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Extraction Process
Mining. By mining, ores containing 1% cu is obtained.
Ore is crushed, ground and separated, as a result of
which the material becomes concentrated containing
40- 60% cu. Grinding is usually done to increase
surface area.
Reverberatory furnace
A Reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace
that isolates the material being processed from contact with
fuel but not from contact with combustion gases
Roasting (Concentration)
In the roaster, the copper concentrate is partially
oxidized to produce iron oxide, copper sulfide
and sulfur dioxide gas.
The stoichiometry of the reaction which occurs is:
Arsenical Copper
Some grades of copper contain up to 0.5% of arsenic.
Arsenical copper which has improved tensile
properties and an improved resistance to oxidation at
high temperatures, is made by adding up to 0.5 % of
arsenic to tough pitch.
Electrolytic Refining
The copper is refined by electrolysis. The anodes cast
from processed blister copper are placed into
an aqueous solution of 3–4% copper sulfate and 10–
16% sulfuric acid. Cathodes are thin rolled sheets of
highly pure copper. A potential of only 0.2–0.4 volts is
required for the process to commence.
At the anode, copper and less noble metals dissolve.
More noble metals such as silver and gold as well
as selenium and tellurium settle to the bottom of the
cell as anode slime, which forms a saleable byproduct.
Copper(II) ions migrate through the electrolyte to the
cathode. At the cathode, copper metal deposit but
less noble constituents such
as arsenic and zinc remain in solution.
The reactions are:
At the anode: Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
At the cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
Applications of Copper
• About 37% of cu is used in building, construction,
wiring, plumbing, heating, commercial refrigeration,
hard ware and architectural materials.
• 26% of cu is used in electrical and electronic devices.
• 15% of cu is used in industrial machinery and
equipments.
• 11% of cu is used in transportation equipment like
marines, vehicles, buses and trucks.
• Remaining 11% is used in cutlery, coins and
ornaments