Metallurgy (Contd.

Topics to
be
covered Corrosion, Its Types and Preventive
Measures
Metallurgy (Contd.)
 Extraction of High Reactivity Metals

K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al are metals of high reactivity. Let’s discuss

how they are extracted from halides or oxides.

Sodium Aluminium

Ore
 Extraction of High Reactivity Metals

After concentration of ore, can we use reduction of metal

oxide through reducing agents like carbon?

No

The oxides/halides of highly reactive metals are quite

stable, cannot be reduced by any reducing agent.
They have more affinity for oxygen/halogen.
 Extraction of High Reactivity Metals

A special reduction process, i.e. electrolytic reduction is used for

highly reactive metals like K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al.

Electrolytic
Reduction

The electrolytic reduction is a type of electrolysis. The oxides

and chlorides of metals in fused/molten state are electrically
reduced by using this method.
Electrolytic
Reduction
 Refining of Metals

Metals obtained after extraction still contains some

impurities which are removed by:

(i) Electrolytic refining

(ii) Distillation

(iii) Liquefaction

(iv) Vapour phase

refining
(v) Zone refining
 Electrolytic Refining

(i) The set-up consists of an electrolytic tank that contains acidified

copper sulphate solution.
 Electrolytic Refining

(ii) A thick block of impure copper metal is connected to the

positive terminal, i.e. anode.
 Electrolytic Refining

(ii) A thin strip of pure copper metal is connected to the negative

terminal, i.e. cathode.
Electrolytic Refining
 Give a Thought

What happens to the impurities then?

Kya Bolti Public?
Corrosion, Its Types and
Preventive Measures
Corrosion and Its Types
 Give a Thought

Can rusting happen without having any one factor, i.e. oxygen or
water-vapour?
A. Yes
B. No

For rusting of iron to happen both factors, i.e. oxygen and water-
vapour are required.
 Let’s Analyse!

Will rusting happens in this case?

Yes, rusting will happen.

 Let’s Analyse!

Will rusting happens in this case?

(i) Air from above: (i) Air from above:

(ii) Normal water: (ii) Boiled water:

 Let’s Analyse!

Will rusting happens in this case?

No, rusting won’t happen.

Corrosion and Its Types
 Pros and Cons of Corrosion - Recap

Pros of Corrosion – Patina

Patina seems to be helpful for some of the metals like Copper (Cu),
which on oxidation forms an impervious protective layer that protects
further corrosion (here tarnishing) of metal.
 Pros and Cons of Corrosion - Recap

Cons of Corrosion – Rusting

Rust is a flaky (non-sticky) layer that is very brittle and peels-off. It then
exposes the fresh iron layer to moisture and oxygen. This continuous
cycle makes iron objects weak and can collapse buildings and bridges,
break oil pipelines and more.
Kya Bolti Public?
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion - Rusting

The below methods are used to prevent the rusting of iron:

(a) Barrier Protection
(b) Sacrificial Protection
(c) Alloying
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion - Rusting

(a) Barrier Protection: In this a layer is introduced between iron

and factors that cause rusting, i.e. oxygen and water vapour.
Some of the ways are:
(i) Painting
(ii) Applying oil or grease
 Give a Thought

Are painting and greesing permanent solutions to prevent

rusting?
A. Yes
B. No
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion - Rusting

(b) Sacrificial Protection: In this a layer of more reactive metal is

placed on a less reactive. The more reactive prevents oxygen and
water to come in contact with iron and gets corroded in place of
iron.
One such way is galvanisation.
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion - Rusting

The galvanized iron sheets are used to make:

(i) Buckets
(ii) Drums
(iii) Sheds
 Give a Thought

Are painting and greasing permanent solutions to prevent

rusting?
A. Yes
B. No
 Give a Thought

If the layer of Zinc breaks on iron. Will iron rust or zinc?

 Ways to Prevent Corrosion - Rusting

(c) Alloying: In alloying, two or more than two metals or metals

along with small amount of non-metals are mixed.
It is a permanent solution to prevent corrosion.
Example:
Pure iron is soft, stretches easily when hot and prone to rust.
Iron is alloyed with carbon and it becomes hard and strong.
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion - Rusting

More to Know:
Stainless Steel: Iron + Chromium + Nickel

-Provides hardness.

-Not prone to rusting. -Resistance to corrosion.

-Used to create utensils. -Prevents from getting stains.
 Alloying of Gold

Pure gold is 24 carat which is soft and hence, it is not used to make
jewellery.
In India, 22 carat gold is ornamental gold. This means 22 parts by
weight of gold is alloyed with 2 parts by weight of either copper or
silver.
 Common Alloys
Alloy Composition Properties Important Uses

(i) Brass Copper (80%) and Malleable, strong, Utensils, screws

Zinc (20%) resists corrosion etc.
(ii) Bronze Copper (90%) and Strong and resists Coins, bells etc.
Tin (10%) corrosion
(iii) German Copper (60%), Zinc Shines like silver, Electroplating
silver (20%) and Nickel resistant to
(20%) corrosion
(iv) Solder Lead (50%) and Tin Lower melting For joining
(50%) point than lead electrical wires
and tin together.

Note: The alloys of mercury with any other metal is called amalgam.
Kya Bolti Public?