Name : GARCIA, PJ KIM T.

Score:
Course/Section : BSABE 3-1
Date : November 27, 2022
Schedule (Day/Time) : Monday, 10:00 AM – 1:00 PM
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Laboratory Exercise #4
Determination of
Evapotranspiration

INTRODUCTION

Evapotranspiration combines all mechanisms involved in transferring water from the

ground surface to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. Evapotranspiration

consists of water evaporation into the atmosphere from the surface of the soil, evaporation

from the capillary edge of the groundwater table, and evaporation from water bodies on land.

As the world progresses, different methods are developed to estimate the evapotranspiration

rate that can be used to help assess the water needed by plants every day and to be more

productive. Several methods, such as the FAO Penman-Monteith, Modified Penman, Jensen-

Haise, and Hargreaves, are used to compute and estimate the reference evapotranspiration.

The recommended method is the FAO Penman-Monteith.

This exercise will apply the four methods to calculate the reference evapotranspiration

based on the data provided. In addition, it will give the value difference between each

computed value using various means, such as the Modified Penman, Jensen-Haise, and

Hargreaves, and the standard approach, the FAO Penman-Monteith Equation.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

1. Table 1 shows weather data for October 15, 2021 collected at the CLSU-
PAGASASynoptic/Agromet Weather Station.
2. Use the data collected to estimate the evapotranspiration using FAO Penman-
Monteith,Modified Penman, Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves.
3. Compare the results of Modified Penman, Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves by
calculatingthe percent difference to the standard method, FAO Penman-Monteith.
4. Tabulate your solution and answer to be organized.
Table 1.

Location: CLSU-PAGASA Weather Station Coordinates: 15º49N’E 12º06’E

Date: 10/15/2021 Elevation: 76.06 meters
Air Temperature
Maximum 35.0 ºC
Minimum 26.5 ºC
Wet-bulb 21.1 ºC
Dry-bulb 29.0 ºC
Relative Humidity
Maximum 88 %
Minimum 63 %
Wind Speed (10 m) 2.6 m/s
Sunshine Duration 393 min
Station Pressure 1003.34 mb
RESULTS

FAO Penman Monteith

Sub Variables Value
Saturation Vapor Pressure at Minimum Temperature e1 3.46 kPa
Saturation Vapor Pressure at Maximum Temperature e2 5.62 kPa
Solar declination δ -0.16 rad
Latitude φ 0.28 rad
Sunset hour angle ωs 1.52 rad
Maximum possible daylight N 11.61 rad
Sunshine Duration n 6.55 hours
Incident Solar Radiation/Incoming Solar Radiation Rs 17.79 MJ/m2-day
Extraterrestrial Radiation Ra 33.43 MJ/m2-day
Solar Constant Gsc 0.0820
Inverse Relative Distance Earth-Sun dr 1.01
Net Shortwave Radiation Rns 13.6983 MJ/m2-day
Clear Sky Solar Radiation Rso 25.12 MJ/m2-day
Net Longwave Radiation Rnl 2.18 MJ/m2-day

Variable Value
Slope of Saturation Vapor Pressure  0.25 kPa/°C
Net Radiation Rn 11.52 MJ/m2-day
Soil Heat Flux G 0 MJ/m2-day
Mean Air Temperature T 30.75 °C
Wind Speed at 2m Height U2 3.05 m/s
Saturation Vapor Pressure es 4.43 kPa
Actual Vapor Pressure ea 3.29 kPa
Psychometric Constant γ 0.0668 kPa/°C
Modified Penman Equation
Variable Value
Slope of Saturation Vapor Pressure  2.53 mbar/°C
Net Radiation Rn 273.42 cal/cm2-day
Soil Heat Flux G 0 cal/cm2-day
Mean Air Temperature T 30.75 °C
Wind Speed at 2m Height U2 167.1616 km/day
Saturation Vapor Pressure es 44.3 mbar
Actual Vapor Pressure ea 32.927 mbar
Psychometric Constant γ 0.677 mbar/°C
Jensen Haise Equation

Variable Value
Temperature Constant Ct 0.0184
Mean Air Temperature T 30.75 °C
Intercept of the Temperature Axis Tx -5.66 °C
Incident Solar Radiation R 17.69 MJ/m2-day
Hargreaves Equation

Variable Value
Mean Air Temperature T 30.75 °C
Incident Solar Radiation R 17.69 MJ/m2-day
PERCENT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FAO PENMAN-MONTEITH AND
MODIFIEDPENMAN, JENSEN-HAISE AND HARGREAVES
 SUMMARY OF DATA, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Table A.1 Evapotranspiration Values

Equation Used ETo Value
FAO Penman – Monteith 4.44 mm/day
Modified Penman 4.73 mm/day
Jensen Haise 4.88 mm/day
Hargreaves 5.73 mm/day

Table A.2 Percent Difference

Basis Equation Percent Difference
Modified Penman 2.09 %
FAO Penman - Monteith Jensen Haise 1.03 %
Hargreaves 17.05 %

Table A.1 displays the evapotranspiration values calculated using the various equations used to

estimate evapotranspiration value. FAO Penman-Monteith has a value of 4.44 mm/day, Modified Penman

has a value of 4.73 mm/day, Jensen Haise has a value of 4.88 mm/day, and Hargreaves has a value of 5.73

mm/day. The values obtained vary from one another, particularly from the suggested calculation method, the

FAO Penman-Monteith Method.

In addition, table A.2 displays the percentage difference between each FAO Penman-Monteith

Method equation. The Jensen Haise Equation has a minor percentage difference with a value of 1.03%,

followed by the Modified Penman Equation with a value of 2.09%, and Hargreaves with a value of 17.05%.

The Jensen Haise Equation has the smallest deviation from the suggested approach, whereas the Hargreaves

method has the most significant variance.

Based on the data, the Jensen Haise Equation can replace the FAO Penman-Monteith Equation when

calculating the evapotranspiration rate. However, it is not suggested to adopt these three parameters

(Modified Penman, Jensen Haise, and Hargreaves) as the standard equation to determine the

evapotranspiration rate due to the substantial variation between them. As a result, the computation and data

utilization will affect the amount of water delivered to the crops, and crop development and survival will be

affected. The crop may be harmed if alternative equations are employed to compute evapotranspiration. This

quantity is comparable to a plant's water intake, making evapotranspiration an essential aspect of crop

survival. Therefore, using a different equation will affect the plant's health, and the FAO Penman-Monteith

technique will provide a more precise calculation.

GUIDE QUESTION:

1. What is the importance of Evapotranspiration in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering?

In the atmosphere evapotranspiration accounts for 15% of water vapor that’s why it is

significant factor in terms of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. By the absence

of evapotranspiration water vapor input, clouds could not form, and there would be no

precipitation. Evaporation and transpiration are referred to collectively as

evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration offers a reasonably objective and dependable

assessment of the water needs of actively growing plants on a farm. Irrigators is one of

the benefactors since it can use evapotranspiration data to schedule irrigations better

precisely, hence increasing crop yields and water productivity. Evaporation of soil

water is a non-beneficial application because it does not contribute to crop growth,

development, or yield. Hence, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering should

incorporate evaporation loss reduction as a component of good irrigation management.

REFERENCES

The State of Victoria Department of Economic

Development, Jobs, Transport & Resources (2017),
“What is evapotranspiration and how do I use it to
schedule irrigations?” retrieved from
https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/
data/assets/pdf_file/0008/577025/What-is-
evapotranspiration-and-how-do-I-use-it-to-
schedule-irrigations-Tech-Note.pdf

Flores J. (2022), “Module 6: Evapotranspiration” Central

Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz,
Nueva Ecija.