PUMPS

Introduction

• Pumps are a mechanical device that forces a fluid to move from one
position to another.

• This is achieved by supplying energy or head to a flowing liquid in

order to overcome head losses due to friction, pipe work and also, if
necessary, to raise the liquid to a higher level.

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Classification of Pumps

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Centrifugal pump

• Centrifugal pump

• Its purpose

• The energy changes

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Centrifugal pump

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 Reciprocating pump

 Piston plunger pump is simplest

form

 Prime movers

 The capacity of a pump is

determined by the number of plungers
or pistons and the size of these
elements (bore and stroke).

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Reciprocating pump

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Features of different pump

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Pump Types-Comparison and Selection Guide
Parameter Centrifugal Pumps Reciprocating Pumps Rotary Pumps

Optimum Flow and Medium/High Low Capacity, Low/Medium

Pressure Capacity, High Pressure Capacity,
Applications Low/Medium Low/Medium
Pressure Pressure
Maximum Flow 27276.6 + m3/hr 2271.2 + m3/hr 2271.2 + m3/hr
Rate
Low Flow Rate No Yes Yes
Capability
Maximum Pressure 4.23 X 104 + kg/m2 7.03 X 106 + kg/m2 2.81 X 106 + kg/m2

Requires Relief No Yes Yes

Valve
Smooth or Smooth Pulsating Smooth
Pulsating Flow
Variable or Variable Constant Constant
Constant Flow
Self-priming No Yes Yes

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Calculation
• Suction pressure
Suction pressure is the pressure at the upstream of the pump. This is given
by

Suction pressure = source press. + static head – del p in pump suction

Source pressure Source pressure – pressure

above the liquid level
Vessel
BTL Static head – static pressure
difference due to the liquid
between pump centre line
and vessel BTL
Pump centre line
Pump
Del P – losses in the pump
suction line

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NPSH – Net Positive Suction Head
• NPSHa is the net remaining pressure at the suction flange of the
pump after subtracting all negative forces that restrict liquid from
getting into the pump.

• A similar term NPSHr is used by pump manufactures to describe the

energy losses that occur within many pumps as the fluid volume is
allowed to expand within the pump body. This energy loss is
expressed as a head of fluid.

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NPSHa Calculation

The NPSHa is calculated from:

Fluid surface pressure + positive

head – pipework friction loss –
fluid vapour pressure

Or

Fluid surface pressure – negative

head – pipework friction loss –
fluid vapour pressure

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Cavitation

• Vapour pressure
• Local boiling
• Gas bubbles collapse
• Reduce the flow of delivered fluid.
• Vibrations, damage to the pipework system or the pump. This
effect is known as cavitation.

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Understanding NPSHa and NPSHr

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In a system where the fluid needs to be lifted to the pump inlet , the negative
head reduces the motive force to move the fluid to the pump.

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Discharge pressure
• Discharge pressure is pressure at the downstream of the pump
• This is given by
Discharge pressure = Destination pressure + static head + del p in
pump discharge circuit + contingency
Where,
Destination pressure – Operating pressure of the destination
vessel/column, etc.
Static head – static pressure difference due to the liquid head
between final destination point and grade.
Del p – line losses in the discharge line.
Contingency – This is kept to take care of any unforeseen
additional requirement of del p in the discharge
circuit.
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• Differential pressure = Discharge pressure – Suction pressure

• Differential head = [(Diff. pressure in Kg/cm2) / (Density in Kg/m3)]

X 104
• Shut off pressure = Max suction pressure + Max diff. pressure
where, Max suction press. = Max source press + Static head
Max diff. pressure:
for centrifugal pump = 1.2 X Diff. pressure
for positive displacement pump = 1.1 X Diff. pressure

• Pump power consumption (kw) = (Flow rate in m3/hr X Diff.

pressure in Kg/cm2) / (36 X efficiency)

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Typical characteristic curve for centrifugal pump

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Proportioning pump efficiency

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Example

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• Required flow rate Q = 200 l/s……(given)

• Pressure at the Suction side of pump

Source pressure = 3.0 m……given
Pressure loss in suction line = 50 kpa
= 50 X 10.33 = 5.10 m of water
therefore, pressure at pump suction
= 3.0 – 5.10 = -2.10 m of water

• Required Discharge pressure

Static head to be overcome = 25.0 m of water
Line losses to be overcome = 250 kpa
= 250 X 10.33 = 25.5 m of water

• Total pressure required at the discharge of pump

= 25.0 + 25.5 = 50.5 m of water

• Thus, head to be added by pump = 50.5 – (-2.1)

= 52.6 m of water
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• Operating point lies in the
operating Envelop as such this
pump can supply the required
head at the required flow rate.

• Pump will operate at around

1040 rpm

• Required NPSH is 6.5 m of

water

• Efficiency at the operating

point can be seen to be about
66 %

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• NPSH Calculation

• NPSHa = Height of liquid in tank above pump suction + Atmospheric

pressure - Pressure losses in suction piping - Vapour pressure of liquid
• Atmospheric pressure = 10.33 m of water
• Vapour pressure of water @ 60 deg. C = 149.4 mm Hg
= (149.4 / 760) X 10.33 = 2.0 m of water
• NPSHa = 3.0 + 10.33 – 5.10 – 2.0
= 6.23 m of water

• From this we can see NPSHr > NPSHa which is not feasible and hence
cavitation will occur.
Therefore this pump is not suitable for this application

• We will calculate the power requirements, as an example of how to do this.

Pump power consumption kw = (Flow rate in m3/hr X Diff. pressure in
Kg/cm2) / (36 X efficiency)
= (720 X 5.26) / (36 X 0.66)
= 160 kw

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Excel Sheet
Pump Calculation.xls

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“THANK YOU”

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 RP

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 RP

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