Project 1 PDF

|| Shri Gajanan Maharaj Prasanna ||
Project Report On
“Influence on Properties of Concrete Using Polypropylene

Fiber and Silica Fume”
Submitted to
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University
In partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of
Degree of BACHELOR in CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
Tushar Jadhav Bhavna Thakare

Purvesh Ingole Vaishnavi Manapure
Pranav Deole Vaishnavi Chavan
Nikhilesh Nawale Diksha Wankhade
Ashish Dhade Krutika Telkhade
Under the guidance of

Dr. A.K. Chitkeshwar
Department of Civil Engineering

P. R. Pote Patil Institute of Engineering & Research, Amravati – 444602
2022-2023
P. R. Pote (Patil) Institute of Engineering and Research,
Amravati
Department of Civil Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Vaishnavi Manapure of Final year Bachelor of Civil

Engineering has successfully completed his/her project entitled “Influence on
Properties of Concrete Using Polypropylene Fiber and Silica Fume” and submitted
this project in fulfillment of the Degree in Bachelor of Civil Engineering during the
academic year 2022-23.
Guide H.O.D
Dr. A. K. Chitkeshwar Dr. S. S. Saraf

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that we have completed the project work towards the
Bachelor of Engineering Degree of Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, in
Civil Engineering discipline on the topic entitled “Influence on Properties of
Concrete Using Polypropylene Fiber and Silica Fume” under supervision of
Dr. A.K. Chitkeshwar, Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, P. R. Pote
Patil Institute of Engineering & Research, Amravati.
This report embodies the original work done by us in fulfillment of the

requirements of the Bachelor of Engineering Degree of Sant Gadge Baba Amravati
University, Amravati in Civil Engineering discipline.
Place -: Amravati Name of students
Date -: /04/2023 Tushar Jadhav

Purvesh Ingole
Nikhilesh Nawale
Pranav Deole
Ashish Dhade
Bhavna Thakare
Vaishavi Manapure
Vaishnavi Chavan
Diksha Wankhade
Krutika Telkhade
iii
Project Approval Sheet
Vaishnavi Manapure has done appropriate work for the fulfillment of the award
of Bachelor of Civil Engineering of Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati
(M.S.).
Examiner
Guide
Prof. Dr. A. K. Chitkeshwar
Place -: Amravati
Date -:
iv
Abstract
A work has been conducted to investigate the effect of silica fume and polypropylene
fiber on the properties of concrete. In present research the properties of high strength
concrete of M30 & M40 grade at 7 days & 28 days characteristic strength with different
replacing levels of cement with silica fume and polypropylene fiber are consideration.
The study bring that the use of waste material like silica fume develop the strength
properties of concrete, which is otherwise unsafe to the environment and thus may be
used as a fractionally replacement of cement. In this study super plasticizers admixtures
were used for the two grades of concrete M30 & M40 to improve the properties
concrete. Increase the compressive strength by adoption super plasticizers admixtures
which increase the workability and hence the strength is increased through the reduction
of water content it also reduce the cement content and hence cost saving. Silica fume is
used as cement replacement material at 7.5% weight of cement. It is shown that using
0.8% polypropylene fiber in the silica fume mixture increases compressive strength,
workability & durability. The experimental result shows that the addition of silica fume
and polypropylene fiber enhance the durability of concrete and the some test were
perform to examine the durability property that are sulphate attack test, water
absorption test, acid attack test. Through this study we are trying to provide sustainable
solution which can be safe for our environment.
v
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
No. No.
Title
Certificate ii
Declaration iii
Project Approval Sheet iv
Abstract v
` List of Figures Vii
List of Table viii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 2
1.2 Aim & Objective 3

1.3 Materials Used 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Concrete Mix Design
3.2 Mix Proportion
3.3 Experimental Work
3.4 Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete Specimen
4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
5. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Table Table Name Page

No. No.
4.1 Results of Workability Test
4.2 Results of compressive cube strength grade 30 (Without admixture)
4.3 Results of compressive cube strength grade 40 (Without admixture)
4.4 Results of compressive cube strength grade 30 (With admixture)
4.5 Results of compressive cube strength grade 40 (With admixture)
4.6 Attack test-Loss of Weight
4.7 Sulphate attack test-Loss of Strength
4.8 Water Absorption test-Loss of Weight
4.9 Water Absorption test-Loss of Strength
4.10 Acid Attack Test- Loss of weight (kg)
4.11 Acid Attack Test- Loss of Strength
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig No. Fig. Name Page

No.
4.1 Workability Test
4.2 Compressive strength
4.3 loss of weight in (kg) - Sulphate attack test
4.4 Loss of strength – Sulphate attack test
4.5 Water Absorption test-Loss of Weight
4.6 Water absorption test – Loss of weight
4.7 Acid Attack Test- Loss of weight (kg)
viii
Influence on Properties of Concrete Using Polypropylene Fiber and Silica Fume
CHAPTER NO. 1
INTRODUCTION
P. R. Pote (Patil) instituted of Engineering & Research, Amravati 1

1.1 General
Concrete is the commonly use construction material which has numerous

desirable properties like, stiffness high compressive strength and durability under
normal usual environmental factors. Concrete is a breakable and mixed material that is
strong in compression and weak in tension. We know that concrete mixed with other
material was applied for resistance purpose. Without any fiber in the concrete there was
development of the cracks due to plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage and changes in
volume of concrete. The development of these cracks causes elastic deformation of
concrete. The commonly used fibers are polypropylene fiber.
To control the plastic shrinkage of concrete polypropylene fiber added to

concrete as secondary reinforcement. The impact of polypropylene fibers on the
properties of concrete lean on the length and type of fiber, the nature of the concrete
materials and the mixture design use The common outcome are that compressive
strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and abrasion are better by the adding of
polypropylene fiber.
As a by-product from thermal power stations, fly ash has been used in blended
cements, and it has been successfully used to replace Portland cement up to 30% by
mass, without adversely affecting the strength and durability of concrete composite.
Because fly ash causes environmental pollution and the cost of storage of fly ash is
quite high, the utilization of fly ash in concrete technology, both in regard to
environmental pollution and the positive effect on a country’s economy is beyond
dispute. this study investigates the ternary blends of fly ash, silica fume, and
polypropylene fiber using an extensive range of mixes: silica fume (by mass) from 3%
to 12% and polypropylene fiber (by volume) from 0.04% to 0.12% polypropylene fiber
is a kind of man-made synthetic fiber with the properties of low modulus of elasticity,
high strength, excellent ductility, excellent durability, and low price.
1.2 Aim & Objectives
The aim of the research the role of adding silica fume and polypropylene fibers
to enhances the strength & durability properties of concrete. The objective of research is

to use waste material like silica flume and polypropylene fiber also use of admixtures to
improve concrete properties both in its fresh and hardened stages.
This can be achieved through experimental work on Concrete to:
1. Improvement in workability
2. Increasing of strength
3. Reducing cement content, hence cost saving
4. Increase the durability
5. To provide sustainable solution which can be safe for our environment
1.3 Materials Used
Cement
A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets,

hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used
on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with
fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel,
produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind
only water as the planet's most-consumed resource.
Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium

silicate based, which can be characterized as hydraulic or the less common non-
hydraulic, depending on the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water
PPC is special blended cement useful in general construction work and is

especially suitable for applications in aggressive environmental conditions. It can be
confidently employed in construction of hydraulic structures, marine works, mass
concreting such as dams, dykes, retaining walls foundations and sewage pipes. It is also
suitable for use in common applications such as masonry mortars and plastering.
PPC is special blended cement useful in general construction work and is

especially suitable for applications in aggressive environmental conditions. It can be
confidently employed in construction of hydraulic structures, marine works, mass

concreting such as dams, dykes, retaining walls foundations and sewage pipes. It is also
suitable for use in common applications such as masonry mortars and plastering.
Sand
Sand is a mixture of small grains of rock and granular materials which is mainly
defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. And ranging in size
from 0.06 mm to 2 mm. Particles which are larger than 0.0078125 mm but smaller than
0.0625 mm are termed silt.
Sand is made by erosion or broken pebbles and weathering of rocks, which is

carried by seas or rivers. And freezing and thawing during the winter break rock up the
sand will be made. Sometimes Sand on beaches can also be made by small broken-up
pieces of coral, bone, and shell, which are broken up by predators and then battered by
the sea, and even tiny pieces of glass from bottles discarded in the sea and other mineral
materials or the bones of fishes or other oceanic animals. Sand can be also considered as
a textural class of soil or soil type. A sandy soil containing more than 85 percent sand-
sized particles by mass.
Sand is basically made of unconsolidated granular materials consisting of either

rock fragments or mineral particles or oceanic materials. It is mainly made of silicate
minerals and silicate rock granular particles.
Typically quartz is the most dominant mineral here as it possesses highly

resistant properties to weather. Other common rock-forming minerals like amphiboles
and micas also found in sand. Heavy minerals such as tourmaline, zircon, etc can also
be present in the sand in smaller concentrations. But from a high level, most sand on the
beach is made up of gray or tan quartz and feldspar.
M sand is a form of artificial sand, manufactured by crushing large hard stones,

mainly rocks or granite, into fine particles, which is then washed and finely graded. It is
widely used as a substitute for river sand for construction purposes, mostly in the
production of concrete and mortar mix. It is artificial sand produced from crushing hard
stones into small sand-sized angular-shaped particles, washed and finely graded to be

used as construction aggregate. The sand obtained through this process is further refined
by removing fine particles and impurities through sieving and washing.
M sand advantages
High strength of concrete
Manufactured sand possesses the desired properties like shape, smooth texture
and consistency and required gradation of fines. These qualities lend greater strength to
the concrete structure.
Improved quality of concrete
Due to low impurities such as clay, dust, etc., the sand helps produce better
quality concrete. Moreover, the use of manufactured sand reduces construction defects
in concrete, such as segregation, bleeding, honeycombing, voids and capillarity.
Durability of concrete
Since the sand is produced using a selected quality of granite, it possesses the
right physical and chemical properties for making concrete structures. Due to its unique
properties, manufactured sand enables structures to withstand extreme weather
conditions and prevents corrosion of reinforcement steel.
Better workability of concrete
Manufactured sand requires a lower water-to-cement ratio, thus, providing

workable concrete. It improves the consistency of the concrete, increases the strength
and requires less effort for mixing and placement of concrete, therefore, improving
productivity.
Economical
Since there are no impurities, there is no wastage. Moreover, the cost of

transportation of M sand is 30% to 50% lower than the transportation cost required for
river sand.

Eco-friendly
The use of manufactured sand eliminates the need for dredging of riverbeds for
extracting river sand, which can have an adverse environmental impact, such as water
depletion threat and impact on the safety of dams and bridges.
Aggregates
Aggregates are coarse particulate rock-like material consisting of a collection of

particles ranging in size from < 0.1 mm to > 50 mm. It includes gravel, crushed rock,
sand, and recycled concrete, slag, and synthetic aggregate.
Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone,

crushed hydraulic-cement concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a hydraulic
cementing medium to produce either concrete or mortar. Types of aggregates include
Coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The aggregate of each type is further sub-divided
into many types and classification based on its size. The technique of Sieve Analysis is
used for gradation of aggregate for use in concrete and for other applications.
Aggregate is called bound material when it is mixed with cement or binding

materials and referred to as unbound material when used without cement or binding
materials.
Aggregates are commonly obtained by crushing naturally occurring rock. The

properties of aggregates depend on the parent rock which can be igneous, sedimentary,
or metamorphic. Aggregates are evaluated through tests to determine their suitability for
various applications. Mineralogy, grain size and texture, and petrographic description of
rock samples are also used to evaluate suitability. Aggregates are commonly obtained
by crushing naturally occurring rock. The properties of aggregates depend on the parent
rock which can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Aggregates are evaluated
through tests to determine their suitability for various applications. Mineralogy, grain
size and texture, and petrographic description of rock samples are also used to evaluate
suitability.

Types of Aggregates
Coarse Aggregate
Coarse-grained aggregates will not pass through a sieve with 4.75 mm openings
Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and will
pass through 3-inch screen, are called coarse aggregate. The coarser the aggregate, the
more economical the mix. Larger pieces offer less surface area of the particles than an
equivalent volume of small pieces. Use of the largest permissible maximum size of
coarse aggregate permits a reduction in cement and water requirements. Using
aggregates larger than the maximum size of coarse aggregates permitted can result in
interlock and form arches or obstructions within a concrete form. That allows the area
below to become a void, or at best, to become filled with finer particles of sand and
cement only and results in a weakened area.
For Coarse Aggregates in Roads following properties are desirable:
1. Strength
2. Hardness
3. Toughness
4. Durability
5. Shape of aggregates
6. Adhesion with bitumen
Rodi are the coarse aggregates of size 20mm. These are obtained by crushing of
rocks, having angular shape and are retained on 20mm sieve while 60-70% of the
aggregates pass through the 20mm sieve. 20 mm Aggregates are mainly used in ready
mix concrete, asphalt/bitumen/concrete roads base and sub-base course, pavements,
separately or mixed with other aggregates depending on the application.
 These are classified as uniformly graded aggregates

 High strength
 Low slit content
 Used for concrete mix designs
 Useful for highly packed reinforced sections.
 Used in RCC structures like the construction of buildings, flyovers etc.
Fine Aggregate
The other type of aggregates are those particles passing the 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
sieve, almost entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve, and predominantly retained on
the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve are called fine aggregate. For increased workability and for
economy as reflected by use of less cement, the fine aggregate should have a rounded
shape. The purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and
to act as a workability agent.
Jeera Rodi is the coarse aggregate of size 10mm. Generally, during the sieve
analysis, 70% of the aggregate passes through 10mm sieve while 95% of the particles
lie between the range of 10mm and 4.75 mm size.
 These are classified as uniformly graded aggregates
 High strength
 Low slit content
 Used for concrete mix designs
 Useful for highly packed reinforced sections
 Used in RCC structures like the construction of buildings, flyovers etc.
Water
Water is used in concrete making for three different purposes:
 As mixing water.

 For curing of concrete.
The quality and requirements for the water depend on the type of the Summaries of the
physical and physicochemical use.
1. Mixing water
The mixing water, that is, the free water encountered in freshly mixed concrete, has
three main functions:
1) it reacts with the cement powder thus producing hydration

2) it acts as a lubricant, contributing to the workability of the fresh mixture
3) It secures the necessary space in the paste for the development of hydration
products the amount of water needed for adequate workability is practically
always greater than that needed for complete hydration of the cement.
2. Water for curing of concrete
The requirements for curing water are less stringent than those discussed above,
mainly because curing water is in contact with the concrete for only a relatively short
time. Such water may contain more inorganic and organic materials, sulphuric
anhydride acids, chlorides, and so on, than an acceptable mixing water, especially when
slight discoloration of the concrete surface is not objectionable. Nevertheless, the
permissible amounts of the impurities are still restricted, in cases of any doubt, water
samples should be sent to a laboratory for testing.
Admixture
A chemical admixture can be added to concrete to achieve or modify its

properties. Admixtures are added to the concrete, in addition to cement, water and
aggregate, typically immediately before or during the mixing process. Admixtures can
be used to reduce the cost of building with concrete, or to ensure certain required
properties or quality of the cured concrete. If problems arise with the concrete during
the construction process, admixtures can be used as an emergency measure to try and

prevent failure. Concrete admixtures can improve concrete quality, manageability,

acceleration, retardation of setting time etc
Superplasticizers are high-range water reducers that are additively used in

making high-strength concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds that enable the
production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers
allow a 30% or more reduction in water content. It is chemical admixtures that are
added to the concrete to improve their flowing ability, they help to reduce the amount of
water in the concrete and to improve the strength and durability of concrete. They
achieve a reduction in water content without loss of workability. Superplasticizers are
used for producing flowing concrete to be used in inaccessible locations, floors or
where very quick placing is required. A self-leveling and self-compacting concrete is
called flowing concrete. Superplasticizers are also used for the production of high-
strength and high-performance concrete. With the use of superplasticizers, flowing
concrete could be produced with the water/cement ratio as low as 0.25 or even less.
nother benefit of superplasticizers is concrete early strength enhancement (50 to 75%).
The initial setting time may be accelerated up to an hour earlier or retarded to be an
hour later according to its chemical reaction. Retardation is sometimes associated with
range of cement particle between 4 – 30 m m. The use of superplasticizers does not
significantly affect surface tension of water and does not entrain a significant amount of
air.
Advantages of Superplasticizer:
1. Superplasticizers reduces the water content.

2. It reduces the cement content.
3. Also, increases the workability of concrete.
4. It reduces the permeability of concrete.
5. They are easy to placement.
6. Increased long terms.
7. It develops the early strength.
Polypropylene Fiber

Polypropylene is an economical material that offers a combination of

outstanding physical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties not found in any
other synthetic fibers. There are two general types of fibers currently available in the
market. These are referred to as fibrillated and monofilament. Polypropylene fiber is a
high-strength bundled mono-filament fiber manufactured by unique processes with
polypropylene resin as the main raw material. Adding polypropylene fiber into concrete
or mortar can effectively control the cracks caused by plastic shrinkage, settlement,
temperature change, and other factors. As a result, we prevent and the formation and
development of cracks. It can be widely used in industrial and civil construction, water
conservancy engineering, road and bridge engineering, FIBEREGO's fibers are
produced in strict accordance with the requirements of the B/T19001-
2016/ISO9001:2015. It can pass the American ASTM, CABO, ICBO, UL, and other
relevant tests. Our product effectively controls the micro-cracks caused by the plastic
shrinkage, dry shrinkage, temperature change and other factors of concrete, and
prevents and inhibits the formation, and development of cracks. PP fiber also increases
the flexural and tensile strength of concrete with its tensile strength of 600 mpa, and
increases its impact and abrasion resistance. Polypropylene fiber can improve the
adhesion of concrete, reduce cracks of concrete in the early stage. PP fibers are
chemically stable, it has excellent corrosive resistance to expand the self-life of your
projects. FIBEREGO PP fiber increases impermeability, only 0.9Kg/m 3 PP fibers can
improve it by 70%. The light- weight (0.91 density) of PP fiber will not increase the
product weight. The ignition point of PP fiber is 388℃. It helps to improve the fire
resistance of concrete. Except for the heat. Polypropylene fibers can also improve the
frost resistance of concrete. Adding polypropylene fiber to concrete can relieve the
internal stress of the concrete caused by temperature changes and prevent the expansion
of temperature cracks; It also improvement of concrete frost resistance. Polypropylene
mesh fibers can improve the impact resistance and wear resistance of concrete. It can
absorb impact energy, effectively reduce cracks, enhance the continuity of the medium
material, and reduce the local stress phenomenon caused by the shock wave being
blocked, thereby greatly improving the concrete Impact resistance and toughness.

Characteristics of Polypropylene Fiber:
 Polypropylene comes in two forms – straight and special crimped, unlike

other manmade fibers. Crimped fiber allows improved interlocking.
 Polypropylene disperses in water within seconds, their by allowing the

uniformity in application and properties.
 Polypropylene is produced in fine controlled dimension and gives very

high matrix (6-7 times). Such fine fiber and dispersion ensures uniform
three dimensional micro reinforcement.
 In construction industry, these fine fibers help the structure take-up

thermal expansion and contractions. In RCC and plastering, the fine
fibers checks micro cracks. They are also used in cement mix.
 It has excellent UV stability as compared to the Polyester polymer fibers.
Advantages of Polypropylene Fiber:
 Increases tensile strength.
 Impact resistance of fiber reinforced concrete.
 Greater Reduces permeability
 Arrest drying shrinkage.
 Easy to use and mix.
 Controls cracking.
 Reduces rebound loss-Brings direct savings and gains.

 Increases flexibility and abrasion resistance.
 Chemically very inert and highly integral product.
 Minimize steel reinforcement in industrial floors.
 Compactable to all type of fibers.
 Rust and alkaline proof material.
 Suitable for pumped concrete and short creating.

Silica fume
Silica fume Silica fumes or micro silica is very fine non-crystalline silica
produced in electric arc furnaces as a by-product of the production of elemental silicon
or alloys containing silicon. Micro-silica was first tested in concrete in Norway in the
early 1950s. Higher strength was obtained for concretes containing silica fume.
Performance of silica fume concretes in sulfate environment was also better than normal
Portland cement concretes. After twenty years and due to the environmental restrictions
for the smelting industry in Norway, a large amount of silica fume was produced in
filtering process. Intensive research efforts were carried out to find various applications
for silica dust. Durability enhancement of concretes incorporating silica fume increased
the usage of silica fume in the concrete industry. It has been used in other industries but
it is known as a super pozzolana for the improvement of concrete properties.
Application of silica fume in mortars and concretes has been started in the late
1970s. It was first used for the production of high strength concrete. A considerable
amount of silica fume was successfully used in structural concretes by ready mix
concrete industry. High strength concretes in the range of 70–80 MPa can be easily
achieved by incorporating silica fume. Ultra high strength concretes in the range of
120–180 MPa have been produced with a special mix design using special aggregates,
silica fume and sufficient high range water reducing agent
Use of Silica Fume/Micro Silica

 Silica Fume is largely used for producing high strength and high-performance
concrete.
 Silica Fume is broadly used for high strength structures.
 It is also used for high rise structures.
 Condensed silica fume is mainly used to produce concrete with higher
resistance to chloride penetration for applications such as parking structures,
bridges, and bridge decks.
 It also used for building decks, floors, overlays and marine structures etc.

 Micro silica is also used for shotcrete in rock stabilization; mine tunnel
linings; and rehabilitation of deteriorating bridge and marine columns and
piles.
Advantages of Silica Fume/Micro Silica

 Use of micro silica improves the mechanical properties of the concrete such
as,
(a) It gives a high early compressive strength of concrete.
(b) It gives high tensile strength and flexural strength and modulus of
elasticity.
(c) It provides higher bond strength to concrete.
 Condensed silica fume has a very low permeability to chloride and water
intrusion.
 Silica fume increases the durability of concrete.
 It also improves abrasion resistance.
 Silica fume decreases the bleeding and segregation thereby allowing a better
efficient finishing process to the concrete.
 Condensed silica fume has superior resistance capacity against chemical
attack from chlorides, acids, nitrates and sulphates.
 It provides high electrical resistivity and low permeability.
 Silica fume produces superior shotcrete. It gives greater bonding strength and
assures outstanding performance of both wet and dry process of shotcreting
Effect of Silica Fume on the Properties of Concrete

01. High Water Demand:
 Due to high surface area.
02. Workability of Concrete:
 The silica fume concrete is more cohesive and less susceptible to segregation
as compared to the ordinary concrete. As the amount of silica fume content
increases, the concrete may seem to become sticky.

 In the silica fume concrete, the workability is lost with time and loss is
directly proportional to the increase in the amount of condensed silica fume
because of the large surface area of silica fume. Though the slump or
workability decreases, the mix remains highly cohesive.
03. Bleeding and Segregation:
 Use of silica fume reduces bleeding significantly since the free water more
than actual required for hydration is consumed in wetting of the large surface
area of the micro silica and therefore, the excess water responsible for
bleeding also decreases. Thus, concrete containing silica fume shows
substantial reduced bleeding. Silica fume also fills the pores in the fresh
concrete, so water within the concrete is not allowed to come to the surface.
Silica fume also reduces the segregation of concrete due its high
cohesiveness.
04. Permeability:
 Use of condensed silica fume makes concrete dense and also gives greater
impermeability.
05. Strength:
 Silica fume concrete has good mechanical properties such as good
compressive strength, bond strength, flexural strength etc .

Chapter No. 2
Literature Review

2.1 General
1. The effects of silica fume and polypropylene fibers on the impact resistance and
mechanical properties of concrete Mahmoud Nili *, V. Afroughsabet(2009):
The increase of polypropylene fiber in the mixtures from 0.2% to 0.5%, generally
increased the compressive strength. The compressive strength of fibrous specimens at
the age of 91 days, with 0.5% fiber, increased by 15% compared with those of the
reference. When silica fume is added into the non-fibrous and fibrous mixtures, the
compressive strength, at the age of 91 days, was enhanced by 23% and 30%,
respectively. On the other hand, adding of silica fume into the fibrous specimens led to
an increased in compressive strength up to 30% at the age of 91 days. This may be due
to pozzolanic effect of silica fume and crack restriction effect if fiber. Splitting tensile
and flexural strength of 0.5% fibrous silica fume concretes was enhanced considerably
2. The Influence of Polypropylene Fiber and Silica Fume on Compressive and Tensile
Strengths of Concrete K.I.M. Ibrahim (2016):
Silica fume has great improvement on the compressive strength and splitting tensile
strength of concrete, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete
increase gradually with the increase of silica fume content. 3. The compressive strength
increases with the increase in silica fume compared with normal concrete. The
maximum increase in compressive strength was up to 12.82 %, 45.05 % and 22.95 %
for 6%, 12% and 18% of silica fume replaced by cement re respectively. Work
investigates silica fume, and polypropylene fiber using an extensive range of mixes :
silica fume (by mass) from 6% to 18 % , and polypropylene fiber (by volume) from
0.25% to 0.75% .
3. Effect of the addition of polypropylene fiber on concrete properties

Mujeebul Rahman Latifi, Öznur Biricik & Ali Mardani Aghabaglou (2021):
According to the literature, the shrinkage-based crack in the concrete mixtures

decreases by 90% with the use of polypropylene fiber [6]. Besides, the reports show that
the addition of polypropylene fiber in appropriate proportions to concrete mixtures

leads to an increase in the mechanical properties such as impact resistance [15,16] and
abrasion resistance and a decrease in the volume expansions resulting from freeze-thaw
sulfate attack and ASR. According to ASTM C1116 (2000) standard, fiber produced
from 0.1% ¼ 1 liter 100%
4. Influence of silica fume and polypropylene fiber on fracture properties of concrete

composite containing fly ash Peng Zhang, Qingfu Li and Zhenhua Sun(2011) :
The use of silica fume leads to great improvement on the fracture parameters of fracture
toughness, fracture energy, effective crack length, maximum mid-span deflection, the
critical crack-opening displacement, and the maximum crack-opening displacement of
concrete composite. The use of polypropylene fiber leads to great improvement on the
fracture parameters of fracture toughness, fracture energy, effective crack length,
maximum mid-span deflection, the critical crack-opening displacement, and the
maximum crack-opening displacement of concrete composite containing 15% fly ash
and 6% silica fume.
5. EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF FIBRE

REINFORCED CONCRETE .Rahul Dongra & Ankit (2016) :
The partial replacement of 10% silica flume with cement can giving most extreme
conceivable compressive strength with polypropylene fiber .Addition of polypropylene
fiber improves the tension stiffening effect considerably and this increase the bond
stress of reinforced bars in composite fiber reinforced concrete than in plane concrete.
Silica fume has no large impact on flexural strength of concrete. In this perspective tests
results exhibited in this study, it is fulfilled that a mixed design through 10% silica
flume and 0.05% fiber volume division was ideal in flexural quality by means of
keeping up an attractive workability. Workability and flow characteristics are reduce by
adding of polypropylene fibers in concrete mix; and it also diminishes segregation and
bleeding in the concrete blends. Polypropylene fibers reduce the settlement, plastic,
water permeability and shrinkage

6. A.M. Neville "Properties of concrete" fourth and final edition. London, Longman
2000.
Concrete is defined as hot weather concrete when it is mixed, transported, and placed
under conditions of High ambient temperature High concrete temperature Low
relative humidity Wind velocity Solar radiation Hot weather is any combination of the
above which impair quality of fresh or hardened concrete or causes detrimental results.
There are some special problems involved in concreting in hot weather, arising both
from a higher temperature of the concrete and, in many cases, from an increased rate of
evaporation from the fresh mix. a higher temperature speed up the setting time of
concrete, as defined in ASTM C 403-92.(testing on 1:2 cement sand mortar showed that
the initial setting time was approximately halved by a change in temperature of the
concrete from 28 to 40 c.
7. N.JACKSON "Civil Engineering Materials" second edition (1980)
Admixtures are substances introduced into concrete mixes in order to alter or improve
the properties of the fresh or hardened concrete or both. In general, these changes are
effected through the influence of the admixture on hydration, liberation of heat,
formation of pores and the development of the gel structure. Concrete admixtures
should only be considered for use when the required modification cannot be made by
varying the composition and proportions of the basic constituents' materials, or when
the admixtures can produce the required effect more economically. The specific effects
of an admixture generally vary with. Type of cement Cement-water ratio ambient
conditions (particularly temperature) its dosage. Admixtures should comply with
specifications of the British standards.
8. Effect of Admixtures on Concrete and Superplasticizers on Cementitious Material

Mehak Bashir, Zafira Nazir, Sharafoun Nisa, Sana Hameed, Sabree Ashraf,
Snowber Yousuf(2021)
The workability of each concrete mixture was based on the time up to which the slump
value was greater than 8cm, therefore more the time, the better the workability. The

workability of fresh concrete decreased when sand/aggregate ratio was increased from
0.40-0.45 because of increase in the volume of fine particle with the increase of
sand/aggregate ratio .For given water/cement ratio, the workability of concrete would
increase with increase of cement content. Chemical admixture remained workable for
longer duration when the dosage of admixture was increased .Concrete with chemical
admixtures result in higher compressive strength, Young\\\'s moduli, split tensile
strength. The addition of superplasticizer can reduce the heat of hydration in the
beginning and it was also seen that it can delay the occurrence of exothermic peak, and
lower the peak value of heat evolution. Moreover, it was seen that super plasticizer can
also increase the induction period of the hydration, thus useful for controlling the early
heat of hydration of the mixture
9. Effect of admixtures on the setting times of high-strength concrete J.J. Brooks

M.A. Megat Johari, M. Mazloom(2000)
Penetration resistance of concrete with and without admixtures can be expressed as an

exponential function of time. The general effect of SF, MK, FA and GGBS is to retard
the setting times of high-strength concrete. The SRA has negligible effect on the setting
times of normal strength concrete, but it has a significant retarding effect when used in
combination with a super plasticizer in high-strength concrete. The influence of
increasing the levels of SF, FA and GGBS is to provide greater retardation in the setting
times of high-strength concrete. The effect of GGBS at replacement levels of 40% and
higher causes excessive retardation in setting times as the initial and final setting times
were greater than 11 and 17 h.
10. The effects of polypropylene fibers on the properties of reinforced concrete

structures Saeid Kakooei a , Hazizan Md Akil b, , Morteza Jamshidi c,e , Jalal
Rouh(2011)
It could be clearly seen that coral aggregate was not a suitable component for concrete
structure because of its high electrical resistivity and low compressive strength.

According to the results of compressive strength tests, the concrete compressive

strength increased proportionately with the increase in volume ratios of propylene
fibers, the highest strength values were seen in the volume ratios of 1.5 kg m 3 and 2 kg
m3 . The presence of polypropylene fibers had caused delay in starting the degradation
process by reducing permeability, reducing the amount of shrinkage and expansion of
concrete that can significantly affect the lifespan of the structure.
11. Effect of polypropylene fiber on durability of concrete composite containing fly

ash and silica fume Peng Zhang , Qing-fu Li(2012)
Addition of polypropylene fiber decreases the workability of the concrete composite

containing fly ash and silica fume. With the increase of fiber volume fraction, both of
the slump and slump flow are decreasing gradually. Effect of polypropylene fiber on
the length of water permeability of concrete containing fly ash and silica fume is
significant, and the addition of polypropylene fiber decreases the length of water
permeability of concrete composites containing fly ash and silica fume greatly. There is
a tendency of decrease in the length of water permeability with the increase of fiber
volume fraction. Polypropylene fibers have great restricted the dry shrinkage of
concrete containing fly ash and silica fume. Dry shrinkage strain of the concrete
decreases with the increase of fiber volume fraction as the fiber volume fraction is
below 0.12%. Presence of polypropylene fibers in concrete containing fly ash and silica
fume reduces the carbonation depth considerably. Carbonation depth of the concrete is
decreasing gradually with the increase of fiber volume fraction.
12. Effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete

panelM. Mazloom , A.A. Ramezanianpour , J.J. Brooks
In concrete mixtures with a constant slump of 100 ± 10 mm, those incorporating higher
silica fume replacement levels tended to require more dosages of super plasticizer. The
compressive strength of concrete mixtures containing silica fume did not increase after
the age of 90 days. The modulus of elasticity–compressive strength relationship was
similar to that of the ACI method.

13. EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY

PARAMETERS OF CONCRETE N. K. Amudhavalli , Jeena Mathew(2012):
Consistency of cement depends upon its fineness. Silica fume is having greater fineness
than cement and greater surface area so the consistency increases greatly, when silica
fume percentage increases. The normal consistency increases about 40% when silica
fume percentage increases from 0% to 20%. The optimum 7 and 28-day compressive
strength and flexural strength have been obtained in the range of 10-15 % silica fume
replacement level. Increase in split tensile strength beyond 10 % silica fume
replacement is almost insignificant whereas gain in flexural tensile strength have
occurred even up to 15 % replacements. Silica fume seems to have a more pronounced
effect on the flexural strength than the split tensile strength. When compared to other
mix the loss in weight and compressive strength percentage was found to be reduced by
2.23 and 7.69 when the cement was replaced by 10% of Silica fume.
mechanical properties of concrete Mahmoud Nili *, V. Afroughsabet(2009)
The increase of polypropylene fiber in the mixtures from 0.2% to 0.5%, generally
increased the compressive strength. The compressive strength of fibrous specimens at
the age of 91 days, with 0.5% fiber, increased by 15% compared with those of the
reference. . When silica fume is added into the non-fibrous and fibrous mixtures, the
compressive strength, at the age of 91 days, was enhanced by 23% and 30%,
respectively. On the other hand, adding of silica fume into the fibrous specimens led to
an increased in compressive strength up to 30% at the age of 91 days. This may be due
to pozzolanic effect of silica fume and crack restriction effect if fiber. Splitting tensile
and flexural strength of 0.5% fibrous silica fume concretes was enhanced considerably.
The number of blows at first cracks and failure, as impact indices, increased
considerably in fibrous specimens. Incorporating 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.5% polypropylene
fiber into the 0.46 water cement ratio specimens led to an increase in the number of
blows by 31%, 100% and 360%, respectively at first crack and 42%, 107% and 376%,
respectively, at failure compared to those of the reference. Likewise, a similar trend was
observed, but at a lower rate, in 0.36 water-cement ratio specimens. The results

revealed that silica fume improved the fiber dispersion in the mixtures. Adding silica
fume to fibrous specimens improved the specimen’s strength more than adding silica
fume by itself. These results show that silica fume can strengthens the transition zone
and reduces crack initiation, and therefore, improves the failure strength of
polypropylene fiber concretes.

Chapter No. 3
Experimental Work

3.1 Concrete Mix Design
Concrete mix design can be defined as the procedure by which, for any given
set of conditions, the proportion of the constituent materials are chosen so as to produce
a concrete with all the required properties for the minimum cost.
The cost of the mix design includes
 The materials
 The cost of the mix design, of batching, mixing and placing the concrete and of
side supervision
Two types of concrete mixes are available
a) Prescribe mix
It is given in least form included:
 Proportion of cement
 Fine and coarse aggregate
 Workability Minimum compressive strength is very important to produce proper
mix.
b) Designed mix
The basic requirements for concrete are conveniently considered at two stages in its life.
In its hardened state the concrete should have adequate durability, the required strength
and also the desired surface finish.
In its plastic state, or the stage during which it is to be handle, placed and compacted in
its final form, it should be sufficiently workable for the required properties in its
hardened state to be achieved with the facilities available on site.
This means that:

1. The concrete should be sufficiently fluid for it to be able to flow into and fill all
parts of the formwork, or mould into which it is placed.
2. It should be so without segregation or separation, of the constituents’ materials
while being handled from the mixer or during placing.
3. It must be possible to fully compact the concrete when placed in position.
4. It must be possible to obtain the required surface finish. If concrete does not
have the required workability in its plastic state, it will not be possible to
produce concrete with the required properties in its hardened state.
Objectives of mix-design:
1. To achieve a specified compressive strength for a specified grade.

2. For ensuring required work ability.
3. For achieving durability.
4. For increasing yield per bag of cement without compromising on strength.
5. To avoid honey combing and bleeding.
According to the I.S. 10262-1982, I.S. 10262-2009, I.S. 10262-2019, there are different
methods for testing compressive strength of concrete, flextural strength of concrete and
durability of concrete.
Workability
The following points related to workability shall be kept in mind while designing
concrete mixes.
 The consistency of concrete should no more than that necessary for placing,
compacting and finishing.
 For concrete mixes required high consistency at the time of placing, the use of
water-reducing and set-retarding admixtures should be used rather than the
addition of more water
 Wherever possible, the cohesiveness and finishibility of concrete should be
improved by increasing sand/aggregate ratio than by increasing the proportion of
the fine particles in the sand.

Strength and Durability
Strength and durability require lower w/c ratio. It is usually achieved not by increasing
the cement content, but by lowering the water at given cement content. Water demand
can by lowered by throughout control of the aggregate grading and by using water
reducing admixtures.
IS Method of Mix Design
The Bureau of Indian Standards, recommended a set of procedure for design of concrete
mix. The procedure is based on the research work carried out at national laboratories.
Data for mix design
 The following basic data are required to be specified for design a concrete mix
 Characteristic Compressive strength only a few specified proportions of test
results are expected to fall of concrete at 28 days (Fck); Degree of workability
desired.
 Limitation on water/Cement Ratio with the minimum cement to ensure adequate
durability
 Type and maximum size of aggregate to be used.
 Standard deviations of compressive strength of concrete.
Target Strength for Mix Design
 The target average compressive strength (Fck) of concrete at 28 days is given By

 Fck= Fck + t.s
Where,
 Fck= target average compressive strength at 28 days
 Fck= characteristics compressive strength at 28 days 5= Standard deviation t=a
statically value, depending upon the accepted proportion of low results and the
number of tests.

According to IS 456: 2000 and IS 10262:2009 characteristic strength is defined as the

value below which not more than 5 percent of results are expected to fall. In such cases
the above equation reduced to Fck= Fck + 1.65 s
Step-II Selection of Water -Cement Ratio
Since different cements and aggregates of different maximum sizes, grading, surface
texture shape and other characteristics may produce concrete of different compressive
strength for the same free water cement ratio, the relationship between strength and free
water cement ratio should preferable be established for the material actually to be used.
In the absence of such data, the preliminary free water-cement ratio corresponding to
the target strength at 28 days may be selected from table.
Step III: Selection of Water Content and fine to total aggregate ratio

For the desired workability the quantity of mixing water per unit volume of concrete
and the ratio of fine aggregate (sand) to total aggregate by absolute volume are to be
estimated from table below as applicable. Depending upon the nominal maximum size
and type of aggregate.
Step V: Calculation of Cement Content
 The cement content per unit volume of concrete may be calculated from the free
water-cement ratio obtained in step- 2, and the quantity of water per unit volume
of concrete obtained in step-4
 The cement content so obtained should be checked against the minimum cement
content for the requirement of durability as per table 5 IS 456:2000 and the
greater of the two value is adopted.

Step VI Determining the amount of Course and fine aggregates:

The coarse and fine aggregates are then Determined. The weight of the coarse aggregate
depends upon the size of the course Aggregates used and grading zones of the
aggregate, namely, there are four grading zones of the aggregates, I, II, III and IV. The
value can be found out from the respective table no 3 as per IS 10262:2009. The value
obtained from the table is the volume of the coarse aggregate, per unit volume of total
aggregates. After, the volume of the fine aggregates is found out by deducting the
volume of course aggregate

Step VII Estimation of ﬁne or coarse aggregate content When the percentage of one
aggregate is determined the other may be established by, the mass method and the
volume method. The “volume” method is generally preferred, as it is a somewhat more
exact procedure. When the percentage of coarse aggregate is known, the volume of ﬁne
aggregates is determined by subtracting the volumes of cement, water, air, and coarse
aggregate from the total concrete volume
3.2 Mix proportion
Stipulation for Proportion
a. Grade designation : M40 & M30

b. Type of cement : PPC 43 grade
c. Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20mm
d. Minimum cement content : 320 kg/m3
e. Maximum water cement ratio : 0.45
f. Workability : 100mm
g. Exposure condition : Severe
h. Method of concrete placing : pumping
i. Degree of supervion : Good
j. Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate

k. Maximum cement content : 450kg/m3

l. Chemical admixture type : superplasticizer
Test Data for Materials
a. Cement used : PPC 43 grade

b. Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
c. Chemical admixture : superplasticizer
d. Specific gravity of
1. Coarse aggregate : 2.74
2. Fine aggregate : 2.74
e. Water absorption
1. Coarse aggregate : 0.5%
2. Fine aggregate : 1.0%
Mix proportion for M40
Cement : 486 kg/m3
Water : 177kg/m3
Fine aggregate : 657kg/m3
Coarse aggregate : 836kg/m3
Cemical admixture : 9.16lit/m3
Water cement ratio : 0.364
Mineral admixture
1 silica fume : 0.364kg

2 polypropylene fiber : 0.04kg
Cement : 432 kg/m3

Water : 197kg/m3
Chemical admixture : 6.87lit/m3
Mineral admixture
2 poly propylene fiber : 0.034kg
3.3 Experimental work
Equipment
Given below are the equipments that are required for the preparing the concrete cubes.
Sample tray
Tamping Rod (16mm dia.)
Mould for designing test cube (15cm x 15cm x 15cm)
Curing tank
Permanent Marker
Tray for transporting the samples
Spaner
Scoop
Cleaning rags

3.3.1 Concrete Mixing

Mixing concrete is an elaborate procedure. Concrete mixing is the process of combining
ingredients such as cement, sand, aggregate, water, and admixtures to produce concrete
of an appropriate grade. To achieve the necessary strength of concrete, the mixing of
concrete components should be done properly according to the grade of concrete.
Hand mixing
Hand mixing is adopted where the quantity of concrete is very small. Cement and sand
are mixed dry, on a clean, hard and impermeable platform. The mixing of the dry
materials is continued until the mixture has reached a uniform colour. This is again
mixed with the coarse aggregate to attain a uniform colour. A hollow in the middle is
made, and 75% of the required quantity of water is added. Mixing is done, and the
remaining quantity of water is added to acquire uniform workability.
Admixtures i.e superplasticizer, polypropylene fiber, silica fume that can be added to
cement, sand, water and aggregate during mixing in order to modify or improve the
properties of concrete.
3.3.2 TESTING OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

Concrete Slump Test
Definition
Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity. It's an indirect

measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness. A slump test is a method used to
determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or stiffness, indicates how
much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the concrete mix should be
matched to the requirements for the finished product quality
Concrete Slump Test
The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete.
The test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More

specifically, it measures consistency between batches. The test is popular due to the
simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.
Principle
The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of
concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of
concrete.
Types of Slump
The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped
concrete, the slump is termed as;
1. Collapse slump
2. Shear slump
3. True slump
Apparatus
Slump cone,
Scale for measurement
Temping rod (steel)
Procedure of Concrete Slump test:
1. The mould for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height.
The base is 200 mm (8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of
100 mm (4 in).
2. The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete
in three layers, whose workability is to be tested.
3. Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod,
rounded at the end.

4. When the mould is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off
(levelled with mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of
the temping rod.
5. The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so
that it could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by
means of handles or foot - rests brazed to the mould.
6. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is levelled, the cone is
slowly and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
7. The decrease in the height of the centre of the slumped concrete is called slump.
8. The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and
the temping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area
of slumped concrete.
9. The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale. (Usually
measured to the nearest 5 mm (1/4 in).
3.3.3 Casting Of moulds
The cube mould plates first be removed and then should be cleaned properly and
collected and it should be ensuring that all the bolts are fully tight. Cube side faces must
face parallel post application a thin layer of oil to the face of mould.
3.3.4 Compaction and Casting By Hand
Once moulds have been cast, the cube moulds should be filled with concrete sample in
3 layers. Make sure, that each layer is compacted through the hand. Also, each layer
containing the concrete should be compacted almost 35 strokes by using the tamping
bar voids are left by the tamping bar, the sides of the mould shall be tapped to close the
voids. The test specimens shall be made as soon as practicable after mixing
3.3.5 Casting of cubes
Leave the test specimens in the mould for at least 24 hr. after 24hrs demould the cubes
before de-moulding, the cube moulds the next day, give the proper identification on the
test sample.

3.3.6 Curing
After de-moulding the cube mould place the concrete cube sample 3nos in 7 days curing
tank, and rest in 28days curing tank. The water in which the specimens are submerged
shall be renewed every seven days and shall be maintained at a temperature of 27° ±
2°C. The specimens shall not be allow to become dry at any time until they have been
tested.
3.4 TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN
The Compressive strength test helps us to know the overall strength and the above
factors. By conducting this test, one can easily determine the strength psi of the concrete
and the quality of the concrete being produced.
The Concrete Cube Test will give compressive strength of concrete which gives an idea
of all the properties of concrete. By this unique test, we can decide whether the
concreting was done correctly or not.
Procedure
1. Remove the samples from the water after curing time specified and excess water
from the surface should be wiped.
2. The dimension of the samples to the nearest 0.2m taken
3. The bearing surface of the testing machine should be cleaned
4. Place the sample in the machine so that the load is applied to the opposite sides
of the cube cast.
5. Align the centre of the sample with the machine's base plate.
6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of
the specimen.
7. Gently rotate the movable part by hand so that it touches the upper surface of the
sample.
8. Apply load gradually at a rate of 140 kg / cm2 per minute until the samples fail.
9. The maximum load recorded and any unusual features in the type of failure
noted.

DURABILITY TESTS ON CONCRETE CUBE

Durability is the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack and
abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties. The nature, intensity and
mechanism implied in each of these different attacks could vary considerably. No
standardized method exists for measuring the durability of concrete in general.
Similarly, there are no units in which to evaluate the durability of the concrete. The
durability of concrete, which is also governed by the aggressiveness of the environment,
has not yet received enough attention in most national codes. Hence the durability
properties of concrete with manufactured sand are studied so as to recommend
manufactured sand in concrete at various atmospheric and aggressive conditions. The
aggressive agents that attack the concrete can be classified schematically into two broad
categories: external agents and internal agents. These include chloride ions, carbon
dioxide, sulfates, freeze-thaw cycles, bacteria, abrasives and cement alkalie.
1. Sulphate attack test
In the procedure of sulphate attack test first of all the specimen have to be weighed,
after this the specimen have to be immersed in the solution of Na 2SO4 having
percentage of 3 up to 28 days. After 28 days the visual observation is to be carried out
so that if the deterioration is obtained because of the attack the sulphate. The weight of
the specimen is to be measured and then comparison is to be carried out with the weight
of the normal concrete so that loss of the weight in the percentage as well as loss of this
strength have to be obtained.
2. Water absorption test
The concrete cube having the dimension of 150 mm have been prepared in the case of
different makes and then the curing procedure has been carried out for 28 days. The
specimens have been dried in the air for up to 24 hours. The weight of that specimen is
to be measured once the drying is completed so the dry weight after 24 hours of the
drying in the air is obtained. Once the specimen becomes dry then it is to be immersed
in the water. After this the weight of that particular specimen is measured in a certain

time duration where the condition is the surface is dried. The same procedure is to be
carried out repeatedly so that the constant weight in the case of observation is obtained.
3. Acid attack test
In the test related to the acid attack the concrete cube having the dimension of 150 mm
has to be prepared for the different kinds of mix and then the curing procedure is to be
carried out for 28 days. After the duration of 28 days the sample has to be dried in the
air up to duration of 2 days with the weight which is constant. After this procedure the
specimen has to be checked for the weight and it should be immersed completely in the
solution having the 5% of sulphuric acid and it is to be kept for 28 days. Once the
duration of 28 days has been completed then the concrete specimens are to be kept for
drying for almost 2 days. When the specimen become dry then the weight of that
specimen as well as strength of that cube have to be observed.

CHAPTER NO. 4
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Calculation of trial mix of M30 grade
 Target strength for mix proportion

Fck = Fck +1.65S
Fck = target average compressive strength at 28 days
Fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S =standard deviation from table 1standard deviation S = 5 M/mm 2
Target strength = 30 +1.65 × 5
=38.25 N/mm 2
 Selection of water cement ratio from table 5 of IS456 maximum w/c ratio =0.45
Base on the experience adopt water cement ratio 0.45
0.45<0.45, hence ok
 Estimate water content for 100 mm slump
186 + 6/100 × 186 = 197 lit
 As superplasticizer is used the water content can be reduce up to 10% based on

trials with super plastizers water content reduction 10% has been active water
content
= 197 × 0.9
= 177 lit
 Calculation of cement and fly ash content water cement ratio =0.45
Cementation material (cement + fly ash) content
= 177/0.45 =393 kg/m
From table 5 of IS 456 minimum cement content for sever exposure condition
= 320 kg/m3
442 kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3
Hence ok
 Cementation material content = 393×1.10
= 432.3 kg/m 3
Water content =177lit
So water cement ratio = 177/393

= 0.409
 Fly ash 35 % 0f total cementitious material content = 432×35%
=151.2 kg/m 3
 Cement = 432 -151.2 = 280.8 kg/m3

 Proportion of volume of coarse and fine aggregates content from table 3 volume
of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate
(zone 11) water cement ratio of 0.40 = 0.62
 For pump able concrete these values should be reduced by 10%
Therefore volume of coarse aggregate
= 0.62 ×0.9
= 0.56
Volume of fine aggregate content = 1.056
= 0.44
 Mix Calculation
The mix calculation per unit volume of concrete shall be as follow
a) Volume of concrete =1m3

b) Volume of cement = mass of cement /specific gravity of cement × 1/100
= 280.8 /3.15 × 1/100
= 0.089 m3
c) Volume of Fly ash = mass of fly ash /specific gravity of fly ash × 1/100
151.2/1 x 1/1000 = 0.1512m3
d) Volume of water = mass of water / specific gravity of water × 1/100
= 177/1× 1/100 =0.177 m3
e) Volume of chemical admixture
= mass of admixture /specific gravity of admixture × 1/100
= 0.006 m3
f) Volume of all in aggregate = [a-(b + c + d + e)]

= [1-(0.089 + 0.151 + 0.177 + 0.006]

= 0.577m3
g) Mass of coarse aggregate
= f ×Volume of coarse aggregate ×specific gravity of coarse aggregate× 1000
= 885.34 kg
h) Mass of fine aggregate = f × volume of fine aggregate × specific gravity of fine
aggregate × 1000
= 695.63 kg
i) Silica fume = 432 x 7.5/100
=0.324 kg
j) Polypropylene fiber = 432 x 0.8/100
= 0.034 kg
Cement : 432 kg/m3
Water : 197kg/m3
Mineral admixture
2 poly propylene fiber : 0.034kg
Calculation for trail mix of M40 grade

 Target strength for mix proportion

Fck = Fck +1.65S
Fck = target average compressive strength at 28 days
Fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S =standard deviation from table 1 standard deviation S = 5 M/mm 2
Target strength = 40 +1.65 × 5
=48.25 N/mm 2
 Selection of water cement ratio from table 5 of IS 456 maximum w/c ratio =0.40
 Selection of water cement ratio from table 5 of IS 456 maximum w/c ratio =
0.40 base on the experience adopted water cement ration 0.45
0.40 < 0.45
Hence ok
 Selection of water content from table 2 maximum water content for
20 mm aggregate = 186 lit
Estimate water content for 100 mm slump = 186 + 6 /100× 186 =197 lit
 Superplasticizer is use the water can be reduce up to 10 percent base on trials

with super plasticizer water content reduction 10 % has been achieve
Arrive water content = 197× 0.9
= 177 lit
 calculation of cement and fly ash content
Water cement ratio =0.40
 cementitious material ( cement + fly ash ) content
= 177/0.40
= 442 kg/m3
From table 5 of IS 456
Minimum cement content serve expose condition = 320 kg/m 3

442 kg /m3 > 320
Hence ok
 Cementitious material content

= 442 × 1.10
= 486 kg/m3
 Water content =177 kg/m3
 Water cement ratio = 177/486 = 0.364
 Fly ash at 35% of total cementitious material = 486× 35%
=170 kg/m3
 Cement (PPC) = 432-170
=316 kg /m3
 Proportion of volume of coarse and fine aggregate content from table 3, Volume
of course aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate
zone 2 for water cement ratio of 0.40 = 0.62 For pump able Concrete these value
should be reduce by 10%
 Volume of coarse aggregate
= 0.62 × 0.9 = 0.56
 Volume of Fine aggregate
= 1 -0.56
=0.44
 Mix calculation
a) Volume of concrete = 1m3
b) Volume of cement = Mass of cement /specific gravity of cement ×1/100
= 316/3.15 × 1/1000
= 0.1 m3
c) Volume of fly ash = Mass of fly ash /specific gravity of fly ash ×1/1000
= 170/1 × 1/1000
= 0.17 m3
d) Volume of water = Mass of water /specific gravity of water ×1/1000
= 177/1 × 1/1000 = 0.177 m3

e) Volume of chemical admixture = Mass of admixture/specific gravity of

admixture ×1/1000
= 9.79/1.145 × 1/1000
= 0.008 m3
f) Volume of all aggregate = [a-(b + c + d + c)]
= 1- (0.1 +0.17+0.177+0.008)]
= 0.545m3
g) Mass of coarse aggregate = f × volume of coarse aggregate × specific
gravity of coarse ×1000
= 0.545 × 0.56 × 2.74 × 1000
= 836 kg
h) Mass of fine aggregate = f × volume of fine aggregate × specific
gravity of fine aggregate ×1000
= 0.545×0.44×2.74×1000
= 657 kg
i) Silica fume = 486 x 7.5/100
= 0.364 kg
j) Polypropylene fiber = 486 x 0.8/100
= 0.04 kg
Cement : 486 kg/m3
Water : 177kg/m3
Mineral admixture


2 polypropylene fiber : 0.04kg
Workability Test
Table (4.1) Results of Workability Test
Sr. No. Mixes Slump for normal Slump for special

concrete concrete
1 M30 60 90
2 M40 60 100
WORKABILITY TEST
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
M30 M40
SLUMP FOR NORMAL CONCRETE SLUMP FOR SPECIAL CONCRETE
Fig 4.1: Workability Test

Table (4.2) Results of compressive cube strength grade 30

(Without admixture)
Slump = 60mm w/c =0.58
(Cube dimension 150*150*150mm)
Date of Date of test Age Load Strength Mean
cast (days) (KN) (N/mm2) strength
(N/mm2)
21/02/23 28/02/23 7 days 640 14.44
21/02/23 28/02/23 7 days 580 12.00 12.70
21/02/23 28/02/23 7days 600 11.67
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 670 25.75
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 710 28.56 26.88
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 660 26.33

Table (4.3): Results of compressive cube strength grade 40
(Without admixture)
Slump = 60mm w/c = 0.46

cast (days) (KN) (N/mm2) strength
(N/mm2)
21/02/23 28/02/23 7 days 480 21.33
21/02/23 28/02/23 7 days 480 21.33 21.36
21/02/23 28/02/23 7days 500 22.22
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 660 29.33
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 635 28.22 27.93
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 590 26.22


Slump = 100mm w/c = 0.40
To improve workability
Date of cast Date of test Age Load Strength Mean
(days) (KN) (N/mm2) strength
(N/mm2)
21/02/23 28/02/23 7 days 353 14.36
21/02/23 28/02/23 7 days 315 14.00 14.65
21/02/23 28/02/23 7days 351 15.6
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 653 29.03
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 620 27.56 28.79
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 670 29.78


Slump = 100mm w/c = 0.36
To improve workability

Cast strength
(Days) (KN) (N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
21/02/23 28/02/23 7 days 611 27.16
21/02/23 28/02/23 7 days 503 22.36 25.39
21/02/23 28/02/23 7days 600 26.67
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 583 25.92
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 788 35.03 32.57
21/02/23 23/03/23 28 days 827 36.76

35
30
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
25
20
M30 (with admixture)
M40(with admixture )
15
M30 (without admixture )
10 M40(without admixture)
0
day7 day28
DAYS
Fig. 4.2: Compressive strength
This graph shows the comparison between compressive strength of M30 & M40 grade
of concrete.
As a result it shows that comparatively the addition of the silica fume and
polypropylene fiber in the M40 grade of concrete cubes gives us the higher compressive
strength than the M30 grade.

Sulphate attack test-Loss of Weight
Table (4.6): Attack test-Loss of Weight
Loss of Weight (kg)
Special Special Normal Normal

Concrete Concrete concrete concrete
Sr. Mix- Before After Before After
No. Id Immersion Immersion Percentage immersion immersion Percentage
1 M-30 8.90 8.89 0.12 9.16 9.15 0.11
2 M-40 9.03 9.01 0.23 9.08 9.07 0.12
loss of weight in (kg) - Sulphate attack test

9.2
9.15
9.1
9.05 Special Concrete Before

Loss of weight
Immersion
9
Special Concrete After
8.95 Immersion
Normal Concrete Before
8.9
Immersion
8.85 normal concrete after
immersion
8.8
8.75
M30 M40
All mixes
Fig 4.3: loss of weight in (kg) - Sulphate attack test

Table (4.7): Sulphate attack test-Loss of Strength
Loss of Strength (N/mm2)

Sr. Mix-
Before After Before After
No. Id
Immersion Immersion Percentage immersion immersion Percentage
1 M-30 71.55 52.72 26.31 47.75 35.22 26.25
2 M-40 70.47 51.50 26.91 59.88 56.92 4.94
Loss of Strength - Sulphate attack test

80
70
Loss of strength (n/mm^2)
60
Special Concrete Before
50 Immersion
40 Special Concrete After

Immersion
30
20 Immersion
10 Normal Concrete After

Immersion
0
M30 M40
All mixes
Fig 4.4: Loss of strength – Sulphate attack test

Table (4.8): Water Absorption test-Loss of Weight
Loss of Weight (kg)

Sr. Mix-
No. Id
1 M-30 9.136 9.168 0.346 7.94 8.925
2 M-40 9.168 9.210 0.460 8.01 9.379
Water absorption test - Loss of weight

9.5
9
Loss of weight (kg)
Immersion
8.5
Immersion
8
Immersion
7.5
Normal Concrete After
Immersion
7
M30 M40
All Mixes
Fig 4.5: Water absorption test – Loss of weight

Table (4.9): Water Absorption test-Loss of Strength

Sr. Mix-
No. Id
1 M-30 57.350 50.935 11.185 36.081 39.067
2 M-40 57.202 50.281 12.099 51.706 52.349
Water absorption test - Loss of Strength

70
60
Loss of strength (n/mm^2)
50 Special Concrete Before

Immersion
40
30 Immersion
20 Immersion
Immersion
0
M30 M40
all mixxes
Fig 4.6: Water absorption test – Loss of Strength

Table (4.10): Acid Attack Test- Loss of weight (kg)
Loss of Weight (kg)
Special Normal Normal

Mix-
Concrete Special concrete concrete
Sr. Before Concrete After Before After
Id
No. Immersion Immersion Percentage immersion immersion
1 M-30 9.052 8.862 2.098 8.989 9.136
2 M-40 9.084 8.757 3.600 8.989 9.031
Acid attack test - Loss of weight

9.2
9.1
9 Special Concrete Before

Loss of Weight
Immersion
8.9
8.8 Immersion
8.7 Immersion
8.6 Normal Concrete After
Immersion
8.5
M30 M40
All mixes
Fig 4.7: acid attack test – Loss of weight

Table (4.11): Acid Attack Test- Loss of Strength

Sr. Mix-
No. Id
1 M-30 71.888 36.545 49.163 24.413 47.981 36.197
2 M-40 70.801 35.986 49.173 55.778 60.167 57.972
Acid attack test - Loss of strength

80
70
60
Loss of strength
50 Immersion
40 Special Concrete After

Immersion
30
20 Immersion
Immersion
0
M30 M40
All mixes
Fig 4.8 : Acid attack test – Loss of strength

CHAPTER NO. 5
CONCLUSIONS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS
The results from the various testes for the two grades (M30 and M40) conducted on
the freshen and hardened state of concrete mixes lead to the following observations:
 Super plasticizer admixtures improve the workability without increasing water

content, for the grades (M30 & M40) of concrete.
 Super plasticizers admixtures provide improved durability by increasing
ultimate strength and reducing w/c ratio.
 It is observed that the addition of up to 7% silica fume and 0.8% polypropylene
fiber in concrete, increases the compressive strength of concrete.
 The addition of the silica fume and polypropylene fiber in the M40 grade of
concrete cubes gives us the higher compressive strength approximate 8.67%
than the normal concrete.
 5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

 Further researches using admixtures should be conducted on concrete mixes
with low and high workability of grades above 40N/mm 2.
 With this project, the optimum proportion of mineral admixtures is
favorable for strength and Durability at 7% (Silica Fume). Therefore there
can be a future scope to find out the exact proportion above 7%.
 The current construction industry demand new types of concrete are to be
invented, which will satisfy the problems observed in traditional concrete. In
this approach Polypropylene fiber & silica fume will be a good substitute to
meet the present demand of construction industry.
 More designated tests can be done for the accurate results in Compressive
Strength, and Durability properties.
 More admixtures can be selected along with Silica Fume & polypropylene
fiber and hence understanding the test results suitability for our
requirements.

 Using of silica fume in addition with cement slightly reduce percentage of

cement to be used. As silica fume does not affect strength of concrete it act
same as cement.
 So using of silica fume can be beneficial because production of cement can
be harmful to environment because it emits carbon so in order to keeping our
environment safe we need to research more further studies on it.

REFERENCE

mechanical properties of concrete Mahmoud Nili *, V. Afroughsabet(2009)
2. The Influence of Polypropylene Fiber and Silica Fume on Compressive and Tensile
Strengths of Concrete K.I.M. Ibrahim (2016)
3. Effect of the addition of polypropylene fiber on concrete properties

Mujeebul Rahman Latifi, Öznur Biricik & Ali Mardani Aghabaglou (2021)
4. Influence of silica fume and polypropylene fiber on fracture properties of concrete

composite containing fly ash Peng Zhang, Qingfu Li and Zhenhua Sun(2011)
5. Effect of silica fume on various properties of fibre reinforced concrete .Rahul Dongra
& Ankit (2016)
6. A.M. Neville "Properties of concrete" fourth and final edition. London , Longman
(2000).
7. N.JACKSON "Civil Engineering Materials" second edition 1980.
8. Effect of Admixtures on Concrete and Superplasticizers on Cementitious Material

Mehak Bashir, Zafira Nazir, Sharafoun Nisa, Sana Hameed, Sabree Ashraf, Snowber
Yousuf(2021):
9. Effect of admixtures on the setting times of high-strength concrete J.J. Brooks .M.A.
Megat Johari, M. Mazloom(2000)
10.The effects of polypropylene fibers on the properties of reinforced concrete

structures Saeid Kakooei a , Hazizan Md Akil b, , Morteza Jamshidi c,e , Jalal
Rouh(2011):
11. Effect of polypropylene fiber on durability of concrete composite containing fly ash
and silica fume Peng Zhang, Qing-fu Li(2012):

12. Effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete

panelM. Mazloom , A.A. Ramezanianpour , J.J. Brooks
13. Effect of silica fume on strength and durability parameters of concrete N. K.
Amudhavalli , Jeena Mathew(2012):
14. Indian Standard code 456:2000 : plain and reinforcement concrete – code of
practice.
15 Indian Standard code 10262:2009 :concrete mix proportioning guidelines.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to thank many people who have extended their kind co-operation &
guidance to make this project successful.
We sincerely acknowledge our indebtedness our guide Dr. A. K. Chitkeshwar

for his guidance and immense support on every step towards the completion of the
project/dissertation work and his keen and active interest in our efforts and his/her
contribution for the solution of every problem at each stage is helpful for us. We
express our sincere thanks to Dr. S. S. Saraf Head of Department of Civil Engineering
and the other staff member of Department for their kind co-operation.
We also mention our sincere thanks to the Principal Dr. Mohammad Zuhair
for developing competent environment in college and alleviate us time to time for future
perspective. We also express our gratitude to all teaching & non-teaching staff of our
college who helped us inone or the other way to complete this project. Our special
thanks go to our friends & colleagues to complete this project in attractive & influential
manner. We can never forget our parents & our family members whose blessing & best
wishes inspired us to present this in a flamboyantly way.
Name of Students




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|| Shri Gajanan Maharaj Prasanna ||

“Influence on Properties of Concrete Using Polypropylene

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University

In partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of

Degree of BACHELOR in CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tushar Jadhav Bhavna Thakare

Under the guidance of

Department of Civil Engineering

This is to certify that Vaishnavi Manapure of Final year Bachelor of Civil

Dr. A. K. Chitkeshwar Dr. S. S. Saraf

This report embodies the original work done by us in fulfillment of the

Place -: Amravati Name of students

Date -: /04/2023 Tushar Jadhav

Prof. Dr. A. K. Chitkeshwar

1.2 Aim & Objective 3

Table Table Name Page

4.2 Results of compressive cube strength grade 30 (Without admixture)

4.3 Results of compressive cube strength grade 40 (Without admixture)

4.4 Results of compressive cube strength grade 30 (With admixture)

4.5 Results of compressive cube strength grade 40 (With admixture)

4.6 Attack test-Loss of Weight

4.7 Sulphate attack test-Loss of Strength

4.8 Water Absorption test-Loss of Weight

4.9 Water Absorption test-Loss of Strength

4.10 Acid Attack Test- Loss of weight (kg)

4.11 Acid Attack Test- Loss of Strength

Fig No. Fig. Name Page

4.2 Compressive strength

4.3 loss of weight in (kg) - Sulphate attack test

4.4 Loss of strength – Sulphate attack test

4.5 Water Absorption test-Loss of Weight

4.6 Water absorption test – Loss of weight

4.7 Acid Attack Test- Loss of weight (kg)

P. R. Pote (Patil) instituted of Engineering & Research, Amravati 1

Concrete is the commonly use construction material which has numerous

To control the plastic shrinkage of concrete polypropylene fiber added to

1.2 Aim & Objectives

P. R. Pote (Patil) instituted of Engineering & Research, Amravati 2

This can be achieved through experimental work on Concrete to:

1.3 Materials Used

A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets,

Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium

PPC is special blended cement useful in general construction work and is

PPC is special blended cement useful in general construction work and is

P. R. Pote (Patil) instituted of Engineering & Research, Amravati 3

Sand is made by erosion or broken pebbles and weathering of rocks, which is

Sand is basically made of unconsolidated granular materials consisting of either

Typically quartz is the most dominant mineral here as it possesses highly

M sand is a form of artificial sand, manufactured by crushing large hard stones,

P. R. Pote (Patil) instituted of Engineering & Research, Amravati 4

High strength of concrete

Improved quality of concrete

Better workability of concrete

Manufactured sand requires a lower water-to-cement ratio, thus, providing

Since there are no impurities, there is no wastage. Moreover, the cost of

P. R. Pote (Patil) instituted of Engineering & Research, Amravati 5

Aggregates are coarse particulate rock-like material consisting of a collection of

Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone,

Aggregate is called bound material when it is mixed with cement or binding

Aggregates are commonly obtained by crushing naturally occurring rock. The

P. R. Pote (Patil) instituted of Engineering & Research, Amravati 6

For Coarse Aggregates in Roads following properties are desirable:

 These are classified as uniformly graded aggregates