PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER IV
INTRODUCTION ON
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Learning Outcomes:
1. 1.Identify the varied communication aids being used in resenting ideas.
2. 2.Describe the tools that technology offers to communicators.
3. Discuss the communication aids and strategies using technological innovations.
4. Identify types , benefits and beneficiaries of communication aids.
5. Propose most appropriate communication aids that can help individual
communicate.

COMMUNICATION AIDS

 What is Communication Aid?

 Communication aids helps an individual to communicate more effectively with people
around them.
 Communication aids are also referred to as AAC device. AAC refers to Augmentative
and Alternative Communication.

Two main Types of AAC system:

1. Unaided Communication – Does not use additional equipment. People typically use
body language, gestures, vocalization or singing.
2. Aided Communication – Uses equipment-this can range from low-tech to hi-tech
methods and often uses pictures and symbols instead of, or together words
 Low-tech method of communication such as a simple books to carry around with few
pages of pictures or symbols is a communication aids.
 Hi-tech method of communication refers to the term device. An electronic
communication aid can be a dedicated device designed only to help the user
communication such as multimedia, telephones, cell phones, computer, tablet, ipads
etc.

There are 4 different types of communication aids:

1. Comprehensive Expressive Aids

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These aids aim to meet most of a person’s communication needs throughout

their day. They include alphabet boards and communication boards and books, with a
wide range of messages represented by letters, words, photos and/or symbols.

2. Targeted Expressive Aids

These aids are designed for specific situations when limited message sets are
needed, such as community request cards, or object symbols to allow a person to make
basic requests.

3. Visual Support:
Visual supports assist a person to make sense of their day, remember events, or
help with the completion of tasks. Many people with complex communication needs
have difficulty with memory and understanding abstract information. Examples of
visual supports are picture or object calendars, picture shopping lists, and picture social
stories.

4. Supports for Communication Partners

These provide details about an individual with complex communication needs,
his/her means of communication, and other routine related information that assist a
communication partner to consistently support this person throughout the day.
Examples are a ‘Book About Me’, Personal Communication Dictionary or Personal
History.

Examples of Communication Aids

 Activity Schedule
Activity schedules may be suitable for people who find it hard to remember the
‘next steps’ in an activity or daily routine.
An activity schedule shows the sequence of all the steps or stages of an activity
– for example; ‘the steps involved in making a coffee’, ‘the activities during a morning
at school’ or ‘how to do the laundry’.

 Alphabet Board
An alphabet board may be suitable for people who have literacy skills.
It can be designed specifically to suit the person’s needs eg. using either an ABC
or QWERTY format – with direct access or partner-assisted auditory scanning.

 Chat Book
Used effectively by people who understand objects, photos or pictures.
It is designed so that people who find it hard to express themselves can relate
information about activities and events that they have experienced.

 Choice Board

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This communication aid provides a set of picture or photo choices that relate to
one situation. For instance, going to the gym.
The board needs to be personalised according to the number of choices the
person can manage, the person’s visual ability, and the pointing skills that the person
has.

 Multi-level Communication Book

This communication aid allows access to a large vocabulary.
The first pages cover the index and allow the user to “go to” a range of topic.

 Electronic Communication Devices – Overlays

Overlays are required by people who use some electronic communication
devices.
These devices have speech and/or print output and many need an object, photo,
picture or word based overlays that communication partners can change for the
individual when required.

 Talking mats
Talking mats are suitable for people who understand photos, pictures or line
drawings.
It is a strategy that allows people to express their opinion on certain topics or
events that happen in their life.
The person is offered a selection of activities or emotions relevant to the topic
that they want to discuss.

 Theme boards
Theme boards can be adapted accordingly for people who understand pictures,
logos, photographs, or line drawings.
They display vocabulary items related to a specific topic or event eg. ‘grooming
activities’ or ‘watching TV’.
The items displayed are usually labelled with written words or phrases.

 Timetables (Picture-based)
Timetables may be useful for people who need visual supports in symbol form
to display daily or weekly activities and events.
They use pictures, photos or line drawings to show the sequence of activities in
a day or a week.

 Yes-No wrist bands

A simple way to indicate yes or no.
The individual wears adapted sweat bands on their left and right wrists.

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Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of Technology

Medium
We communicate through media, verbal and nonverbal: our bodies (we catch
someone’s eye, wave, nod), our voices (we whisper, talk, shout, groan), and various
technologies, including handwriting, print, telephone, radio, CD, film, and Computer.
Each medium has unique characteristics that influence both what and how we
communicate. Each medium has different uses and takes different forms, and each has
distinctive characteristics. WE can choose various media depending on our purpose and
audience. It may be:
 Print
 Spoken
 Electronic

Medium Design
 Some genres and media (and audiences) demand photos, diagrams, color.
 Some information is easier to explain- and read- in the form of a pie chart or a bar
graph than in the form of a paragraph.
 Some reports and documents are so long and complex than they need to be divided
into sections, which are the best labelled with headings

Things you consider in preparing media design:

 What medium are you using?-print? Spoken? Electronic?- and how does it affect the
way you will write your text?
A printed resumé is usually no more than one page long; a scannable resumé
sen.t via email has no length limits. An oral presentation should contain detailed
information; accompanying PowerPoint slides should provide only on outline
 Does your medium affect your organization and strategies?
Long paragraphs are fine on paper but don’t work well on the web. On
PowerPoint slides, phrases or key words work better than sentences. In print, you need
to define unfamiliar terms; on the Web, you can sometimes just add a link to a
definition found elsewhere.
 How does you medium affect your language?
Some print documents require a more formal voice than spoken media; email
often invites greater informality.
 Should you use a combination of media?
Should you include audio or video in Web text? Do you need PowerPoint
slides?, hand-outs, or other visuals to accompany an oral presentation?
 What’s the appropriate look for your rhetorical situation?
Should your text look serious? Whimsical? Personal? Something else? What
design elements will suit your audience, purpose, genre and medium?

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 Are you including any illustrations?

Should you? Is there any information in your text that would be easier to
understand as a chart or graph? Will your audience expect or need any?
 Should you include headings?
Would they help you organize your materials and help readers follow the text?
Does your genre require them?

What Are the Benefits of Using High-Tech AAC ( Communication Aids)?

Augmentative and alternative communication AAC systems are used as a
communication gateway between your children who needs assistive technology as an
alternative communication with their surroundings. AAC devices increase the ability to
understand what is being said and used by the child to express what is going on their
minds. Their benefits without a doubt show that how important it is to introduce high-
tech AAC systems to children with autism. There are many advantages of using a high-
tech communication AAC system. In the least, they provide relief for your child that
he/she is not the odd-one-out in the room in terms of in terms of basic communicators.
Besides from this fundamental plus, there are other benefits to using AAC. The
important point is that a method of communication is a right. Otsimo believes that
autism education, including AAC, should be democratized and must be available for
anyone in need of communicational aid.

Benefits From AAC

AAC communication can be beneficial in every aspect of life. It can improve
the speech of AAC users, language development, augment communication, and literacy
and increases the quality of work, school, and general life. In contrast to the belief that
it hinders language development and negatively affects speech development, it has been
proved that it has a positive impact on both. According to a research by Millar, Light,
Schlosser (2006), 89% of the participants who are AAC users improved their speech
skills. Picture exchanges also has been proven to improve language development of
children with autism.

Some language and hearing research suggest that since AAC focuses on encouraging
and providing communication, it reduces the psychological stress of individuals
regarding the necessity of speaking and eases speech development process.

It is supported by a research (Koppenhaver, Coleman, Kalman, Yoder, 1991) that AAC

also has a positive outcome in terms of language development and literacy, as it
supports self-expression in social situations. Children with autism need help with
developmental skills such as vocabulary, the length of sentence, syntax and pragmatic
skills. AAC can be used as a guideline in this process.

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CHAPTER V
COMMUNICATION
FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES

Learning Outcomes:
1. Determine the various purposes as to why we communicate
2. Describe the different types of speeches and public speaking
3. Differentiate speeches from another
4. Appreciate the value of communication
5. Enhance communication skills
6. Demonstrate learning through different activities

SPEECHES AND PUBLIC SPEAKING

What is Speech?
Speech is the physical production of sound using our tongue, lips, palate and
respiratory system to communicate ideas; the faculty or power of speaking; oral
communication; ability to express one's thoughts and emotions by speech sounds and
gesture.

The 4 basic types of Speeches

The four basic types of speeches are: to inform, to instruct, to entertain, and to
persuade. These are not mutually exclusive of one another. You may have several
purposes in mind when giving your presentation. For example, you may try to inform in
an entertaining style. Another speaker might inform the audience and try to persuade
them to act on the information.

However, the principle purpose of a speech will generally fall into one of four basic
types:

1. Informative Speeches – This speech serves to provide interesting and useful

information to your audience. Some examples of informative speeches:
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 A teacher telling students about earthquakes

 A student talking about her research
 A travelogue about the Tower of London
 A computer programmer speaking about new software

2. Demonstrative Speeches – This has many similarities with an informative speech. A

demonstrative speech also teaches you something. The main difference lies in including
a demonstration of how to do the thing you’re teaching. Some examples of
demonstrative speeches:
 How to start your own blog
 How to bake a cake
 How to write a speech
 How to… just about anything

3. Persuasive Speeches – A persuasive speech works to convince people to change in

some way: they think, the way they do something, or to start doing something that they
are not currently doing. Some examples of persuasive speeches:
 Become an organ donor
 Improve your health through better eating
 Television violence is negatively influencing our children
 Become a volunteer and change the world

4. Entertaining Speeches— The after-dinner speech is a typical example of an

entertaining speech. The speaker provides pleasure and enjoyment that make the
audience laugh or identify with anecdotal information. Some examples of entertaining
speeches:
 Excuses for any occasion
 Explaining cricket to an American
 How to buy a condom discreetly
 Things you wouldn’t know without the movies

What is Public Speaking?

Think about a time that you had to stand in front of a bunch of people and tell
them something. Maybe it was an oral report in grade school or a proposal at work.
After gathering your materials and preparing what to say, you arrived at the podium and
started talking.
That is public speaking, and it involves communicating information before a large
audience. What makes public speaking different than, say, just talking to a crowd of
people, is in the way information is conveyed. In public speaking, the information is
purposeful and meant to inform, influence or entertain a group of listeners.

Basic Elements of Public Speaking

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1. Introduction.
Most people don't pay enough attention to the introduction of a speech. The
introduction is one of the most important parts of the speech, because if you lose your
audience at the beginning, getting them back can be next to impossible. Here's some
things that you should have in your introduction.
 Attention. Arguably the most important part of the introduction, you must get your
audience's attention. A joke, a quote, a startling statistc, any number of things can serve
the purpose well.
Purpose. Why are you speaking to them? What will make listening worth their time?
You might present your purpose implicitly rather than explicitly, but you must present
it somehow.
 Credibility. Many speakers neglect this part of an introduction, but depending on your
topic, it could be very important. Why are you qualified to talk on the things you are
talking about? Don't be arrogant, but be certain that your audience trusts and `qbelieves
in you and your knowledge.
 Orientation. Is there any essential background your audience needs to know before you
get to the meat of your speech?

1. Body.
This is the main content portion of your speech. Exactly what you need to
include will depend on the purpose of your speech, but here are a few essential
elements.
 Organization. Your audience needs to be able to follow you. Be certain that you have
some sort of pattern.
 Transitions. Don't just jump from point to point, but smoothly move from one issue to
the next. Transitions are the 'bridges' of your speech. Without them, your audience will
get disoriented and you might leave them behind.
 Development. Your points should build on each other, combining into one grand
whole. Go from simple to more complex, ending with the most powerful.
 Climax. At some point, your speech should come to a head. Everything should come
together, your audience's emotions should be peaked right alongside you, and you
should largely fulfill your purpose in giving the speech. Developing a climax is, in my
opinion, the hardest part of speech writing (and the most powerful of the basic elements
of public speaking).

2. Conclusion.
Here, you should wrap up any loose ends. This is the final part of your speech,
and also the part your audience is most likely to remember. Be certain to include:
 A final closing example. Drive your point home with one more powerful
demonstration.
 Call to action. What should your audience do now? If you weren't trying to persuade
them to do something, what is the most important point that they should take away
from your speech?

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 Why it mattered. Briefly recap what you said, reminding your audience why it
mattered.

Informative Communication
Informative speaking generally centers on talking about people, events,
processes, places, or things. Informing an audience about one of these subjects without
being persuasive is often a difficult task to complete. For example, a speech informing
an audience about growing peace lilies as houseplants might ultimately persuade the
audience to buy and grow peace lilies. All speech has an effect that might enable
individuals to self-persuade themselves.

Tips for Informative speaking:

 Analyze the audience
What can the audience be reasonably expected to know? If talking to a field of
medical professional about cloning, they likely know the basics of DNA. An audience
of lay people might not be so fluent in the language of biomedical engineering, and so
basic concepts like this will have to be explained. Never presume that an audience has a
thorough background in the subject.
 Use appropriate language
What are the norms for speaking style for the audience? If they expect lots of
jargon and specialized language, the speech should be peppered with such language or
else the audience will feel like they are being talked down to. If the audience is
unfamiliar with these technical terms, avoid using them or introduce them with an
explanation of what they mean.
 Explain the importance of the topic
Why should the audience listen? Will this information improve their lives in
some meaningful way? Especially with a captive--involuntary--audience, a speaker
must establish a connection between their topic and the interests of the audience.
 Be specific
Informative speeches thrive on detail, and dive on generalities. If speaking
about basket weaving, carefully note what types of weaving materials work and do not
work for basket making. Audiences are often impressed by detail, but be careful not to
become so detail-oriented that the big picture of the speech is lost.

Persuasive Communication
Persuasive communication is any message whose sole purpose is to get the
listener to support and transform their thinking in favor of the presenter’s perspective. It
is about creating an attitude change to influence social behavior. Your audience’s
thoughts are critical to the process so you need to think about your listeners potential
perspective then it is often helpful to present refuting arguments before they are brought
up. This can add credibility to the speaker.

Tips for Persuasive Speaking:

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 Do your research, know your audience

Analyse what is important to your addressees, and what will capture their
attention. Research each audience member, pre-presentation, and consider their wants,
needs, fears and pain points. If there is contention between different parties, you may
have to explore different presenting styles and draw on multiple examples to evidence
your point and appeal to differing perspectives. Don’t be afraid to stop to ask questions
of the audience, or to clarify your point mid-pitch.
 Put the audience at the centre of the pitch
Ensure your presentation is phrased in the audience’s language with meaningful
benefit statements and real-life perspective. This is about them, not you. Make sure to
avoid jargon and technical lingo as longwinded sentences can distract the audience and
make you veer off track.
 Be clear and structured in your approach
Use a basic essay or story structure to organise your presentation; ensuring you
have a hook, an introduction, an argument or thesis statement, a body of evidence, and
a conclusion that reinforces your argument. Repeat, recap, and reiterate just a handful
of key points throughout your pitch or presentation. Don’t confuse them with mixed or
multiple messages.
 Provide a sound argument with clear call-to-action
The key for any persuasive communication is a sound argument (or thesis). The
right argument will leave an audience believing the action you are recommending is
compelling, and when executed well, indisputable. Furthermore, it can lead the
audience to feel that the conclusion is so self-evident, they came to it themselves –
“something you want done, because he wants to do it”.
 Use examples
Evidence is critical – prove your expertise and prove the value of your ideas.
Link your examples back to your argument and spell out the connection. Include
analogies and case studies that produce emotion, create an impact and support your
point. If you can’t find examples specific to the public sector, draw from others from
other fields and industries which are facing similar challenges.
 Deliver an Experience.
A level of interactivity will help maintain the interest of your audience and help
manage your own nerves. Utilise questioning techniques and facilitation skills. Capture
the attention of your audience by opening with a comment that is funny, startling or
thought provoking. Your personal style is an important part of how you engage
stakeholders; not just what you say, but how you say it, and the confidence you project.
Explore creative ways of presenting, utilising role plays, simulations, multi-media and
storytelling methods. Be aware of your voice, eye contact, gestures, stance and
movement, and use them to command attention and create distinctions. You might want
to change your management style.

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Argumentative Communication
Argumentative communication is considered a subset of assertiveness because,
while all argumentation is assertive, not all assertiveness is argumentative.
Argumentative individuals advocate positions on controversial issues and verbally
attack other people's contradictory perspectives. In a word, it is an underlying
motivation to argue. However, it is important to note that it is the person's position that
is under attack in argumentativeness, and not the individual.

Tips for Argumentative Speaking:

 Get All Your Ducks in a Row
Prepare your arguments and have your facts straight. Run your thoughts by
neutral people and ask them to shoot holes in your argument. You may find your
position fails when other factors are brought up, or your view simply has less merit than
someone else's. If this proves to be the case, admit your mind has been changed and
bow out gracefully.
 Disagree Early, Clearly and Politely
Remain open to others' points, but make your position clear. Be simple,
straightforward, and specific about your concerns. If a newly mandated process won't
work, explain why, and back up your argument. Once you make others aware of the
problem, they can update their requirements to match reality. Don't dispute an argument
in general terms. Always use specific examples to refute it.
 Consider the Opposing Argument
Others in a dispute may have several good points, which you can integrate into
your decision-making process before hammering out a compromise. If you don't
understand their reasoning, have them explain it to you. They may have an explanation
that, when presented logically, will help you to understand their position more fully and
give it your wholehearted support.

 Keep the Lines of Communication Open

You can't work something out if you won't talk to one another. Jump on the
phone or meet face-to-face instead of sending a volley of emails. Present your
arguments, listen to the other side, and then decide what to do and how to clear a
productive pathway to your goals.

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CHAPTER VI
COMMUNICATION
FOR
WORK PURPOSES

Learning Outcomes
1. Expound on the value and importance of communication in varied workplace.
2. Create clear, coherent and effective communication materials based on the
requirements of varied professions
3. Demonstrate various written and oral skills in communicating for work purposes
4. Exhibit appropriate method in conducting workplace correspondence

WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION

 What is Workplace Communication?

Workplace communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas,
both verbal and non-verbal between one person/group and another person/group within
an organization. It includes e-mails, text messages, notes, calls, etc. Effective
communication is critical in getting the job done, as well as building a sense of trust
and increasing the productivity of employees. These may have different cultures and
backgrounds, and can be used to different norms. To unite activities of all employees
and restrain from any missed deadline or activity that could affect the company
negatively, communication is crucial. 

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 Effective workplace communication ensures that all the organizational objectives are
achieved. Workplace communication is tremendously important to organizations
because it increases productivity and efficiency.
 Ineffective workplace communication leads to communication gaps between
employees, which causes confusion, wastes time, and reduces productivity.
Misunderstandings that cause friction between people can be avoided by effective
workplace communication. Effective communication, also called open communication,
prevents barriers from forming among individuals within companies that might impede
progress in striving to reach a common goal.
For businesses to function as desired, managers and lower-level employees must be
able to interact clearly and effectively with each other through verbal communication
and non-verbal communication to achieve specific business goals. Effective
communication with clients plays a vital role in development of an organization and
success of any business. When communicating, nonverbal communication must also be
taken into consideration. How a person delivers a message has a lot of influence on the
meaning of this one.
Another important aspect to have effective workplace communication is taking
into consideration the different backgrounds of employees. "While diversity enriches
the environment, it can also cause communication barriers."Difficulties arise when a
coworker's cultural background leads him or her to think differently than another. It is
for this reason that knowing about intercultural communication at work and learning
how to treat others without offending them can bring several benefits to the company.

Effective Communication in the Workplace

Communication is one of the major concerns in the workplace. Creating and

maintaining a positive work environment is what means effective workplace
communication. Let’s find out how it can be done.
We have all been there, where we are given a task or leave a meeting and have no idea
what to do next. It’s quite common. According to the statistics, 57% of employees
report not being given clear directions and 69% of managers are not comfortable
communicating with the employees in general. From the statistics, it is clear that there
is a need to improve communication in the workplace.

 How do you improve communication?

 What are effective communication strategies we can use at work to increase
productivity?
 Start using the right tools for your business
 Fortunately, tools like ProofHub, Slack, Zoom can help you boost company
communication providing a total seamless communication experience.
 Encourage two-way communication

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 Encourage your employees to ask questions or voice their opinions helping them feel
empowered.
 Tell people what they are doing right
 It is a good idea to tell people about their good things on a daily basis.
 Specific and descriptive feedback
 Give feedback that is concrete. Give directions to the person exactly on what they are
doing well and what needs to be improved.

Benefits of Effective Communication in the Workplace

 Less misunderstanding
 Healthy workplace culture
 Non-threatening environment
 Solve conflicts easily
 Team spirit
 Increase self-esteem
 Clear direction
 Stronger teamwork
 Higher employee job satisfaction
 Business success

Different Industry Communication

Communication can be broken down into styles — and just like everyone has a
different personal style that might be reflected in how they present themselves
physically, they also have a different style of communication that surfaces in
their interpersonal relationships. This is not just limited to verbal communication; it
also translates into visual communication like body language and written
communication.
There are four common communication styles: the controller communicators,
the promoter communicators, the analyzer communicators, and the supporter
communicators. These four different styles play out very differently in their
engagements with others in and out of the workplace. For instance, the controller type
of communication is somewhat the opposite of the promoter style of communication. 
But how do these varying styles play out in the workplace? What are the differences,
and how do they aid or inhibit effective communication? Do they cause conflict or
increase productivity? Here’s a breakdown of these four communications styles and
what they look like in workplace situations.
1. The Controller
The controller communication style is very direct — demanding facts in a very
straightforward and blunt fashion. People who communicate this way tend to have the
following character traits.

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 They can be very motivated and dedicated to their tasks.

 They are very goal-oriented and determined to meet deadlines and objectives.
 They make eye contact and are often seen as exhibiting an aggressive style and
assertive behavior.
 They are also sometimes seen as aggressive and bossy communicators in their
stringency.
 They are the go-getter types who will jump on a project and spend many a late night in
the office working on it until it meets their standards.
 A conversation with a controller should be short, sweet and to the point.
2. The Promoter
The promoter communication style is enthusiastic and people-driven. The
promoter is the person with the following characteristics.
 They will spend hours talking about their weekend plans but will also detail a project
from start to finish, providing the most intricate of details.
 They are passionate and engaging and not too worried about taking themselves too
seriously.
 They are excellent at effective interpersonal communication.
 They are easy to spot as they are usually the social butterflies of the office.
 They are always talking about their lives, plans, and ambitions, and are just as quick to
ask you the same.
 They like to deliver a personal message when talking with colleagues and cater to their
projects and conversations with their audiences.
 Their verbal and non-verbal communication styles are open, honest and enthusiastic. In
the workplace, this makes them easy to approach with questions or feedback.
 They are happy to offer a further explanation of a project or client and love to help
where they can.
3. The Analyzer
Organized and astute, the analyser loves facts and intricate details. These types
have the following characteristics.
 They are very organized and make organization and understanding all facets of a
project a priority before anything else.
 This type of communicator is deep, thoughtful, analytical, and usually more serious
than other communicators.
 They want to have all the facts before making a decision or pulling the trigger on an
idea or initiative which can be frustrating for team members who want to move forward
with a project.
 These types demand high-context communication but do not come off as overly
assertive or aggressive. If anything they are questioning and speculative. But their
analytical mindset means that they are always looking at the big picture based on an
array of intricate details.
 They can sometimes be seen as pessimistic communicators.

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 In the workplace, these types need all the facts as soon as possible. They want to
analyze and investigate and understand a project from all angles.
4. The Supporter
Calm, cool, and collected is a relatively accurate way to describe the supporter.
This personality type has the following characteristics.
 They are easily likable in their low-maintenance vibes and ways of working and
interacting with colleagues.
 They have excellent interpersonal communication skills and are always open to talk
about more personal topics — though they don’t seek it out as eagerly as the promoter.
 This communication type is the most common to find in and out of the workplace as
they are eager to succeed, though content and calm in their pursuit.
 Supporters excel at conflict-resolution as they are usually extremely level-headed. They
are great listeners and many go to them with problems and concerns.

ACTIVITY/EXERCISES

Directions:
Choose three of the basic types of speeches and create your own speech using the
types of speeches you have chosen.

EVALUATION

Directions:
Pick one of the basic types of speeches you have created. Memorize and present
your speech in front of the class (schedule will be posted in the GC). Wear appropriate
attire in giving speeches.

Prepared by:

ARLYN A. LAGUDA
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CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY DUMARAO SATELLITE COLLEGE
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 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Course Facilitator

Approved:

LOIDA L. BARRERA ERLYN F. LAURON

Member English Critique

MA. JULLIE S. LADEMORA, PhD MARY JOY J. SILVINO

Program Chair Quality Assurance

1
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY DUMARAO SATELLITE COLLEGE
7