WATER CHEMISTRY IN POWER

PLANT

1 December 15, 2021

 WATER CHEMISTRY IN POWER
PLANT

WATER CHEMISTRY IS A VERY IMPORTANT

DISCIPLINE IN POWER SECTOR.

TO ACHIEVE HIGHER OPERATION

EFFICIENCY AND TO REDUCE PLANT
DOWNTIME, HIGH WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS ARE TO BE MAINTAINED

2 December 15, 2021

 WATER CHEMISTRY IN
POWER PLANT

⚫ PRODUCTION OF : -
--- D.M. WATER FOR BOILER MAKE-UP.
--- FILTER WATER FOR SOFTENING PLANT, D.M.
PLANT, DRINKING WATER AND A.C. COOLING
SYSTEM.
⚫ MONITORING OF STEAM/ WATER PARAMETERS
⚫ H.P./L.P. DOSING.
⚫ TESTING OF COAL.
⚫ TESTING OF LUB OIL.

3 December 15, 2021

 WATER CHEMISTRY IN
POWER PLANT

⚫ CIRCULATING WATER TREATMENT

⚫ POLLUTION MONITORING
– STACK MONITORING
– AMBIENT AIR
– WATER EFFLUENT
⚫ EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
⚫ COMMISSIONING ACTIVITES

4 December 15, 2021

 WATER FLOW DIAGRAM

RAW CLARIFLOCC GRAVITY

WATER ULATOR FILTER

D.M. BOILER
U/G STORAGE PLANT MAKEUP
TANK
SOFTENING C.W.
PLANT MAKEUP

DRINKING COOLING
WATER WATER

5 December 15, 2021

 D.M. PLANT

WEAK STRONG
ACF ACID ACID
CATION CATION DEGASSER

WEAK STRONG MIXED D.M.

BASE BASE BED WATER
ANION ANION STORAGE
TANK

6 December 15, 2021

 D.M. WATER QUALITY

⚫ pH - 7.0 ± 0.2
⚫ CONDUCTIVITY < 0.1  mho
⚫ TDS - NIL
⚫ SiO2 < 20 ppb

7 December 15, 2021

 WATER STEAM CYCLE
(GAS PROJECT)
L.P. DOSING

D.M. WATER RFT CONDENSER D/A

LP TURBINE LP STEAM LP BOILER

LP BFP
H.P. DOSING

HP TURBINE HP STEAM HP BOILER

HP BFP
8 December 15, 2021
 WATER STEAM CYCLE
(THERMAL PROJECT)

HYDRAZINE AMMONIA
DOSING DOSING

CEP

D.M. WATER CST CONDENSER D/A

TURBINE STEAM BOILER

BFP
T.S.P. DOSING

9 December 15, 2021

 WATER/STEAM CHEMISTRY

PARAMETERS MONITORED
– pH
– Silica
– Conductivity
– After Cation Conductivity
– Dissolved Oxygen
– Sodium
– Copper
– Iron

10 December 15, 2021

 WATER QUALITY

⚫ FEED WATER
– ACC <0.2 uS/cm
– pH 8.8-9.2
– Total Iron+Copper <0.02 ppm
– Silica <0.02 ppm
– Dissolved Oxygen <7 ppb

11 December 15, 2021

 WATER QUALITY

⚫ CONDENSATE WATER
– ACC <0.2 uS/cm

– pH 8.8-9.2

– Silica <0.02 ppm

– Dissolved Oxygen <40 ppb

12 December 15, 2021

 WATER QUALITY

⚫ BOILER WATER
– Conductivity <30 uS/cm

– pH 9.2-9.6

– Silica <0.300 ppm

– Phosphate 2-4 ppm

13 December 15, 2021

 WATER QUALITY

⚫ STEAM
– ACC <0.2 uS/cm
– pH 8.8-9.2
– Total Iron+Copper <0.02 ppm
– Silica <0.02 ppm
– Sodium <10 ppb

14 December 15, 2021

 DISTRIBUTION RATIO BETWEEN
STEAM & BOILER WATER AT pH 9.5

Drum Pressure Silica in Boiler Water

194 Kg/Cm2 130 ppb
176 Kg/Cm2 220 ppb
159 Kg/Cm2 290 ppb
134 Kg/Cm2 500 ppb
117 Kg/Cm2 1000 ppb
100 Kg/Cm2 2220 ppb
65 Kg/Cm2 4000 ppb --
Boiller Drum Pressure is to be maintined as
such,Silica value in Main Steam maintain
15 bellow 20December
ppb. 15, 2021
 PARTITION COEFFICIENT AT
DIFFERENT PRESSURES

100

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6

10-7

226 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 50 40 30

PRESSURE ( BAR)
16 December 15, 2021
 SOURCES OF IMPURITIES IN STEAM

⚫ By evaporation from the boiler drum

⚫ By entrainment of boiler water droplets in
saturated steam.
⚫ As impurity present in feed water used in de-
super heater spray.

17 December 15, 2021

 EFFECTS OF SILICA

⚫ Silica has high partition coefficient, so it has

tendency to deposit from steam onto turbine.

⚫ Silica can deposit on turbine blades specially

on LP turbine, which can lead to significant
loss of output.

18 December 15, 2021

 H.P. DOSING

COORDINATED PHOSPHATE CONTROL

Na3PO4+H2O Na2HPO4 + NaOH

Na2HPO4+H2O NaH2PO4 + NaOH
NaOH + HCl (As Impurity) NaCl + H2O

19 December 15, 2021

 L.P.DOSING

AMMONIA & HYDRAZINE HYDRATE DOSING

AMMONIA IS USED TO INCREASE THE

pH OF THE SYSTEM AND HYDRAZINE
IS USED TO REMOVE THE OXYGEN
N2H4 + O2 N2 + H2O
3N2H4 4NH3 + N2

20 December 15, 2021

 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF GENERATOR
STATOR WATER COOLING CIRCUITS

GENERATOR STATOR COOLANT

--- D.M. WATER
STATOR WATER PARAMETER TO BE MAINTAINED
- pH 6.8 + .2
-K < 1.0 µs/cm
- Copper < 50 PPb
- D.O. < 10 PPb in low D.O. regime
2.0 to 5.0 PPM in high D.O.
regime

21 December 15, 2021

 CORROSION OF COPPER

There are two methods where the copper is

best passivated and minimum corrosion is
found.
1. Low dissolved oxygen regime.
2. High dissolved oxygen regime.

22 December 15, 2021

 LOW D.O. REGIME

- Limits below 10 PPb

With low D.O. concentration, copper

corrosion is inhibited by a passive film of
Cuprous Oxide(Cu2O).

23 December 15, 2021

 HIGH D.O. REGIME

- Limits 2 to 5 PPM

With high D.O. concentration, copper

corrosion is inhibited by a passive film of
Cupric Oxide(CuO).

24 December 15, 2021

25 December 15, 2021