Summa Theologica

-Eternal Law
-Divine Law
-only matters if the law is approaching utilitas publicas
-derived from the divine law
-if the law does not approach the divine law, its not for the common good
=pansin ang laws, have biblical roots derivation towards eternal law/divine law
representatoin of eternal law
=Keep in mind, when deciding to change or remove or constancy of law, don’t do it
by whim but makes you closer to eternal law of god

=Virtuous Living Man

-must understand, it’s a balance of things
-earthly goods is good but not good enough
-which is why church if far more important to
-to be closer with god, need the guidance of the church to achieve heavenly
goods
=attain earthyly goods, but not enough
=have reason with faith to achieve the common good

Contextualizing Renaissance
-Rebirth
-Age of Rebirth (Era Awareness)
-aware of knowledge thinking
-brand themselves
-acknowledging that we accumulate knowledge
-but how do differentiate

Zeitgist
-awareness of the time, spirit

-Secularism (Searching for New Ideas)

-less attach to the church
-influence of church became less

-Mea Culpa
=2000s
-St. Pope John Paul the 2nd
-We are Sorry, culpable
-The church's sins.
-Open apology of the Church
-For the Church is a double-edged sword
-Humanity: consequence of sins to punishment and partial rememdy

-Humanism (Universal Man)

-thus, competence of man,
-individual power of man
-empowers us

Retrospect:
-this can be toxic
-if we only focus on competence, we might slip over the slippery slope
of "Uselessness" of worth
-worth based on utility
-Jack of All Trades, Master of None, wag
-our passion, aspiration, we follow but no need to be perfect

Niccolo Machiavelli
 The Prince
-maintain and keep power
-power for

Discourse on Livy
-maintain people

What did Machiavelli learn?

=Dualities
-coexists
-Lion and the Fox
=Lion: Decisive
=Fox: Be aware of surroundings.
-Virtu and Fortuna
=Virtu: Political effectiveness
-not virtue which are traits
-about ability to make political decisions
-capable of sustaining your power
=Fortuna: luck
-Practice political virtue

-Love (Morality) and Fear (Hatred)

-if you cannot be have both, then safer to be feared
-why? Because people follow cruelty
-don’t want hatred
-Inaction is futile
-What you want as leader is respect, because what you want
is trust

-The Means and the Ends

-machiavelli never said that the "the ends justify the
means"
-the original italian talked about "la escusa" instead of
"la justificare"
-different nuances

Raison d'etat (Reason of the State)

-Political realism in the pursuit of power
-Religion of Liberty (civic virtues and active agency "over" church)
-Machievalli not over but more about the institution of the church
-State gives freedom, therefore, give back to the state
-Civic Virtue: we have rights but with obligations
-Rule of Amorality (separation of politics and ethics + political optics)
-learning virtues are good
-good to appear nice

Republican Trust and Citizenship

-goal as political leader is to build trust with the people

Mercenary: Loyalty to the highest bidder

-cannot trust mercenaries
-someone richer you have a problem

Auxiliary: ally
-armies of other's countries
-cannot trust them because if you become their enemy
-fixated on their own, they will not be loyal to you
 Armed Citizenry:
-the only people you can trust
-give them a reason to fight for the state
-the state is worth fighting for
-Nobles: insatiable
-Trust the citizen

Human Perfectibility: pessimism and optimism for humanity

-balance out reality that people can be evil
-balance change
-that should not stop us from empowerment

Critique:
-We are not purely just beasts
-Filled with agenda
-No strings attached = not true
=No free lunch
-Actual virtuous
-The Prince focuses on how to lead and political virtue: but how about
the institutions
-talk about the President's function
-role of the president's office
-upholding virtues and values
-Office is a structure, a instititution of power
-The Leader is the personality
-talk about the executive branch as a whole
-Power is not just based on agency but institutionalizable

-Power as the Ultimate End (?)

-maybe it's towards trust
-maybe it is the means

Quick Review:
-highlights the balancing act of being loved and hated by people
-related to chain of obligation
-wehere political decisions will have ethical dilemma
-indecision - instability - chaos
-so make decision
-depending on the situation
-if you are feared, such a way that if he does not gain love, he avoids
hatred
-have to be balancing that

Soc Sci 2 is not math but a summary table, there's no proof only a way
of showing the class that you can be creative

Essence: