Wisdom UKUEJE

Thermal Conductivity (TC) of Hybrid

Observation
S/N References Years Composite 1 (W m-1 K-1)
Material / Base Fluid TC
CNT 1800 – 2000
1 Jane and others 2007 Au 315 No increase in TC
Water 0.613
Ag 429
Cu 401 Active material was Ag
Chopkar and
2 2007 High TC of 70% for Ag2Al water base
others Al 237 nanofluid.
Water 0.613
CNT 1800 – 2000 Active material was CNT. 21% rise in
Al2O3 40 TC in PAO oil-based hybrid
3 Han and others 2007
Fe2O3 7 sphere/CNT nanofluids, with ϕ of 0.2%
PAO 0.143 at room temperature,
AIN 285 Active material was AIN.
3 Choi and others 2008 Al2O3 40 AlN nanoparticles at a volume build
Transformer oil 0.136 TC of the transformer oil by 8% .
MWCNTs ∼3000
Jha and
4 2008 Cu 401 Active material was MWCNTs
Ramaprabhu
Water 0.613
Al2O3 40
Active material wasAl2O3
5 Ho and others 2010 MEPCM 0.14 - 0.72
Increased TC
Water 0.613
Graphene (Gr) ~3000
Baby and Cu 401 2 Active material was Graphene/Cu.
6 2011
Ramaprabhu HEG 110 – 190 Increased TC.
Water 0.613
Ag 429 Active material was Ag. 15% increase
7 Botha and others 2011 Si 148 in TC when ϕ = 0.6 wt% of Ag was
Transformer oil 0.613 added to ϕ 0.07 wt% silica.
Al 237
Active material was Al.
8 Paul and others 2011 Zn 116
TC enhancement of 16% .
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
Cu 401 Active material was Cu. Attained
9 Suresh and others 2011 Al2O3 40 utmost enhancement of 12.11% for a ϕ
Water 0.613 of 2%
MWCNTs ∼3000
Baghbanzadeh Active material was MWCNTs
10 2012 SiO2 1.4–12
and other Increased TC for NF low foe HyNF..
Water 0.613
MWCNT- γ 3000 Active material was MWCNT- γ
Al2O3 40 functional groups(γ) had a substantial
11 Abbasi and others 2013
Gum Arabic (GA) effect
Water 0.613 TC enhancement of 20.68% at a 0.1%
Graphene (Gr) ~3000 2 Active material was Graphene /
Aravind and
12 2013 MWCNTs ∼3000 MWCNTs attained TC of 10.5% and
Ramaprabhu
Ethylene Glycol 0.253 87.9% for ϕ of 0.04 at 25⁰C & 50⁰C.
MWCNTs ∼3000
Munkhbayar and Active material was MWCNTs attained
13 2013
others TC of 14.5% at 40 °C.
 Munkhbayar and Active material was MWCNTs attained
13 2013 Ag 429
others TC of 14.5% at 40 °C.
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
MWCNTs ∼3000
Active material was MWCNTs attained
14 Nine and others 2013 Al2O3 40
TC of 14.5% at 40 °C.
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
MWCNTs ∼3000
Active material was MWCNTs attained
15 Chen and others 2014 Fe2O3 7
TC of 27.75%, at 0.5 wt
Water 0.613
Cu 401
Madhesh and Active material was Cu
16 2014 TiO2 8.4
Kalaiselvam Increased TC
Water 0.613
Cu 401
Mehrali and Active material was Cu
17 2014 Zn 116
others Increased TC
Vegetable Oil 0.162
MWCNT ∼3000 Active material was MWCNT attained
18 Safi and others 2014 TiO2 8.4 TC of 12.1%, at 0.08% wt compared to
Water 0.613 distilled water at 36 ⁰C
MWCNT ∼3000
Sundar and others Active material was MWCNT attained
19 2014 Fe2O3 7
(2016b) TC of 29%, at 0.3 wt
Water 0.613
Ag 429
Esfe and others Active material was Ag
20 2015 MgO 54.9
(2015b). Increased TC
Water 0.613
CNT 1800 – 2000 Active material was CNT
Esfe and others
21 2015 Al2O3 40 attained TC of 1.435%, at 0.2 wt at 40
(2015b).
Water 0.613 °C
Cu 401
Active material was Cu
22 Mechiri and other 2015 Zn 116
Increased TC
Vegetable Oil 0.162
CNT 1800 – 2000
Fe3O4 7
Shahsavar and Active material was CNT
23 2015 Gum Arabic (GA)
Tetramethylammonium
others Increased TC
hydroxide (TMAH)
Water 0.613
MWNTs ∼3000
GO 1000 2 Active material MWNTs and rGO,
Shende and Rise in TC of 17.7% with 0.02% ϕ in
24 2015 N 0.0234
Sundara DI water & 15.1% with 0.03% ϕ with
Water 0.613 EG.
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
CG ~3000
Active material was CG, Rise in TC of
25 Shirazi and other 2015 N 0.0234
10.16%
Ethylene Glycol
GNP ∼3000
Yarmand and Active material was GNP
26 2015 Ag 429
others Increased TC
Water 0.613
Cu 401
SiO2 1.4 - 12 Active material was Cu
27 Amiri and others 2016
Water 0.613 Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
GNP ∼3000
Askari and others Active material was GNP
28 2016
Increased TC
 Askari and others Active material was GNP
28 2016 Fe3O4 7
Increased TC
Kerosine 0.145
Nano-Diamiond (ND) 3300
Active material was ND
29 Esfe and Ahangar 2016 Co3O4 69
Increased TC
Water 0.613
MWCNTs ∼3000 Active material was MWCNTs
Harandi and
30 2016 Fe3O4 7 Enhance TC of 30% at 50⁰C with 2.3%
others
Ethylene Glycol 0.253 ϕ
Nano-Diamiond (ND) 3300
Sundar and others Co3O4 69 Active material was ND
31 2016
(2016a) Water 0.613 Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
Nano-Diamiond (ND) 3300
Sundar and others Fe3O4 7 Active material was ND
32 2016
(2016b) Water 0.613 Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
Cu 401
2 Active material was Cu-Zn
Zn 116 Enhanced TC for Zn, Cu, and Cu–Zn
Kumar and others
33 2016 Vegetable Oil 0.162 nanofluids were 36 %, 42 %, and 48 %,
Parafin Oil 0.136 respectively, with 0.5 % ϕ compared to
base fluid (vegetable oil).
SAE Oil 0.133
CNT 1800 – 2000
Megatif and Active material was CNT
34 2016 TiO2 8.4
others Increased TC
Water 0.613
GNP ∼3000
Yarmand and Active material was ACG
35 2016 Activated C
other (2016a) Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
GNP ∼3000
Yarmand and Active material was GNP
36 2016 Pt
other (2016b) Increased TC
Water 0.613
FMWCNTs ∼3000
Active material was fMWCNTs
37 Afrand 2017 MgO 54.9
Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
CuO/C 76.5
Active material was CuO/C
38 Akilu and others 2017 TiO2 8.4
Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
SWCNTs 3000–6000 Active material was SWCNTs
Esfe and others
39 2017 MgO 54.9 Observed 32% enhancement at 2.0%
(2017a)
Ethylene Glycol 0.253 volume concentration.
MWCNT ∼3000
Esfe and others Active material was MWCNT
40 2017 ZnO 50
(2017b) Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
CuO 76.5
Kannaiyan and Active material was CuO
41 2017 Al2O3 40
others Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
Al2O3 40
SiO2 1.4 - 12 Active material wasAl2O3
42 Minea 2017
TiO2 8.4 Increased TC
Water 0.613
GO 1000
Active material was
43 Mehrali and other 2017
Enhanced TC of 11%
 Active material was
43 Mehrali and other 2017 Fe3O4 7
Enhanced TC of 11%
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
TiO2 8.4
SiO2 1.4 - 12 Active material was TiO2
44 Nabil and others 2017 Increased TC of 22.8% at 3.0% ϕ and at
Water 0.613 80⁰C.
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
Graphene (Gr) ~3000 Active material was Gr.
45 Qing and others 2017 SiO2 1.4 - 12 TC augmentation of 80% at 0.08%
Naphthenic oil weigh percentage.
GO 1000
Sadeghinezhad Active material was
46 2017 Fe3O4 7
and others Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
CNT 1800 – 2000
Fe3O4 7
Shahsavar and Gum Arabic (GA) Active material was CNT
47 2017
others Tetramethylammonium Increased TC
hydroxide (TMAH)
Water 0.613
GO 1000
Active material was GO.TC surge for water
Co3O4 697 base NF is 19.14% and EG-based NF is
48 Sundar and others 2017 11.85% at 0.2% ϕ at 60°C compared to
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
their respective base fluids
Water 0.613
MWCNT ∼3000
Active material was MWCNT
49 Vafaei and others 2017 MgO 54.9
Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
MWCNT ∼3000
Van Trinh and Graphene (Gr) ~3000 2 Active material was Gr-MWCNT
50 2017
others Cu 401 Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
SiC 270
Active material was SiC
51 Wei and other 2017 TiO2 8.4
Increased TC
Diathermic Oil (DO) 0.133
Al2O3 40
Zawawi and Active material was Al2O3
52 2017 SiO2 1.4 - 12
others Increased TC
PAG
Aberoumand Ag 429
53 and 2018 WO3
Active material was Ag
Jafarimoghaddam Increased TC
Transformer oil 0.136
MWCNT ∼3000
Akhgar TiO2 8.4 Active material was MWCNT
54 2018
and Toghraie Water 0.613 Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
MWCNT ∼3000
Active material was MWCNT
55 Asadi and others 2018 Al2O3 40
Increased TC
Thermal oil 0.136
CNT 1800 – 2000
Dalkılıç and Active material was CNT
56 2018 SiO2 1.4 - 12
others Increased TC
Water 0.613
TiO2 8.4
Hamid and others Active material was TiO2
57 2018 SiO2 1.4 - 12
Increased TC
 Hamid and others Active material was TiO2
57 2018
Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
MWCNT ∼3000
Kakavandi and SiC 270 Active material was MWCNT
58 2018
Akbari Water 0.613 Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
Al2O3 40
Moldoveanu and Active material was Al2O3
59 2018 SiO2 1.4 - 12
others Increased TC
Water 0.613
Nano-Diamiond (ND) 3300 Active material was ND. Enhanced TC
60 Sundar and others 2018 Ni of 29.39% at 0.3% ϕ of hybrid NF at 60
Water 0.613 ⁰C compared to distilled water.
Graphene (Gr) ~3000 2 Active material CNT and Gr, Rise in
Van Trinh and
61 2018 CNT 1800 – 2000 TC of 18% & 50% at 30⁰C & 50⁰C
others
Ethylene Glycol 0.253 respectively.
Ag 429
Active material was Ag
62 Aparna and other 2019 Al2O3 40
Increased TC
Water 0.613
Fe 83.5
Okonkwo and Active material was Fe
63 2019 Al2O3 40
others Increased TC
Water 0.613
MWCNT ∼3000
Moradi and Active material was MWCNT
64 2020 TiO2 8.4
others Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253
GNP ∼3000
TiO2 8.4 Active material was GNP
65 Xian and others 2020
Water 0.613 Increased TC
Ethylene Glycol 0.253

73
74
Observation
Source
ϕ [%] T[⁰C] % Rise Material
Carbon Nanotubes
Li and others (2009) Diamond
Li and others (2009) SiC
Choi (1995) Silver
Li and others (2009) Copper
1.00% 70.00%
Li and others (2009) Gold
Li and others (2009) Aluminum
Graphite
Li and others (2009) Iron
0.20% RM 21.00%
Cupric Oxide
Xu and others (2011) Alumina
Kamyar and other (2012) Zinc Oxide
0.50% 8.00% Li and others (2009) Carbon Nanofibers
Titania
Li and others (2009) Iron (II, III) Oxide
Li and others (2009) Bismuth Telluride
Li and others (2009) Carbon (amorphous)
Li and others (2009) Silica
C60 – C70 (Fullerenes)
Li and others (2009) Water
Li and others (2009) Glycerol
Li and others (2009) Ethylene Glycol
Ethanol
Li and others (2009) Decene
Choi (1995) Toluene
15.00% Li and others (2009) Perfluorotriethylamine
Hexane
Li and others (2009) Poly (α-olefin) oil
16.00% Perfluorohexane (FC-72)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
0.20% 12.11% Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
1.00% 40⁰C 16.70% Hwang and others (2006)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
0.10% 25⁰C 20.68%

Li and others (2009)

10.50% Li and others (2009)
87.90% Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
14.50% Choi (1995)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
14.50% Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
27.75%
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Kamyar and other (2012)
Li and others (2009)

Kumar and others (2016)

Li and others (2009)
12.10% Kamyar and other (2012)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
29.00%
Li and others (2009)
Choi (1995)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)

Kumar and others (2016)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)
Sundar and others (2017)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

Choi (1995)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Hwang and others (2006)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
 Kamyar and other (2012)
Sundar and others (2017)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

Kamyar and other (2012)
Sundar and others (2017)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Kamyar and other (2012)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
36.00%
42.00% Kumar and others (2016)
48.00% Kumar and others (2016)
Kumar and others (2016)

Kamyar and other (2012)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

0.60% 25⁰C 21.30%

Li and others (2009)

Kamyar and other (2012)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Wang and others (2007)
Kamyar and other (2012)
Li and others (2009)
Sundar and others (2017)
 Li and others (2009)
Kamyar and other (2012)
Hwang and others (2006)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)

Wang and others (2007)

Sundar and others (2017)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

Sundar and others (2017)
Sundar and others (2017)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)

Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Kamyar and other (2012)

Li and others (2009)

Hwang and others (2006)

Choi (1995)

Li and others (2009)

Hwang and others (2006)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)

Wang and others (2007)

Li and others (2009)
Kamyar and other (2012)
Hwang and others (2006)
 Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Wang and others (2007)
Li and others (2009)
Kamyar and other (2012)
29.39%
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)

Choi (1995)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Kamyar and other (2012)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009)
Kamyar and other (2012)
Li and others (2009)
Li and others (2009) Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Number of experimental publications dealing with thermal conductivity in
Thermal Conductivity (W m-1 K-1)
2000 [7]
900 – 2320 [17]
490 [2]
424 [2]
398 [2]
315 [2]
273 [2]
119 – 165 [7]
80 [2]
77 [18]
40 [19]
29 [13]
13 [20]
8.4 [13]
7.0 [21]
5.0 [22]
1.59 [17]
1.34 [2]
0.4 [18]
0.608 [23]
0.285 [2]
0.257 [2]
0.172 [2]
0.14 [24]
0.133 [2]
0.13 [25]
0.126 [26]
0.117 [27]
0.057 [10]
 Material
Conventional
fluids

Metallic solids

Carbon
structures
Non-metallic
solids

Material
Conventional
fluids
 Carbon
structures

Metallic solids

Nonmetallic
solids

Liteture works on Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Nanofluid

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blications dealing with thermal conductivity in nanofluids per year (according to this review)
Thermophysical properties Water [37]
Cp (J/kgK) 4179
 (kg/m3) 997.1
k (W/m.K) 0.613
Particle size (nm) –

Thermal Conductivity
Fluid
(W/m K)
 Acetic acid 0.193
Acetone 0.18
Alcohol, ethyl (ethanol) 0.171
Alcohol, methyl (methanol) 0.204
Alcohol, propyl 0.161
Ammonia, saturated 0.507
Aniline 0.172
Benzene 0.167
Benzine 0.16
Carbon Disulfide 0.161
Carbon Tetrachloride 0.104

Castor Oil 0.18

Chloroform 0.129
Decane 0.147
Dichlorodifluoromethane refrigerant R-12 0.071
Diesel oil 0.13
Dodecane 0.14
Engine Oil, unused 0.145
Ether 0.13
Ethyl acetate 0.137
Ethylene Glycol 0.258
Gas oil 0.15
Glycerine 0.285
Heating oil 0.12
Hexane 0.124
Hydrochlor acid 10% 0.5
Hydrofluoric acid 2.33
Isobutyl alcohol 0.134
Kerosene 0.145
Linseed oil 0.15
Machine oil 0.126
Medicinal paraffin 0.127
Mercury 8.4
Methane (93.2 K) 0.2153
n-Butyl alcohol 0.167
n-Heptane 0.14
n-Octane 0.147
n-Pentane 0.136
n-Propyl alcohol 0.168
Nitric acid 0.26
Nitrogen (69.1 K) 0.1511
Oil, cylinder 0.152
Oil, transformer 0.136
Petroleum 0.159
 Petroleum ether 0.14
Phenol 0.19
Propylene glycol 0.147
Sulfuric acid concentrated 0.5
Toluene 0.151
Trichlorofluoromethane refrigerant R-11 0.093
Turpentine 0.128
Water, Fresh 0.609
Xenon (173 K) 0.07
1 W/(m K) = 1 W/(m  C) = 0.85984
o

kcal/(h m oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h oF) =

0.048 Btu/(in h oF)

Material Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

Water (DiW) ∼0.598–0.609
Ethylene glycol (EG) ∼0.251
Engine oil ∼0.145
Mineral oil ∼0.115
Kerosene ∼0.139
Toluene ∼0.133
R141b refrigerant ∼0.089
Aluminum 237
Copper 398
Gold 315
Iron 80
Nickel 91
Silver 424
Singlewall nanotubes
3000–6000
(SWCNTs)
Multiwall nanotubes
∼3000
(MWCNTs)
Carbon (diamond) 900–2320
Carbon (graphite) 119–165
Graphene ∼3000
Graphite 130–2000
Alumina (Al2O3) 31–41
Aluminum nitride (AlN) 319–550
Boron nitride (h-BN) ∼300
Boron nitride nanotubes ∼600–960
(BNNTs)

(BNNRs)
Copper oxide (CuO) 76.5
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) 34.5 ± 4
Silicon carbide (SiC) 148
Silicon oxide (SiO2) 1.4
Titania (TiO2) 8.4

Tungsten disulfide (WS2) 32–53

Zinc oxide (ZnO) 29

Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

Water (DiW) ~0.598–0.609
Ethylene glycol (EG) ~0.251
Engine oil ~0.145
Mineral oil ~0.115
Kerosene ~0.139
R141b refrigerant ~0.089
Single wall nanotubes (SWCNTs) 3000–6000
Multi wall nanotubes (MWCNTs) carbon (diamond) ~3000
Carbon (diamond) 900–2320
Carbon (graphite) 119–165
Graphene ~3000
Graphite 130–2000
Aluminum 237
Copper 398
Gold 315

Silver 424
Alumina (Al2O3) 31–41
Aluminum nitride (AlN) 319–550
Boron nitride (h-BN) ~300
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) ~600–960
Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) 12.8
Copper oxide (CuO) 76.5
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) 34.5 ± 4
Silicon carbide (SiC) 148–270
Silicon oxide (SiO2) 1.4–12
Titania (TiO2) 8.4–11.2
Tungsten disulfide (WS2) 32–124
Zinc oxide (ZnO) 13–29

Zirconia (ZrO2) 2.2

Material Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

Alumina (Al2O3) 40
Aluminium (Al) 237
Aluminium nitride (AlN) 285
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 3000
Copper (Cu) 401
Copper oxide (CuO) 33
Diamond 3300
Gold (Au) 317
Graphite 120
Silicon (Si) 148
Silicon carbide (SiC) 150
Silver (Ag) 429
Sodium (Na) 72.3
Titanium carbide (TiC) 330
Titanium oxide (TiO2) 8.4

Zirconia 3
DO [38] SiC [17,39] TiO2 [17,39]
2030 1340 692
855 3370 4230
0.133 150 8.4
– 30 10
Ref.
[3, 10, 11]
[12–14]
[12, 14]
[15, 16]
[4]
[4]
[17]
[18]
[18]
[18]
[18]
[18]
[18]

[19–22]

[23, 24]

[25, 26]
[25]
[27, 28]
[29]
[29–31]
[32]
[33, 34]
[35–37]

[38]
[39]
[18]
[40, 41]
[13]

[42]

[13]

Reference
[9–11]
[12–14]
[12, 14]
[3, 15]
[16]
[17]
[18–21]
[22, 23]
[24, 25]
[24]
[4]
[26]
[27]
[27]
[27]

[27]
[26, 28]
[29]
[30, 31]

[32–34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[27, 38]
[39–42]
[13, 39, 42]
[43, 44]

[13, 39]

[45]

Density (kg/cu m)

3960
2700
3260
1350
8940
6000
3530
19300
2160
2320
3370
10490
968
4930
4230

5680