated lateritic stone powder without using Alum respectively. The removal
efficiency of TDS content is varied from 14.90% and 34.97% for raw and activated lateritic
stone powder with Alum respectively. In total 15.38% efficiency and 20.07% efficiency
are achieved for raw and activated lateritic stone powder with and without Alum.
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ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Acknowledgements i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vii
Abbreviations viii

Chapter-1. Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Study Area in Belagavi City with problem identification. 1
1.3 Treatment feasibilities available to remove dissolved
solids. 4
1.4 Objectives 5
1.4.1 Specific Objectives 5

Chapter-2. Literature Review 7

Chapter-3. Materials and Methodology 11

3.1 General 11
3.2 Reconnaissance survey made in study area Belagavi 11
3.3 Collection of ground water samples from study area and
Analysis 13
3.4 Preparation of Lateritic stone powder to be used as a
Coagulant 14
3.4.1 Preparation of Raw lateritic stone powder 14
3.4.2 Preparation of Activated lateritic stone powder 16
3.5 Experimental methodology carried out in the laboratory 17
3.5.1 pH 17
3.5.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 17
3.5.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 18

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 Page No.
3.5.4 Total Alkalinity 18
3.5.5 Total Hardness 18
3.5.6 Calcium and Magnesium 19
3.5.7 Chlorides 19
3.5.8 Experimental methodology used in the removal of
Dissolved solids 21

Chapter-4. Results and Discussions 24

4.1 General 24
4.2 Results and Discussion 24
4.2.1 pH 24
4.2.2 Total Dissolved Solids 25
4.2.3 Total Alkalinity 25
4.2.4 Total Hardness 25
4.2.5 Calcium and Magnesium 26
4.2.6 Chloride 26

Chapter-5. Conclusion and Future Scope 47

5.1 Conclusions 47
5.2 Scope for the Future Studies 48
References 49

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page No.

Fig. 1.1 Belagavi District Map. 2

Fig. 1.2 Belagavi city Map showing the study Area. 3

Fig. 1.3 Movement of Raw sewage through open channel on

downstream of the city. 6

Fig. 1.4 Accumulation of raw sewage on downstream end of the

Belagavi City. 6

Fig. 3.1 Accumulation of Raw sewage on downstream side end of

Belagavi City. 12

Fig. 3.2 Ground water samples collected from study area for analysis. 13

Fig. 3.3 General view of Laterite stones used for studies. 14

Fig. 3.4 Raw Lateritic powder prepared for studies. 15

Fig. 3.5 Preparation of Activated Lateritic Powder for the studies. 16

Fig. 3.6 Laboratory analysis made for the treated water samples. 20

Fig. 3.7 Laboratory studies made for the treatment of water sample
using Clariflocculation. 21

Fig. 3.8 Supernatant water samples collected after the treatment using
Clariflocculator. 21

Fig. 4.1 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

30
Dissolved Solids.

Fig. 4.2 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

Alkalinity. 30

Fig. 4.3 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

Hardness. 31

Fig. 4.4 Graphical representation showing the results of Calcium. 31

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 Page No.

Fig. 4.5 Graphical representation showing the results of Chloride. 32

Fig. 4.6 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

34
Dissolved Solids.

Fig. 4.7 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

34
Alkalinity.

Fig. 4.8 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

35
Hardness.

Fig. 4.9 Graphical representation showing the results of Calcium. 35

Fig. 4.10 Graphical representation showing the results of Chloride. 36

Fig. 4.11 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

38
Dissolved Solids.

Fig. 4.12 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

38
Alkalinity.

Fig. 4.13 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

39
Hardness.

Fig. 4.14 Graphical representation showing the results of Calcium. 39

Fig. 4.15 Graphical representation showing the results of Chloride. 40

Fig. 4.16 Graphical representation showing the results of Total

42
Dissolved Solids.

Fig. 4.17 Graphical representation showing the results of Total Alkalinity 42

Fig. 4.18 Graphical representation showing the results of Total Hardness. 43

Fig. 4.19 Graphical representation showing the results of Calcium. 43

Fig. 4.20 Graphical representation showing the results of Chloride. 44

Fig. 4.21 Overall results showing the efficiency achieved for different
46
parameters.

vi
 LIST OF TABLE

Page No.

Table 1.1 General Levels of TDS in drinking water 5

Table 3.1 Drinking Water Quality Standards: [BIS: 10500-2003] 19

Table 3.2 Dosage of Raw and Activated Lateritic Powder used in

Study-I and Study-2. 22

Table 3.3 Dosage of Raw and Activated Lateritic Powder with

Alum used in Study-3 and Study-4. 23

Table 4.1 Results of Ground water samples collected from study

area. 28

Table 4.2 Results of Treated water quality after Coagulation using

Raw lateritic powder. 29

Table 4.3 Results of Treated water quality after Coagulation using

Activated lateritic powder. 33

Table 4.4 Results of Treated water quality after Coagulation using

Raw lateritic powder with Alum. 37

Table 4.5 Results of Treated water quality after Coagulation using

Activated lateritic powder with Alum. 41

Table 4.6 Overall results showing the efficiency achieved for

different parameters. 45

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vii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations Descriptions

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

UGD Under Ground Drainage

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

EC Electric Conductivity

TH Total Hardness

HCl Hydrochloric Acid

KCl Potassium Chloride

OH Hydroxide

CO3 Carbonate

HCO3 Bicarbonate

CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate

MgCO3 Magnesium Carbonate

EDTA Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards.

AgNO3 Silver Nitrate

RPM Revolution Per Minute

viii