HUMAN ANATOMY

1. Human body has 3 types of muscles namely:

a. cardiac – muscles in the heart and considered as involuntary muscle which means it does not require nerve activity to contract.
b. skeletal – works with the bones for body movement.
c. smooth – lines the walls of blood vessels and internal organs.
Answer: d. osteocytes – it is a bone cell. It does not belong to the group.

2. Human skeleton is consists of 206 bones. It has 2 main parts: axial and appendicular skeleton. Axial refers to bones found along the
axis or in the center line of the body. It consists of skull, vertebral column, sternum (chest) and the ribs. Appendicular are those
found at the sides of the body or the appendages. It includes the limbs (arms and feet), pectoral girdle (shoulder), and the pelvic
girdle (hips).
Answer: d. patella –bone found in the knee/kneecap.

3. Explanation in #2.
Answer: b. axial

4. There are different types of joints depending on their location and functions. Some of these are:
a. gliding joint – has only short slipping or gliding movements. i.e.wrists
b. hinge – angular or movement around one axis only is allowed. i.e. elbow, ankle and between fingers.
c. pivot – moves only in one direction. i.e. arms and below the head
d. immovable-joints found in the skull
e. ball and socket – allow movements in all axes including rotation. i.e. shoulder and hips
Answer: a. hinge joint

5. In mammals, the respiratory system is made up of the following: the nostrils/nares (external opening), nasal chambers (line with
mucus), pharynx (pathways of respiration and digestion cross), epiglottis (prevent food from going the wrong way in swallowing), the
larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and two bronchi, one to each lung. Within the lungs, each bronchus subdivides into
bronchioles that lead to the alveolar ducts and to the air sacs. It is in the air sacs that air is filtered from dust and foreign substance,
warmed to body temperature and is saturated with moisture.
Answer: b. air sacs

6. The single-layered walls in alveoli inside the lungs are thin and moist to facilitate the exchange of gases between the air sacs and
the adjacent blood capillaries.
Answer: c. alveoli

7. Explanation in #5.
Answer: c. bronchi

8. Explanation in #6.
Answer: d. lungs

9. Mechanisms in breathing include inhalation in which air is drawn inside the body through the nose/nares to the lungs and
exhalation in which air exits from the body. Gas exchange happens in the lungs where gas diffusion takes place. Diaphragm is a part
of respiratory system which is the muscular partition between the chest cavity and the abdomen.
Answer: a. inhalation

10. The remaining choices are parts of the respiratory system. During the transport of gases in the blood, also during respiration, it is
the respiratory pigments like hemoglobin that carries nearly all of the oxygen and some amount of carbon dioxide.
Answer: b. respiratory pigments

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11. The neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and depth are located in the medulla and pons in the brain. The medulla sets
the basic rhythm of breathing maintains a rate of 12-15 respirations per minute.
Answer: d. medulla

12. Although many factors can modify respiratory rate and depth, the most important factors are chemical –one is the level of carbon
dioxide. Increased levels of carbon dioxide and decreased blood pH are the most important stimuli leading to an increase in the rate
and depth of breathing. Changes in carbon dioxide seem to act directly on the medulla centers.
Answer: e. carbon dioxide

13. Anoxia when dissected has an- which means without, and –oxia which means oxygen. This makes the word anoxia means without
oxygen. This usually happens in places with high altitude like in mountain peaks. Asthma, which is another respiratory sickness, is
caused by chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to irritants (dust mite, fungi, etc) with coughing and
wheezing. Bends is an accident caused by sudden changes in atmospheric pressures affecting the heart. Antihistamines are anti-
allergy drugs.
Answer: b. anoxia

14. Tobacco is a plant that contains an active substance called nicotine. This nicotine is an acrid, poisonous alkaloid. When exposed
to long term smoking, a person may acquire lung and heart diseases.
Answer: b. nicotine

15. Related to #14.

Answer: e. lung cancer

16. When you inhale, you get in more oxygen than carbon dioxide. That is in contrary when you exhale. Exhaled air contains more
carbon dioxide than oxygen and is warmer than when you inhaled.
Answer: b. low in O2 but high in CO2

17. Refer to #5.

Answer: e. nasal cavity – larynx – trachea – bronchi – air sacs

18. The kidney plays a prominent role as the principal organ that regulates the volume and composition of the internal fluid
environment of the body. Each kidney is consists over a million tiny structures called the nephrons. They are the structural and
functional units of the kidneys and are responsible for urine formation. Each and every nephron is associated with 2 capillary beds –
the glomerulus and the peritubular. It is the glomerulus that specialized for filtration.
Answer: c. glomerulus

19. Urea (formed in the liver) and other solutes like glucose and other salts are removed from the blood by the kidney. It is actively
done in the filtration stage of urine formation.
Answer: c. kidney

20. Urinary system removes nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. This involves parts
like kidney ---- ureters ----urinary bladder ----urethra. We already know the function of kidney (#18). Ureters are slender tubes
that are the passageways that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder. Urinary bladder is a smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that
stores urine temporarily. It is the urethra, a thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the
body.
Answer: e. urethra

21. Refer #18.

Answer: a. nephrons

22. There are imbalances in joints. One of it is gout in which uric acid (a waste product) accumulates in the blood and may be
deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues in the joints. Uremia is the poisoning in the blood by the presence of waste

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products causing renal failure. SA node (sinoatrial node) is part of the heart specifically located at the right atrium. Cystitis is the
inflammation of the bladder.
Answer: b. gout

23. Among all of the body tissues, blood is unique. It is the only fluid tissue and is formed in red bone marrow. It has both the solid
and liquid components. The solid parts are the red blood cells (erythrocytes) that function in oxygen transport, white blood cells
(leukocytes) that act in various ways to protect the body and the platelets, cell fragments that function in the blood clotting process.
The nonliving fluid is called the plasma which is approximately 90% water.
Answer: b. platelets

24. Explained in # 23.

Answer: a. red blood cells

25. People has four main blood types, namely: type A, B, AB, and O. You cannot just mixed up this blood types during blood
transfusion because each unique proteins called antigens. Antigen is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign. It stimulates the
body system to produce antibodies to defense against it. Each blood type has its own antigens and antibodies which determine what
blood type it can receive. Summary of it is:

Blood group Antigens Antibodies Blood that it can receive

A A Anti-B A, O
B B Anti-A B, O
AB A, B None A, B, AB, O
O None Anti A, Anti B O
Answer: b. universal recipients

26. There are illnesses associated with blood. A person lacking or has too few red blood cells (insufficient amount of hemoglobin) is
considered to be anemia. Patients with too much white blood cells compared to the amount of RBC have leukemia. The body of a
person with leukemia becomes prey or prone to disease-causing bacteria and viruses. Hemophilia applies to several different
hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of the factors needed in clotting.
Answer: c. anemia

27. Antibodies are produced and our immunity is managed by B cells. When these B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies
against them, we are exhibiting active immunity. It can be naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections, and artificially
received thru vaccines. Passive immunity is obtained from a donor. It is commonly seen on a fetus when the mother’s antibodies
cross the placenta and enter thru its circulation system and after birth during breastfeeding.
Answer: d. passive immunity

28. Heart is an important part in the cardio-vascular system of our body. It is about the size of your fist and weighs less than a pound.
It is enclosed by a double sac of membrane called pericardium. The heart has four (4) hollow chambers – two atria (right & left
atrium) and another two ventricles (right & left ventricles). The superior (upper) atria are considered as the receiving chambers.
Blood flows into the atria from the veins of the body and then fills the ventricles. The inferior (lower) ventricles are the discharging
chambers. The ventricles are the actual pumps of the heart. When the heart contracts, blood is propelled out of the heart passing the
artery and into the whole circulation process.
Although it is a single organ but it functions as a double pump. The right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump. It receives
relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body thru the venae cava (superior – from parts above heart/diaphragm, inferior –
parts below the heart/ diaphragm) and pumps it out through the pulmonary trunk. It then splits into the right and left pulmonary
arteries, which carry blood to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded. Oxygen-rich blood drains from the
lungs and is returned to the left side of the heart thru the 4 pulmonary veins. It only function is to carry blood to the lungs for gas
exchange and then return to the heart.
Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the aorta from which the systematic arteries branch to
supply essentially all body tissues. It supplies oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to all body parts.
Answer: a. pericardium
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29. Refers to #28, paragraph 1.
Answer: c. veins

30. Stated in #28, paragraph 2.

Answer: b. superior vena cava

31. The heart is equipped with 4 valves, which allow blood to flow in only one direction through the heart chambers in the whole
circulatory system.
Answer: a. One way valves assure the blood keeps flowing in only one direction through the circulatory system.

32. More closely related to immune system, the lymph nodes help protect the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and
tumor cells from the lymphatic stream and by producing lymphocytes that function in the immune response. Usually unaware, we may
have swollen lymph nodes during active infection. This is a result of the trapping function of the nodes.
Answer: b. Swollen lymph nodes indicate that there is an infection in the body.

33. Refer to #23.

Answer: b. bone marrow

34. Can be seen in #28, paragraph 1

Answer: b. right atrium

35. The blood supply that oxygenates and nourishes the heart is provided by the right and left coronary arteries.
Answer: d. coronary arteries

36. In #28, paragraph 2

Answer: c. plasma

37. The thoracic duct is actively involved in the lymphatic system. It is where the lymph from the rest of the body is drained.
Answer: d. lymphatic system

38. To prevent anemia and promote the formation of red blood cells, our body needs sufficient amount of iron.
Answer: b. formation of red blood cells

39. The first correct description of blood flow was demonstrated by an English man named William Harvey in 1628.
Answer: e. Harvey

40. The clotting procedure follows the following procedure:

Platelets ------- Prothrombin ------Thrombin --------Fibrinogen --------Fibrin
Answer: d. 1-5-4-3-2

41. Red blood cells (RBC) are anucleate or lack nucleus, they are unable to synthesis proteins, grow or divide . As they age, they fall
apart and are eliminated in the spleen, liver and other body tissues.
Answer: b. spleen

42. Oxygen is transported in the blood in two ways. Most attaches to hemoglobin molecules inside the RBC’s to form
oxyhemoglobin. A very small amount of oxygen is carried dissolved in the plasma. And this happens in the lungs.
Answer: a. lungs

43. Blood pressure is the pressure the blood exerts against the inners walls of the blood vessels, and it is the force that keeps blood
circulating continuously even between heartbeats. The measurements are usually based on systolic pressure (the number written
above), which is the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction; and the diastolic pressure (the figure written below),

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which is the pressure when the ventricles are relaxing. The considered normal BP is 120/80 though normal BP varies based on several
factors.
Answer: c. 120/80

44. Immunity is our resistance to disease. Based on #27, we can be immune by the time we receive our vaccines.
Answer: b. had been given vaccine against chicken pox

45. The circulatory system of vertebrates like humans is made up of blood, blood vessels and the heart. This is a closed circulatory
system because the blood is confined to vessels throughout its journey from the heart to the tissues and back again. Invertebrates, in
contrary, has open circulatory system; the blood is pumped from the heart into blood vessels that open into tissue spaces.
Answer: c. closed type

46. We are now in nervous system. The functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron or the nerve cell. This system is divided
into two divisions: the peripheral (a network extending to all body parts) and the central (coordinates everything). The brain and the
spinal cord compose the central nervous system. Nerve cells attached in the spinal cord are called spinal nerves while those found in
the brain are named cranial nerves.
Answer: d. cranial nerves

47. The eyeball is built of three layers: (1) sclera that provides support and protection, (2) choroid coat containing blood vessels for
nourishment, and (3) the light sensitive retina. Other parts includes the cornea which is a transparent anterior modification of the
sclera; iris that regulates the size of the light opening, which in return is called the pupil; and the lens that alter the curvature of the
lens and bends the rays to focus them into the retina.
The retina is composed of photoreceptors, the rods and the cones. The cones are for the colored and the rods for the colorless (black
and white) vision.
Answer: a. cones

48. The ear is the specialized receptor for detecting sound waves in the surrounding environment. The outer ear collects the sound
waves and funnels them through the auditory canal to the eardrum. The middle ear is an air-filled chamber containing 3 tiny bones
namely: the hammer, anvil and the stirrup. These bones conduct the sound waves across the middle ear. Within the inner ear is the
cochlea which is the organ for hearing. What is used as the balance organ are the semi-circular canals.
Answer: c. semi-circular canals

49. Human has 5 known senses; smell, sight, taste, hear and touch. These senses have their corresponding parts. Hearing has the
auditory nerves inside the ear, smell has the olfactory nerves, taste has the taste buds, sight has optic nerves and touch has sensory
receptors.
Answer: d. olfactory nerves

50. Brain is an important organ in the nervous system. It is protected by the bone cranium. The brain has four main regions. These
are the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem and the cerebellum. The cerebrum is the superior part of the brain. Speech,
memory, logical and emotional response, consciousness and interpretation of sensation are done here. Diencephalon or the interbrain
sits on top of the brain stem. You can see here the hypothalamus which plays a role in regulation of body temperature, water balance
and metabolism. What is most important to take note in the brain stem is the medulla oblongata. It contains centers that control heart
rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting. The cerebellum provides the perfect the timing for skeletal activity and
controls balance and equilibrium.
Answer: a. ganglion

51. Explained in #46.

Answer: b. neurons

52. Also seen in #46.

Answer: d. spinal cord

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53. Neurons are highly specialized to transmit messages from one part of the body to another. Dendrites convey the incoming electric
signals or messages toward the cell body. Those that generate nerve impulses and conduct them away from the cell body are called
axons.
Answer: b. axons

54. Stated in #50.

Answer: a. brain

55. The following except letter c. auditory nerve, can be felt or detected by the receptors in the skin.
Answer: c. auditory nerve

56. Lack of vitamin B1 can cause nerve changes, edema, heart damage and beri-beri. B1 can be sourced out from pork, legumes and
grains.
Answer: d. Vit B1

57. Rickets or bone deformities especially in children can be acquired when body is deficient in vitamin D. It can be prevented when
we consume milk, eggs and the exposure to sunlight.
Answer: c. Vit D

58. When one person lacks the supply of vitamin A, it may result to night blindness, permanent blindness and dry skin.
Answer: a. vit A

59. Ascorbic or vitamin C can be found in citrus fruits, leafy vegetables, melons, tomatoes, etc. When there is the deficient of this, it
may result to scurvy, delayed wound healing and weak immune system.
Answer: b. vit C

60. Endocrine system coordinates and directs the activity of the body cell. This system utilizes chemical messengers called hormones,
which are released in the blood to be transported throughout the body. Although circulated in all parts, hormones affect only certain
tissue cells or organs.
Answer: c. thyroxine

Endocrine Organs Hormones Deficiency Excess (oversecretion)

(undersecretion)
Pineal (roof of brain) Melatonin Biological rhythms
Hypothalamus (brain) Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones
Pituitary (brain) Growth hormone Dwarfism Gigantism
Thyroid (throat) Thyroxine Cretinism Tumor
Parathyroid (throat) Parathormone ------ Bone destruction
Thymus (chest) Thymosin Involved in Immunity
Adrenal (top of kidneys) Adrenaline Rapid heart beat, High BP
Aldosterone Addison’s disease Cushing’s disease
Pancreas Insulin Diabetes Hypoglycemia
Glucagon Hypoglycemia Diabetes
Ovary (females) Estrogen/Progesterone Secondary sexual characteristics
Testis (males) Androgen Secondary sexual characteristics

61. Refer to table in #60

Answer: a. growth hormone

62. Refer to table in #60

Answer: e. glucagon

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63. Refer to table in #60
Answer: b. aldosterone

64. Refer to table in #60

Answer: d. insulin

65. Refer to table in #60

Answer: f. adrenalin

66. Refer to #60.

Answer: c. blood

67. Refer to table in #60

Answer: a. kidneys

68. Without iodine, functional hormones in the thyroid gland cannot be made. Iodine is necessary to prevent goiter which is the
enlargement of the gland.
Answer: b. iodine

69. Refer to table in #60. Insulin regulates the level of blood glucose. High levels of glucose in the blood stimulate the release of
insulin in the gland.
Answer: b. insulin

70. Among the glands, it is the pituitary gland that is considered as the master’s gland because of its various uses accompanied by the
different hormones it controls.
Answer: d. pituitary

71. Refer to table in #60

Answer: c. estrogen

72. If the pituitary gland malfunctions, it may result to acromegaly. Facial bones, as well as in the feet and hands swell.
Answer: a. acromegaly

73. Lymphatic system problems are uncommon. But when they occur, they are painful. Just like the elephantiasis. It is a tropical
disease in which the lymphatics become clogged with parasitic worms.
Answer: b. elephantiasis

74. Skin means covering but it is more than an external body covering. It has many functions. It insulates and cushions the body the
deeper body organs and protect the entire body from mechanical damage (bumps and cuts), chemical damage (acids & bases), thermal
damage (heat and cold), ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) and bacteria. It also aids in the excretion of urea and uric acid and synthesize
vitamins D.
It is composed of epidermis which is the outer skin and capable of becoming hard and tough. Second to it is the dermis. What can be
found in dermis are blood vessels, oil glands, hair root and follicle, sweat gland, nerve endings and the like.
Answer: a. layer of dead cells. It can be found at the outer part of the skin.

75. Explained in #74

Answer: d. excretion of carbon dioxide

76. Teeth are classified according to shape and functions as incisors, canines, premolars and molars. Chisel-shaped incisors are for
biting and cutting; fanglike canines for tearing and piercing; premolars and molars are suited for grinding.
Answer: d. incisors

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77. Explained in #76.
Answer: a. molars

78. After placing the food in the mouth (ingestion), it must be propelled down. The process is called peristalsis. Food stuff then
pushed through the stomach, small intestine, large intestine and then goes out into the body.
Answer: c. peristalsis

79. The largest gland in the body is the liver. It is located under the diaphragm and mostly covers the stomach.
Answer: c. liver

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