Math 18 (Precalculus Mathematics)

FS AY 2018 - 2019
▪ A function is a set of ordered pairs in which no two ordered
pairs have the same first coordinate and different second
coordinates.
▪ A function 𝑓 from a set 𝐴 to a set 𝐵 is a relation that assigns
to each element 𝑥 in the set 𝐴 exactly one element 𝑦 in the
set 𝐵. The set 𝐴 is the domain (or set of inputs) of the
function 𝑓 and the set 𝐵 contains the range (or set of
outputs).
 Function from Set A to set B.
▪ Each element in A must be
matched with an element in B.
▪ Some elements in B may not be
matched with any element in A.
REMARKS ▪ Two or more elements in A may be
matched with the same element in
B.
▪ An element in A (the domain)
cannot be matched with two
different elements in B
Verbally Numerically Graphically Algebraicaly
A graph is the graph of a function if
and only if there is no vertical line
that crosses the graph more than
once.
▪ The equation 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 describes 𝑦 as a function of 𝑥.
▪ Suppose you give this function the name 𝑓.
▪ Input: 𝑥
▪ Output: 𝑓 𝑥
▪ Equation: 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 2
▪ Another example: 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 in function notation -> 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2
▪ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 is the same as
▪ 𝑓 ⎕ = ⎕2 − 2⎕ + 1
▪ To evaluate 𝑓 at a number, substitute the number for the placeholder.
▪ i.e. 𝑓 0 = 02 − 2 0 + 1 = 1
𝑓 −2 = −2 2 − 2 −2 + 1 = 9
𝑓 ℎ = ℎ2 − 2ℎ + 1
2
𝑓 𝑢+𝑣 = 𝑢+𝑣 − 2 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 1 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 2 − 2𝑢 − 2𝑣 + 1
▪ A function defined by two or more equations over a specified domain.
▪ e.g. Evaluate the function when 𝑡 is 2, 3/2.
𝑡 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 < 2
𝑔 𝑡 = ൞1
𝑖𝑓 𝑡 ≥ 2
𝑡
Because 𝑡 = 2, use 𝑔 𝑡 = 1/𝑡 to obtain
𝑔 2 = 1/2
3
Because 𝑡 = < 2, use 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 to obtain
2
3 2
𝑔 3/2 = = 9/4
2
▪ the set of all inputs for the function
▪ Explicitly:
▪ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
▪ Implicitly:
▪ the set of all real numbers for which the expression is defined as a
real number
1
▪𝑓 𝑥 = →not defined at 𝑥 = 4; domain is 𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 4
𝑥−4
▪𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 →not defined at 𝑥 < 2; domain is 𝑥|𝑥 ≥ 2
 3 2
▪𝑔 𝑡 = 3𝑡 − 𝑡 + 5𝑡
5
▪𝐹 𝑤 =
FIND THE 𝑤 2 −9
DOMAIN OF THE
3
▪𝑠 𝑥 = 3−𝑥
FF. FUNCTION ▪ℎ 𝑧 = 3−𝑧
2
▪𝑞 𝑥 =
2− 𝑥
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions with domains A and B.
Then the functions 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔, and𝑓/𝑔 are
defined as follows.
▪ 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 Domain 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
▪ (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) Domain 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
▪ 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 Domain 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
▪ 𝑥 = Domain 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵|𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions defined as
1 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥+2 𝑥−1
Find the following, and determine the
domain in each case.
▪ a. 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥
▪ b. 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥
▪ c. 𝑓𝑔 𝑥
𝑓
▪ d. 𝑥
𝑔
▪ The graph of a function 𝑓 is the collection of ordered
pairs 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 such that is in the domain of 𝑓.
▪ 𝑥 = the directed distance from the 𝑦-axis
▪ 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = the directed distance from the 𝑥-axis
▪ Use the graph of the function
𝑓, to find (a) the domain of 𝑓,
(b)the function values 𝑓 −1
and 𝑓 2 , and 𝑐 the range of
𝑓.
▪ (a) −1,5

▪ (b)𝑓 −1 = 1; 𝑓 2 = −3

▪ (c) −3,3
▪ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 where 𝑏 is a real number
▪ Domain: ℝ
▪ Range: {𝑏}
▪ Graph is horizontal line with y-
intercept is 𝑏.
▪𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
▪ Domain: ℝ
▪ Range:ℝ
▪ The line consists all the points for
which the x-coordinate is equal to y-
coordinate.
▪ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
▪ Domain: ℝ
▪ Range: 0, +∞
▪ Graph is a parabola
▪ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3
▪ Domain: ℝ
▪ Range:ℝ
▪𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
▪ Domain: 0, +∞
▪ Range: 0, +∞
 3
▪𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
▪ Domain: ℝ
▪ Range:ℝ
▪𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
▪ Domain: ℝ
▪ Range: 0, +∞