Renewable sources of energy

Lecture 5

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 What is an alternative source of
energy?

 An energy source that can

be used instead of fossil
fuels
 It is usually a renewable
source of energy that could
be used should fossil fuels
run out.

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How much longer can we
depend on fossil fuels?
 Because they are fossil fuels they DO have a
life expectancy
 “Oil has 40 – 50 years left”
 In 1960 they said this too! – what has
happened is that we have found new
reserves of oil and new technology has made
the oil we use last longer.

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 Burning fossil fuels has increased
atmospheric pollution.
 Vehicle exhausts contribute to acid
rain more so than power stations
burning coal.
 The carbon stored in fossil fuels is
released as carbon dioxide when
they are burnt – this leads to the
green house effect and global
warming. 5
The Green House Effect

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So what are the alternative
energy sources to fossil fuels?
 Once upon a time – nuclear power was seen as the answer.
Huge amounts of power could be produced from a small amount
of uranium
 However, it was not well known that it produced radioactive
waste
 The waste is dangerous to health and life for hundreds of years
 There is no secure place for storage.
 Public confidence has also been shattered by the explosion at
Chernobyl in 1986

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Other hopes?
 Now that nuclear power
is considered too risky
hopes lie with things
like sun, water, wind,
waves and tides.

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 Hydropower

 Hydropower is one of the oldest

renewable technologies,
representing approximately 6
percent of the total energy
generation and about half of all
available renewable energy capacity
in the U.S. The idea behind the
process is based on either flowing
or falling water. The generated
flow controls turbines that in turn
produce electricity.

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NORWAY Hydropower

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Tidal Power

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 History of Tidal
 Tidal energy is one of the oldest forms of energy used by humans
 Dating back to 787 A.D., tide mills were constructed, consisting of a storage
pond and a sluice (gate that controls water flow).
 During the incoming tide (flood), the sluice would open to allow rising
waters to fill the storage pond
 During the outgoing tide (ebb), the stored water would be released over a
waterwheel

 In the early 1960’s, the first commercial scale tidal power plant was built in St.
Malo, France, consisting of twenty four 10MW turbines.
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Advantages of using natural sources
of energy
 They are inexhaustible – they will always be
available – they are renewable.
 They are clean and will not damage the Earth.
 There are several types – so one or more of them is
present in each country.
 Most natural sources can be used on a small scale
and serve local needs therefore cutting costs of
transmitting the energy.

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Put forward arguments in
favour of:
 (a) Using natural gas instead of coal
 (b) using nuclear power rather than oil
 (c) using alternative sources of energy rather
than nuclear power

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 Renewable Energy Sources
(Types, Advantages and Limitations)

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 Renewable Energy
 Renewable energy is energy from sources
that are constantly being formed.
 Types of renewable energy includes:
 solar energy
 wind energy
 the power from living things: biomass
 the power from moving water:
hydro/micro-hydro and tidal waves.
 Earth’s heat

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Solar Energy - Power from the Sun

 Most renewable energy comes either directly or

indirectly from the sun.
 Direct solar energy is used every day, like when the
sun shines on a window and heats the room.
 Solar energy can also be used

indirectly to generate electricity

in solar cells.

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Passive solar heating/cooling
 Passive solar heating is the use of sunlight to heat buildings
directly
 In the Northern Hemisphere, south facing windows receive the
most solar energy
 Therefore, passive solar buildings have large windows that face
south
 Trees – A house shaded by trees is a much cooler house during
the summer. Also, keep in mind that during the winter, the leaves
are gone off the trees, so the winter sun can still shine into the
home.
 Natural ventilation – Natural ventilation requires pressure
differences to move fresh air through a building.
 An average household could reduce its energy bills by using any
of the passive solar features.
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Passive solar heating/cooling

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Active solar heating

 Active solar heating is the

gathering of solar energy by
collectors that are used to heat
water or heat a building.
 Solar collectors, usually
mounted on a roof, capture
the sun’s energy.

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Active solar heating

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 Wind power

 Energy from the sun warms the Earth’s surface

unevenly, which causes air masses to flow in the
atmosphere.
 We experience the movement of these air masses as
wind.
 Wind power, which converts the movement of
wind into electric energy, is the fastest growing
energy source in the world.

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 Wind farms
 Wind turbines are used to capture
the energy from the wind.
 Large arrays of wind turbines are
called wind farms. Large wind
farms supply electricity to
thousands of homes.
 In windy rural areas, small wind
farms with 20 or fewer turbines are
also becoming common.
 Because wind turbines take up little
space, some farmers can add wind
turbines to their land and still use
the land for other purposes.
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Wind: an underdeveloped resource

 Scientists estimate that the windiest

spots on Earth could generate more
than ten times the energy used
worldwide.
 Today, most of the large energy
companies are developing plans to use
more wind power.

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We hope for the best…for current data refer slide 69 pl. 38
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Biomass: power from living things
 Biomass fuel consists of plant material, manure, or
any other organic matter that is used as an energy
source.
 Fossil fuels can be thought of as biomass energy
sources, although they are nonrenewable.
 Renewable biomass fuels, such as wood and dung,
are major sources of energy in developing countries.
 More than half of all wood cut in the world is used as
fuel for heating and cooking.

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Biomass: power from living things

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Biomass: power from living things
 Although materials like wood are a renewable
resource, if trees are cut down faster than
they grow, the resulting habitat loss,
deforestation, and soil erosion can be severe.
 In addition, harmful air pollution may result
from burning wood and dung.

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Methane
 When bacteria decompose organic wastes, one
byproduct is methane gas.
 Methane can be burned to generate heat or
electricity.
 In China, more than 6 million households use biogas
digesters to ferment manure and produce gas for
heating and cooking.
 Some landfills in the United States generate
electricity by using the methane from the
decomposition of trash.
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Methane collection system (landfill site)

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Methane collection system (landfill site)

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 Hydroelectricity: power of moving
water
 Hydroelectric energy is electrical energy produced
by falling water.
 Hydroelectric energy accounts for 20% of the
world’s electricity.
 Large hydroelectric power plants have a dam that is
built across a river to hold back a reservoir of
water.
 The water in the reservoir is released to turn a
turbine, which generates electricity.

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Hydroelectricity: power of moving water

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The benefits of hydroelectric energy
 Hydroelectric dams are expensive to build, but
relatively inexpensive to operate.
 Unlike fossil fuel plants, hydroelectric dams do not
release air pollutants that cause acid precipitation.
 Hydroelectric dams also tend to last much longer
than fossil fuel-powered plants.
 Dams also provide other benefits such as flood
control and water for drinking, agriculture, industry,
and recreation.

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The disadvantage of hydroelectric energy

 A dam changes a river’s flow, which can have far-

reaching consequences.
 A reservoir floods large areas of habitat above the
dam. Water flow below the dam is reduced, which
disrupts ecosystems downstream.
 When the land behind a dam is flooded, people are
often displaced. If a dam bursts, people living in
areas below the dam can be killed.
 River sediments build up behind the dam instead of
enriching land farther down the river, making
farmland below the dam less productive.

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Modern trends
 In developing countries the construction of large
dams continues.
 One modern trend is micro-hydropower, which is
electricity produced in a small stream without having
to build a big dam. The turbine may even float in the
water, not blocking the river at all.
 Micro-hydropower is much cheaper than large
hydroelectric dam projects, and it permits energy to
be generated from small streams in remote areas.

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Geothermal energy: power from the earth

 In some areas, deposits of water

in the Earth’s crust are heated by
geothermal energy.
 Geothermal energy is the energy
produced by heat within the Earth.
 The United States is the world’s
largest producer of geothermal
energy.

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Geothermal energy: power from the earth

 Geothermal power plants generate

electricity using the following steps
 Steam rises through a well
 Steam drives turbines, which
generate electricity
 Leftover liquid is pumped back into
the hot rock
 The leftover liquid, water, is returned
to Earth’s crust because it can be
reheated by geothermal energy and
used again.

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Why renewable energy?
 There are many energy sources today that are
extremely limited in supply. Some of these sources
include oil, natural gas, and coal. It is a matter of
time before they will be exhausted.
 Estimates are that they can only meet our energy
demands for another fifty to seventy years. So in an
effort to find alternative forms of energy, the world
has turned to renewable energy sources as the
solution. There are many advantages and
disadvantages to this.

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Renewable energy: advantages
 One major advantage with the use of renewable energy is that as
it is renewable it is therefore sustainable and so will never run
out.
 Even more importantly, renewable energy produces little or no
waste products such as carbon dioxide or other chemical
pollutants, so has minimal impact on the environment.
 Renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance
than traditional generators. Their fuel being derived from natural
and available resources reduces the costs of operation.
 Renewable energy projects can also bring economic benefits to
many regional areas, as most projects are located away from
large urban centers and suburbs of the capital cities. These
economic benefits may be from the increased use of local
services as well as tourism.
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Renewable energy: disadvantages
 One disadvantage with renewable energy is that it is difficult to
generate the quantities of electricity that are as large as those
produced by traditional fossil fuel generators.
 Another disadvantage of renewable energy sources is the
reliability of supply. Renewable energy often relies on the
weather for its source of power. Hydro generators need rain to fill
dams to supply flowing water. Wind turbines need wind to turn
the blades, and solar collectors need clear skies and sunshine to
collect heat and make electricity. When these resources are
unavailable so is the capacity to make energy from them. This
can be unpredictable and inconsistent.
 The current cost of renewable energy technology is also far in
excess of traditional fossil fuel generation. This is because it is a
new technology and as such has extremely large capital cost
(especially R & D costs).

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Pakistan- Situation Analysis

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Primary Energy Supplies of Pakistan
Total Primary Energy Supply 63 MTOE (HDIP-Energy Year book-2008-09)
Hydro Nuclear
Electricity Electricity
Coal 11% 1%
9% The Pakistan per capita
Oil
31%
energy consumption
LPG (0.36) TOE is one fifth
1%
of the world average of
1.77 TOE
(IAE 2008)

Gas
48%
Source: Irshad Giz Study

25.02.2012 Seite 2
Installed Power Generation Capacity of Pakistan
:

WAPDA Thermal 6441 MW

Hydel 6464 MW WAPDA

Thermal
IPPs-Thermal
Nuclear 33%
32%

462 MW

IPPS (Thermal) 6154 MW

Total 19521 MW Nuclear

2%

WAPDA Hydel
33%
The per capita electricity
consumption 402kWh is less than
one sixth of the world average of
Source: Irshad Giz Study
2,516 kWh (IEA 2008)

25.02.2012 Seite 3
Electric Power Demand (2007-2025) Pakistan
120000

101478
100000

80000 72169
MW

60000
44903
35413
40000

22353
20000

17328
0
2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028

25.02.2012 Seite 4
 Energy Mix Plan Projections (Vision 2030-PC,GoP)
400
361.31
Million Ton of Oil Equivalent (MTOE)

350

300 Nuclear
255.37

250 Renewable

177.35 Hydro
200
Coal
150 120.18
Natural
79.39 Gas
100
Oil
50.8
50

0
2004 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
25.02.2012 Seite 5
Options to fill the Gap
1. Import Oil Fuels
2. Import Natural Gas
3. Import LNG
4. Import Electric Power
Can We afford to…………….?
Do we sufficient foreign
exchange
resources……………..?
OR
Do Nothing……..? Wait and
See
OR
Promote For Renewable Source: Irshad ,Giz Study
Energy and
Energy Efficiency
25.02.2012 Seite 8
Source: AEDB 2012
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Renewable Energy Potential of Pakistan

 Hydropower
Documented potential : More than 50000 MW including
large Hydros (source PPIB, MoW&P)

 Solar PV
Pakistan receives one of the best solar irradiation -
in the world
The average solar irradiation is 5-7kWh/m2/day It
can produce over a Millions MW of Solar PV
electricity provided the adequate space for
installation (Source: NREL-USAID- study)…

Source: Irshad Giz Study

25.02.2012 Seite 9
Renewable Energy Potential of Pakistan(
Cont…..)

 Wind Power
Total wind power potential : over 300,000 MW
(Source NREL-USAID study)…The wind of Pakistan….in next slides

 Solar Thermal
The average solar irradiation is 5-7kW/m2/day It can
produce 1000s of MW Solar Concentrated Power
(CSP)…exact figure is not yet
documented

Strong irradiation can be used for solar water Heaters

(Households as well as Industrial applications)
Source: Irshad Giz Study

25.02.2012 Seite 10
Renewable Energy Potential of Pakistan(
Cont…..)

 Biomass
An estimated potential production of biogas: 8.8 to
17.2 billion m3 (equiv. to 55 to 106 TWh of energy equal to
Pakistan current total power requirements)
Source: Study of Energy Economics and Policy ETH Zurich

 Other Sources like Geo Thermal etc. The potential

exists but not documented……?

Source: Irshad Giz Study

25.02.2012 Seite 13
 What is the current status? (Nov 2016)
 AEDB chief, Amjad Ali Awan,
informed journalists that Pakistan
had achieved 1135 MW of installed
capacity of electricity on basis of
renewable sources of energy. This
capacity would be increased to
1185 MW by next month, when
first project of renewable energy
under China Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC) using wind
power would be installed at Gharo,
Sindh.
 Out of these 1135 MW produced by
utilizing renewable sources, the
country has been producing 590 MW
on basis of wind power, 400 MW on
basis of solar energy, 145 MW power
produced through bagasse available
with sugar mills in Northern Sindh
and Southern Punjab.

By the beginning of year 2019, the country would be producing 3,000

MW electricity through renewable energy as its onward supply to the end
consumers would be made on basis of subsidized tariff.
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Main challenges

 Energy resources exhaustion as a geopolitical concern

 The increase of the energy bill as an economic concern

 Climate global warming as an environmental concern

Energy efficiency is therefore a major global concern

Energy efficiency efforts in the
three sectors

 Industrial sector : efforts in this sector are the most easy to

implement (easily quantified)

 Transportation sector : efforts mainly concern the

development of technology innovation in less energy
consuming materials

 Building sector : efforts can be made in two areas :

- the development of legal and regulatory frameworks in
relation with the construction of new buildings
- rehabilitation in a sustainable perspective
Implémentations challenges
What is there to be done to help developing countries ?

Main impact measures

Industry - use of the Carbon Fund mechanisms (Clean

Development Mechanism of Kyoto – but what
to be done afterwards ?)
Transport -transfer of technology
-new approaches and methodologies in urban
planning (e.g Tranus)
Buildings - no « one best way » : institutional,
operational and financial frameworks should
be analyzed to find the best solutions
 What are the concerns in urban
planning???

 Growing built environment

 Cities concentrate industrial development and its pollution.
 Increasing volumes of waste generated
 Motor vehicles dominate urban transportation systems -
producing congestion, local air pollution, and GHGs.
 Massive and typically inefficient energy consuming urban
systems waste resources and generates pollution and GHGs
 Uncertainty of energy supplies & other energy concerns
 Social issues – urbanization of poverty – lack of basic
services
 An Urban Planner Role in
Sustainable Development

Transport Systems Parks & Waterways

Systems

Water Supply Systems Waste Water

Systems

Building Systems Urban

Planning

Solid Waste
Management Communication
Systems Systems
What is needed???
 Sustainable Urban Planning

Zero Waste
Clean Air

Green Buildings
Green Economy

Green Transport
Sustainable Green Urban
Energy Supply
Centres

Access to Nature
Clean Water
(Quantity)

Clean
Environmental Water
Governance (Quality)
Low Carbon
Footprint
Time to think…

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