Multiple-Choice Quiz

1. In Marxist theory, _____ is the belief that the arrangement of the bourgeoisie owning the means of production and the
proletariat working for the interests of the bourgeoisie is legitimate.

 a. false consciousness

 b. left realism

 c. postmodern criminology

 d. false realism

2. _____ focuses on how racial issues have determined the quality of justice that has been available to people of color in
North America.

 a. Left realism

 b. Critical race theory

 c. Feminist criminology

 d. Racial criminology

3. _____ begin to engage in antisocial behavior at an early age and continue to commit acts that harm others throughout
their lives.

 a. Adolescent-limited offenders

 b. Life-course persistent offenders

 c. Juvenile delinquents

 d. Serial killers

4. Radical theories are also called _____.

 a. conflict

 b. Marxist

 c. critical

 d. all of the above

5. Left realism contends that the idealism of _____ criminology sacrifices the interests of impoverished people for the
interests of lower-class offenders.

 a. Marxist

 b. integrated

 c. feminist

 d. peacemaking

6. Which is a level in the peacemaking pyramid?

 a. opaque means

 b. exclusion

 c. occluded criteria

 d. nonviolence

7. Thornberry's _____ draws on social control and social learning theories.

 a. peacemaking perspective

 b. strain theory

 c. social control theory

 d. interactional perspective

8. In life-course criminological theory, _____ are youths who engage in antisocial and deviant behavior for only a short
period of time and only in certain situations.

 a. adult-limited offenders

 b. adolescent-limited offenders

 c. juvenile offenders

 d. life-course persistent offenders

9. _____ is a term from peacemaking criminology that means that the language and procedures used to pursue justice must
be made clear to all.
  a. Ascertainable criteria

 b. Bourgeoisie

 c. Correct means

 d. False consciousness

10. In Marxist theory, those who own property and the means of production are the _____.

 a. wealthy

 b. proletariat

 c. bourgeoisie

 d. nihilists

11. _____ means that a system of justice must treat cases with similar characteristics consistently if the system is to be
perceived as fair and impartial.

 a. Bourgeoisie

 b. Categorical imperative

 c. Correct means

 d. Ascertainable criteria

12. _____ was one of the first scholars to link Marxism and crime.

 a. Marx

 b. Bonger

 c. Cullen

 d. Agnew

13. In life-course criminological theory, the _____ begins inappropriate behavior at an early age and continues to commit
antisocial and deviant acts.
  a. adolescent-limited offender

 b. life-course persistent offender

 c. juvenile offender

 d. bourgeoisie

14. _____ considers justice, law, fairness, responsibility, and authority not to be absolute, but to be mediated by personal
contexts.

 a. Peacemaking criminology

 b. Left realism

 c. Postmodern criminology

 d. False consciousness

15. In Marxist theory, the ____ is the working class.

 a. proletariat

 b. left

 c. lex talionis

 d. bourgeoisie

1. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

In Marxist theory, this is the belief that the arrangement of the bourgeoisie owning the means
of production and the proletariat working for the interests of the bourgeoisie is legitimate.

The correct answer was: a. False consciousness.

2. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

This theory focuses on how racial issues have determined the quality of justice that has been
available to people of color in North America.

The correct answer was: b. critical race theory.

3. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

 These offenders begin to engage in antisocial behavior at an early age and continue to commit
acts that harm others throughout their lives.

The correct answer was: b. life-course persistent offenders.

4. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Radical theories are also called _____.

The correct answer was: d. all of the above.

5. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Left realism contends that the idealism of _____ criminology sacrifices the interests of
impoverished people for the interests of lower-class offenders.

The correct answer was: a. Marxist.

6. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Which is a level in the peacemaking pyramid?

The correct answer was: d. nonviolence.

7. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

This idea of Thornberry's draws on social control and social learning theories.

The correct answer was: d. interactional perspective.

8. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

In life-course criminological theory, these youths engage in antisocial and deviant behavior for
only a short period of time and only in certain situations.

The correct answer was: b. adolescence-limited offenders.

9. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

This term from peacemaking criminology means that the language and procedures used to
pursue justice must be made clear to all.

The correct answer was: a. ascertainable criteria.

10. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

In Marxist theory, who owns property and the means of production?

The correct answer was: c. bourgeoisie.

11. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

This means that a system of justice must treat cases with similar characteristics consistently if
the system is to be perceived as fair and impartial.

The correct answer was: b. categorical imperative.

12. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

 In this experiment, the ability to resist temptation became a remarkable predictor of who
negotiated their adolescent and adult lives the best.

The correct answer was: b. Stanford Marshmallow Experiment.

13. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

In life-course criminological theory, this offender begins inappropriate behavior at an early age
and continues to commit antisocial and deviant acts.

The correct answer was: b. life-course persistent offender.

14. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

This set of ideas consider justice, law, fairness, responsibility, and authority not to be
absolute, but to be mediated by personal contexts.

The correct answer was: c. postmodern criminology.

15. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Who is the working class in Marxist theory?

The correct answer was: a. proletariat.

1. According to Cullen and Agnew, capitalism is a system of economics that causes a large degree of crime.

 a. True

 b. False

2. The political philosophy of Marx has had a great deal of influence on economics and politics for the past century.

 a. True

 b. False

3. Age is an unreliable proxy for both physical development and social development.

 a. True

 b. False

4. The group of adolescent-limited offenders might include just about every juvenile.

 a. True

 b. False
5. Age is the primary issue that life-course theories examine in relationship to crime.

 a. True

 b. False

6. Some theories consider behavior and economic and social interests as part of the crime problem.

 a. True

 b. False

7. Critical race theory makes no claims to be value free.

 a. True

 b. False

8. No scholar has linked Marxism and crime.

 a. True

 b. False

9. Chambliss stated that poverty is the cause of crime.

 a. True

 b. False

10. Left realism contends that Marxist idealism sacrifices the interests of impoverished people for the interests of lower-class
offenders.

 a. True

 b. False

11. Postmodern criminology is concerned primarily with the status quo.

 a. True

 b. False
12. Cultural criminology is concerned with the media's effect on crime and delinquency.

 a. True

 b. False

13. Age is a difficult variable to track.

 a. True

 b. False

14. Adolescent-limited offenders outnumber life-course persistent offenders.

 a. True

 b. False

15. According to Sampson and Laub, one's connection to conventional society does not change over the life course.

 a. True

 b. False

1. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

According to Cullen and Agnew, capitalism is a system of economics that causes a large
degree of crime.

The correct answer was: a. True.

2. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

The political philosophy of Marx has had a great deal of influence on economics and politics for
the past century.

The correct answer was: a. True.

3. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Age is an unreliable proxy for both physical development and social development.

The correct answer was: b. False.

4. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

The group of adolescence-limited offenders might include just about every juvenile.

The correct answer was: a. True.

5. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Age is the primary issue that life-course theories examine in relationship to crime.

The correct answer was: a. True.

6. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Some theories consider behavior and economic and social interests as part of the crime
problem.

The correct answer was: a. True.

7. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

A criticism of life-course theories is that they are better at looking backward than looking
forward.

The correct answer was: a. True.

8. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

No scholar has linked Marxism and crime.

The correct answer was: b. False.

9. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Chambliss stated that poverty is the cause of crime.

The correct answer was: b. False.

10. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Left realism contends that Marxist idealism of sacrifices the interests of impoverished people
for the interests of lower-class offenders.

The correct answer was: a. True.

11. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Postmodern criminology is concerned primarily with the status quo.

The correct answer was: b. False.

12. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Cultural criminology is concerned with the media's effect on crime and delinquency.

The correct answer was: a. True.

13. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

Age is a difficult variable to track.

The correct answer was: b. False.

14. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

 Adolescence-limited offenders outnumber life-course persistent offenders.

The correct answer was: a. True.

15. Incorrect. You did not provide an answer.

According to Sampson and Laub, one's connection to conventional society does not change
over the life course.

The correct answer was: b. False.

What is the academic study of social behavior and societies?

Sociology Marxism

Psychology Conflict theory

1. What was the main focus of Marx's research?

a. The relationship between workers, the economy, and society.

b. The interaction of people within the same social class.
c. The way that society constructs and uses language.
d. The ways that society uses genetics to create social classes.

2. What is the proletariat?

a. The working class in Marxist theory.

b. The management and ruling class in Marxist theory.
c. The Marxist theory that societies progress using class conflict.
d. The Marxist theory that both science and the humanities are needed to study society.

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective based on macro-level observations. True or false? False

Who was not a symbolic interactionist? Karl Marx

The theory of symbolic interactionism emerged after functionalism and conflict theory. True or false? True

Why are symbols so important, according to symbolic interactionists? Symbols are interpreted in the same way by
all members of society, they have a shared social meaning. In this way, they contribute to the formulation and
maintenance of social values, norms and rules of society. Symbols used by social groups in society can also
communicate certain beliefs specific to that group to the rest of society. Symbols, thus, can both create a sense of
unity and the sense of diversity in society.

Give an example of a widely used symbol. An example of a widely used symbol is a form of nonverbal communication,
such as a salute. A salute symbolizes respect in the US and in many other countries. There might be societies in the
world, however, which understand this gesture differently (Masuda et al. 2008).

Who came up with the term 'symbolic interactionism'?

Herbert Blumer.

Mead identified three stages of the process of self-development. What are these stages?

 The preparatory stage

 The play stage
 The game stage

What are the characteristics of the preparatory stage of self-development, according to Mead? The preparatory stage is the
period in children’s lives when they simply imitate the family members around them. Through imitation, they learn
about the symbols of society, such as gestures and words of basic human communication. An example of this is
learning that waving means "hello" or "goodbye".
What are the characteristics of the play stage of self-development, according to Mead? In the play stage, children
already understand the basic symbols of society, and they start using them and pretending to be other people. They
pretend to be doctors, patients, mothers, fairy tale characters etc. as they play. Role-playing is crucial in the play
stage, according to Mead.

What are the characteristics of the game stage of self-development, according to Mead?

At the game stage, children are able to differentiate between social situations and relationships. They are aware of
their own social position and the social position of others around them too. When they interact with others, they act
according to this knowledge. Mead argued that children’s behavior at this stage is affected by their awareness of
what he called ‘the generalized other’. 

Who was Charles H. Cooley?

Charles H. Cooley is also thought to be a founder of symbolic interactionism. He developed his theory of how
people’s sense of self develops through social interactions, and argued that people develop a sense of self by
interpreting the reactions of others to them. Cooley named this the ‘looking-glass self’ theory (1902). 

Cooley identified three stages of the development of the looking-glass self. What were these?

1. People imagine how their behavior appears to others. For example, they can think others perceive them as
smart or boring.
2. People observe the reactions of others and make conclusions on how others evaluate them. For example,
they may think others like them for being smart, or dislike them for being boring.
3. People develop a self-concept and start to have feelings about themselves based on how they interpret
other’s reactions. For example, people might develop a positive sense of self if they realize others like them
because they appear as smart. 

What kind of analysis did Erving Goffman use in his theory of human interactions? Erving Goffman used dramaturgical
analysis for his study of people and their interactions.

What was Goffman's dramaturgy theory about?

Goffman (1958) looked at people as theatrical performers, performing in their everyday lives as actors on a stage.
This analogy helps us not only understand how people improvise roles in social situations, but how they present a
certain image of themselves that changes according to how they interact and with whom.  

What is the preferred methodology of symbolic interactionism? Symbolic interactionists do micro-sociology. Qualitative
research methods are preferred for this type of research as it provides more layered and personal insights into
issues. Symbolic interactionists often use participant observation and in-depth, informal interviews to understand
the meaning of actions and symbols in their research subjects’ lives and relationships.

What is constructivism? Constructivism is a theory developed from symbolic interactionism. It argues that reality is
simply what people make it to be through their interpretation of interactions.

What are some criticisms of symbolic interactionism?

Many criticize symbolic interactionism for being too subjective, thus harming the validity of one's research. Others
find issues with the extremely narrow focus of symbolic interactionist research. They claim it is impossible to apply
such small-scale studies to the whole of society.

Many criticize the narrow focus of symbolic interactionist research. They claim it is impossible to apply such small-
scale studies on the whole of society. True or false? True.

George Herbert Mead was a professor at the University of Chicago. True or false? True.

Family relationships and norms surrounding them come from symbolism. True or false?

True.