A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ON
CONSTRUCTION OF GHAT
AT

ANUPSEHAR SAAKHAA KHAND

GANGA NEHAR MEERUT
Submitted for partial fulfilment of
Bachelor of Technology
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO - SUBMITTED BY –

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MAYANK KANT

DEWAN V.S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING B.TECH 4TH YEAR

ROLL NO. - 2003110009011

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge the contributions made by various people for of the summer training
program and project report submission of curriculum for the degree program and project report
submission as per of curriculum for the degree of Bachelor of Technology , Civil Engineering
and for providing me a helping hand in the making of this project.

Firstly I would like to thank ,................................(HOD OF CIVIL ENGG.) for meticulously

planning academic curriculum in such a way that students are not only academically sound but
also industry ready by including such industrial training patterns.

I would also like to acknowledge and my heartfelt gratitude to my civil department faculties and
my heartfelt to my civil department faculties and my dear friends who continuously
supported me in every possible way, from initial advice to encouragement till this date.

I would like to mention the work and hard work put in by our mentor Mr. Manoj Kumar (J.E)
for his support and guidance.

I am also thankful to the engineering staff of irrigation department .

Present on the site for providing me full assistance on the site .

Finally I would like to thanks my parents who have always supported encouraged and helped
me all through my life.

MAYANK KANT

Civil 4th year

Roll no. - 2003110009011

1
 LIST OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE

 Title Page

 Acknowledgement

 List of contents

 Table list

 Figure list

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is ghat
1.2 Type of ghat
1.3 Importance of ghat
1.4 Ghat Construction Material
1.4.1 Brick
1.4.2 Cement
1.4.3 Sand
1.4.4 Aggrigate
1.5 Importance of Industrial Training for me

2 COMPANY BACKGROUNG &ORGANIZATION

STRUCTURE
2.1 Irrigation Department
2.2 Detail about Irrigation land
2.3 Department structure at government level
2.4 Department structure at civil organization level
2.5 Existing infrastructure in irrigation department
2.6 Department Activities

3 WEEKLY JOBS SUMMARY

3.1 First week - Excavation work & site condition
3.2 Second & third week – Foundation work
3.3 Fourth week –Plastering work
3.4 Fifth week – knowledge of monthly bill book

2
4 TECHNICAL CONTENTS
4.1 Safety
4.2 Estimate detail
4.3 Drawing of work site

5 CONCLUSION

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FIGURE LIST PAGE
Figure 1.2Cattle ghat picture 6

Figure 1.3 Picture of ghat 7

Figure1.4.1.1 First class Brick11

Figure 1.4.2 Picture of cement 12

Figure 1.4.4 Fine and course Aggregate 20

Figure 2.3 Department Structureatgovernment level 25

Figure 2.4 Department structure at Civil organization level 25

Figure 3.1.1Hand tools for Soil Excavation27-29

Figure 3.1.2 Machinery Tools for Soil Excavation30-32

Figure 3.1 Ghat excavation work 33

Figure 3.2 GHAT Foundation work 36

Figure 3.3 Plastering work of Ghat42

Figure 3.4 Bill Book 45

Figure 4.3 Ghat construction Drawing

4
INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS GHAT

As used in many parts of South Asia, the term ghat refers to a series of steps leading down to a
body of water, particularly a holy river. The set of stairs can lead down to something as small as
a pond or as large as a major river.
Ghats such as these are useful for both mundane purposes (such as cleaning) and religious rites
(i.e. ritual bathing or ablutions); there are also specific "shmashana" or "cremation" ghats where
bodies are cremated waterside, allowing ashes to be washed away by rivers; notable ones
are NigambodhGhat and Raj Ghat in Delhi on the Yamuna, the latter of which was the cremation
area for Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and numerous political leaders after him, and
the ManikarnikaGhat at Varanasi on the Ganges

1.2 Along the rivers in India

• The numerous significant ghats along the Ganges are known generally as the Varanasi
ghats and the 'ghats of the Ganges'.Most of these were constructed under the patronage of
various Maratha rulers such as AhilyabaiHolkar in the 18th century.
• In Madhya Pradesh in central India there are further significant ghats along the Narmada
River. People who live on the steps are also called ghats.

Other uses

 In Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and Kannada, ghat is a term used to identify a difficult passage
over a mountain. One such passage is theBhorGhat that connects the
towns Khopoli and Khandala, on NH 4 about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north
of Mumbai. Charmadi Ghat of Karnataka is also notable.
In many cases, the term is used to refer to a mountain range itself, as in the Western
Ghats and Eastern Ghats. 'Ghattam' in Malayalam also refers to mountain ranges when used
with the name of the ranges being addressed (e.g., paschimaghattam for Western Ghats),
while the passage road would be called a 'churam'.

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1.3 IMPORTANCE OF GHAT

• There is so many ghats in india . Which is most important for

safety purpose .
• During bathing at the side of river or canal ,ghat give us sufficient
space , its provide a solid plate form where we can bath or wash
our cloth .
• Its protect the side of river or canal through cutting.
• Animal can go easily in river or canal by using ghat for drinking
and bathing purpose.
• If ghat is constructed ,River or canal lining is not required.
• For cattle, cattle ghat is made.
• Its protect us during flood time.
• There are so many ghat in our country , which give us a beautiful
place for resting.

1.3 picture of ghat

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1.4GHAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

• Material is a broad term for a chemical substance or mixture of substances that constitute
a thing.

• In the metaphysical sense, materials can be anything something else is consisting of,
whether pure or impure, a singular composite or a complex mix, living or non-living
matter, whether natural or man-made, either concrete or abstract. Materials can be
classified based on different properties such as physical and chemical properties (see List
of materials properties), geological, biological, choreographical, or philosophical
properties. In the physical sense, materials are studied in the field of materials science.

• In industry, materials are inputs to production or manufacturing processes. They may

either be raw material, that is, unprocessed, or processed before being used in more
advanced production processes, either by distillation or synthesis (synthetic materials).
• MATERIAL WHICH IS USE IN GHAT CONSTRUCTION IS AS FOLLOW….

1.4.1 BRICK

• A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements
in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay,
but it is now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed
of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in
numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and
are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-
fired bricks.

• Block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar

materials, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight
blocks) are made from expanded clay aggregate.

• Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials, sometimes
referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since circa 4000 BC. Air-dried bricks,
also known as mudbricks, have a history older than fired bricks, and have an additional
ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw.

• Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds, collectively known
as brickwork, and may be laid in various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together to
make a durable structure.

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1.4.1.1TYPE OF BRICK

There are thousands of types of bricks that are named for their use, size, forming method, origin,
quality, texture, and/or materials.
Categorized by manufacture method:

 Extruded – made by being forced through an opening in a steel die, with a very consistent size
and shape.
 Wire-cut – cut to size after extrusion with a tensioned wire which may leave drag marks
 Moulded – shaped in moulds rather than being extruded
 Machine-moulded - clay is forced into moulds using pressure
 Handmade - clay is forced into moulds by a person
 Dry-pressed - similar to soft mud method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix and is
compressed with great force.
Categorized by use:

 Common or building – A brick not intended to be visible, used for internal structure
 Face – A brick used on exterior surfaces to present a clean appearance
 Hollow – not solid, the holes are less than 25% of the brick volume
 Perforated – holes greater than 25% of the brick volume
 Keyed – indentations in at least one face and end to be used with rendering and plastering
 Paving – brick intended to be in ground contact as a walkway or roadway
 Thin – brick with normal height and length but thin width to be used as a veneer
Specialized use bricks:

 Chemically resistant – bricks made with resistance to chemicals

 Acid brick – acid resistant bricks
 Engineering – a type of hard, dense, brick used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue
gas) resistance are needed. Further classified as type A and type B based on their compressive
strength
 Accrington – a type of engineering brick from England
 Fire or refractory – highly heat-resistant bricks
 Clinker – a vitrified brick
 Ceramic glazed – fire bricks with a decorative

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 There is mainly three type of brick

1 First class brick

2 Second class brick
3 Third class brick

Mainly we use first class brick in any construction work because first class brick have –

1 High Compressive strength 140 kg/cm2/minute

2 Long Durable
3 Low water absorption
4 Sharp shape

Face brick ("house brick") sizes, (alphabetical order)

Standard Imperial Metric

Australia 9 × 4⅓ × 3 in 230 × 110 × 76 mm

Denmark 9 × 4¼ × 2¼ in 228 × 108 × 54 mm

Germany 9 × 4¼ × 2¾ in 240 × 115 × 71 mm

India 9 × 4¼ × 2¾ in 228 × 107 × 69 mm

Romania 9 × 4¼ × 2½ in 240 × 115 × 63 mm

Russia 10 × 4¾ × 2½ in 250 × 120 × 65 mm

South Africa 8¾ × 4 × 3 in 222 × 106 × 73 mm

Sweden 10 × 4¾ × 2½ in 250 × 120 × 62 mm

United Kingdom 8½ × 4 × 2½ in 215 × 102.5 × 65 mm

Normally, bricks contain the following ingredients:

1. Silica (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight

2. Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight
3. Lime – 2 to 5% by weight
4. Iron oxide – ≤ 7% by weight
5. Magnesia – less than 1% by weight

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1.4.1.1 FIRST CLASS BRICK

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1.4.2 Cement

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and
gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or
with sand and gravel, produces concrete.

Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium silicate based, and can be
characterized as either hydraulic ornon-hydraulic, depending on the ability of the cement to set in
the presence of water (see hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime plaster).

Non-hydraulic cement does not set in wet conditions or under water. Rather, it sets as it dries and
reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting.

Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive due to a chemical
reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that
are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe from chemical attack. This
allows setting in wet conditions or under water and further protects the hardened material from
chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic
ash (pozzolana) with added lime (calcium oxide).

The word "cement" can be traced back to the Roman term opus caementicium, used to
describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as
binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to
obtain a hydraulic binder, were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment, and cement. In
modern times, organic polymers are sometimes used as cements in concrete.

1.4.2 Picture of cement

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When cement react with water these equation occur
Non-hydraulic cement, such as slaked lime (calcium oxide mixed with water), hardens
by carbonation in the presence of carbon dioxide, which is naturally present in the air. Firstcalcium
oxide (lime) is produced from calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) by calcination at temperatures
above 825 °C (1,517 °F) for about 10 hours at atmospheric pressure:

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

The calcium oxide is then spent (slaked) mixing it with water to make slaked lime (calcium
hydroxide):

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Once the excess water is completely evaporated (this process is technically called setting), the
carbonation starts:

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

This reaction takes time, because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air is low. The
carbonation reaction requires that the dry cement be exposed to air, so the slaked lime is a non-
hydraulic cement and cannot be used under water. This process is called the lime cycle.

Conversely, hydraulic cement hardens by hydration when water is added. Hydraulic cements (such
as Portland cement) are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main components being:

Belite (2CaO·SiO2);
Alite (3CaO·SiO2);
Tricalcium aluminate (3CaO·Al2O3) (historically, and still occasionally, called 'celite');
Brownmillerite (4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3).

The silicates are responsible for the cement's mechanical properties—the tricalcium aluminate and
brownmillerite are essential for formation of the liquid phase during the kiln sintering (firing). The
chemistry of these reactions is not completely clear and is still the object of research.

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1.4.2.1 Types of cement

There are 13 type of cement as follow –

1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Quick setting cement
5. Low Heat Cement
6. Sulphates resisting cement
7. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
8. High Alumina Cement
9. White Cement
10. Coloured cement
11. Air Entraining Cement
12. Expansive cement
13. Hydrographic cement

1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement which is suitable for all
general concrete construction. It is most widely produced and used type of cement around
the world with annual global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters per year.
This cement is suitable for all type of concrete construction.

2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

Portland pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland
cement. It is also produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or calcium
sulfate or by intimately and uniformly blending portland cement and fine pozzolana.
This cement has high resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete compared
with,ordinary portland cement and thus it is widely used. It is used in marine structures
sewage works, sewage works and for laying concrete under water such as bridges, piers,
dams and mass concrete works etc.

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3. Rapid Hardening Cement
Rapid hardening cement attains high strength in early days it is used in concrete where
formworks are removed at an early stage and is similar to ordinary portland cement (OPC). This
cement has increased lime content and contains higher c3s content and finer grinding which
gives greater strength development than OPC at an early stage.
The strength of rapid hardening cement at the 3 days is similar to 7 days strength of OPC with
the same water-cement ratio. Thus, advantage of this cement is that formwork can be removed
earlier which increases the rate of construction and decreases cost of construction by saving
formwork cost .

4. Quick setting cement

The difference between the quick setting cement and rapid hardening cement is that quick setting
cement sets earlier while rate of gain of strength is similar to Ordinary Portland Cement, while
rapid hardening cement gains strength quickly. Formworks in both cases can be removed earlier.
Quick setting cement is used where works is to be completed in very short period and for
concreting in static or running water.

5. Low Heat Cement

Low heat cement is prepared by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% by
increasing the proportion of C2S. This makes the concrete to produce low heat of hydration and
thus is used in mass concrete construction like gravity dams, as the low heat of hydration
prevents the cracking of concrete due to heat.
This cement has increased power against sulphates and is less reactive and initial setting time is
greater than OPC.

6. Sulphates Resisting Cement

Sulfate resisting cement is used to reduce the risk of sulphate attack on concrete and thus is used
in construction of foundations where soil has high sulphate content. This cement has reduced
contents of C3A and C4AF.

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SETTING ABD CURING
Cement starts to set when mixed with water, which causes a series of hydration chemical reactions.
The constituents slowly hydrate and the mineral hydrates solidify. The interlocking of the hydrates
gives cement its strength. Contrary to a common belief, hydraulic cement does not set by drying
out—proper curing requires maintaining the appropriate moisture content during the curing process.
If hydraulic cements dry out during curing, the resulting product can be significantly weakened.
Nonetheless, a minimum temperature of 5 °C is recommended

Components of Cement
Comparison of Chemical and Physical Characteristicsa[23][24][25]

Siliceous Calcareous
Portland (ASTM C618 (ASTM C618 Class Slag Silica
Property Cement Class F) C) Cement Fume
Fly Ash Fly Ash

SiO2 content
21.9 52 35 35 85–97
(%)

Al2O3 content
6.9 23 18 12 —
(%)

Fe2O3 content
3 11 6 1 —
(%)

CaO content
63 5 21 40 <1
(%)

2.5 — — — —
MgO content

15
 (%)

SO3 content (%) 1.7 — — — —

Specific surfaceb 15,000–

370 420 420 400
(m2/kg) 30,000

Specific gravity 3.15 2.38 2.65 2.94 2.22

General use Primary Cement Cement Cement Property

in concrete binder replacement replacement replacement enhancer

a
Values shown are approximate: those of a specific material may vary.

b
Specific surface measurements for silica fume by nitrogen adsorption (BET) method,

TEST OF CEMENT

1. Fineness Test

2. Consistency Test

3. Setting time Test

4. Soundness Test

5. Strength Test

6. Heat of Hydration Test

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1.4.4AGGRIGATE
Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse to medium grained

particulate material used inconstruction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled

concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world.

Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete; the

aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the

relatively high hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely used in

drainage applications such as foundation and French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains,

and road side edge drains. Aggregates are also used as base material under foundations, roads,

and railroads. In other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with

predictable, uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the road or building),

or as a low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.

Classification of Aggregates Based on Size

Aggregates are available in nature in different sizes. The size of aggregate used may be
related to the mix proportions, type of work etc. the size distribution of aggregates is called
grading of aggregates.

Following are the classification of aggregates based on size:

Aggregates are classified into 2 types according to size

 Fine aggregate
 Coarse aggregate

Fine Aggregate
When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate passed through it called as
fine aggregate. Natural sand is generally used as fine aggregate, silt and clay are also come under

17
this category. The soft deposit consisting of sand, silt and clay is termed as loam. The purpose of
the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and to act as a workability agent.

Fine aggregate Size variation

Coarse Sand 2.0mm – 0.5mm

Medium sand 0.5mm – 0.25mm

Fine sand 0.25mm – 0.06mm

Silt 0.06mm – 0.002mm

Clay <0.002

Coarse Aggregate
When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate retained is called coarse
aggregate. Gravel, cobble and boulders come under this category. The maximum size aggregate
used may be dependent upon some conditions. In general, 40mm size aggregate used for normal
strengths and 20mm size is used for high strength concrete. the size range of various coarse
aggregates given below.
Coarse aggregate Size

Fine gravel 4mm – 8mm

Medium gravel 8mm – 16mm

Coarse gravel 16mm – 64mm

Cobbles 64mm – 256mm

Boulders >256mm

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 1.4.4 Fine and course Aggregate

sand

Gravel

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1.5IMPORTANT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FOR ME

 Well there is lots of advantage of industrial training .I m sharing my personal experience .if u
want to know about your branch work , you have to attend this 45 days training .

 Its give us practical knowledge , which is different from theoretical knowledge,

 You can build relationship with your job site Engineer , GM , worker and etc . these
relationship and experience help us in future , when we searching jobs in our field,

 You can know about your skill , what you can do better and help us for enhance our
knowledge and skills .

 Training time prepare you for difficult time , this practical knowledge makes us mentally
strong.

 You feel positive during the training time because when we know about new and its good
for us then we feel positive.

 While the student will have much to gain from industrial placement, the same is also true for
organisations which have such training programs in place. These programs can be of mutual
benefit for employers because they may benefit from the quality of support, fresh ideas and
energy that the student brings into the work environment .

 The industry exposure enhances the undergraduate’s work life through added enthusiasm and
commitment; provides a lifelong learning experience; is an opportunity to engage with the
profession to which they aspire in a realistic work environment; appreciate and understand
the practical application of their academic program; work with professional mentors and to
begin to build networks within their profession.

 Industrial placement, where a student undertakes a period of training with an organization

usually during a semester break, plays an important role in preparing the student for a
professional career. From the hands-on training, the student learns about the skill sets
required, demands of the industry and also work ethics. At the same time it gives the student
an opportunity to put into practice what he or she has learned at university.

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2. COMPANY BACKGROUND AND ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE

2.1 IRRIGATION DIPARTMENT

Description of water resources like wells, canals and dams could be seen at many places in

Vedas. In Rig-Veda description of wells, kavat could easily be seen at many places. Water from

well, used to be fetched from wheels made of stone, in which container is tied to rope. Wells

were not only used to fetch the water for daily use of humans and animals, but were also used for

irrigation too. In Rig-Veda word ‘Awta’ is also mentioned which is the symbol of Well. In other

hymn word ‘Kulya’ is being mentioned, which means ‘Artificial Canal.’ In Yajurveda one can

see the description of ‘digging of canals.’ Even Guru of Devas ‘Brahaspati’ had said that

repairing and modification of dams and canals is a holy practice and rich society of state should

take its responsibility. Whole this history clears that irrigation sources have always been an

important part of civilization and livelihood.

Around 3150 B.C. many epics described the irrigation farming since the time of Mahabharat.

When RishirajNarad visited King Yudhisthir’s state to meet him in this context, then he

questioned him about the condition of farmers in his state, that whether they are healthy or not?

Are reservoirs large and sufficient and do they have sufficient of water and does water is

supplied to various parts of state? All these questions and concerns shows that even in

Mahabharat Era irrigation was one of the main agenda for development of the society.

Since the formation of Irrigation and Water Resource Department U.P., it is focused toward the

development and construction of dams, canals and wells. Department executed it objective and

facilitated the state’s citizens’ with the sufficient facility of irrigation and in meanwhile

department also executed flood prevention works and always strives to avoid horrors of flooding.

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2.2 DETAIL ABOUT IRRIGATION LAND
1 Total Geographic Area of the state 240.93 lac hectares

2 Total cultivable Command Area 187.71 lac hectares

3 (a) Area sown for the first time 165.93 lac hectares

(b) Area sown more than one time 90.22 lac hectares

(c) Area sown entirely 256.15 lac hectares

4 Maximum Actual Cultivation (Year 2013 75.65 lac hectares

&14)

5 Irrigation capacity created by canals and 125.45 lac hectares

tubewells in the state

6 Total number of drains in state 6450 Adada

7 Total length of drains in the state 42625.91 km

8 Length of total canals in the state 74248.43 km

U.P 73051.85 km Main Canal 5310.82 km

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 Other States 1196.58 km Branch Canal 7380.69 km

Total - 74248.43 km Distributary 24625.74 km

Alpika 36931.18 km

9 Number of reservoirs in the state 71(except 02 reservoirs irrigation is

carried out in the remaining 69)

10 (a) Length of dams in the state for 3813.967 km

protection from flood

(b) Areas benefited from Point (a) 16.12 lac hectares

No. of working national tubewells in the state-33,375

 From total 33,375 working national tubewells, 25205 national tubewells have a capacity of 1.5

cusec and remaining 8170 national tubewells have a capacity of 1.0 cusec. A total irrigation of

29.29 lac hectares is obtained from working national tubewells in the state.

 From total 249 small branched canals, irrigation capacity of 1.77 lac hectares is obtained .

 Total 28 large and medium pump canals are functional. The main work of large and medium

canals is carried out by Mechanical Organization while the work of recording the irrigation is

carried out by Civil Organization.

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2.3 DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE AT GOVERNMENT LEVEL

2.4 DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE AT CIVIL ORGINATIONLEVEL

24
2.5 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE IN IRRIGATION
 Dams and reservoirs

 Barrages

 Canal

 Lift irrigation

 Tube wells

2.6 Department Activities

1 Civil–

 Irrigation by canal

 Drainage

 Floods -

o Standing orders & Circulars

o River discharge

o Daily flood bulletin

o Flood protection work

o Districtwise list of embankments

25
3.0 Weekly Job Summary

3.1First week – Excavation of foundation & site condition

When first day I was go at site . I saw that excavation is take place for foundation . It’s a good
experience to see the construction of cattle ghat . There are many machines are work on site for
excavation . My site incharge and my guide J.E ( Mr. Manojkumar) tell me about excavation .
depth of excavation at ghat is high mean we made deep foundation because if we we made
shallow foundation then velocity of water or speed of water turn harm full for shallow
foundation .
So that why we choose deep foundation .there are one contractor , who work under J.E .
Contractor hire some persons under his control for controlling the project .
Excavation work generally means work involving the removal of soil or rock from a site to
form an open face, hole or cavity, using tools, machinery or explosives .Excavation work can
occur anywhere, including: on construction sites.
Dig and lift the soil take place near the ghat. It’s a big project and men power is so high for
construction .

3.1.1Hand tools for Soil Excavation:

These are generally used for smaller depths of excavations in small areas. Man power is required

to operate these tools. The tools come under this category are explained below .

These tools are as follow –

1 Spade
Spade is a tool which consists metal plate having sharp edges, the plate is attached to long handle
which is generally made up of wood. Because of its sharp edges the soil can be dig easily. The
metal plate having less curvature in the spade so, we cannot lift the soil by spade

26
2 shovel

Shovel is tool which is used for the purpose of lifting of excavated soil. It is also similar to spade
the difference between spade and shovel is the difference in leading edge. The curvature of metal
plate of shovel is generally higher when compared to spade so we can hold the soil easily and
lifted it. Shovel can also be used for digging purpose in case of soft soils, sand etc

3 Hoe
Hoe is an excavating tool which consists a metal plate attached to a long handle with acute angle.
The plate having sharp edge is used to excavate the soil. For small work of excavation it is
widely preferred tool. Sometimes metal plate is replaced by fork type plate.

4Trowel
Trowel is hand sized tool which is generally used to dig the small trenches in soil or to remove
the shallow roots in soil.

27
5 Pick axe
Pick axe consists hard spike attached perpendicular to handle. They are used for excavating
small trenches in soil. Pick axe can cut the soil even if the soil is of hard type. The metal spike is
pointed on one side and wide blade is provided on the other side.

6 Mattock
This looks like pickaxe. But serious digging is not possible with mattock. Generally it is used as
lifting tool because of its curve shapes metal at its bottom.

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 3.1.2 Machinery Tools for Soil Excavation:
These are the tools which are operated by mechanical force and are used for
the larger depths of excavations. There are so many types of machine tools
with ease of operation are designed in this modern day period.
Tracked Excavator
This is also called as track hoe. It consists of cabinet and long arm. Long arm again consists of 2
parts. The first part which is closure to cabinet is called as Boom and the other part is called as
Dipper-stick. Digging bucket is attached to the end of dipper. This entire system can rotate 360
degrees. In this case Vehicle is moved by traction, so we can use this equipment in mines,
forestry, pipeline industries etc. the function of excavator is done by hydraulic fluid so, it is also
called as hydraulic excavators.

Wheeled Excavator

This whole arrangement is similar to the tracked excavator except that the movement of vehicle
is done by wheels. It can move quickly when compared to tracked excavator but it is not suitable

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for uneven grounds or hilly areas because of slippery nature. So these are generally used for road
constructions etc..

Back Hoe Excavator

In case of back hoe excavator, the hoe arrangement is on back side and loader bucket is arranged
in front of the vehicle. So two operations digging and loading or lifting is done by hoe and
loader. This is widely used equipment nowadays because of its small size and versatility. This is
moved with the help of wheels. so, moving from one workstation to another is quickly done.

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Bulldozer
Bulldozer consists of hard steel plate with sharp edge at its front. This sharp edge is helps the
plate to cut the soil and for excavation. The metal plate can be raised and lowered with the help
of hydraulic arms. The bulldozers are available in both tracked and wheeled form. These are
widely used for the works of soil excavations, weak rock strata removal, lifting of soil etc.

Dragline Excavators
Dragline excavators consists large length boom. A cable is hanged from the top of the boom and
digging bucket is suspended to the cable. Generally dragline excavators are used for larger depth
excavations like port construction, under water sediment removal etc. These are heavy
equipment with greater economy.

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3.1Ghat Excavation work

3.1 Excavation of Ghat

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Trenchers

Trenchers are the equipment’s used to dig trenches in the ground. These are also available in
many sizes based on our requirement. The trenches dug are generally used for drainage purpose,
pipeline laying, cable laying. The trenchers are generally available in two types.

 Chain trenchers
 Wheeled trenchers

3.2 SECOND AND THIRD WEEK - FOUNDATION WORK

In week second , foundation work is start at site .it is great experience to see the foundation work
at site . Because when we study about foundation than we excited about , how is done in real . at
site see the foundation work in real .during foundation a cement concrete (c.c) layer is led in
excavated place . this layer work as a base slab for foundation . this layer protect the foundation
to settlement the earth because this slab spread the load of structure at big area

After the curing of slab , curing is slab is done 28 days . After 2-3 days curing we start
foundation work on slab .slab give a clean platform for construction of foundation . First class of
brick are use for foundation .which have high compressive strength and low water absorption

A skyscraper deep foundation. A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that

transfers its gravity loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories:
shallow foundations and deep foundations. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it
is to stand for a long time.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION
There are two type of foundation -

1 shallow foundations

2 deep foundation

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Shallow foundations - Generally, if the width of the foundation is greater than the depth
of the foundation it is labeled as “Shallow Foundation”

1. Isolated Spread Footing

This is the most common and simplest type of foundation as this is the most economical type of
foundation. They are generally used for ordinary buildings (Generally up to five stories).

Figure: Isolated Footing

Isolated footing type foundation consists of footing at the base of the column. This type of
foundations is independent footings. Usually, each column has its own footing. The footing
directly transfers the loads form the column to the soil. The footings may be rectangular, square
or circular in shape. The size of the footing can be roughly calculated by dividing the total load
at the column base by the allowable bearing capacity of the soil.

Isolated spread footing

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3.2GHATFoundation work

3.2 GHAT Foundation work

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2. Wall Footing or Strip footing

This type of footing is used to distribute loads of structural load-bearing walls to the ground.
Wall foundation runs along the direction of the wall. The width of the wall foundation is
generally 2-3 times of the width of the wall.

Figure: Wall Footing or Strip

footing

The wall footing is a continuous slab strip along the length of the wall. Stone, brick, reinforced
concrete etc. is used for the construction of wall foundations.

3. Combined Footing

The combined footing is very similar to the isolated footing. When the columns of the structure
are closely placed, or the bearing capacity of the soil is low and their footing overlap each other,
combined footing is provided.

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The foundations which are made common to more than one column are calledcombined footings.
They may be rectangular, tee-shaped or trapezoidal in shape. The main objective is the uniform
distribution of loads under the entire area of footing. For this is necessary to coincide the center
of gravity of the footing area with the center of gravity of the total load.

4. Cantilever or Strap Footing

Strap footings are similar to combined footings and reasons for considering or choosing strap
footing is similar to the combined footing.

In strap footing, the footings under the columns are built individually and connected by strap
beam. Generally, when the edge of the footing cannot be extended beyond the property line the
exterior footing is connected by strap beam with interior footing.

Figure: Cantilever or Strap Footing

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5. Raft or Mat Foundation

Raft or Mat foundations are used where other shallow foundation or pile foundation is not
suitable. It is also recommended in situations where the bearing capacity of the soil is poor, the
load of the structure is to be distributed over a large area or structure is constantly subjected to
shocks or jerks.

Raft foundation consists of a reinforced concrete slab or T-beam slab placed over the entire area
of the structure. In this type of foundation, the entire basement floor slab acts as the foundation.
The total load of the structure is spread evenly over the entire area of the structure. This is called
Raft because in this case, the building seems like a vessel which floats on a sea of soil.

Raft or Mat Foundation

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Deep Foundations - if the width of the foundation is smaller than the depth of the
foundation it is called as “Deep Foundation.

1. Pile Foundation

Pile foundation is a common type of deep foundation. They are used to reduce cost and when as
per soil condition considerations, it is desirable to transmit loads to soil strata which are beyond
the reach of shallow foundations.

Pile is a slender member with a small cross-sectional area compared to its length. It is used to
transmit foundation loads to a deeper soil or rock strata when the bearing capacity of soil near
the surface is relatively low. Pile transmits load either by skin friction or bearing. Piles are also
used for resist structures against uplift and provide structures stability against lateral and
overturning forces.

Pile foundation

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2 Pier Foundation

Pier is an underground structure that transmits heavier load which cannot be transmitted by
shallow foundations. It is usually shallower than pile foundations.

Pier foundation is a cylindrical structural member which transfer heavy load from superstructure
to the soil by end bearing. Unlike pile, it can only transfer load by bearing and by not skin
friction.

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WEEK FORTH

3.3 PLASTERING WORK

when foundation is prepare then in forth week plastering was start. In plastering work we use 1:3
( cement& sand ) mortar . plasteringwork give strength to structure .its give a smooth surface for
any activities .

Plastering work is involve flooring work ,flooring work is done for the plate form giving to
Animal for bathing . plastering work involve all the finishing work .

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster, such as a layer of plaster
on an interior or exterior wall structure, or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls. This
is also sometimes called pargeting. The process of creating plasterwork,
called plastering or rendering, has been used in building construction for centuries. For the art
history of three-dimensional plaster, see stucco.

3.3PLASTERING WORK OF GHAT

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Cement and lime mortar use for plastering .cement bond the brick work .plastering is very
important for any structure . if plastering is not done than age of structure become reduse.

Type of plaster

There are five type of plaster

1 Clay plaster -Clay plaster is a mixture of clay, sand and water with the addition of plant fibers
for tensile strength over wood leth.

2Gypsum plaster

Gypsum plaster, or plaster of Paris, is produced by heating gypsum to about 300 °F (150 °C):[15]

CaSO4·2H2O + heat → CaSO4·0.5H2O + 1.5H2O (released as steam).

When the dry plaster powder is mixed with water, it re-forms into gypsum. The setting of
unmodified plaster starts about 10 minutes after mixing and is complete in about 45 minutes; but
not fully set for 72 hours.[16] If plaster or gypsum is heated above 266 °F (130 °C),hemihydrate is
formed, which will also re-form as gypsum if mixed with water.

3 LIME PLASTER

Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand (or other inert fillers). Carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere causes the plaster to set by transforming the calcium hydroxide into calcium
carbonate (limestone). Whitewash is based on the same chemistry.

To make lime plaster, limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated above approximately 850 °C to
produce quicklime (calcium oxide). Water is then added to produce slaked lime(calcium
hydroxide), which is sold as a wet putty or a white powder. Additional water is added to form a
paste prior to use. The paste may be stored in airtight containers. When exposed to the
atmosphere, the calcium hydroxide very slowly turns back into calcium carbonate through
reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide, causing the plaster to increase in strength.

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4 Cement plaster

Cement plaster is a mixture of suitable plaster, sand, portland cement and water which is
normally applied to masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth surface. Interior surfaces
sometimes receive a final layer of gypsum plaster. Walls constructed with stock bricks are
normally plastered while face brick walls are not plastered. Various cement-based plasters are
also used as proprietary spray fireproofing products. These usually use vermiculite as lightweight
aggregate. Heavy versions of such plasters are also in use for exterior fireproofing, to protect
LPG vessels, pipe bridges and vessel skirts.

Cement plaster was first introduced in America around 1909 and was often called by the generic
name adamant plaster after a prominent manufacturer of the time. The advantages of cement
plaster noted at that time were its strength, hardness, quick setting time and durability.

5 Heat resistant plaster

Heat resistant plaster is a building material used for coating walls and chimney breasts. Its
purpose is to replace conventional gypsum plasters in cases where the temperature can get too
high for gypsum plaster to stay on the wall. Heat resistant plaster should be used in cases where
the wall is likely to exceed temperatures of 50 °C

Plaster may also be used to create complex detailing for use in room interiors. These may be
geometric (simulating wood or stone) or naturalistic (simulating leaves, vines, and flowers).
These are also often used to simulate wood or stone detailing found in more substantial
buildings.

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 FIFTH WEEK

3.4 GAIN KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MONTHLY BILL BOOK

A monthly bill book is maintain by store keeper . A store keeper collect all the item like no. of
cement beg , no. of break , etc .

Store keeper update bill book daily , he mansion all he item . either item is incoming or outgoing
.

BILL-BOOK, commerce, accounts. One in in which an account is kept of promissory

notes, bills of exchange, and other bills payable or receivable: it ought to contain all that a man
issues or receives

Progress Billing for a General Contractor Definition. A construction project typically involves
many different trades in order to reach completion. Therefore, it can be just as daunting a task to
submit for payment to a client along the way.

3.4 BILLBOOK

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4.0 TECHNICAL CONTENTS
4.1Safety

Construction work is a hazardous land-based job. Some construction site jobs include: building
houses, roads, tree forts, workplaces and repair and maintain infrastructures. This work includes
many hazardous task and conditions such as working with height, excavation, noise, dust, power
tools and equipment. The most common fatalities are caused by the fatal four: falls, being struck
by an object, electrocutions, and being caught in between two objects. Construction work has
been increasing in developing and undeveloped countries over the past few years. With an
increase in this type of work occupational fatalities have increased. Occupational fatalities are
individuals who die while on the job or performing work related tasks. Within the field of
construction it is important to have safe construction sites.

Education and safety

Construction workers need to be properly trained and educated on the task or job before working,
which will assist in preventing injuries and deaths. There are many methods of training
construction workers. One method is coaching construction site foremen to include safety in their
daily verbal exchanges with workers to reduce work-related accidents. It is important that the
workers use the same language to assure the best communication. In recent years, apart from
traditional face to face safety knowledge sharing, mobile apps also make knowledge sharing
possible.

Another method is ensuring that all workers know how to properly use electronics,
conveyors, skid-steer, trucks, aerial lifts, and other equipment on the construction
site. Equipment on the job site must be properly maintained and inspected regularly before and
after each shift. The equipment inspection system will help the operator make sure that a
machine is mechanically sound and in safe operating conditions. An employee should be
assigned to inspect equipment to insure proper safety. Equipment should have lights and
reflectors if intended for night use. The glass in the cab of the equipment must be safety glass in
some countries. The equipment must be used for its intended task at all times on the job site to
insure workers' safety.

Each construction site should have a construction site manager. This is an occupational health
and safety specialist who designs and implements safety regulations to minimize injuries and

45
accidents. He or she also is in charge of conducting daily safety audits and inspections to ensure
compliance with government regulations. Most construction site managers have an entry level
experience or higher degree.

Before any excavation takes place, the contractor is responsible for notifying all applicable
companies that excavation work is being performed. During excavation, the contractor is
responsible for providing a safe work environment for employees and pedestrians.

Access and egress are also important parts of excavation safety. Ramps used by equipment must
be designed by a person qualified in structural design. No person is allowed to cross underneath
or stand underneath any loading or digging equipment. Employees are to remain at a safe
distance from all equipment while it is operational. Employees who have training and education
in the above areas will benefit their co-workers and themselves on the construction site.

Ways to prevent injuries and improve safety include:

 Management safety
 Integrate safety as a part of the job
 Create accountability at all levels
 Take safety into account during the project planning process
 Make sure the contractors are pre-qualified for safety
 Make sure the workers are properly trained in appropriate areas
 Have a fall protection system
 Prevent and address substance abuse to employees
 Make safety a part of everyday conversation
 Review accidents and near misses, as well as regular inspections
 Innovative safety training, e.g. adoption of virtual reality in training
 Replace some of the works by robots (many workers may worry that this will decrease their
employment rate)
 Adoption of BIM with three dimensional printing to make the building model first before put
into real practice

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4.2 ESTIMATION

In the mid of fifth week the cattle ghat construction work was complete .then I was spend some
more time with our site engineer J.E ( Mr. Manojkumar ) .He told me about estimation .How
estimate is prepare in real for construction work . He saw me cattle ghat estimation file .

In which quantity of item and rate of item is given .he told me how a item rate is decide .he told
me every department have a book is call department book . in this book all item rate is given , in
which also transportation cost is also involve.

Estimate is prepare by J.E , who told us how much revenue is required for a project.

A forecast of construction cost prepared on the basis of a detailed analysis of materials and labor
for all items of work, 1 as contrasted with an estimate based on current area, volume, or similar
unit costs.

A cost estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation. The cost
estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate has a single total value
and may have identifiable component values. A problem with a cost overrun can be avoided with
a credible, reliable, and accurate cost estimate. A cost estimator is the professional who prepares
cost estimates. There are different types of cost estimators, whose title may be preceded by a
modifier, such as building estimator, or electrical estimator, or chief estimator. Other
professionals such as quantity surveyors and cost engineers may also prepare cost estimates or
contribute to cost estimates.

There are 2 type of method is apply for estimate of cost .

1 center line method

2 long wall short wall method

Mostly center line method is use for work because it give result early .calculation in center line
method is sort as compare to long wall short wall method.

Cattle ghat estimate detail is given below –

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Conclusion

Under the guidance of J.E (Mr. Manojkumar) as a mentor, we have got opportunity to understand
the technical and managerial aspect of Ghat construction project.
The main aim of studies with in this project was to investigate how a structure is constructed
with in its desired properties . We got to know about the basic and advanced techniques of
building construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer have to face during
construction i.e labor problems, cost management, environment challenges etc.

We cleared our many doubts regarding ghat construction. Overall it must be said that the
construction methods and quality control on a ghat construction project needs a very good
coordination and large quantities of man power, equipment and funds. During the period of 45
days all the site staff helped us a lot to provide all the information about any query. So we are
grateful to Irrigation department for giving us the opportunity to learn and grow.

MAYANK KANT
Roll no. 2003110009011
DEWAN V.S INSTITUTE of Engineering

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