PRELIM
Topic: CC1 and CC2
1. A technique used to determine the
concentration of a substance in solution
employing an electrochemical cell.
a. Potentiometry
b. Anodic stripping voltammetry
c. metal stripped off anode
d. NOTA
Rationale:
Potentiometry is a technique used to
determine the concentration of a
substance in solution employing an
electrochemical cell that consists of two
half-cells, where the potential difference
between an indicator electrode and a
reference electrode is measured.
2. It is insoluble in water and cannot be
removed from the body until it has been
conjugated by the liver.
a. Conjugated Bilirubin
b. Unconjugated Bilirubin
c. Both
d. None of the above
Rationale:
Unconjugated bilirubin is insoluble in
water and cannot be removed from the
body until it has been conjugated by the
liver. Once at the liver cell, unconjugated
bilirubin flows into the sinusoidal spaces
and is released from albumin so it can be
picked up by a carrier protein called
ligandin. (Ref: Michael L. Bishop Clinical
Chemistry Eight Edition, p. 1273)
3. Yellow top is
a. Blood culture tubes
b. Trisodium citrate
c. EDTA
d. Heparin
Rationale:
 Yellow- Blood culture tubes
 Light blue- Trisodium citrate
 Purple- EDTA
 Green- Heparin
4. . It is one of the most important functions of
the liver.
a. Lipids
b. Proteins
c. Carbohydrates
d. All of the above
Rationale:
The metabolism of carbohydrates is one
of the most important functions of the
liver. When carbohydrates are ingested
and absorbed, the liver can do three
things: (1) use the glucose for its own
cellular energy requirements, (2)
circulate the glucose for use at the
peripheral tissues, or (3) store glucose
as glycogen (principal storage form of
glucose) within the liver itself or within
other tissues.(Ref: Michael L. Bishop
Clinical Chemistry Eight Edition, p. 1275)
5. What is the most common method of
collection of CSF?
a. Lumbar puncture
b. Earlobes
c. Right arm
d. Heel
Rationale:
Most common method of collection: Lumbar
puncture (between the 3rd and 4th lumbar
vertebrae, or between the 4th and 5th lumbar
vertebrae).
6. A destructive process, where ions pass
through the analyzer one time and then strike
the detector.
a. Vacuum system
b. Quadrupole
c. Beam-type
d. NOTA
Rationale:
Beam-type is a destructive process,
where ions pass through the analyzer
one time and then strike the detector.
7. What is the term that is generally used when
discussing such enzymes?
a. Isoenzyme
b. Coenzyme
c. Apoenzyme
d. Holoenzyme
Rationale:
The term isoenzyme is generally used
when discussing such enzymes;
however, the International Union of
Biochemistry (IUB) suggests restricting
this term to multiple forms of genetic
origin. A coenzyme is an organic
cofactor, such as nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD). When bound tightly
to the enzyme, the coenzyme is called a
prosthetic group. The enzyme portion
(apoenzyme), with its respective
coenzyme, forms a complete and active
system, a holoenzyme.( BISHOP, M. L.
(2018). CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:
PRINCIPLES, TECHNIQUES, and
CORRELATIONS. EIGTH EDITION.
WOLTERS KLUWER. pg. 677)
8. The excretory system of the liver begins at
the _______
a. Veins
b. Bile canaliculi
c. Hepatic sinusoid
d. Gallbladder
Rationale:
The excretory system of the liver begins
at the bile canaliculi. The bile canaliculi
are small spaces between the
hepatocytes that form intrahepatic ducts,
where excretory products of the cells can
drain. The intrahepatic ducts join to form
the right and left hepatic ducts, which
drain the secretions from the liver.(Ref:
Michael L. Bishop Clinical Chemistry
Eight Edition, p. 1270)
9. The endpoint of the titration is indicated by
the
a. Increase in conductivity
b. Decrease in conductivity
c. Maintained conductivity
d. NOTA
Rationale:
The endpoint of the titration is indicated
by the increase in conductivity of the
solution.
10. Join to form the right and left hepatic ducts,
which drain the secretions from the liver.
a. Bile Canaliculi
b. Falciform Ligament
c. Interhepatic Ducts
d. Common Bile Duct
Rationale:
The intrahepatic ducts join to form the
right and left hepatic ducts, which drain
the secretions from the liver. The right
and left hepatic ducts merge to form the
common hepatic duct, which is
eventually joined with the cystic duct of
the gallbladder to form the common bile
duct.(Ref: Michael L. Bishop Clinical
Chemistry Eight Edition, p. 1270)
11. Systeme international is consists of how
many independent base units?
a. 2
b. 7
c. 8
d. 12
Rationale:
Systeme international is consists of
seven independent base units, and each
unit is represented by a symbol.
12. . May be silica gel bound to the surface of a
glass plate or plastic sheet.
a. Mobile phase
b. Stationary phase
c. Physical differences
d. NOT
Rationale:
Stationary phase: May be silica gel
bound to the surface of a glass plate or
plastic sheet; may be silica or a polymer
that is coated or bonded within a column.
13. Polar stationary phase and nonpolar mobile
phase
a. Normal-phase
b. Reversed-phase
c. Advanced-phase
d. NOTA
Rationale:
Normal-phase liquid chromatography: Polar
stationary phase and nonpolar mobile phase.
14. Nonpolar stationary phase and polar mobile
phase
a. Normal-phase
b. Reversed-phase
c. Advanced-phase
d. NOTA
Rationale:
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography:
Nonpolar stationary phase and polar
mobile phase.
15. An ______ result when an enzyme is subject
to posttranslational modifications.
a. Isoform
b. Cofactor
c. Activator
d. Zymogen
Rationale:
An isoform results when an enzyme is
subject to posttranslational modifications.
Isoenzymes and isoforms contribute to
heterogeneity in properties and function of
enzymes. In addition to the basic enzyme
structure, a nonprotein molecule, called a
cofactor, may be necessary for enzyme
activity. Inorganic cofactors, such as chloride
or magnesium ions, are called activators.
Some enzymes, mostly digestive enzymes,
are originally secreted from the organ of
production in a structurally inactive form,
called a proenzyme or zymogen. (BISHOP,
M. L. (2018). CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:
PRINCIPLES, TECHNIQUES, and
CORRELATIONS. EIGTH EDITION.
WOLTERS KLUWER. pg. 677)
16. . Metabolized in the liver under normal
circumstances when nutrition is adequate
and the demand for glucose is being met.
a. Lipids
b. Glucose
c. Glycogen
d. Lipoproteins
Rationale:
Lipids are metabolized in the liver under
normal circumstances when nutrition is
adequate and the demand for glucose is
being met. The liver is responsible for
metabolizing both lipids and the
lipoproteins and is responsible for
gathering free fatty acids from the diet,
and those produced by the liver itself,
and breaking them down to produce
acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can then enter
several pathways to form triglycerides,
phospholipids, or cholesterol.(Ref:
Michael L. Bishop Clinical Chemistry
Eight Edition, p. 1275)
17. The word jaundice comes from the French
word jaune, which means
a. Green
b. Orange
c. Red
d. Yellow
Rationale:
The word jaundice comes from the
French word jaune, which means
“yellow,” and it is one of the oldest known
pathologic conditions reported, having
been described by Hippocratic
physicians.4 Jaundice, or icterus, is used
to describe the yellow discoloration of the
skin, eyes, and mucous membranes
most often resulting from the retention of
bilirubin; however, it may also occur due
to the retention of other substances.(Ref:
Michael L. Bishop Clinical Chemistry
Eight Edition, p. 1277)
18. What is the SI unit that represents Time?
a. Second
b. Minute
c. Hour
d. All of the above
Rationale: known.13 It is hypothesized to be due to
a reduction in the concentration or
Measure Unit activity of intracellular binding proteins
Meter (m) Length such as ligandin. Unlike in Dubin-
Kilogram (kg) Mass Johnson syndrome, a liver biopsy does
Second (s) Time not show dark pigmented granules.
Mole (mol) Quantity of substance Rotor's syndrome is seen less commonly
Ampere (A) Electric current than Dubin- Johnson syndrome; it is a
Kelvin (K) Thermodynamic relatively benign condition and carries an
temperature excellent prognosis, and therefore,
Candela (cd) Luminous intensity treatment is not warranted.(Ref: Michael
L. Bishop Clinical Chemistry Eight
19. Nearnest or closeness to the true value. Edition, p. 1280)
a. Accuracy
b. Precision 22. It is a clinical condition in which scar tissue
c. Both replaces normal, healthy liver tissue.
d. Neither a. Cirrhosis
Rationale: b. Carcinoma
Accuracy- nearnest or closeness to the c. Tumors
true value d. Reye’s Syndrome
Precision- repeated results on the same Rationale:
sample. Cirrhosis is a clinical condition in which
scar tissue replaces normal, healthy liver
20. An instrument that uses the principle of tissue. As the scar tissue replaces the
charged articles moving through a magnetic normal liver tissue, it blocks the flow of
or electric field blood through the organ and prevents
a. Mass spectrometer the liver from functioning properly.(Ref:
b. Mobile phase Michael L. Bishop Clinical Chemistry
c. Solvent-delivery system Eight Edition, p. 1282)
d. NOTA
Rationale: 23. Solvents commonly used for the mobile
A mass spectrometer is an instrument phase include:
that uses the principle of charged a. Methanol
particles moving through a magnetic or b. Ethanol
electric field c. Isopropanol
d. AOTA
21. . It is hypothesized to be due to a reduction Rationale:
in the concentration or activity of intracellular Solvents commonly used for the mobile
binding proteins such as ligandin. phase include acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol,
a. Crigler-Najjar Syndrome isopropanol, and water.
b. Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
c. Gilbert’s Syndrome 24. Polarography employs an ___?
d. Rotor’s Syndrome a. Chemical cell
Rationale: b. Electrical cell
Rotor's syndrome is clinically similar to c. Electrochemical cell
Dubin-Johnson syndrome, but the defect d. NOTA
causing Rotor's syndrome is not
Rationale: a. Gas Solid Chromatography
Polarography employs an electrochemical b. Gas Liquid Chromatography
cell. c. Both
d. Neither
25. Identification of a solute is based on its ___? Rationale:
a. Peak size GSC- Separation occurs based on
b. Retention time differences in absorption at the solid
c. Mobile phase phase surfaces.
d. NOTA GLC- separation occurs by differences in
Rationale: solute partitioning between the gaseous
Identification of a solute is based on its mobile phase and liquid stationary
retention time. phase.

26. What is the SI unit that represents luminous 29. The liver is divided into microscopic units
intensity? called ________.
a. Mole a. Lobules
b. Ampere b. Cystic duct
c. Kelvin c. Common hepatic duct
d. Candela d. Common bile duct
Rationale: Rationale:
The liver is divided into microscopic units
Measure Unit called lobules. The lobules are the
Meter (m) Length functional units of the liver, responsible
Kilogram (kg) Mass for all metabolic and excretory functions
Second (s) Time performed by the liver. Each lobule is
Mole (mol) Quantity of substance roughly a six-sided structure with a
Ampere (A) Electric current centrally located vein (called the central
Kelvin (K) Thermodynamic vein) with portal triads at each of the
temperature corners. (Ref: Michael L. Bishop Clinical
Candela (cd) Luminous intensity Chemistry Eight Edition, p. 1271)

27. Incorrect patient identification is an example 30. Is based on polarography.

of: a. Potentiometry
a. Pre-analytical error b. Anodic stripping voltammetry
b. Analytical error c. metal stripped off anode
c. Post-analytical error d. NOTA
d. None of the above Rationale:
Rationale: Anodic stripping voltammetry is based on
 Pre analytical error- is an error polarography.
before the testing.
 Analytical error- is an error during 31. It is the measure of central tendency.
the testing. a. Mean
 Post analytical method- is an error b. Median
after the testing. c. Mode
d. Range
28. Separation occurs based on differences in Rationale:
absorption at the solid phase surfaces.
  Mean- measure of central tendency or 35. Occurs when the problem causing the
average jaundice occurs prior to liver metabolism.
 Median- middle a. Prehepatic Jaundice
 Mode- most frequent b. Hepatic Jaundice
 Range- difference between the highest c. Posthepatic Jaundice
and lowest score. d. All of the above
32. Changing of position from supine to sitting Rationale:
can cause an increase of: Prehepatic jaundice occurs when the
a. Albumin problem causing the jaundice occurs
b. Enzyme prior to liver metabolism. It is most
c. Calcium commonly caused by an increased
d. All of the above amount of bilirubin being presented to
Rationale: the liver such as that seen in acute and
Changing of position from supine to sitting or chronic hemolytic anemias.(Ref: Michael
standing during venipuncture causes L. Bishop Clinical Chemistry Eight
constriction of the blood vessels and Edition, p. 1278)
reduction of plasma volume. It increases the
levels of albumin, enzymes, and calcium. 36. It is a term used to describe a group of
disorders caused by infectious, metabolic,
33. Site/s to be avoided in venipuncture: toxic, or drug-induced disease found almost
a. IV lines in both arms exclusively in children.
b. Burned or scarred areas a. Cirrhosis
c. Areas with hematoma b. Carcinoma
d. All of the above c. Tumors
Rationale: d. Reye’s Syndrome
Sites to be avoided (venipuncture): Rationale:
 IV lines in both arms Reye's syndrome is a term used to describe
 Burned or scarred areas a group of disorders caused by infectious,
metabolic, toxic, or drug-induced disease
 Areas with hematoma
found almost exclusively in children, although
 Thrombosed veins
adult cases of Reye's syndrome have been
 Edematous arms reported.20 Although the precise cause of
 Partiall/radical mastectomy on one or Reye's syndrome is unknown, it is often
both arms preceded by a viral syndrome such as
 Arms with arteriovenous varicella, gastroenteritis, or an upper
 Cast on arms respiratory tract infection such as influenza.
(Ref: Michael L. Bishop Clinical Chemistry
34. What is the reference volume under SI unit? Eight Edition, p. 1284)
a. Kilogram
b. Liter 37. Employs a coulometric system based on
c. Mole Faraday's law
d. None of the above a. Glass membrane electrodes
Rationale: b. Chloride coulometer
Although liter is not included in SI units, liter c. Polypropylene
is used as the reference volume under SI d. NOTA
unit.
Rationale:  External QC is important in
A chloride coulometer employs a coulometric maintaining long term accuracy of
system based on Faraday's law, which states the analytical method.
that in an electrochemical system, the number of
equivalent weights of a reactant oxidized or 41. What is an organic cofactor, such as
reduced is directly proportional to the quantity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)?
electricity used in the reaction. a. Isoenzyme
b. Coenzyme
38. Carries the vaporized sample into the c. Apoenzyme
column. d. Holoenzyme
a. Detector Rationale:
b. Columns The term isoenzyme is generally used when
c. inert carrier gas discussing such enzymes; however, the
d. NOTA International Union of Biochemistry (IUB)
Rationale: suggests restricting this term to multiple
An inert carrier gas (mobile phase) carries the forms of genetic origin. A coenzyme is an
organic cofactor, such as nicotinamide
vaporized sample into the column.
adenine dinucleotide (NAD). When bound
tightly to the enzyme, the coenzyme is called
39. What is the SI unit that represents mass? a prosthetic group. The enzyme portion
a. Meter (apoenzyme), with its respective coenzyme,
b. Ampere forms a complete and active system, a
c. Kilogram holoenzyme. (BISHOP, M. L. (2018).
d. Liter CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: PRINCIPLES,
Rationale: TECHNIQUES, and CORRELATIONS.
EIGTH EDITION. WOLTERS KLUWER. pg.
Measure Unit 677)
Meter (m) Length
Kilogram (kg) Mass 42. What is the enzyme portion?
Second (s) Time a. Isoenzyme
Mole (mol) Quantity of substance b. Coenzyme
Ampere (A) Electric current c. Apoenzyme
Kelvin (K) Thermodynamic d. Holoenzyme
temperature Rationale:
Candela (cd) Luminous intensity The term isoenzyme is generally used when
discussing such enzymes; however, the
International Union of Biochemistry (IUB)
40. Detects both random and systematic errors suggests restricting this term to multiple
within in a daily basis. forms of genetic origin. A coenzyme is an
organic cofactor, such as nicotinamide
a. Internal QC
adenine dinucleotide (NAD). When bound
b. External QC
tightly to the enzyme, the coenzyme is called
c. Quality control a prosthetic group. The enzyme portion
d. All of the above (apoenzyme), with its respective coenzyme,
Rationale: forms a complete and active system, a
 Internal QC important for daily holoenzyme.( BISHOP, M. L. (2018).
monitoring of accuracy and precision CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: PRINCIPLES,
of analytical method. TECHNIQUES, and CORRELATIONS.
 EIGTH EDITION. WOLTERS KLUWER. pg.
677)
43. A high-quality technique for identifying drugs
or drug metabolites.
a. Mass spectrometry
b. Ion source
c. Mass spectrometer
d. NOTA
Rationale:
Mass spectrometry is a high-quality
technique for identifying drugs or drug
metabolites, amino acid composition of
proteins, and steroids.
44. Technique used to separate volatile solutes.
a. Thin-Layer Chromatography
b. Gas-liquid chromatography
c. High-performance liquid
chromatograph
d. NOTA
Rationale:
Gas-liquid chromatography is a technique
used to separate volatile solutes.
45. System utilizes a solvent reservoir from
which the pump can push the mobile phase
through the column.
a. Mass spectrometer
b. Mobile phase
c. Solvent-delivery system
d. NOTA
Rationale:
The solvent-delivery system utilizes a
solvent reservoir from which the pump
can push the mobile phase through the
column.
46. It is a syndrome of chronic nonhemolytic
unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
a. Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
b. Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
c. Gilbert’s Syndrome
d. None of the above
Rationale:
Crigler-Najjar syndrome was first
described by Crigler and Najjar in 1952
as a syndrome of chronic nonhemolytic
unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.9
Crigler-Najjar syndrome, like Gilbert's
syndrome, is an inherited disorder of
bilirubin metabolism resulting from a
molecular defect within the gene involved
with bilirubin conjugation.(Ref: Michael L.
Bishop Clinical Chemistry Eight Edition,
p. 1279)
47. The span of analyte concentrations over
which a linear relationship exists between the
analyte and signal.
a. Angiogenesis
b. Apoptosis
c. Neoplasm
d. Linear Range
Rationale:
The linear range is the span of analyte
concentrations over which a linear
relationship exists between the analyte
and signal. Linearity is determined by
analyzing (in replicates) specimens
spanning the reportable range.
Guidelines for this determination are
outlined in the Clinical Laboratory
Improvement Amendments (CLIA)
guidelines for linearity.(Ref: Michael L.
Bishop Clinical Chemistry Eight Edition,
p. 1608)
48. It is first described in the early twentieth
century, is a benign autosomal recessive
hereditary disorder that affects approximately
5% of the US population.
a. Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
b. Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
c. Gilbert’s Syndrome
d. None of the above
Rationale:
Gilbert's syndrome, first described in the
early twentieth century, is a benign
autosomal recessive hereditary disorder
that affects approximately 5% of the US
population.5 Gilbert's syndrome results
from a genetic mutation in the UGT1A1
gene that produces the enzyme uridine
 diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase,  Clerical error- handwritten labels and
one of the enzymes important for requisition form.
bilirubin metabolism. (Ref: Michael L. 52. Strength of solvent remains constant during
Bishop Clinical Chemistry Eight Edition, separation.
p. 1278) a. Isocratic elution
b. Gradient elution
49. It is the ability of an analytical method to c. Socratic elution
measure the smallest concentration of the d. NOTA
analyte of interest. Rationale:
a. Sensitivity Isocratic elution: Strength of solvent remains
b. Specificity constant during separation.
c. Diagnostic sensitivity
d. Diagnostic specificity 53. Mass spectrometer components include:
Rationale: a. Ion source
 Sensitivity- measure smallest b. Vacuum system
concentration. c. Both are true
 Specificity- measure only the analyte of d. Both are false
interest. Rationale:
 Diagnostic sensitivity- detect the Mass spectrometer components include ion
proportion of individual with disease. source, vacuum system, analyzer, detector,
 Diagnostic specificity- detect the and computer.
proportion of individual without disease.
54. Samples enter the ion source and are
50. Missing laboratory result is an example of: bombarded by the ionization beam.
a. Pre-analytical error a. Mass spectrometry
b. Analytical error b. Ion source
c. Post-analytical error c. Mass spectrometer
d. None of the above d. NOTA
Rationale: Rationale:
 Pre analytical error- is an error before the Ion source: Samples enter the ion source
testing. and are bombarded by the ionization beam.
 Analytical error- is an error during the
testing. 55. Produces a signal for identification and
 Post analytical method- is an error after quantification of the solutes.
the testing. a. Detector
b. Columns
51. Type of error that varies from sample to c. Inert carrier gas
sample. d. NOTA
a. Clerical error Rationale:
b. Systematic error The detector produces a signal for
c. Random error identification and quantification of the
d. None of the above solutes.
Rationale:
56. Occurs when the primary problem causing
 Random error- sample to sample.
the jaundice resides in the liver (intrinsic liver
 Systematic error- calibration problems.
defect or disease).
a. Prehepatic Jaundice
 b. Hepatic Jaundice
c. Posthepatic Jaundice
d. All of the above
Rationale:
Hepatic jaundice occurs when the
primary problem causing the jaundice
resides in the liver (intrinsic liver defect
or disease). This intrinsic liver defect or
disease can be due to disorders of
bilirubin metabolism and transport
defects (Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Dubin-
Johnson syndrome, Gilbert's disease,
and neonatal physiologic jaundice of the
newborn) or due to diseases resulting in
hepatocellular injury or destruction.
57. It is an inorganic cofactors, such as chloride
or magnesium ions, are called?
a. Isoform
b. Cofactor
c. Activators
d. Zymogen
Rationale:
An isoform results when an enzyme is
subject to posttranslational modifications.
Isoenzymes and isoforms contribute to
heterogeneity in properties and function of
enzymes. In addition to the basic enzyme
structure, a nonprotein molecule, called a
cofactor, may be necessary for enzyme
activity. Inorganic cofactors, such as chloride
or magnesium ions, are called activators.
Some enzymes, mostly digestive enzymes,
are originally secreted from the organ of
production in a structurally inactive form,
called a proenzyme or zymogen. BISHOP,
M. L. (2018). CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:
PRINCIPLES, TECHNIQUES, and
CORRELATIONS. EIGTH EDITION.
WOLTERS KLUWER. pg. 677.
58. The most commonly used method to
measure tumor markers. There are many
advantages to this method, such as the
ability to automate testing and relative ease
of use.
a. Immunoassays
b. Linearity
c. Neoplasm
d. Oncogene
Rationale:
Immunoassays are the most commonly
used method to measure tumor markers.
There are many advantages to this
method, such as the ability to automate
testing and relative ease of use. Many
tumor markers are amenable to
automation and relatively rapid analysis
using large immunoassay or integrated
chemistry test platforms.
59. It is the ability of an analytical method to
measure only the analyte of interest.
a. Sensitivity
b. Specificity
c. Diagnostic sensitivity
d. Diagnostic specificity
Rationale:
 Sensitivity- measure smallest
concentration.
 Specificity- measure only the analyte of
interest.
 Diagnostic sensitivity- detect the
proportion of individual with disease.
 Diagnostic specificity- detect the
proportion of individual without disease.
60. Strength of solvent continually increases
(%/min) during separation.
a. Isocratic elution
b. Gradient elution
c. Socratic elution
d. NOTA
Rationale:
Gradient elution: Strength of solvent
continually increases (%/min) during
separation.
61. One of the objectives of QC is to check the
stability of the machines.
a. True
b. False
Rationale:
Objectives of Quality Control
 1. To check the stability of the a. Computer and software
machine. b. Unique spectrum
2. To check the quality of the c. Tandem mass spectrometers
reagent. d. NOTA
3. To check technical errors. Rationale:
Computer and software convert the
62. Prevents the collision of ions with other detector's signal to a digital form.
molecules when electronic or magnetic
separation is occurring. 66. It has a continuous etched rings on the top of
a. Ion source the pipet.
b. Vacuum system a. To deliver
c. Both are true b. To contain
d. Both are false c. Blow out
Rationale: d. Self-draining
Vacuum system: Prevents the collision of Rationale:
ions with other molecules when electronic or  Blow out- it has a continuous etched
magnetic separation is occurring rings on top of the pipet, exact volume is
obtained when last drop is blown out
63. Most of the laboratory errors occur in the pre-  Self-draining- absence of etched rings,
analytical stages and _________. drain by gravity
a. Pre-analytical stages
b. Analytical stages 67. Wavelength of visible spectrum.
c. Post-analytical stages a. 400-700nm
d. None of the above b. <400nm
Rationale: c. >700nm
In one study, error rates were reported to d. None of the above
range from 0.05 to 0.61%, and the Rationale:
distribution of errors among the testing  Visible spectrum- 400-700nm
stages was similar. With most (32-75%)  Ultraviolet region- <400
occurring in pre and post analytic stage and  Infrared region- >700
far fewer (13-32%) in the analytic stage.
68. Used to measure the increase in
64. Is a beam-type analyzer, where mass-to- conductivity.
charge ratios are scanned during a a. Electrophoresis
prescribed time period to form a mass b. Amperometry
spectrum. c. Support medium
a. Vacuum system d. NOTA
b. Quadrupole Rationale:
c. Beam-type Amperometry is used to measure the
d. NOTA increase in conductivity
Rationale:
Quadrupole is a beam-type analyzer, where 69. Wavelength of uv region.
mass-to-charge ratios are scanned during a a. 400-700nm
prescribed time period to form a mass b. <400nm
spectrum. c. >700nm
d. None of the above
65. Convert the detector's signal to a digital form.
Rationale: b. Negative predictive value
 Visible spectrum- 400-700nm c. Both
 Ultraviolet region- <400 d. Neither
 Infrared region- >700 Rationale:
 Positive predictive value- positive test
70. Main cause of trend who truly have a disease
a. Random errors  Negative predictive value- negative who
b. Systematic errors are truly without disease.
c. Deterioration of reagents
d. Improper calibration of the 74. All are transfer pipet, except:
instrument a. Volumetric pipet
Rationale: b. Ostwald folin
 Trend- Deterioration of reagents c. Pasteur pipet
 Shift- Improper calibration of the d. Mohr pipet
instrument Rationale:
 Outliers- Random and systematic errors Transfer Pipet:
 Volumetric pipet
71. Random and systematic errors are the main  Ostwald folin
cause of:  Pasteur pipet
a. Trend  Automatic marco or micropipettes
b. Shift
c. Outliers 75. It delivers exact amount it holds into a
d. None of the above container.
Rationale: a. To deliver
 Trend- Deterioration of reagents b. To contain
 Shift- Improper calibration of the c. Blow out
instrument d. Self-draining
 Outliers- Random and systematic errors Rationale:
To deliver- delivers exact amount
72. All are graduated or measuring pipet, except: To contain- holds exact volume
a. Serologic pipet Blow out- exact volume is obtained when
b. Mohr pipet last drop is blown out
c. Bacteriologic pipet Self-draining- drain by gravity
d. Automatic micropipettes
Rationale:
Graduated or Measuring Pipet: 76. What is the light source of fluorometry?
 Serologic pipet a. Mecury arc
 Mohr pipet b. Photomultiplier tube
 Bacteriologic pipet c. Phototube
 Ball pipet d. All of the above
 Kolmer pipet Rationale:
 Kahn pipet  Light source: Mercury arc or xenon lamp
 Light detector: Photomultiplier tube or
73. Probability that a positive test indicates phototube
disease.
a. Positive predictive value
77. One minute application of torniquet is reference ranges are subject to variation,
recommended. depending on the method used and the
a. True assay conditions.
b. False
Rationale: 81. Catalyze the interconversion of geometric,
One minute application of torniquet is optical, or positional isomers.
recommended and prolonged use of a. Isomerases
torniquet with fist exercises can increase the b. Ligases
serum potassium level. c. Oxidoreductases
d. Transferases
78. Fasting for 72 hours may result to increase of Rationale
_____________ in males.  Isomerases - Catalyze the
a. Glucose interconversion of geometric, optical,
b. Ketones or positional isomers
c. Plasma triglyceride  Ligases - Catalyze the joining of two
d. None of the above substrate molecules, coupled with
Rationale: breaking of the pyrophosphate bond
Fasting for 72 hours can cause an increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or a
of plasma triglyceride in males while glucose similar compound.
decreases in healthy women to 45mg/dl.  Oxidoreductases - Catalyze an
oxidation–reduction reaction
between two substrates.
79. When the patient is sleeping, it is okay to  Transferases - Catalyze the transfer
collect blood from them. of a group other than hydrogen from
a. True one substrate to another.
b. False
Rationale: 82. What enzyme forms a complete and active
system?
Patient must be awakened before blood a. Isoenzyme
collection. b. Coenzyme
c. Apoenzyme
d. Holoenzyme
80. What is the reference range of total CK for Ratonale:
CK-MB? The term isoenzyme is generally used
a. 46–171 U/L (37°C) when discussing such enzymes;
b. 34–145 U/L (37°C) however, the International Union of
c. <5% total CK Biochemistry (IUB) suggests restricting
d. >5% total CK this term to multiple forms of genetic
Rationale: origin. A coenzyme is an organic
Male = 46–171 U/L (37°C) cofactor, such as nicotinamide adenine
Female = 34–145 U/L (37°C) dinucleotide (NAD). When bound tightly
CK-MB: <5% total CK to the enzyme, the coenzyme is called a
The higher values in males are attributed prosthetic group. The enzyme portion
to increased muscle mass. Note that (apoenzyme), with its respective
enzyme coenzyme, forms a complete and active
system, a holoenzyme.
83. Catalyze the transfer of a group other than d. >5% total CK
hydrogen from one substrate to another Rationale:
a. Oxidoreductases Male = 46–171 U/L (37°C)
b. Transferases Female = 34–145 U/L (37°C) CK-MB:
c. Hydrolases
d. Lyases The higher values in males are attributed
Rationale: to increased muscle mass. Note that
Oxidoreductases - Catalyze an enzyme reference ranges are subject to
oxidation–reduction reaction between variation, depending on the method used
two substrates. Transferases - Catalyze and the assay conditions.
the transfer of a group other than
hydrogen from one substrate to another.
86. Some enzymes, mostly digestive enzymes,
Hydrolases - Catalyze hydrolysis of
are originally secreted from the organ of
various bonds.
production in a structurally inactive form,
Lyases - Catalyze removal of groups
called a proenzyme or?
from substrates without hydrolysis; the
a. ISOFORM
product contains double bonds.
b. COFACTOR
c. ACTIVATORS
84. Catalyze the joining of two substrate
d. ZYMOGEN
molecules, coupled with breaking of the
Rationale:
pyrophosphate bond in adenosine
An isoform results when an enzyme is
triphosphate (ATP) or a similar compound.
subject to posttranslational modifications.
a. Isomerases
Isoenzymes and isoforms contribute to
b. Ligases
heterogeneity in properties and function
c. Oxidoreductases
of enzymes. In addition to the basic
d. Transferases
enzyme structure, a nonprotein
Rationale:
molecule, called a cofactor, may be
Isomerases - Catalyze the
necessary for enzyme activity. Inorganic
interconversion of geometric, optical, or
cofactors, such as chloride or
positional isomers.
magnesium ions, are called activators.
Ligases - Catalyze the joining of two
Some enzymes, mostly digestive
substrate molecules, coupled with
enzymes, are originally secreted from the
breaking of the pyrophosphate bond in
organ of production in a structurally
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or a
inactive form, called a proenzyme or
similar compound.
zymogen.
Oxidoreductases - Catalyze an
oxidation–reduction reaction between
87. What is the reference range of total CK for
two substrates.
female?
Transferases - Catalyze the transfer of a
a. 46–171 U/L (37°C)
group other than hydrogen from one
b. 34–145 U/L (37°C)
substrate to another.
c. <5% total CK
d. >5% total CK
85. What is the reference range of total CK for
Rationale:
male?
Male = 46–171 U/L (37°C) Female = 34–
a. 46–171 U/L (37°C)
145 U/L (37°C) CK-MB: <5% total CK
b. 34–145 U/L (37°C)
The higher values in males are attributed
c. <5% total CK to increased muscle mass. Note that
 enzyme reference ranges are subject to FBS should be obtained from an 8-10
variation, depending on the method used hours fasting sample. In terms of glucose
and the assay conditions. levels , blood glucose are higher in
capillary than in venous but blood
88. Catalyze an oxidation–reduction reaction
between two substrates. glucose in arterial are higher than in
a. Oxidoreductases venous.
b. Transferases
c. Hydrolases 91. First protein marker to be detected in acute
d. Lyases myocardial infection
Rationale: a. Trop I
Oxidoreductases - Catalyze an oxidation– b. Myoglobin
reduction reaction between two substrates. c. BNP
Transferases - Catalyze the transfer of a d. Cystatin C
group other than hydrogen from one Rationale
substrate to another.  Myoglobin is first protein marker for
Hydrolases - Catalyze hydrolysis of various the early detection of AMI that is
bonds. increased in 2-3 hours of onset and
Lyases - Catalyze removal of groups from peak at 8-10 hours.
substrates without hydrolysis; the product  Trop I – Marker for acute coronary
contains double bonds. syndrome
 BNP – Marker for Congestive heart
89. What is the reference range of total CK for failure
male?  Cystatin C – Marker for kidney
function (GFR) and endogenous
a. 46–171 U/L (37°C) renal.
b. 34–145 U/L (37°C)
c. <5% total CK
92. All of the following are major lipoprotein
d. >5% total CK
except:
Rationale:
a. Chylomicrons
\Male = 46–171 U/L (37°C)
b. VLDL
Female = 34–145 U/L (37°C)
c. HDL and LDL
CK-MB: <5% total CK
d. Beta VLDL
Rationale
The higher values in males are attributed to
 Major Lipoproteins are
increased muscle mass. Note that
Chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL and LDL.
enzymereference ranges are subject to
variation, depending on the method used and  Minor Lipoproteins are IDL and
the assayconditions LP(A)
 Abnormal Lipoprotein are LPX and
90. Fasting blood glucose should be obtained B-VLDL
from:
a. 8-12 hours 93. Fibrinogen belongs to what protein fraction
b. 10-12 hours a. A1 globulin
c. 6-12 hours b. A2 globulin
d. 8-10 hours c. Beta globulin
Rationale d. Gamma globulin
Rationale
A1 globulin includes AAT, AFP, A1-acid-
glycoprotein and A1 antichymotrypsin.
A2 globulin includes Ceruloplasmin,
Haptoglobin and A2 macroglobulin
Beta globulin: CRP, Fibrinogen,
Hemopexin and Transferrin/Siderophilin.
Gamma globulin – immunoglobulins
94. True or False: The most commonly used
clearance test is Creatinine Clearance Test.
a. True
b. False
Rationale
Creatinine Clearance Test
 Most commonly used clearance test
 Creatinine is a waste product of
muscle metabolism that is produced
enzymatically by creatine
phosphokinase from creatine, which
links with ATP to produce ADP and
energy.
95. True or false: Clearance test is the best
indicator for over all glomerular function
a. True
b. False
c. Neither
Rationale
Clearance test is the best indicator for
over all glomerular function. It isnthe
removal of substance from plasma into
urine over a fixed time.
96. Deficiency of phenyalanine hydrolase which
have musty odor in urine and phenylpyruvic
acid in blood and urine.
a. Alkaptonuria
b. Homocystinuria
c. Tyrosinemia
d. Phenylketonuria
Rationale
Alkaptonuria
 Absence of homogentisate oxidase
in tyrosine pathway
Homocystinuria
 Impaired activity of cystathionine B-
synthetase
Tyrosinemia
 Deficiency of either of these
enzymes tyrosine aminotransferase,
4 -hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
oxidase, fumarylacetoacetate.
Phenylketonuria
 Def of phenylalanie hydrolase
 Phenylpyruvic acid in both blood and
urine
 Musty odor urine
97. A pregnant woman has a decreased level of
alpha-1-fetoprotein. This may indicate that
the baby has
a. Nephrotic syndrome
b. Neonatal bacterial infection
c. Neural tube defect
d. Down syndrome
Rationale
 Nephrotic syndrome decreased level
in Albumin
 Neonatal bacterial infection
increased level in A1-acid-
glycoprotein.
 Neural tube defect increased level in
AFP
 Down syndrome decreased level in
AFP
98. Proteins are different from lipids and
carbohydrates because they contain?
a. Nitrogen
b. Hydrogen
c. Oxygen
d. Carbon
Rationale
Carbohydrates and Lipids are composed
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Proteins are also composed of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen but with
NITROGEN.
99. Carbohydrates are water insoluble and are
not important source of energy for the body’s
mechanisms.
a. Only the first statement is correct
b. Only the second state is correct
c. Both statement is correct
d. Both statement is incorrect
Rationale
Carbohydrates are water soluble and are
important source of energy for the body’s
mechanisms. It is composed of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.

100. What is the building blocks of lipids?

a. Triglycerides
b. Fatty Acids
c. Cholesterol
d. Phospholipids
Rationale
 Triglycerides – main storage form of lipid
 Fatty Acids – building blocks of lipid
 Cholesterol – not a source of fuel and
Constituent of cell membranes and
precursor of some hormones.
 Phospholipids – most abundant lipid