A Project/Seminar Report On Enhancement in Properties of Waterborne Acrylic Resin

Enhancement in Properties Of waterborne Acrylic Resin
Seminar Title
A PROJECT/SEMINAR REPORT ON
Enhancement in properties of waterborne acrylic resin
Submitted to the Laxminarayan Institute of Technology,

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Award of the Degree of
B. Tech. (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

BY
Mr. Ram Dhote
VII Semester B.Tech (Chemical Engineering)
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Department of Chemical Engineering Laxminarayan

Institute of Technology,
Opposite to Bharatnagar, Amaravati Road, Nagpur–
440033 June 2021
ABSTRACT
The undergraduate program of study requires that each student conducts an engineering
project/seminar in their area of engineering and submits a report on it in consultation with the
faculty member(s) supervising the same. The Bachelor’s Project/seminar is included in the
curriculum with a view to synthesise the education gathered during the various courses credited
by the student during the undergraduate program at VIT, Pune. Creating a report of the
project/seminar is part of the training of skill building of the student on of technical
communication. Here the emphasis is on presenting a technical matter in an objective written
form.
This document is a record of the requirements for preparation of the Report of the Bachelor of
Technology Project/seminar submitted at the end of the undergraduate program of study. It
prescribes typical contents that a Bachelor of Technology Project/seminar Report usually should
contain, and provides the format of its presentation. Some guidelines are mandatory to follow
during the preparation of the report, while the others help in improving the presentation of the
work accomplished in the project/seminar.
All students pursuing Bachelor of Technology Projects are urged to read the contents and form
of this document carefully, and prepare their Bachelor of Technology Project Report as
prescribed. It is hoped that this document will lead to a modest beginning in the Institute towards
imparting education in professional written presentations.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document is prepared by the inspiration received from Prof. Bharat A. Bhanvase, Associate
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology. Many
colleagues at Chemical Engineering Department have carefully read and improved the
document; their contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
Date- Mr. Ram Dhote
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LAXMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
Opposite to Bharatnagar, Amaravati Road, Nagpur –
440033
APRIL 2021
CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the project/seminar work entitled

“Enhancement in properties of waterborne acrylic resin”
Submitted by
Mr. Ram Dhote
is the original work carried out by them under the supervision of Prof. Dr.R.P Ugwekar and is
approved for the partial fulfilment of the requirement of Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur
University, Nagpur for the award of the B. Tech. Degree (Chemical Engineering)
This Project/seminar Work has not been earlier submitted to any other Institute or University for
the award of any degree or diploma.
Dr. R.P Ugwekar Dr. B.A Bhanvase

Guide, Head,
Department of Chemical Department of Chemical
Engineering Engineering
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Sr.N0 Title Page no.
1. Introduction
1. Types of waterborne resin 6-12

2. Synthesis of resin
3. Advantages and Disadvantage of
Waterborne Coatings
4. Companies Involved in Waterborne
Coatings
5. Application of Waterborne Coatings
6. Market
2. Literature Review
1. Paper By- Xingkui Guo a, Shengsong

Ge a, Junxiang Wang a, Xincheng
Zhang a, Tao Zhang ,Jing Lin , Cindy 13-22
Xinxin Zhao , Bin Wang ,, Guangfei
Zhu , Zhanhu Guo
2. Paper By- Ezgi M. Dogan-Guner, Stan

Brownell ,Gregory T. Schueneman,
Meisha L. Shofner ,J. Carson
Meredith
3. Paper By- Y. g. Thakare ,S.N.

Nemade, P. V. Thorat
3. Case Study 23-30
4. Conclusion 31-32
5. References 33-34
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
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Waterborne Resin-
Most coatings have four basic components. These are the resin, solvent, pigment and additive
systems but the resin or binder is the key ingredient .The use of waterborne coatings and hence
waterborne resins really started to grow in the 1960s led by the United States and was driven by:
a) the need to reduce flammability; b) environmental legislation aimed at reducing the amount of
solvent vapor (VOC - Volatile organic compound) discharged into the atmosphere; c) cost; d)
political factors i.e. security of supply.
The same holds true for adhesives. Water is generally a low cost (but not free) commodity in
plentiful supply with no toxicity problems so there has always been a desire to produce paints,
inks, adhesives and textile sizes etc. with water as the carrying solvent.
Waterborne resins are sometimes called water-based resins. They are resins or polymeric resins
that use water as the carrying medium as opposed to solvent or solvent-less. Resins are used in
the production of coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers and composite materials. The resin
could be water soluble, water reducible or water dispersed.
Types of waterborne resins-
1. Waterborne epoxy resins

2. Waterborne alkyd resins
3. Alkyd emulsions
4. Waterborne polyurethane resins
5. Waterborne lattices
6. Waterborne electrophoretic deposition resins
7. Waterborne hybrid resins.
An effective Improvement is to replace traditional solvent resins with Waterborne resin, which
mainly use water as the solvent or Dispersant and can significantly reduce the VOC emissions.
Waterborne acrylic resin Has many disadvantages, such as low solid content, poor water
Resistance, poor corrosion resistance, compactness, and so on order to solve the problems, We
use materials with excellent performances to modify waterborne acrylic resins. For modification
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of properties which are given below we add certain monomers, use Silane coupling agent and
some additives.
1. Thermal Performance
2. Corrosion Resistance
3. Mechanical property
4. Water Resistance
The benefits of using water-based acrylic industrial polymers in your formulations include:
1. Improved adhesion to non-porous surfaces

2. Excellent finish, gloss, and clarity
3. Superior hardness
4. Outstanding durability and weather ability
5. Alkali-resistance Anti-corrosion properties
6. Longer storage stability
7. Improved flow and solubility
Synthesis of Resin-
Water-based acrylic resins include acrylic resin emulsion, Acrylic Resin aqueous dispersion
(also known as water-dilutable acrylic acid) and acrylic resin aqueous solution. The emulsion is
mainly synthesized by the emulsification of Olefinic monomers in water under the initiation of
aqueous Radical initiator, while the resin aqueous dispersion is synthesized by different
processes such as radical solution polymerization or gradual solution polymerization.
According to the monomer composition, it is usually divided into pure acrylic emulsion, styrene-
acrylic emulsion, vinyl Acetate emulsion, silicone-acrylic emulsion, tertiary vinegar (tertiary
carbonate-vinyl Acetate) emulsion, tertiary acrylic (tertiary carbonate-acrylate) emulsion and so
on.
Water-soluble acrylic resins are mostly anionic, and suitable amount of unsaturated carboxylic
acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid acid, maleic anhydride acid and methylene succinic
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acid are selected in the monomers of the copolymer resins, so that the side chains have carboxyl
groups, water solubility is obtained by neutralizing the salt formation with organic amines or
ammonia. In addition, the water solubility of the resin can be increased by introducing
hydrophilic groups such as-OH hydroxyl group,-conh2 Acyl Amino Group or-o-ether bond. A
neutralized salt-forming acrylic resin can dissolve in water, but its water solubility is not very
strong, often forming a milky liquid or a high viscosity solution, so in the water-soluble resin
must add a certain proportion of hydrophilic cosolvent to increase the water-soluble resin.
Advantages of Waterborne Coatings-
The key advantages to using waterborne coatings are listed below:
1. They are ideal primers as they posses good resistance to heat and abrasion Provide excellent
adhesion
2. Low toxicity and flammability due to low VOC levels and HAP emissions
3. Help reducing air emissions
4. In most cases, these coatings cost less than solvent-borne coatings and require no additives,
thinners, or hardeners Compared to solvent-borne coatings, less coating is required to
cover the same surface area
5. The pot life of waterborne products is relatively long and unused coatings can be preserved
in a sealed container for future use Waterborne primer is ideal for use where solvent
primer would react with existing substrate materials or coatings
6. The paint guns can be cleaned easily with water or water-based solutions and do not
require paint thinner, acetone, or methyl acetate Can use conventional application
techniques.
Disadvantage of Waterborne Resin-
Capital cost and fixed cost associated with changing the technology from solvent-based to water-
based is high.
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Companies Involved in Waterborne Coatings-
The following is a list of some of the major companies manufacturing a variety of water-borne
coatings with a brief introduction for each:
1. Williams-Hayward Protective Coatings Inc. produces coatings for industry and consumers.
The company is located in Illinois, USA. Their unique line of coatings include Thermal bond
I, II, & III, which is an acrylic-vinyl-rubber latex coating, Aqua-Epoxy, Aqua-Lust/Aqua-
Lust Epoxy Ester, Safe-T-Coat containing aklyd, acrylic, and ester primer copolymers,
Acrylem coatings are acrylic latex-based, Aqua-Slip Coatings, No-Voc Acrylic-Vinyl-
Rubber Latex Coatings, and Aqua-Thane, which is waterborne urethanes
2. Chemical company, BASF’s Intermediates division operates in several locations around

the world such as Germany, Belgium, USA, Japan, Korea, China, and Malaysia. BASF’s
range of solvents and additives provide synergistic enhancement in shelf-life stability,
processability and performance properties in waterborne coating systems.
3. Junair is a British company involved in the manufacture of innovative spray booth

equipment that provides solutions to reduce energy, increase productivity, enhance
performance and ultimately increased profitability for customers
4. Precision for Collision (PFC) is located in California and provides spray booth, UV curing
lamps, infrared, and curtain enclosures. Ohio-based DeVilbiss provides paint drying
system for waterborne coatings consumers
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Application of Waterborne Coatings-
Waterborne coatings are available for various applications. The following is a list of prominent
uses for waterborne coatings:
1. Applied on copiers, fax machines, printers, , typewriters, and computers
2. Automotive OEM sector
3. As a quick release coating for interiors of coal cars, fly ash hoppers, plastic pellet
hoppers, refuse containers and trucks, filled with PE or Teflon extenders
4. To coat porous materials such as paper or leather
5. Emulsion waterborne paints are widely used in the architectural market sector
6. Printing Inks
Market-
The water-based resins market is estimated at USD 38.86 Billion in 2018 and is projected to
reach USD 52.65 Billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 6.3% from 2018 to 2023. Water-based
resins are used in various applications such as paints & coatings, adhesives & sealants, and
inks. Based on type, the water-based resins market has been classified into acrylic, epoxy,
alkyd, polyurethane, and others. The acrylic resins segment is projected to grow at the
highest CAGR during the forecast period. The demand for water-based acrylic resins is high
as they offer better chemical and physical resistance ensuring a longer lifespan of the
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material they are applied to. Water-based acrylic resins are expected to completely replace
solvent-based acrylic resins soon in the paints & coatings application due to
environmental regulations regarding the VOC emissions.
Based on end-use industry, the water-based resins market has been classified into paints &
coatings, adhesives & sealants, inks, and others. The demand for water-based resins in paints
& coatings application is high, due to the rising environmental regulations to reduce the use
of solvent-based technology. The APAC region is expected to be the largest market for
water-based resins across the globe. The APAC water-based resins market is projected to
grow at the highest CAGR between 2018 and 2023.
Some of the key players operating in the water-based resins market are BASF SE (Germany),
DowDuPont (US), Allnex Group (Germany), The Lubrizol Corporation (US), Royal DSM
N.V. (Netherlands), Hexion (US), Arkema (France), DIC Corporation (Japan), and Covestro
AG (Germany). Competition among these players is high, and they are adopting strategies,
such as new product developments, expansions, agreements, and mergers & acquisitions
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
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Paper by-
Xingkui Guo a, Shengsong Ge a, Junxiang Wang a, Xincheng Zhang a, Tao Zhang ,Jing
Lin , Cindy Xinxin Zhao , Bin Wang ,, Guangfei Zhu , Zhanhu Guo.
Waterborne acrylic resin modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA):Formula

optimization and property analysis Polymer 143 (2018) 155-163.
Waterborne acrylic resin modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was successfully
synthesized Via homogeneous solution polymerization in isopropyl alcohol followed by
solvent exchange with water. Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550), a silane coupling agent
that can crosslink with resin and iron base Material, was used as curing agent for solidifying
this GMA modified resin. The thermal property of the coatings with different GMA loadings
was Investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA).
Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550) Was used as coupling agent that not only

crosslinked with resin And iron based material but also introduced Si-O-Si and Si-O-C in
The coating to enhance the performance of the coating
Material-
Methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA, Analytical Reagent), 2-
Ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA, Analytical Reagent), isopropyl alcohol (IPA, Analytical
Reagent), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA, Analytical Reagent), hydroxyethyl methacrylate
(HEMA, Analytical Reagent),N,N – dimethyl ethanolamine (DMEA, Analytical Reagent),
maleic Anhydride (MAH, Analytical Reagent), and 2,2 Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN,
Analytical Reagent) ,aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550, Analytical Reagent)
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Synthesis of waterborne acrylic resin-
 The polymerization Was carried out in a constant temperature water bath. Firstly, 13.4
g MMA, 19.6 g BA, 2.7 g MAH, 3.3 g 2-EHA, 3.3 g AA, 4.1 g HEMA, and 0.9 g
AIBN were mixed in the beaker at room temperature to form a Clear solution (mixture
A).
 2.4 g HEMA, 8.3 g IPA, and 0.3 g AIBN Were mixed in another beaker at
room temperature to form a clear Solution (mixture B).
 Secondly, the mixture A was added dropwise To the reactor with 41.7 g IPA at 82 C for
30 min. After adding all Mixture A, the reaction was continued for another 30 min at 82
C.
 Thirdly, the reactor was heated up to 85 C, and mixture B was Added dropwise to the
reactor at 85 C within 20 min. After all Mixture B was added, the reaction was continued
for another 3 h at 85 C .
 Subsequently, the as-synthesized product (99.5 g) Was cooled down to room
temperature, and 4.3 g DMEA was added Under continuous stirring for 20 min
to neutralize the free car-boxylic acid groups in the resin chains.
 Finally, 42.9 g water was Added drop wise over 40 min at agitation speed of 550 rpm
to pre-Pare stable waterborne resin with 35 wt% solid contents.
Modification of waterborne acrylic resin (WA/GMA)—
The waterborne acrylic resin modified with glycidyl methacry-Late (GMA) was synthesized
following the same procedures as de-Scried. The only difference was that mixture A and
Mixture B were added with different GMA loadings, namely WA/GMA0 (0 wt% GMA of
the total monomers), WA/GMA5 (5 wt% GMA Of the total monomers), WA/GMA15 (15
wt% GMA of the total Monomers) and WA/GMA30 (30 wt% GMA of the total monomers).
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Film Preparation-
 Different weights of waterborne resin and curing agent (the curing agent was diluted with
water at a mass ratio of 1:2) were mixed at room temperature. The mixture was
magnetically stirred for 2-6 min depending on curing agent concentration.
 Mixture was spread by air brush tinplate substrates e tinplate substrates and dried at room
temperature for 24 h . The coated substrates waterborne resin unmodified with GMA was
he mass ratio of WA/GMA to KH-550 was important for the mechanical properties and
surface performance of the coatings.
 WA and GMA could not react completely when KH-550 was not enough. Therefore, the
WA/GMA-KH-550s were prepared with different mass ratios of WA/GMA and KH-550
to evaluate the influence of mass ratio on the mechanical and surface performance of
WA/GMA-KH-550. To prepared using the same processing protocol for comparison.
Characterizations-
The curing temperature was determined by differential scanning calorimeter. The thermal
stability of the cured samples was characterized by using a thermogravimetric analyzer About 10
mg mixture of the curing agent and the waterborne resin at different rations was introduced into
the thermo balance, and then heated from 25 to 800 C at a heating rate of 15 C/min and a
nitrogen flow of 20 mL/min.
The contact angles of the coatings were measured on a DSA30 machine at ambient temperature.
The performance of final film was influenced by the curing extent.
Thermal properties analysis-
From the curing behavior, it can be concluded that the optimal loading of KH-550 is 15 wt%.
The TGA curves of different GMA systems at the optimal loading of KH-550 The main weight
loss took place at around 200-450 C and the addition of GMA in the synthesis process could
improve the heat resistance of materials. In addition, the residual weight of the resin modified
with GMA also.
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Tensile properties analysis-
The tensile strength of the coatings is observed to depend on GMA amount. The tensile strength
of cured pure acrylic resin is 7.26 MPa. The cured acrylic resin modified with 5 wt%, 15 wt%
and 30 wt% GMA showed an enhanced tensile strength (8.79, 12.91 and 14.95 MPa) compared
with that of cured pure acrylic resin. GMA can effectively increase the number of crosslink
junctions between the waterborne resin and curing agent.
Contact angle of the coatings-
The surface wetting ability of coatings with various dosages of GMA and curing agent was
evaluated by measuring the contact angle formed between the water drops and the surface of the
samples using contact angle measuring system .the contact angle increases with increasing of the
GMA content in different KH-550 systems. It can be seen, that the contact angle of WA/GMA0-
KH-550 (1:0.15) is 87.72.
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Paper by-
Ezgi M. Dogan-Guner a, *, Stan Brownell b , Gregory T. Schueneman c , Meisha L.

Shofner d , J. Carson Meredith
Enabling zero added-coalescent waterborne acrylic coatings with cellulose nanocrystals
Mechanically robust nanoscale fillers have been shown to improve polymer mechanical
performance , including nanoscale fillers such as clay , silica, and carbon nanotubes . Cellulose
nanocrystals (CNCs) are proposed as a renewable filler to enhance mechanical performance of
soft latex films, due to their high crystallinity, strength, and modulus, low density (relative to
mineral fillers), and optical transparency.
Materials-
An aqueous CNC dispersion (5.5 wt%, Na+ form, USDA Forest Service Forest Products
Laboratory, Madison, WI) was used as received. The dispersion was prepared from mixed
southern yellow pine dissolving pulp via 64 % sulfuric acid digestion, described elsewhere. The
CNCs had 0.86 wt % sulfur (dry basis) due to sulfate half-ester groups from the hydrolysis.
Waterborne acrylic latex formulations-
Two well-characterized coalescent-free latexes with a solid content of 39.4 wt% were prepared
by emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and MAA.
The monomers were emulsified with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and polymerized with
thermally-initiated ammonium persulfate at 87 ◦C for 120 min.
The two latexes are denoted as MAA5 and MAA10, corresponding to MAA content. MAA5
contained 60 % BA, 35 % MMA, and 5% MAA. MAA10 contained 65 % BA, 25 % MMA, and
10 % MAA The higher MAA fraction makes the polymer particles more hydrophilic due to −
COOH functional groups
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Preparation of composite films-
Acrylic latex/CNC composites were prepared by post-synthesis blending. The aqueous CNC
dispersion (5.5 wt%) was blended into the MAA5 and MAA10 latexes. Different amounts of
CNC dispersion (0–18.9 g) were added to 15 g of base latex to change the CNC loading (0− 15
wt%) in the dry films
Result-
We reinforced coalescent-free BA/MMA/MAA latexes with CNCs by a simple blending method.

Due to the high composition of BA in the formulations, the latexes formed uniform films at
ambient conditions.
SEM imaging suggested that the CNCs were confined to interstitial regions between latex
particles, and these collections of CNCs were distributed through the bulk of the film CNC
loadings significantly enhanced the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and hardness without
negatively affecting ambient film formation. We obtained slightly higher tensile strength and
Young’s modulus measurements in the latex films with higher MAA content. A 10x
improvement was achieved in the Nano indentation hardness with the addition of 15 wt% CNCs.
The CNC loaded Nano composite latexes studied in this work are potential binders useful for the
development of zero-VOC waterborne acrylic coatings.
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Paper by-
M. Tech. Scholar, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering

and Technology, Babhulgaon, Akola
Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and

Technology, Babhulgaon, Akola
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology,

Babhulgaon, Akola (M.S.INDIA)
MMA/BA COPOLYMER WITH HIGH SOLID CONTENTS EMULSION FOR

WATERBORNE COATINGS
The high solid content acrylic emulsion with a low viscosity is achieved by copolymerization of
methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) through emulsion polymerization method.
The usage of pure waterborne poly (acrylate) resins, in which methyl methacrylate (MMA) was
used as the main monomer, as binder in paint industry.
The emulsion polymerization was carried out for 3 h with 200 rpm shaking rate at a temperature
of 70±1◦C. The selected polymers have low Tg values (between 21 and 37.5˚C) showing that
synthesized polymers have moderate flexibility.
It was found that, for the semi continuous copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl
acrylate coagulum-free 45.20% solid content latexes can be obtained through micro emulsion
polymerization using Dowfax 2A-1 surfactant. The degradation starts around 220°C and 30%
degradation is observed at 420°C.
Material-
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) were purified by treating with 10%
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution followed by washing with De-ionized water to remove
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inhibitor. Potassium persulfate (KPS) of extra pure grade were used without further purification,
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) surfactant was used as received
The experimental apparatus consisted of a two liter cylindrical four neck flask made of glass.
Standard Four neck flask provided with a high speed stirrer. It is equipped with motor and with
external jackets for heating and cooling.
Methodology-
 Emulsion polymerization was carried out in four neck flask with a mechanical stirring at
200 rpm to 300 rpm, under constant nitrogen supply. Temperature of reactor system was
kept constant at 55 0C ± 5 0C.
 Pre weighed surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and water were charged in the
reactor and the addition of Methyl methacrylate(MMA) and Butylacrylate(BA)
monomer by certain time interval was followed. N2 gas supply is mandatory to ensure
absence of oxygen into reactor.
 Agitation was start at rate of 200 rpm and simultaneous purged the N2 gas into
reaction mixture. After one hour of agitation the aqueous Potassium persulphate (KPS)
solution was then added from the top and the polymerization was initiated.
 During the polymerization, adequate of the reaction mixture were withdrawn from
the reactor at different time interval to check viscosity
Film Preparation-
The synthesized acrylic emulsion samples were coated on cement blocks and glass panels,
using a coater. The coated panels were cured at room temperature for 12-24 hours and kept at
ambient condition for 24-48 hours to ensure complete maturation of films before testing.
Characterization-
This is done by Fourier Transform Infrared Thermogravimetric Analyzer Viscosity

determination Pencil Hardness Adhesion test Chemical Resistance
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Acrylic monomer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) controls the hardness of the resin where as
butyl acrylate (BA) provides the flexibility to the emulsion. Optimization of emulsion
polymerization process with regard to initiator concentration and Monomer: Solvent ratio is done
with different combinations. The all samples are tested successfully and it is found to have
satisfactory appearance and physical properties to be used as binder in the paint industry.
Synthesized binder exhibits high solid content, low viscosity, high transparency and excellent
film forming ability
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CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDY
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Waterborne acrylic resin modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA): Formula

optimization and property analysis Xingkui Guo a , Shengsong Ge a , Junxiang Wang a ,
Xincheng Zhang a , Tao Zhang a , Jing Lin b, Cindy Xinxin Zhao c , Bin Wang d,
Guangfei Zhu a , Zhanhu Guo c
waterborne acrylic resin modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was successfully
synthesized via homogeneous solution polymerization in isopropyl alcohol followed by solvent
exchange with water. Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550), a silane coupling agent that can
crosslink with resin and iron base material, was used as curing agent for solidifying this GMA
modified resin
 A 250 mL round-bottomed, four-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer,

condenser, and thermometer was used as a reactor vessel for the polymerization reaction.
 The polymerization was carried out in a constant temperature water bath. Firstly, 13.4 g
MMA, 19.6 g BA, 2.7 g MAH, 3.3 g 2-EHA, 3.3 g AA, 4.1 g HEMA, and 0.9 g AIBN
were mixed in the beaker at room temperature to form a clear solution (mixture A). 2.4 g
HEMA, 8.3 g IPA, and 0.3 g AIBN were mixed in another beaker at room temperature
to form a clear solution (mixture B).
 Secondly, the mixture A was added dropwise to the reactor with 41.7 g IPA at 82 C for
30 min. After adding all mixture A, the reaction was continued for another 30 min at
82 C.
 Thirdly, the reactor was heated up to 85 C, and mixture B was added drop wise to the
reactor at 85 C within 20 min. After all mixture B was added, the reaction was
continued for another 3 h at 85 C
 Subsequently, the as-synthesized product (99.5 g) was cooled down to room
temperature, and 4.3 g DMEA was added under continuous stirring for 20 min to
neutralize the free carboxylic acid groups in the resin chains.
 Finally, 42.9 g water was added dropwise over 40 min at agitation speed of 550 rpm
to prepare stable waterborne resin with 35 wt% solid contents.
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The waterborne acrylic resin modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The only difference
was that mixture A and mixture B were added with different GMA loadings, namely WA/
GMA0 (0 wt% GMA of the total monomers), WA/GMA5 (5 wt% GMA of the total monomers),
WA/GMA15 (15 wt% GMA of the total monomers) and WA/GMA30 (30 wt% GMA of the
total monomers)
The ingredient of the waterborne acrylic resin.
Film Preparation-
Different weights of waterborne resin and curing agent (the curing agent was diluted with water
at a mass ratio of 1:2) were mixed at room temperature. The mixture was magnetically stirred for
2-6 min depending on curing agent concentration.
Mixture was spread by air brush tinplate substrates e tinplate substrates and dried at room
temperature for 24 h . The coated substrates waterborne resin unmodified with GMA was he
mass ratio of WA/GMA to KH-550 was important for the mechanical properties and surface
performance of the coatings. WA and GMA could not react completely when KH-550 was not
enough. Therefore, the WA/GMA-KH-550s were prepared with different mass ratios of
WA/GMA and KH-550 to evaluate the influence of mass ratio on the mechanical and surface
performance of WA/GMA-KH-550. To prepared using the same processing protocol for
comparison.
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Thermal Properties Analysis-
From the curing behavior, it can be concluded that the optimal loading of KH-550 is 15 wt%.
The TGA curves of different GMA systems at the optimal loading of KH-550 were shown in
Fig. 5
The residual rates of samples with different GMA contents are shown in Table 2. As seen from
figure and table the main weight loss took place at around 200e450 C and the addition of GMA
in the synthesis process could improve the heat resistance of materials. In addition, the residual
weight of the resin modified with GMA also increased compared with pure acrylic coating from
100 to 400 C.
When the residual weight of coatings is 85%, the coatings modified with 0 wt%, 5 wt%, 15 wt%
and 30 wt% GMA corresponding temperature is 240.75 C, 286.25 C, 310.75 C and 321.25 C,
respectively. When the residual weight of coatings is 80%, the coatings modified with 0 wt%, 5
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wt%, 15 wt% and 30 wt% GMA corresponding temperature is 263 C, 325.25 C, 341.25 C and
348.75 C, respectively. All of these improvements indicated that the GMA was effective to
enhance the thermal stability of the acrylic resin.
Tensile Properties Analysis-
Fig. shows the typical tensile strain-stress curves of the cured coatings with different loadings of
GMA. The tensile strength of the coatings is observed to depend on GMA amount. The tensile
strength of cured pure acrylic resin is 7.26 MPa. The cured acrylic resin modified with 5 wt%,
15 wt% and 30 wt% GMA showed an enhanced tensile strength (8.79, 12.91 and 14.95 MPa)
compared with that of cured pure acrylic resin. GMA can effectively increase the number of
crosslink junctions between the waterborne resin and curing agent. Along with the increase of
the GMA content, the junction increases and the final coating has a high cross-linking density,
thus the tensile properties of the coating are increased.
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Contact
angle of
the
coatings-
The surface wetting ability of coatings with various dosages of GMA and curing agent was
evaluated by measuring the contact angle formed between the water drops and the surface of the
samples using contact angle measuring system (Fig). From Figure 8a, the contact angle increases
with increasing of the GMA content in different KH-550 systems. It can be seen, that the contact
angle of WA/GMA0-KH-550 (1:0.15) is 87.72. However, after modification with GMA, it was
found that WA/GMA15-KH-550 (1:0.15) showed an increase in contact angle up to 99.51 ,
indicating a hydrophobic nature of coating.
It could be that the KH-550 changed the physical and chemical properties of coating surface in
the process of crosslink reaction [16,66]. In addition, the optimum amount of KH-550 is the
same for different amounts of GMA. The contact angle of the WA/GMA15-KH-550 (1:0) was
85.56. Upon adding 15 wt% KH-550, the formation of the coating was hydrophobic
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Result-
In order to have properties of traditional resin so enhancement in Properties of resin is necessary

that is done by adding different monomers, nanomaterials, different compounds such as –
glycidyl methacrylate, Silica nano particles, Cellulose Nanocrystal, by adding curing agents.
These leads enhancement of properties such as thermal stability, water resistance, Mechanical
resistance, Corrosion resistance. it was found that WA/GMA15-KH-550 (1:0.15) showed an
increase in contact angle up to 99.51 .The tensile strength of cured pure acrylic resin is 7.26
MPa. The 15 wt% CNC loading.
Increased the modulus by a factor of 30x and 40x in MAA5 and MAA10, Respectively, relative
to neat films. A higher MAA composition in the latex was associated with slightly enhanced
tensile strength and modulus.
Acrylic monomer of methylmethacrylate (MMA) controls the hardness of the resin where as
butyl acrylate (BA) provides the flexibility to the emulsion
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CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION
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Conclusion-
Traditional resin which used Volatile organic compounds (VOC) as solvent for resin preparation
studies shown that there is chance of release of volatile organic compounds to environment and
can harm human health so we are shifting toward Waterborne resin which use water as solvent
which is environment friendly in order to have properties similar to traditional VOC resin
improvement in properties is necessary so we add different monomers, coupling agent, curing
agent during resin preparation these shows enhancement in properties such as water resistance,
thermal properties, Corrosion resistance and mechanical property so industries are looking for
synthesis of these Waterborne resin which is environment friendly.
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CHAPTER 5:REFERENCES
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1. Cuiyan Jiao, Li Sun, Qian Shao,Jiyong Song,Qian Hu, Nithesh Naik, and Zhanhu
Guo Advances in Waterborne Acrylic Resins: Synthesis Principle, Modification
Strategies, and Their Applications ACS Omega 2021, 6, 2443−2449.
2. Xingkui Guo a, Shengsong Ge a, Junxiang Wang a, Xincheng Zhang a, Tao Zhang

,Jing Lin , Cindy Xinxin Zhao , Bin Wang ,, Guangfei Zhu , Zhanhu Guo. Waterborne
acrylic resin modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA):Formula optimization and
property analysis Polymer 143 (2018) 155-163.
3. Francesca Sbardella, Lucilla Pronti ,Maria Laura Santarelli, José Marìa Asua Gonzàlez
and Maria Paola Bracciale Waterborne Acrylate-Based Hybrid Coatings with
Enhanced Resistance Properties on Stone Surfaces Coatings 2018, 8, 283
4. Y. g. Thakare ,S.N. Nemade, P. V. Thorat MMA/BA copolymer with high solid

contents emulsion for waterborne coatings Novateur publications International Journal
of Research Publications in Engineering and Technology [IJRPET] ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, March-2017
5. Ezgi M. Dogan-Guner, Stan Brownell ,Gregory T. Schueneman, Meisha L. Shofner

,J. Carson Meredith Enabling zero added-coalescent waterborne acrylic coatings with
cellulose nanocrystals Progress in Organic Coatings 150 (2021) 105969.
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A Project/Seminar Report On Enhancement in Properties of Waterborne Acrylic Resin

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Enhancement in Properties Of waterborne Acrylic Resin

Enhancement in properties of waterborne acrylic resin

Submitted to the Laxminarayan Institute of Technology,

B. Tech. (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

Department of Chemical Engineering Laxminarayan

Opposite to Bharatnagar, Amaravati Road, Nagpur–

440033 June 2021

LAXMINARAYAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

It is certified that the project/seminar work entitled

Mr. Ram Dhote

Dr. R.P Ugwekar Dr. B.A Bhanvase

Sr.N0 Title Page no.

1. Types of waterborne resin 6-12

1. Paper By- Xingkui Guo a, Shengsong

2. Paper By- Ezgi M. Dogan-Guner, Stan

3. Paper By- Y. g. Thakare ,S.N.

Types of waterborne resins-

1. Waterborne epoxy resins

1. Improved adhesion to non-porous surfaces

Advantages of Waterborne Coatings-

The key advantages to using waterborne coatings are listed below:

Disadvantage of Waterborne Resin-

Companies Involved in Waterborne Coatings-

2. Chemical company, BASF’s Intermediates division operates in several locations around

3. Junair is a British company involved in the manufacture of innovative spray booth

Application of Waterborne Coatings-

1. Applied on copiers, fax machines, printers, , typewriters, and computers

2. Automotive OEM sector

4. To coat porous materials such as paper or leather

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Waterborne acrylic resin modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA):Formula

Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550) Was used as coupling agent that not only

Synthesis of waterborne acrylic resin-

Modification of waterborne acrylic resin (WA/GMA)—

Thermal properties analysis-

Tensile properties analysis-

Contact angle of the coatings-

Ezgi M. Dogan-Guner a, *, Stan Brownell b , Gregory T. Schueneman c , Meisha L.

Enabling zero added-coalescent waterborne acrylic coatings with cellulose nanocrystals

Waterborne acrylic latex formulations-

Preparation of composite films-

We reinforced coalescent-free BA/MMA/MAA latexes with CNCs by a simple blending method.

M. Tech. Scholar, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering

Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and

Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology,

MMA/BA COPOLYMER WITH HIGH SOLID CONTENTS EMULSION FOR

This is done by Fourier Transform Infrared Thermogravimetric Analyzer Viscosity

CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDY

Waterborne acrylic resin modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA): Formula

 A 250 mL round-bottomed, four-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer,

The ingredient of the waterborne acrylic resin.

Thermal Properties Analysis-

Tensile Properties Analysis-

In order to have properties of traditional resin so enhancement in Properties of resin is necessary

2. Xingkui Guo a, Shengsong Ge a, Junxiang Wang a, Xincheng Zhang a, Tao Zhang

4. Y. g. Thakare ,S.N. Nemade, P. V. Thorat MMA/BA copolymer with high solid

5. Ezgi M. Dogan-Guner, Stan Brownell ,Gregory T. Schueneman, Meisha L. Shofner

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