Erbil Polytechnic University

Erbil Technical Administrative College

Administration Department
(Stage three) (computer)

Report
( Database)

Prepare: Lecturer Name:

Issa Shkur Omer M. Payman Muhammed Hasan

2023
 Content

What is Database?.............................................................................................. 1
What Are Uses for a Database?........................................................................ 2
Types of Databases:…………………………………..……………………….. 3-4
Database Management Challenges?................................................................. 5-6
Components of DBMS:…………………………………..…………………… 7-8
Reference:………………………………………………….………………….. 9
What is Database?

A database is a systematic collection of data. They support electronic storage and manipulation
of data. Databases make data management easy.

Let us discuss a database example: An online telephone directory uses a database to store data of
people, phone numbers, and other contact details. Your electricity service provider uses a
database to manage billing, client-related issues, handle fault data, etc.

Let us also consider Facebook. It needs to store, manipulate, and present data related to members,
their friends, member activities, messages, advertisements, and a lot more. We can provide a
countless number of examples for the usage of databases.

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What Are Uses for a Database?

The humble database affects almost every aspect of daily life -- from grocery store inventories
and cable-TV subscriber information to marketing mailing lists and issuing payroll checks to
employees. Databases aren't just for big business, though. You can create a handy personal or
family database to keep track of just about anything, including your video game collection,
recipes, contacts, music CDs and books.

Databases for Businesses:

The business world depends on databases 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Inventory, order
processing, payroll, accounting, shipping and transportation routing are often tracked within a
main database that keeps the company functioning.

Databases for Education:

From elementary schools to colleges, educational institutions use databases to keep track of
students, grades, transfers, transcripts and other student data. There are even specialized database
packages geared toward schools and colleges.

Databases for Non-Profits:

Like businesses and educational institutions, non-profit organizations use systems to track
information. Many charities and other non-profit groups use a database to store details of
donations, volunteers, hours served in the community, clients helped and other information
related to the organization.

Databases for Household and Family Management:

The database also has a role in household and family management. Many people use databases to
keep track of family birthdays, bills and expenses in the home; addresses of friends and relatives
and movie/DVD collections.

Everyday Uses For Databases:

Each time you make a purchase and the sales clerk asks for your address or ZIP code, your
information is kept and stored on a customer database. These collections of data are used to send
mailings of special offers, discounts and other deals.

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Types of Databases:

Here are some popular types of databases.

Distributed databases: A distributed database is a type of database that has contributions from
the common database and information captured by local computers. In this type of database
system, the data is not in one place and is distributed at various organizations.

Relational databases: This type of database defines database relationships in the form of tables.
It is also called Relational DBMS, which is the most popular DBMS type in the market. Database
example of the RDBMS system include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server database.

Object-oriented databases: This type of computers database supports the storage of all data
types. The data is stored in the form of objects. The objects to be held in the database have
attributes and methods that define what to do with the data. PostgreSQL is an example of an
object-oriented relational DBMS.

Centralized database: It is a centralized location, and users from different backgrounds can
access this data. This type of computers databases store application procedures that help users
access the data even from a remote location.

Open-source databases: This kind of database stored information related to operations. It is

mainly used in the field of marketing, employee relations, customer service, of databases.

Cloud databases: A cloud database is a database which is optimized or built for such a
virtualized environment. There are so many advantages of a cloud database, some of which can
pay for storage capacity and bandwidth. It also offers scalability on-demand, along with high
availability.

Data warehouses: Data Warehouse is to facilitate a single version of truth for a company for
decision making and forecasting. A Data warehouse is an information system that contains
historical and commutative data from single or multiple sources. Data Warehouse concept
simplifies the reporting and analysis process of the organization.

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NoSQL databases: NoSQL database is used for large sets of distributed data. There are a few
big data performance problems that are effectively handled by relational databases. This type of
computers database is very efficient in analyzing large-size unstructured data.

Graph databases: A graph-oriented database uses graph theory to store, map, and query
relationships. These kinds of computers databases are mostly used for analyzing
interconnections. For example, an organization can use a graph database to mine data about
customers from social media.

OLTP databases: OLTP another database type which able to perform fast query processing and
maintaining data integrity in multi-access environments.

Personal database:A personal database is used to store data stored on personal computers that
are smaller and easily manageable. The data is mostly used by the same department of the
company and is accessed by a small group of people.

Multimodal database: The multimodal database is a type of data processing platform that
supports multiple data models that define how the certain knowledge and information in a
database should be organized and arranged.

Document/JSON database: In a document-oriented database, the data is kept in document

collections, usually using the XML, JSON, BSON formats. One record can store as much data as
you want, in any data type (or types) you prefer.

Hierarchical: This type of DBMS employs the “parent-child” relationship of storing data. Its
structure is like a tree with nodes representing records and branches representing fields. The
windows registry used in Windows XP is a hierarchical database example.

Network DBMS: This type of DBMS supports many-to-many relations. It usually results in
complex database structures. RDM Server is an example of database management system that
implements the network model.

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Database Management Challenges?

Let’s take a closer look at some of the primary database management challenges companies face
today.

1. Optimal Database Performance

It goes without saying that keeping a business up and running is a time-consuming operation. As
a result, database management often falls to the wayside, causing the health of your database to
suffer.

2. Cloud Migration

These days, everything happens in the cloud. So it’s no surprise that more and more businesses
are relying on the cloud for database operation and storage.

With 80% of organizations now using a mix of cloud and on-premises database environments,
one of the biggest challenges in database management has been migrating to the cloud.

cloud migration, cloud migration challenge

To avoid issues and manage the complexity of the move to bigger, hybrid systems, companies
need new ways of monitoring everything from their local servers and virtual machines to cloud
services.

To do this efficiently, it calls for one single view of hybrid SQL Server environments so that
database managers can stay on top of their entire estate.

3. Migration to New Technologies

In addition to navigating the challenges of cloud migration, an added difficulty is the necessary
shift to newer technologies.

Microsoft no longer provides extended support, security updates, or mainstream support for the
SQL Server 2008. Companies that continue to use the database can’t guarantee that it is secure,
which is a big problem when managing critical information that requires protection.

It also poses some issues in terms of staying compliant with industry regulations and standards.

Because of these changes, many organizations are facing the need to migrate all of their data to
newer versions of SQL Server 2008, both on-site and in the cloud.

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For most companies, this is no small task and will involve a great amount of data processing to
make the shift and have their updated database in working order.

4. Hybrid and Larger Estates:

Not only are database administrators managing more complex estates comprised of both on-site
and cloud databases, but the databases are also getting much, much bigger.

Companies are running more databases across their organizations, which means database
management and optimization is much more intensive and laborious.

Companies are starting to need team members that are dedicated to looking after the health and
performance of multiple databases at once – and resolving the issues that come up.

In other words, database managers have to do a lot more work without any increase in resources
or availability of time. For this reason, many organizations have turned to third-party monitoring
tools to cover some of the tasks of data governance and maintaining their data platform.

5. Compliance:

The first six months of 2019 saw over 3,800 publicly disclosed breaches, totaling more than 4.1
billion records. These databases were vulnerable mainly because their security guidelines were
lengthy and complex, which made people not read and implement them.

When a company’s data storage includes information such as employee personnel files, customer
billing history, sales trends, financial material, intellectual property inventory, personal
identifiers, etc., it is vital to keep it secure and protected.

Different types of data require different levels of cybersecurity and protection. But, as a general
rule, all sensitive information needs to stay compliant with the various government regulations,
such as Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX), HIPAA and GDPR, the European Union Directive on Data
Protection (EU-DPD).

It is also crucial to have authentication and gateway solutions to confirm user legitimacy and
appropriate data access. Failing to protect your data can lead to security breaches by hackers or
even employees.

These data breaches can result in a huge financial loss and, even worse, irreparable damage to a
company’s reputation and future.

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Components of DBMS:

The database management system can be divided into five major components, they are:

 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 Procedures
 Database Access Language

Let's have a simple diagram to see how they all fit together to form a database management
system.

DBMS Components: Hardware

When we say Hardware, we mean computer, hard disks, I/O channels for data, and any other
physical component involved before any data is successfully stored into the memory.

When we run Oracle or MySQL on our personal computer, then our computer's Hard Disk, our
Keyboard using which we type in all the commands, our computer's RAM, ROM all become a
part of the DBMS hardware.

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DBMS Components: Software

This is the main component, as this is the program which controls everything. The DBMS
software is more like a wrapper around the physical database, which provides us with an easy-to-
use interface to store, access and update data.

The DBMS software is capable of understanding the Database Access Language and intrepret it
into actual database commands to execute them on the DB.

DBMS Components: Data

Data is that resource, for which DBMS was designed. The motive behind the creation of DBMS
was to store and utilise data.

In a typical Database, the user saved Data is present and meta data is stored.

Metadata is data about the data. This is information stored by the DBMS to better understand the
data stored in it.

For example: When I store my Name in a database, the DBMS will store when the name was
stored in the database, what is the size of the name, is it stored as related data to some other data,
or is it independent, all this information is metadata.

DBMS Components: Procedures

Procedures refer to general instructions to use a database management system. This includes
procedures to setup and install a DBMS, To login and logout of DBMS software, to manage
databases, to take backups, generating reports etc.

DBMS Components: Database Access Language

Database Access Language is a simple language designed to write commands to access, insert,
update and delete data stored in any database.

A user can write commands in the Database Access Language and submit it to the DBMS for
execution, which is then translated and executed by the DBMS.

User can create new databases, tables, insert data, fetch stored data, update data and delete the
data using the access language.

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Reference:

 https://www.guru99.com/introduction-to-database-sql.html
 https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-are-uses-for-a-database
 https://www.adservio.fr/post/database-management-challenges
 https://www.studytonight.com/dbms/components-of-dbms.php

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