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uRefawmfu wdkuf½dkufrajzbJ rkom;rygatmifjyefíajymvdkuf&onf/ ,if;odkYajymNyD;onfESifh AD½dkudkzGifhí

uRefawmfht0wftpm;rsm;udk xkwfNyD;c&D;oGm;vufqGJaowåmxJodkY t0wftpm;rsm;udkxnfhvdkufonf/
me
rcia
][ . . rif; b,foGm;rvdkYvJuG}
l us
]we*FaEGausmif;ydwf&uf tdrfjyefrvdkY}
eo
vSxl;onf uRefawmfvufESpfzufudk qkyfudkifNyD; rsufESmcsKdaoG;um toem;cHavonf/

f th
is b
]'DrSm oli,fcsif;? rif;tdrfjyefvdkY&dS&if rif;r,fawmfBuD;qDu aiGuav; ydkydkrdkrdkqGJvmNyD; ighudkracs;Ekdifbl;

vm;uGm? igom;arG;ukwftusÐ0,fcsifvdkYyg}
o ok
wil
][aumif&? 'DacwfrSm om;arG;tusÐb,frSm0,fvdkY&rSmvJuG}

l be
]tdkuGm . . &Sm&if&ygw,f? ta&;BuD;wmuaiGyg}

at y
]at;av . . rif;vdkcsifwm wpfckckawmh jzpf&rSmayghuGm}

our
uRefawmfu ya[VdqHqH t"dyÜm,ftrsKd;rsKd;ygaom pum;udk ajymvdkufNyD; om;a&aowåmxJodkY

ow
t0wfwpfxnfudk aemufqHk;xnfhNyD;ydwfvdkufavonf/
nr
isk
_________________
wevFmaeY eHeufwGif uRefawmf tdrfujyefa&mufvmNyD; 1925 ckESpfavmufu uRefawmfhzcif0wfaom

tarG;pkwfzGm;ESifhom;arG;ukwftusÐudk om;a&tdwfxJu xkwfí vSxl;udkjyvdkuf\/
]tyfcsavmif;}
vSxl;onf om;arG;ukwftusÐudkjrif&onfESifh ][dkif; . . &Sm;Amhpf} [k 0rf;omtm;& qdkjrnfwrf;vdkuf

avonf/
olonfom;arG;ukwftusÐudk vSrf;,lí olYudk,fwGifuyfum ayGYydkuf&if; ][dkif; . . &Sm;Amhpf} [k xyfí
qdkjyefonf/
]'DtusÐ rif;oabmus&JYvm;}
]usrSus . . aumif;rSaumif;}
olonf ukwftusÐudk olYudkrSrcGmbJayGYydkufxm;&if; uvDurmrsufvHk;rsm;jzifh uRefawmfhudk pdkufMunfh

avonf/
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]uJ . . ajymprf;? 'DtusÐtwGuf rif;udk igbmay;&rvJ}

om
]rif; . . r'Duav; ighay;aygh}

me
rcia
uRefawmfu pum;udk ed'gef;rysKd;? wefqmrqifbJ a[ma[m'dkif;'dkif;ajymcsvdkufavonf/

l us
]oufoufcdkifudkvm;}
eo
olYtoHrSm wkef,ifaeonf/
f th
is b
]rif; . . oufoufcdkifudk vdkcsifw,fvm;}

o
ok
]at; . . [kwfw,f}
wil
olonf ukwftusÐudk olYudk,frScGmí ypfay;vdkuf&if; . . ]b,fawmhrS r&bl;} [k rmrmwif;wif;jyefí

l be
ajymvdkufonf/
at y
uRefawmfu ycHk;udkwGefY? rsufESmudkrJh? vuf0g;ESpfzufjzefYjyum ]'guawmh armif&ifhoabmyJ? qefay;rS

our
aq;&r,fhOpöm? rvdkcsifvJ aeaygh} [k ajymvdkuf&\/

ow
xdkodkYajymvdkufonfhtwGuf olYpdwfxJwGif rnfodkY&dSrnfudk uRefawmfod&ef ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;ay:wGif

nr
xdkifí pmtkyfudkzwf½Iae[efaqmifum rsufESmudkpmtkyfESifhuG,fNyD; olYudkwaphwapmif; acsmif;íMunfhae

rd\/ olYudkawGY&onfrSm tawmfyif rcsdwifuJ jzpfyHkay:aeonf/ olonf q&mawmfbk&m; bkOf;ay;
isk
ay;aeonfh 0ufom;eD? oHk;xyfom;udk oGm;a&wrsm;rsm;ESifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;om; ai;ajr§mfMunfhovdk

om;arG;tusÐudkMunfhvdkuf ][,f . . 'gBuD;udk bmvkyf&rSmvJ} [k tHcJNyD; rsufESmvTJvdkuf? aemufwpfcsD
jyefMunfhNyD; w½dIufrufrufjzpfaevdkuf? jyefvSnfhoGm;vdkuf? aemufwpfcg jyefMunfhvdkuf vSnfhoGm;vdkuf
ESifh jzpfae\/
xdkodkYMunfhvdkuf? vSnfhvkdufESifh vkyfae&mwGif tMunfhwGif wpfcgxufwpfcg rufarmrIwdk;vmNyD;

rsufESmvTJ&mwGif pdwfxJu wif;rmrI wpfpxufwpfp aysmhnHhvm\/
aemufqHk;tacgufwGif olonf vHk;vkH;rsufESmvTJroGm;awmhbJ pyg;BuD;a>r tñd§KYcH&onfhacsoli,fuJhodkY

rvIyfr,Suf? rufrufarmarm rsufaMumrjywf Munfhaerdavawmh\/
xdkYaemuf olYyg;pyfrS vnfacsmif;arS;uyfaeonfhtoHrsKd; xGufay:vmavonf/
]oufoufcdkifudk ighpdwfxJrSm cspfaewm [kwfcsifrS[kwfrSmygav? wu,fawmhigwdkYvJ twnftwHh

oGm;vmaeMu? [kd'if;? 'D'if;vkyfaeMuwmrS r[kwfbJ[m}
]at;aygh? 'grsKd;yJ jzpfrSmaygh}
uRefawmfu tqif;wGef;vdkufavonf/
]wu,fawmh oufoufcdkif[m ightzdkYbmvJ? iguawmh olYtzdkYbmvJ? bmrSrvJbl;? bmrSr[kwfbl;

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[kwfvm;? wu,fawmh 'gawG[m oGm;&if; rawmfwq0ifNyD; cvkwfwdkufrdwmrsKd;yg? NyD;awmhvJ

om
NyD;wmygyJ}
me
][m . . 'godyfrSefwmaygh}
rcia
uRefawmfu olYudkaxmufcHNyD; ]'DukwftusÐvJ 0wfMunfhprf;ygOD; oli,fcsif;&m} [k qdkum tusÐudk

l us
vSrf;ay;vdkuf\/
eo
vSxl;onf [efvkyfraebJ aumufNyD;pGyfvdkuf\/ ukwftusÐonf tay:ydkif;u em;&Gufaemufa&muf

f th
onfhtxd ukyfydk;axmufaeNyD; atmufydkif;u ajczsm;xdí aeavonf/ olYudkMunfh&onfrSm 0efBuD;

is b
tusÐ0wfxm;aom vljyufESifhwlaeonf/
o ok
oluawmh ausauseyfeyfBuD;NyHK;um ]wdkif;&ufwJh . . yuúvm . . rdk;&GmwmeJY toifhqdkovdk

wil
ighudk,feJYawmh zpfzpfazmf . . azmfazmfzpf aewmyJ} [k qdk\/

l be
onfwGif uRefawmf ukvm;xdkifay:rS xvdkufonf/ NyD;vQif uRefawmhvufudk qefYwef;íay;um

at y
]'Dvdkqdk&if tay;t,lwnfhNyDaygh} [k ajymMunfhonf/

our
olu wHawG;udk tEkdifEkdifrsKdum ]tay;t,lwnfhNyD} [k qdkvsuf uRefawmfhvufudkqGJíqkyfudkifNyD;

vIyfvkdufonf/ aemufaeYwGif uRefawmfESifhoufoufcdkifwdkY pHkwGJckwfMu&avonf/ xdkodkY olESifh
ow
yxrqHk;awGYqHkjcif;rSm olYudkavhvm&efESifh tuJcwf&ef oufoufrQomjzpfygonf/ uRefawmfonf olYudk

nr
uRefawmfvkdcsifonfh tqifhtwef;odkYa&mufatmif rnfrQBudK;yrf;&rnfudk od&efvdkonf r[kwfygavm/

isk
yxrOD;qHk;olYudk [dkw,fwpfckwGif aeYv,fpmpm;&ef ac:oGm;ygonf/ [dkw,futxGufwGif olu

]'D[dkw,frSmpm;&wm odyfaumif;? t&rf;aumif;} [k qdkonf/ onfhaemuf ½kyf&SifodkYac:oGm;onf/
½kyf&Sif½HkutxGufwGif olu ]'D½Hkuawmh 'dyfyJ? *&dwfyJ} [kcsD;usL;avonf/ xdkYaemuf
olYudktrsKd;orD;aqmifodkY ta&mufvkdufNyD;ydkYvkdufonf/ uRefawmfuolYudkEIwfqufNyD; jyefrnftjyKwGif
olu ]'DaeYawmh tm;BuD;aysmf? trsm;BuD;aysmf} [k ol\cHpm;rIudk xkwfazmfajymygonf/
xdkYaemufuRefawmfonf pdwfav;av;jzifh uRefawmhftcef;odkYjyefvmcJh\/ uRefawmfhtzdkYrSm txifESifh

tjrifvGJaeavNyD/ uRefawmfxrf;&Guf&rnfh wm0ef\yrmPESifhBuD;av;rIudk uRefawmfavQmhNyD; wGufcJhrd
onf/ olESifh ,ckvdk ezl;awGY'l;awGY awGY&awmhrSyif ol\todynmacgif;yg;rIESifh aygh&Twf&Twfajymqdk
wwfonfh 0oDygaeNcif;udk tHhMoavmufatmif awGY&ayawmhonf/
onftwdkif;qdkvQif olYudk todynmA[kokw jynhf0atmif jyKvkyfay;&½HkESifh NyD;rnfr[kwf/ tjrif
us,fatmif? awG;wwfatmifac:wwfatmif t&ifOD;pGm oifay;&efvdkavonf/ þwm0efrSm rao;i,f?
rEkdifreif;aqmif&Guf&rnfh udpöBuD;wpfck jzpfaeav&m yxraomf uRefawmfonf olYudkvSxl;vufodkY
jyefítyfcsifpdwfjzpfrdonf/ odkYaomf ol\jzLjzLazG;azG; a&aq;ig;ozG,f t,fíaeaom udk,fum,
tvSESifh [eftrlt&mwdkYu olYudkpdwfrysufEkdifatmif uRefawmfhtm; zrf;pm;xm;av&m olYudk uRefawmf
vkdcsifovdk rjzpfjzpfatmif yHkoGif;&ef pdwfESvHk;udk 'kef;'kef;csvdkufrdygawmhonf/
onfawmh uRefawmfbmvkyf&rnfenf;/ uRefawmfonf þudpöudk tEkvHky#dvHk pOf;pm;vdkufonfhtcg

]tvdr®mpmrSm&dSonf} qdkaom pum;onf uRefawmf\acgif;xJwGif ay:vmavonf/ uRefawmfonf
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm Oya'ynmudkoif,laeoljzpfaomfvnf; pmay? uAsm? tvuFmwGif rsm;pGm
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0goemxkHol wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ausmif;r*¾Zif;ESifheH&Huyfpmapmifrsm;wGif uAsmawmfawmfrsm;rsm; 0ifa&muf

om
a&;om;cJhzl;ygonf/ uAsLya'ownf; [laom uAsmenf;? qef;enf;wdkYudkvnf; tawmfuav;

ESYHESHYpyfpyf wD;rd? acgufrd&dSygonf/
me
rcia
odkYjzpf&m oufoufcdkiftaMumif;udk pOf;pm;vdkufonfhtcg uAsmwGifa'gownf;[laom tjypftqmrsm;

&dSovdk vlwdkYwGifvnf; tjypftqmrsm; &dSwwfMuonfudk EIdif;,SOfMunfhrdavonf/ uAsmwGif
l us
a'gouif;vQif *kPf&oajrmufovdk vlwGifvnf; tjypftqmuif;vQif aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESihf

jynfhpHkavonf/ xdkaMumifh oufoufcdkiftm; tvdr®mynm wdk;wufvmatmif uAsm? vuFmenf;jzifh
eo
jyKjyif,l&ef uRefawmf qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/

f th
is b
aemufwpfBudrf oufoufcdkifESifhcsdef;&mwGif ]'Dnae oufoufeJYudk,feJY uefapmif;oGm;NyD; pum;ajymMu

&atmifvm;} [k tqdkjyKvkduf&\/
o ok
wil
]tdk . . oufoufwkdYu uefapmif;qdk&if tBudKufAvdkufaygh}

l be
oufoufcdkifESifhywfoufvdkY uRefawmfajymvdkwm wpfck&dSyg\/ onf[muawmh olYvdkazmfa&Gonfh

at y
rdef;uav;rsKd;udk urÇmukefus,foa&GY &SmvdkYjzifh rawGYEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf/

our
naebufwGif olESifhuRefawmf tif;vsm;uefapmif;rSm awGYMuygonf/ ]oufoufwkdY bmtaMumif;

ajymMurvdkYvJ} oluar;onf/ ]a'gotaMumif;} [k uRefawmfhtajzaMumihf olrsufvHk;jyL;oGm;onf/
ow
nr
]udk,fuvJuG,f bkef;BuD;vJr[kwfbJeJY? bmjyKvdkY a'goarm[taMumif;ajymcsif&wmvJ? ysif;p&mBuD;}

isk
]r[kwfygbl;? udk,fajymcsifwJh a'gou uAsm? vuFmxJrSmygwJha'gotaMumif;yg? tJ'DtaMumif;udk

em;vnfxm;&if uAsmudkydkifydkifEkdifEkdifpyfwwfw,f? pma&;wJhtcgrSm pmacsmw,f? pum;ajym&rSmvnf;
ajyjypfw,f? tESpfom&ygw,f}
oufoufcdkifonf wpfrdepfavmuf pOf;pm;aeNyD;rS qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkuf\/
]atm½dkuf oabmBudKuf}
]uJ . . em;axmif}
uRefawmfuvnf; acsmif;udk wpfcsuf[efYíU&Sif;NyD; pum;pygawmhonf/
]uAsm? vuFmrSm ravsmfwJhpum;vHk;? roHk;tyfwJhpmom;? rrSm;tyfwJh tzGJYtEGJYawGudk a&;om;oHk;EIef;

zGJYEGJYrdvdkY&dS&if a'gooifhw,f vdkYqdkw,f? tJ'DtjypftemtqmawGuif;&if *kPfajrmufw,f?
&oajrmufw,f}
}*kPfqdkwm aiGudkac:w,f [kwfvm;}
]r[kwfbl; . . r[kwfbl;? *kPfqkdwm wifhw,favsmufywfaumif;jrwfwJhoabm? &oqdkwm tESpfom&eJY

jynfh0wJhoabmudk qdkwm? a'gooifh&if raumif;bl;? tESpfom& rjynfhpHkbl;rSwf&r,f? a'gorSm
y'a'go&Spfyg;? 0gusa'goudk;yg;? 0gusw¦a'goajcmufyg;&,fvdkY &dSygw,f}
C
om
]rsm;vScsnfvm; q&mBuD;&JY? wxdkifwnf;eJY tm;vHk;ajymvdkY rSwfrdyghrvm;}

me
]wxdkifeJY tjywfrajymygbl;? ta&;BuD;wmavmuf a&G;NyD; wpfaeYenf;enf;? wpfaeYenf;enf; ajymjy

rcia
yghr,f? yxrOD;qHk; {uw¦ a'goudkajymr,f? tJ'D{uw¦ a'goqdkwm teuft"dyÜm,fwlwJhpum;jzpfjzpf?

0gusjzpfjzpf xyfwvJvJqdkwmrsKd;? Oyrm . . 'dyfyJ . . *&dwfyJ qdkwmaygh? 'Dpum;ESpfvHk;[m ukvm;BuD;eJY
l us
t&mBuD;vkd teuf"dyÜm,ftwlwlrdkY xyfNyD;qdkwm tydkpum;jzpfraebl;vm;}

eo
]tdk . . 'Dvdkvm;? aemufudk 'Dvdka'gooifhwJh pum;awG oufoufrajymawmhygbl;aemf . . aemf}

f th
is b
]aemufNyD;awmh a,bk,stm;jzifh odrf;usKH;NyD;ajymwJhpum;&Sdao;w,f? Oyrm . . udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;

avhusifhjcif;onf aumif;\/ xdkaMumifh vlwdkif;udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;avhusifhoifh\ qdkwmrsKd;}
o ok
wil
]'Dtqkdudk oufouftrsm;BuD;axmufcHw,f? ukd,fvufvIyf&Sm;avhusifhw,fqdkwm usef;rma&;twGuf

odyfaumif;wmyJ[m}
l be
at y
]tJ'gu 'Dvdk&dSw,fav? udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;avhusifhjcif;[m aumif;wmrSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh vlwdkif;

twGuf aumif;wmr[kwfbl;? ESvHk;a&m*g&dSwJhvl? tdyf&mxJu rxEkdifwJhvltwGuf aumif;w,fvdkY
our
qdkEkdifyghrvm;? rqdkEkdifbl;? q&m0efrsm;uawmif wcsKdYvlawGudk NidrfNidrfoufoufaezdkY

ñTefMum;&wm&dSw,f? 'gaMumifhoHk;oyfcsufwpfckckudk vkyfwJhtcg vHk;axG;NyD;rajym&bl;?
ow
wdusrSefuefrI&dS&w,f? udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;avhusifhrIeJYywfoufvdkYajym&&if 'g[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh

nr
olwdkYtzdkYaumif;\/ odkYr[kwf rsm;pGmaom olwdkYtzdkYaumif;\/ tJ'Dvdk ajym&&if? 'Dvkdr[kwf&if

rjywfom;wJhtwGuf oHo,a'gooifhw,fr[kwfvm;}
isk
][kwfNyD . . [kwfNyD? tJav? bGm . . bGm? [if tJovdk ajymwm {uw¦a'go oifhrsm;aeovm;}
][ifhtif; . . tJ'Dvdkajymwmusawmh a'goroifhbl;? tmar!dwf&SpfrsKd;xJu yoHoqdkwJh

csD;rGef;wJhpum;jzpfvdkY a'goroifhwJhtjyif av;eufwJhoabmudkaqmifw,f}
]tdk . . odyfNyD; pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wmyJaemf? qufNyD; ajymygOD;}
]ajymyghr,f? 'gayr,fh tusÐudkawmh aqmifhaqmihfNyD; rqGJygeJYuG,f}
olutusÐpudkvTwfvdkufawmhrS uRefawmfu pum;quf&jyefav\/
]aemufwpfcku twd0k'ä'go? tJ'gu pum;wpfckudk vGefvGefusL;usL;csJYum;NyD;ajymwm? Oyrm . .

tmumudkvTmyHkjyKygvdkY? ar,kudkwJh pkwfwHcsDqdkwmvdk rjzpfEkdifwmawG csJYum;NyD;ajymwmrsKd;}
]odyfaumif;wJhpum;awGyJ udk&,f? aemufxyfa'goawGbmawG&dSao;vJ? ajymygOD;? em;axmif&wm

aumif;vGef;vdkY odyfaysmfwmyJ}
onfpum;Mum;vkduf&ojzifh uRefawmftawmfuav; pdwfysufrdonf/ wu,fawmh olbmrQ

oabmaygufyHkr&ao;/ odkYaomf uRefawmfvufavQmhvdkufvQif bmr[kwfonfhvlwpfa,muf uRefawmf
jzpfoGm;rnf/ odkYtwGuf uRefawmfquf&jyefonf/
C
om
]tckajymrSmu twåa'go? tJ'gu xkdufwefwmxuf vGefuJNyD;csD;usL;wm? yHkpHjy&&if vrif;xufom?

xGef;vif;jzmvsuf? a&mif0guGefYjrL;? ydk;pkef;MuL; . . qdkwmrsKd;}
me
rcia
][kwfvkdufwmudk&,f? oufoufav . . 'Dpum;rsKd; b,fawmhrS rajymrdatmif owdxm;ygr,f}

l us
]aemufNyD;awmh Mopdws[deqdkwm &dSao;w,f/ tJ'gu a&SYpum;eJY aemufpum;rnDwm? EIwftrlt&m

udk,ftrlt&m rwlwm? Oyrm jy&&if ]aorSmudk armifraMumufygbl;? oufaysmuf&if armifwpfudk,frdkY?
eo
vif;wtdk zifudkEdIufrSm pdk;vdkufygbd} qdkwmrsKd;aygh? olYpum;u aorSmudkawmh raMumufbl;? vif;w

f th
qGJrSm aMumufw,fqdkawmh a&SYpum;eJY aemufpum;rnD? a&SYuBuD;us,fNyD; aemufu avQmf&Twf&Twf

is b
vkyfvkdufawmh ayghroGm;bl;vm;}
o ok
]'guawmh olYpdwful;eJYawG;NyD; aMumufwmudk ajymwmyJ r[kwfvm;}

wil
]'gudk oufouf ydkNyD;em;&Sif;atmif Oyrmwpfckay;OD;r,f? xm0&bk&m;ocif[m bmrqdkzefqif;Ekdif&if

l be
olrcsDrEkdifwJh ausmufwHk;BuD;wpfckudk olzefqif;Ekdifrvm;}

at y
]zefqif;Ekdifwmaygh}
our
]b,f[kwfyghrvJ? bmrqdk olzefqif;Ekdif&ifb,favmufav;wJh ausmufwHk;BuD;yJjzpfjzpf ol rEkdif&rSm

ow
r[kwfvm;}
nr
][kwfawmh [kwfw,f? 'gayr,fh olrEkdifwJhausmufwHk;udkyJ olzefqif;Ekdifr,f? ol rcsDEkdif rrEkdifwJh

isk
ausmufwHk;udk rzefqif;Ekdifbl;vdkYxifw,f}
]ol bmrqkdzefqif;EkdifwmyJ[m}
oufoufu olYacgif;udkukwfí pOf;pm;Munfhonf/ olacgif;rSm vSyoavmuf acgif;xJrSmbmrSr&dS?

odkYjzpfí ]oufoufawmh acgif;½IyfoGm;NyD} [k ½dk;om;pGm 0efcH&Smav\/
]½Iyfp&myJaygh? ckcHwm;qD;vdkYr&EkdifwJh tiftm;BuD;wpfck&dS&if ra&GY&Sm;EkdifwJh t&m0w¦Kr&dSEkdifbl;? a&GY&Sm;

atmifvkyfvdkYr&EdkifwJh t&m0w¦K&dS&if ckcHwm;qD;vdkYr&EkdifwJhtiftm;r&dSvdkYyJ? wpfckeJYwpfck qefYusifwm
r&dS&if tjiif;yGm;p&mr&dSovdkbJ? tJ'gaMumifh a&SYpum;aemufpum; rnD&if? EIwftrlt&m? udk,ftrlt&m
qefYusifae&if tJ'grsKd;udk Mopdws[dea'gooifhw,fvdkY qdkw,f}
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AdkvfBuD; [k [dkuac: 'Duac:ESifh tawmfrsufESmyGifhvef;vsuf &dSaeav\/

our
,cifu uRefawmfhtm; 'Daumifuav;[m tvum;aumifuav;yg? pmvnf;jzpfajrmufatmifroif?

tvkyfvnf;rvkyf? oli,fcsif;awGeJY a[;vm;0g;vm; aysmfyg;pm;aomufaeonfh vlay:aMumhuav; [k
ow
txifao;cJhMuaom om;&Sif? orD;&Sifrsm;uyif ,cktcg uRefawmfhudk txl;ta&;ay;um ac:vm;?

nr
ajymvm;ESifh uRefawmfhudk rsufpduspjyKvmMuav\/

isk
oli,fcsif;rsm;ajr§mufay;í xef;&nfuav;&DwDwDESifh &nf;pm;pum;0ifajym&mwGif tzufrwefouJhodkY

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arhaeNyDr[kwfvm;} [k rsufESmay; uvDurmESifh yvDyvmajymum csif;okyfwpfyef;uefBuD; a0óEÅ&m
jyKonfhtjzpfodkYyif a&mufcJhay\/
uRefawmf\txuft&m&dS BuD;i,fwdkYuvnf; uRefawmf\½kyf&nf? ynmESifhwuG vkyf&nfBuH&nfudk

rsm;pGmauseyfvsuf&dSMuum wyfrawmfxJwGiftvm;tvm&dSaom &Jabmfwpfa,muf[k todtrSwf
jyKMuojzifh Mu,fwpfyGifhu . . ESpfyGifh? wjznf;jznf;tqifhtwef;wdk;vsuf uRefawmfhycHk;wGif Mu,fawG
vkdif;awGESifh jzpfívmav\/
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uRefawmf\zcifBuD;rSm uRefawmfhtwGuf tm;&0rf;ajrmufavavjzpf&mu wpfaeYwGif uRefawmfonf
ppfwyfxJrS tm;vyfcGifh&í tdrfodkYjyef&mwGif ]a[h . . atmif'if? rif;udk ta&;BuD;wJhpum;wpfck
wdkifyifp&m&dSw,f} [k qD;í EdkYwpfay;av\/
]b,fvkdudpövJ? taz}
]rif;aemufudk aumifrawG waumufaumufvdkufaew,fvdkYMum;w,f? 'DtxJrSm acwfysufyGJpm;r

cifvS&ifqdkwJhaumifreJY bmvdkvdk jzpfaew,fMum;w,f? 'DaumifreJYawmh igenf;enf;rS oabmrwl
Ekdifbl;? aumifru cyf½Iyf½Iyf&,f? wpfckvyfvJ jzpfwJhtjyif rif;xufvJ toufBuD;w,f}
C
]r[kwfygbl; taz&m? vlrsm;u xifaMu;eJYajymaeMuwmyg}

om
]EkdY . . rif; 'DaumifreJY b,fvdkqufrdMuwmvJ}

me
rcia
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Muwmyg? tckolu pyfwyfxJ bmuav;? nmuav; oGif;aew,f}
l us
]at; . . awmfawmfMum vlygoGif;vdrfhr,f}

eo
f th
]'gawmh pdwfcstaz&m? uRefawmfeJYawmh bmrSrjzpfap&bl;}

is b
]'Dvdkajym½HkeJYawmh b,fpdwfcsEkdifOD;rvJ? rif;udk igoabmwlwJh rdef;reJY ay;pm;NyD;rSyJ? igpdwfcsEkdifrSmyJ}

o ok
wil
]'gawmh tazpDrHwJhtwkdif; uRefawmf em;axmif&rSmygyJ? 'gayr,fh}

l be
]bm . . 'gayr,fhvJ}
at y
]enf;enf;awmh apmifhygOD;}
our
]bmjyKvJ? 'DaumifreJY r&Sif;ao;vdkYvm;}

ow
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tdrfaxmifa&;udk tazpDrHr,f qdk&if b,ftcgrqdk emcHzdkYtoifhyJ? wpfck uRefawmfar;csifwmu
isk
uRefawmfeJYay;pm;zdkY b,folYudk tazjrifxm;vdkYvJ}
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odvmMuwJhvlawGyJ? wdkwkdajymr,fuGm? 0ufxD;uefu olaX;udkpHrif;&JYorD;yJ? tazacsm? taracsm?
orD;vJacsmrSmyJ? ydkufqHvJ&dSaeNyD? bmvkdao;ovJuGm? pdwfoabmqdkwmvJ taztartwdkif; vmrSmaygh}
]'Dudpö[m tazhpdwful;eJY udk,fhbufu aocsmaewmvm;? taz&m}
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Mum;wmeJY olodyfoabmusNyD; olYudk,fu 'Dpum;ukdpwm? rif;udkvJ olodyfawGYcsif&Smw,f? 'DuaeYawmh
rif;a&mufvmvdrfhr,fqdkwm ajymjyNyD; olYudkawmif igwm;xm;ao;w,f? olvJ &ufMumMumraeEdkifvdkY
jyefoGm;&w,f}
]OD;pHrif; oabmus½HkeJY NyD;Edkifyghrvm;? olYrdef;ruvJ oabmwlOD;rS? olYorD;uvJ BudKufOD;rS}
]wpftdrfvHk;rSm OD;pHrif;&JY oabmwpfckyJ? olu aoqdkao? &Sifqdk&SifyJ? &Gmudka&muf&if olYrdef;reJYvJ

wdkifyif? olYorD;udkvJ em;azmuf&OD;rayghuGm? wkdif;jynfBuD;u A½kwfA&ufqdkawmh 'DorD;udkyJ ae&mcscsif
aeMuwm MumNyD? rif;udkvJ odyfawGYcsifaewm? orufavmif;vJjrif&atmif? olYorD;udkvJjy&atmif
rif;udktvnftywf vTwfvdkufzdkYawmif rSmoGm;ao;w,f}
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xdkpum;udk Mum;&onfhtcg? uRefawmfhpdwfxJwGif tawmfuav;yif aysmfovkdvdkjzpfrday\/ ryifryef;

om
aemufrydk;&bJeJY rdef;r wpfa,mufudk vG,fvG,fESifh &OD;awmhrSmygvm;[k awG;rdum? pdwfxJü

zdk;BudKif;wkwfjzpfoGm;onfudk rsufESmü tNyHK;&dyfrygap&ef £aÈáqmifí aevkduf&avawmh\/
me
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]aumifruav; emrnfuaum b,folwJhvJ taz&JY}

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]rwkwf . . wJh}
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uAsmqef½Hkrubl; tvuFm*kPf awmif ajrmufoGm;OD;r,f}
o ok
wil
]taztBuHay;wmawmh aumif;yg&JY? 'gayr,fh}

l be
]vmjyefNyDvm;? 'gayr,fh}
at y
]'gayr,fhqdkwmu apmapmu ajymr,fhpum;yJ taz&JY? 'Dpum;[m tawmfta&;BuD;w,f? vlrsm;vJ

our
rodapeJY}
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uRefawmf\zcifvnf; pdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifh a&SYem;odkYwdk;vmNyD;vQif

nr
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isk
tck uRefawmfwdkYwawG *syefudk jyefNyD;cscsif cs&vdrfhr,f? odyfawmhrMumawmhbl;? tckuwnf;u

wyfawGudk [dkydkY'DydkYeJYydkYaeNyD; uRefawmfwdkYvnf;b,foGm;&r,fqdkwm txufutrdefYudk apmifhaeMuw,f?
tJ'gyJ taz? odyfvJ&Snf&SnfajymvdkYraumif;bl;? 'gaMumifh awmfvSefa&;rpcifawmh tazpDrHwJYudpö[m
bmrSjzpfajrmufOD;rSm r[kwfao;bl;? awmfvSefa&;NyD;vdkY uRefawmfvnf; toufraoao;bl;qdk&ifawmh
tazajymwJhudpöudk jzpfajrmufatmifvkyfzdkY&dSwmyJ}
tbdk;BuD;rSm awmfvSefa&;pawmhrnf[laom pum;udk Mum;&vQif rSifwufrdouJhodkY NidrfoufoGm;um

a&SYa&;udkawG;awm ai;pdkufaeavawmh\/ uRefawmfvnf; tbdk;BuD;xHrSaemufxyf bmpum;Mum;
&rnfvJ[k apmifhpm;aeNyD;? bmrQajymvkdaom trlt&mudkrawGYonfESifh ]taz uRefawmfjyefOD;r,f?
ppfrxGufcif wpfacgufawmh vmOD;r,f} [k ajymajymqdkqdkESifhyif xvdkufav\/
]tcktwdkif;qdkawmh rif;udpöu ydkNyD;ta&;BuD;aeayoaygh? at; . . at; . . oGm;OD; . . oGm;OD;? rif;wkdY

awmfvSefa&;udpöBuD;acsmacsm armarmeJY atmifjrifygapuGm}
uRefawmhfrSm odef;xDBuD;aygufNyD;umrS aiGxkwf&ufra&mufrD BudK;rdefYay;cH&oluJhodkY zl;pmzuf

ay:vmumrS awmfvSefa&;twGuf ppfxGuf&rnfhta&;udkawG;um avmuBuD;\oa&mfcsuf'Pfudk
rcsifhr&JcHpm;&if; tbdk;BuD;xHrS xGufvmcJhayawmhonf/
odkYaomf uRefawmfonf rwkwf? cifcifwkwf? 00wkwfwkwfuav;\ta&;udk qufvufírawG;tm;?

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awmfvSefa&;udpötwGufom tm½Hkpdwfapmaeum trdefYusvmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ppfxGuf&efudkom

om
toifhjyifxm;ae&av\/
me
tcspfZmwfvrf;udk zefwD;aeaom zl;pma&;ewfum; uRefawmfESifhrwkwfwdkYudk eD;pyfap&ef rsm;pGmvdkvm;

rcia
aeyHk&ayonf/ taMumif;rlum; ppfxGuf&ef trdefYusvm&mwGif uRefawmfhtm; 0ufxD;uefe,fbufodkY

ppfxGuf&rnf[k od&aomtcg wu,frS[kwf&JYvm;? tdyfrufaeava&mhovm; [líyif ½kwfw&uf
l us
r,HkMunfEkdifatmif jzpfrdav\/
eo
trdefYrSm MumMumqdkif;ae&bJ nwGif;csif;yif½kyfazsmufíxGuf&ef nTefMum;csufyg&dSav&m uRefawmfvnf;

f th
tenf;i,frQ tcsdef&oavmufuav;twGif; zcifBuD;xJodkY tjrefxGufcJh&av\/

is b
]taz . . [efusNyD? uRefawmfwdkY tcknyJ xGuf&awmhr,f}

o ok
wil
uRefawmf\pum;rSm rjynfhpHkvSojzifh tbdk;BuD;rSm em;rvnfEdkifbJ ]ppfxGufwmeJY bm[efusovJuG} [k

uRefawmfhtm; ar;awmhrS/
l be
at y
]tck uRefawmfoGm;&r,fhae&m[m 0ufxD;uefe,fbufusaew,f? tJ'Dawmh [efwmayghtaz&?

OD;pHrif;wkdY tdrfay:wufNyD; rxifr&Sm; ½kyfazsmufaeEkdifzdkYjzpfvmawmh a&iwfwmeJY a&wGif;xJuswmeJY
our
tHudkufaewmyJ}
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nr
olYrdef;ruvJ tusKd;taMumif;Mum;&vdkY odyf0rf;omaeowJh? rif;udkvJ MunfhcsifMuowJh? tJ'gaMumifh

tjreftvnfvTwfvkdufzdkY rSmvdkufwmeJY rif;uvJ tJ'DoGm;zdkY &dSaewmeJYawmh udkufaewmayghuGm}
isk
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pmwpfapmif cyfjrefjrefuav;yJ aumufjcpfvkdufygawmh}
tbdk;BuD;vnf; uRefawmfhtm; OD;pHrif;xH rdwfqufpmudk a&;ay;av\/ uRefawmfvnf; pmudk,lvkdufNyD;

zcifBuD;udk uefawmh&m cgwdkif;uJhodkY rdbtm;uefawmh&jcif;wGif r,m;&Smay;aom aus;Zl;&SifBuD;taeyif
ydkítm;&yg;&BuD; uefawmhí wyfodkYjyefvmcJhav\/
uRefawmfwdkY\tpDtpOfrSm awme,frsm;odkYjzefYí xGufMuNyD;vQif &Gmol&Gmom;tMum;wGif ½kyfazsmufí

aeMuum tcgqdkonfESifh toifhxGufay:vmMu&efyifjzpfayonf/ uRefawmfwdkY\awmfvSefa&;
vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufí þrQxuf ydkrdkazmfjy&efyifvkdrnfrxifyg/ uRefawmfudk,fwkdifyifvQif awmfvSefa&;
udpöBuD;udk ,cifuavmuf pdwfr0ifpm;awmhbJ rcifwkwfuav;rSm jzLovm;? rnf;ovm;? vSovm;?
oGm;acgvm; ponfwdkYudkom odvkdaom aZmxufoefvsuf tjrefqHk;awGYvkdaom qE´jyif;jyvsuf
&dSonfhtwkdif; nwGif;csif;yif c&D;jyif; csDwufcJhMuygawmhonf/
uRefawmfwdkY 0ufxD;uef&GmBuD;teD;odkY a&muf&dSaomtcgwGif a0vDa0vif;t½kPfusif;NyD;jzpfay\/

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jzpfavonf/ þae&mwGifrS uRefawmfwdkYonf tcsif;csif;EIwfquf vlpkcGJMuavawmhonf/ &GmxJodkY
uRefawmf0ifa&mufrdaomtcgwGif wpf&GmvHk;rSm Ekd;Mum;vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmp jyKaeonfudkawGY&av\/
odkYjzpfí uRefawmfhrSm OD;pHrif;\tdrf b,frSm&dSonfudk ar;jref;pHkprf;&eftwGuf apmifhpm;ae&jcif;
r&dSawmhbJ vrf;qHkü rkefYaMumfaeonfhrdef;rBuD;wpfOD;xHrS tvG,fwulod&dSum xdkrdef;rBuD; nTefjy&m
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bufodkY a&mufcJhav\/
om
oHk;yifav;cef; ysOfaxmifoGyfrdk;? ESpfxyf? oHwdkifwHcg;? tdrfa&SYuNcHav;ESifh[k nTefjyvkdufaom tdrfem;odkY

me
csOf;uyfrdaomtcgwGif NcHxJrS a&T'*Fg;yef;rsm;udk bk&m;wif&efcl;aeaom wkwfwkwf00rdef;r cyf&G,f&G,f

rcia
wpfa,mufudkaemufbufrSjrif&um 'Dtdrfawmh OD;pHrif;tdrfyJ? rwkwfqdkwm 'DieJrrsm;jzpfaea&mhrvm;[k

awG;rdum ayghyg;&Tifysaom pdwfuif;rJhpGmjzifh ]OD;pHrif;tdrf . . 'Dtdrfvm;} [k vSrf;í ar;vkduf\/
l us
yef;cl;aeolonf olYtvkyfudkoltm½HkpdkufvGef;aeyHk&dSvm;rod? vloHMum;onfESifhvefYoGm;yHk&um uRefawmfh

eo
tm;vSnfhMunfhum uRefawmhfudkjrifumrS xyfívefYonfhtrlt&mudk jyefjyefav\/ pifppftm;jzifhqdkaomf

f th
olu uRefawmfhudk vefY&efr&dSay/ uRefawmfuom olYukdvefYzdkY&ef&dSayonf/ taMumif;rlum; oluRefawmfh

is b
bufodkYvSnfhvkdufrS rsufESmudktaotcsmawGY&&m tom;rnf;&onfhtxJwGif rsufpdESpfvHk;pvHk;rSm

ESmacgif;bufodkY vSnfhapmif;aeNyd; tay:EIwfcrf;uGJESifh oGm;wpfacsmif; ay:aeonf udk awGY&avawmh\/
o ok
wil
xdkyHkqdk;BuD;udk jrifvkduf&aom uRefawmfhrSm igawmhjzifh aomufusKd;enf;wmyJ[k pdwftysufBuD;ysufvsuf

jyefvSnfhcsifaom pdwfay:vmcdkuf ryHkqdk;u ]b,folYar;wmvJ} [k uRefawmfhtm;ar;&m uRefawmfhrSm
l be
vefYírckefrdatmiftawmfyif owdxm;vkduf&av\/ taMumif;rlum; ryHkqdk;\toHrSm usD;uef;ESifh

at y
awmufwJh pyfíusaom owå0gwpfrsKd;\toHvm;[k xifrSm;&avmufatmif uRefawmfhtm; ausmxJu

,m;oGm;apygawmh\/
our
]OD;pHrif; tdrfudk ar;ygw,f}

ow
nr
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isk
aemufxyfxGufvmonfhtoHrSm pmuav; aMumifckyfoHuJhodkY usDvDvdvdjrnfí xGufvmav\/
oHpHkxdk;onfh ryHkqdk;onf [kwfuJh[kajz½HkrSwpfyg; uRefawmfhtm; 0ifygvnf;rac:? oGm;ygvnf;rESifbJ

tdrfxJodkY cyfokwfokwfjyef 0ifajy;av&m uRefawmfhrSm 0ifívdkufoGm;&rnfvm;? olYtareJYaemf . .
arG;wwfyav? ightazeJYaemf . . a&G;wwfyav[k idkcsif;csum jyefívSnfhxGufcJh&aumif;rvm;[k
pOf;pm;a0cGJír&atmif tlaMumifaMumifESifh &yfíusef&pfav\/
watmifhrQtMumwGif tdrfa&SYodkYvlBuD;wpfa,muf xGufvmav\/ xdkvlBuD;\ ½kyf&nfvu©Pmudk

Munfh&jcif;tm;jzifh OD;pHrif;jzpfrnf[k wpfxpfcs,lqEkdifay\/ OD;pHrif;rSm cPrQjrif½HkESifhyif pdwfESvHk;
aumif;aom vlBuD;wpfa,mufjzpfrnfudk ½kyf&nfESifhyif tuJjzwfEkdifavonf/
]armif&if . . b,fuvJ? 0ifcJhav}
uRefawmfvnf; ac:onfhtwdkif;yif NcHxJodkY0ifoGm;í tem;odkYa&mufonfESifh ]uRefawmf jynfNrdKYu

OD;bdk;pH&JYom;yg? tazu pmay;vdkufygw,f} [k ajymonfwGif OD;pHrif;rSm wpfrsufESmvHk; NyHK;csKdoGm;um
]vm . . vm . . tdrfay:wufygwufyg OD;wdkYvJ arQmfaeMuw,f} [k ajym&if; uRefawmf\
txkyftydk;rsm;udk vSrf;í,lrnfjyKojzifh ]aeygap OD;&,f? uRefawmf ryifyef;ygbl;} qdkum tdrfay:odkY
wufcJhav\/
uRefawmftdrfxJodkY a&mufonfESifh wpftdrfvHk;rSm *kPfoa&&dStxl;{nfhonfawmfBuD;wpfOD; a&mufvm

ouJhodkY vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm; jzpfoGm;um OD;pHrif;\ZeD;onfrSmvnf; ysmysmovJjzpfíaeonfudk awGY&ay\/
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om
uRefawmfonf cif;ay;xm;aom oifjzL;ay:wGif txkyftydk;rsm;udkcsí OD;pHrif;xHodkY zcifa&;ay;

vdkufaom pmudkxkwf,laepOf OD;pHrif;u ]rwkwfa& . . aumfzDazsmfa[h . . aumufñ§if;xkyfawG?
me
rkefYvufaumufawG vkyfraeeJY? NrdKYom;awGu rpm;wwfbl;? aygifrkefYuif axmywfokwf?

rcia
bDpuGwfuav; bmav;&&ifvJxnfhcJh} [k tdrfxJodkYrSmMum;ae&m OD;pHrif;\ rodkr0Suf

a[ma[m'dkif;'kdif;&dSyHkudk ESpfoufrdaomfvnf; rwkwf[laomtrnfudk Mum;vkduf&onfwGif ausmxJu
l us
pdrfhoGm;rdawmh\/
eo
]a[m'DrSm OD;qDudk tazu ay;vdkufwJhpm}

f th
is b
OD;pHrif;onf uRefawmf\vufxJrSpmudk vSrf;,lí ]a[h . . rzGm;ouf? usKyfrsufrSef ,lcJhprf;ygOD;} [k

ol\ZeD;tm; vSrf;íajymvdkuf\/
ook
wil
a':zGm;oufonf OD;pHrif;\ rsufrSefudk vdkufí&SmazGae&m awmfawmfESifh rawGYEkdif&dSaeaomaMumifh

pmudkzwfvkdvSNyDjzpfaom OD;pHrif; rSm apmifhqdkif;íraeEdkifawmhbJ ]orD;a& cPvmygOD;? a[m'Dpmuav;
l be
tazhudk wpfqdwfavmuf zwfjyvSnfhprf;yg} [k ac:vkdufav\/

at y
uRefawmfhrSm yHkqdk;r\rsufESmBuD;udk &ifrqdkif0Hhovdk&dSum uRefawmfhtxkyftydk;rsm;udk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;

our
ovkdvdk tvkyfrsm;[efvkyfí aevkdufav\/ pifppftm;jzifh OD;pHrif;onf pmudkod&dSvdkonfh tcsufwpfck

omru ]'gOD;orD;aygh} [k aMumfjimarmif;cwfvdkonfh tcsufyg wpfcsufckwfESpfcsufjywf ½kwfw&uf
ow
zefwD;vkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf[k uRefawmhfpdwfwGif awG;rdayonf/

nr
]uJ . . zwfprf;ygOD;? orD;&,f . .} [laompum;t& OD;pHrif;\tem;odkY rwkwfa&muf&dSaeNyD;

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xdk;prf;ygOD;}
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udkbwif}
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]awmfygAsm? aemufraeygeJY? oDcsif;qdkrSm qdkprf;ygAs}

om
me
]t[if; . . ysif;w,fwJhysif;w,f? wlev,fw,f . . b,foDcsif; b,f[mqdk&ygh rdwfaqGwdkYa&?

rcia
pm;BuOD;rvm;As? rkefYxkyfBuD; ylylaEG;aEG;] [k oDcsif;tcswGif bwifu ajymifavSmifí qdkojzifh . .

l us
]cufwJhvlyJAsm? twnfqdkaew,frSwfvkdY wa,meJY vkdufaewm? tJ'Dvdk MuyfMuyfqdk? t&yfxJu

xGufNyD;cJeJYaygufvdrfhr,f? [dk'if; qdkavAsm? vS,Ofaus;} [k cspfazu ajymvdkufrS/
eo
f th
]tif; . . tif; . . [kwfNyD? vS,Ofaus; a[; ath a[;? b,fhES,fwHk;? 'DtoH}

is b
]aumif;ayghAsm? toHuav;u eEGif;a&mifuav;}

o ok
]toH0gvdkYajymyg}
wil
l be
]b,ftoH0grvJAs? 0gwJhtjyif [dkbufvGefaevdkY eEGif;a&mifxaewm}

at y
]'gjzifh&if rqdkawmhygbl;Asm}
our
]tvum;ajymifwmyg udkbdk;pdefBuD;&m? pdwfrqdk;ygeJY? qufqdkyg}

ow
nr
]vS,Ofaus; . . a[; ath a[; . . rcifav;wdkYu csKdif;arG;xl}

isk
][m . . redwfwmbJ? aumif;aumif;qdkrSaygh}
]EkdY . . cifAsm;qdkcdkif;vdkY qdk&wm? 'DoDcsif; uRefawmfrSr&bJ}
]uJ . . awmfygawmhAsm? uRefawmfhwa,m uRefawmfxkd;ygawmhr,f} [k qdkNyD; cspfazu wa,mxdk;í

bwifu pnf;0g;vkdufum urf;em;vrf;wpfavQmufwGif qdwfNidrfjcif;udk NzdKzsufí oGm;Muav\/
tcsdefrSmrsm;pGm nreufvSao;aomfvnf; aqmif;&moDtcgjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm rsm;pGmaomtdrfwdkYrSm

apmapmpD;pD; wHcg;ydwfvsuf tdyfolu tdyfuefMuí rtdyfao;olrsm;uvnf; tdrfwGif;ü ukyfvsufom
aeMuonfjzpfaomaMumifh wvrf;vHk;rSm qdwfNidrfjcif;udk azmufxGif;í ay:aygufvmaom cRJcRJyspfyspf

qGJ&pfwD;rIwfaom wa,moHonf rtdyfEkdif? rxdkifEkdif &SdMuukefaom azmfuGma0;olwdkYtm; aqG;ylatmif
vIHYaqmfay;onftvm; xifrSwfzG,f&dSonfhjyif ESif;awGa0vsuf&dSaom avmu"mwfBuD;udk rIef&DpGm
xGef;vif;vsuf&dSaom va&mifonf vGrf;tm;udkulí tylwdkYudk wdk;atmifzefwD;aeay\/
cspfazESifh bwifwdkYrSmum; rdrdwdkY\*DwoHaMumifh wpf&Hpmaom olrsm;rSm MunfEl;jcif;? vGrf;qGwfjcif;?

ylaqG;jcif;jzpfpdrhfaomiSm wa,mxdk;oDqdkí oGm;Muonfr[kwf? a&TNrKdYawmfol? a&TNrdKYawmfom;rsm;tm;
ajzazsmf&efvnf; r[kwfbJ tdyfcsdefrSvGJí tdrfxJwGif ig;rdepfwdwdae&vQif acgif;udkufwwfaom
vlpm;rsKd;jzpfMuaomaMumifh umvom;wdkYbm0 vnfywfMujcif;jzpfonfhtavsmuf wpf&yfNyD;wpf&yf
vSnfhywfum olrodigydk; wa,mxdk;íoGm;Muav&m us,f0ef;aom jcHBuD;rsm;ESifh tdrfrsm;&dS&mt&yfodkY
a&muf&dSoGm;Muav\/
C
]tdkifaq; . . udkcspfaz? [dka&SYujcHBuD;xJrSm jr wpfa,mufjrif&JYvm;? tJ'g cifAsm;wa,moHMum;vdkY

om
jcHxJudkqif;vmwm od&JYvm;? udkif; . . aumifrudk wpfcgwnf; vGrf;usef&pfatmif xdk;avAsm}

me
]bmeJYxdk;&rSmvJ}
rcia
]wa,mudkajymwmygq&m? wa,mudk}
l us
]tJ'Dvdk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajymyg? cifAsm;ajymyHku em;vHk;bl;rxGif;}

eo
f th
]bl;vHk;em;rxGif;ovdk vdkY ajymyg? udkif; . . wa,mxdk;Asm}

is b
]tqkduav;vJ ygOD;rSmayghAsm? omNyD;pGJrSm}

o ok
wil
]bmudkqdk&rSmvJ}
l be
]qdkcsifwmqdkAsm? tckvdkvomwkef; abmv,fqdkwm aumif;w,f} [k qdkNyD; cspfazu wD;vHk;ysKd;í

at y
ay;av\/
our
]pdefjcL; . . Mumanmif . . Mumanmif . . va&mifawGvif; . . tif; . . [ifh . . vif;ygvdkY?

a[m[dkjcHwGif;&,fu r,fckarQmf . . atmh . . a[mh . . aMomf . . oHk;csufpnfawmf? pnfawmf
ow
½dkufaqmfumnif;w,fav; . . vif;jyefvkaemf . .} [k qdkvdkufojzifh jcHwGif;rS rdef;rysKduav;onf

nr
onf;cHíraevdkonfh trlt&mjzifh jcH0wHcg;qDodkY xGufvmNyD;vQif ]oGm;ygawmh&Sif . . ? xrif;usef

wmawG acG;auR;ypfvdkufNyD} [k qdkaomaMumifh cspfazESifhbwifwkdYrSm tHhtm;oifhí aeMupOf . .
isk
]xrif;awmhr&dSbl;? ydkufqHvdkcsif&if a&mh} [k qdkum tdwfxJodkYEIdufí jzL0if;aomt&mwpfckudk

ypfay;vdkuf&m xdkt&monf cspfazwdkY ajc&if;wGif cRrf . . csyf [laom toHjzifh a&SYuRrf;aemufuRrf;ypfí
usav\/
ydkufqHypfvkdufaom rdef;rysKduav;vnf; zswfceJrsufESmvTJí tdrfxJodkY jyefvSnfhoGm;onfESifh

wpfNydKifeuf bwifu ]aumfwmyJa[h? '*Fg;BuD; xef;&nf&Spfykvif;awmh xef'g;aeNyD} [k qdkum
0rf;omtm;& '*Fg;udk ajy;íaumuf&m cspfazu rESpfNrdKYaom trlt&mESifh . .

]aeprf;ygOD;As? cifAsm;u uaZmform;rSef; vlodatmifrvkyfprf;ygeJY? tckydkufqHypfay;wm? usKyfwkdYudk
olawmif;pm vkyfrSef;rod vkyfoGm;wm? od&JYvm;}
]odwmayghAs? 'gaMumifh cifAsm; uRefawmfhtem; odyfNyD;ruyfeJY? uRefawmfu olawmif;pm;qdkayr,fh

xrif;0aevdkY}
]awmfygAsm? cifAsm; 'DvdkaemufwmawGaMumifh tckvdkjzpfwm? oDcsif;qdkwmyJ ½dk;½dk;wef;wef; rqdkbl;?

aemufawmufawmufvkyfNyD; qdkawmh tckvkdtvkyfcH&wm aumif;ovm;? ay; . . '*Fg;}
]bmvkyfzdkYvJ? uufqGJzdkY ydkufqHr&dSvkdYvm;}

C
]vmvmcsnfao; . . ay;ygAsm? olY[m olYudkjyefay;NyD; ememBuD; ajymypfcJhr,f} [k qdkaomaMumifh

om
bwifu ]ukefygNyDAsm? xef;&nfzdk;uav;} [k qdkNyD; ay;vkduf&m? cspfazvnf; '*Fg;udk,lí NcHxJodkY0ifí

vkduf&efoGm;&m wHcg;ydwfxm;vkdufonfudk awGY&ojzihf rauseyfaom rsufESmESifh jyefíxGufcJh&av\/
me
rcia
]odyfcGuswmyJAsm? cifAsm;pum;aMum&SnfaewmeJY [dkrSm wHcg;ydwfoGm;NyD? b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ}

l us
]bmxl;xl;axGaxG vkyfaep&m&dSovJ? aemufawGYawmhrS ay;wmayghAs? azmufonfqdkwm

taMuG;xm;vkdY&ygw,f}
eo
f th
]wefyg zdk;apm&m . . vomwkef;&dSao;w,f? udkif; . . ajymae&Mumw,f? vSnfhNyD;jyefMur,f}

is b
]tif; . . 'DvdkeJY NyD;&rSmvm;vdkY? uRefawmfh'*Fg; jyefay;Asm? uRefawmft&ifaumufawGYwm}

oko
wil
]ray;bl;? cifAsm;ay;&if uaZmfpkyfypfrSm? olYjyefay;&r,f}

l be
]a&tqHk; ukef;wpf0ufwJh? ig;rl;awmhay;ygAsm? av;ykvif;zdk;}

at y
]atmifr,fav;av; . . aemufay:wJh bdef;pm;xJ cifAsm;tcRJqHk;ygvm;? 'gavmufawmif aomufcsif&if

our
uRefawmfyJ oyfoyfwdkufyghr,f? olYydkufqHudkawmhrxdeJY? olYjyefay;zdkY xHk;wdkYNyD; odrf;xm;rSm}

ow
]edyfwmyJ? aomuf&r,fqdk&if auseyfNyD? udkif; . . vmoGm;pdkY} [k qdkí ESpfOD;om;

nr
qufvufavQmufcJhMu&m cspfazrSm jzpfcJhonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk wpdrfhpdrfhawG;&if; NidrfoufpGm

vkdufygvmojzifh bwifwpfa,mufvnf; udk,hfoDcsif;ukd,fqdkí udk,fhyg;pyfqdkif;wD;um . .
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b,folYeJYvkdufpm;jyefowkef;? rifhAdkufw&m; rSefrSefa[m? aMomf . . igtpu rajymbl;vm;uGJY? rif;rSm
iguvGJ&if Munfhr,fhvl r&dSbl;qdkwm tajymom;eJY? tckawmh aumif;Muao;&JYvm;uGJY r[0g&JY?
uyfurÇmtajcrSmav; . . av? owå0gawGrSwfp&m ta&;ygyJ . . t[Jh . . (udkavmf . . udkavmf
owdxm;rSaygh? udkavmf&JY? NydwåmwdkY rsuf&nfp? ajr0,frusaumif;bl;wJh udkavmf&JY) *AÇao,s
oaE¨rDSaqmifvkdY {uoDawmif tv,fuwif;ygaygh . . wif; . . ygaygh? aemufwpfzef
azmufjyefwJhtcif;udkvS? tr,frif; . . rl&if;yxr ruif;MuwJhoabmudkjzifh? r,fbdu©L&,f . .
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,ckrSawmh usKyfudk r&SufeJYawmh? rif;Adkufw&m; rSefrSefa[m? (armifBuD; armifi,f . . armifBuD;

armifi,f? zdk;olawmfay;wJhydkufqH? r,folawmfoHk;vdkYukefwm? armifhpdwfaMumifh raeEkdif?
aiGNrdKifwkwfeJYxdk;)} [k awGYu&m&Spfaomif; yg;pyfqdkif;wD;í wpfa,mufwnf; idkcsif;cs vmpOf . .
]AsKdY . . udkcspfaz . . udkbwif? vmavAsm? vufzuf&nf aomuf&atmif vmyg} [k

vufzuf&nfqdkifwpfqdkifxJrS vSrf;íac:oHudk Mum;&ojzifh qdkifxJodkY vSnfhíMunfhMu&m . .
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olwdkYt&yfxJuyJ} [k cspfazu ajymajymqdkqdk 0ifa&mufoGm;ojzihf bwifvnf; vdkufygíoGm;av\/
]udkif; . . bmaomufMurvJ? vufzuf&nfvm;? aumfzDvm;} [k bdk;csdefuar;&m bwifu ][m . .

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDavmufawmh taysmhayghAsm? csrf;wJhtcg tmoGu©,ÚmPfawmf a&uav;rS
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om
]bmvJAsm? tmoGu©,ÚmPfawmfa&qdkwm}
me
rcia
]cifAsm;w,fNyD; *Ekdifuswmao;wmudk;As? tmoGu©,ÚmPfawmfa&qdkwm t&ufudk ajymwmavAsm?

'gudkaomufvkduf&if tmoGuf? vQmoGufNyD; ÚmPfawmfyGifhvmwmyJ? tmoa0gw&m;vJ ukefoGm;wmyJ}
l us
][m; . . [m; . . w,fvJqef;Mu,fvkdufwm? 'DtcsdefusrS r&bl;q&m? qdkifydwfoGm;NyD} [k

eo
bdk;csdefuajymonfwGif cspfazu ]'DuaZmftdk;udk ta&;,lraeygeJYAsm? vufzuf&nfvJ rrSmygeJY? aeygap}

f th
is b
]'geJY bmvkyfzdkY0ifNyD; vmMuao;ovJ}

o ok
]cifAsm;ar;csifwm wpfck&dSvdkY}
wil
ar;ygAsm? ar;p&m&dS&if ar;Ekdifygw,f? rodar;? rpif udkbwif auR;wmaygh? [m; . . [m;} [k

l be
aemufojzifh bwifrSm rJhíoGm;av\/

at y
]ar;csifwmu wjcm;r[kwfbl;? cifAsm;wkdYtdrf aemufaz;wef;u qif0ifeJYtdrfu aumifruav;

our
taMumif; ar;csifvdkY}
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nr
]usaevdkYr[kwfygbl;? awGYwmvJ tckwifyJ? usKyfwdkYoDcsif;qdkNyD; wa,mxdk;vmwm zrf;NyD;

isk
aemufvkdufvdkY}
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'DydkYxm;wm}
]olu b,furdkYvdkYvJ}
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qdkvm;? &Spfwef;txd aezl;w,fwJh? ieJru bdkqefNyD; a,musfm;uav;awGeJY r&SufraMumufoGm;vm;
vmvm; vkyfavh&dSvdkY olYrdbawGu pdwfrcswmeJY 'DudkydkYxm;wm? tck olaewm olYta':eJY? 'Dtdrf[m

olYta':tdrf? tJ'Drdef;rBuD;[m tysKdBuD;As? ydkufqH&dSw,f? wpftdrfvHk;rSm olwdkYESpfa,mufeJY cdkif;wJhapwJh
vlawGyJ&dSw,f? ol 'Dudka&mufvmwm odyfrMumao;bl;? tvGefqHk; av;ig;&ufyJ &dSOD;r,f? ol
'Da&mufuwnf;u awmf½HkZGJaumif;wJh aemufydk;rsm; 'Dvrf;udk ESpfacgufravQmuf&Jatmif zrf;NyD;
ajymifvm;? avSmifvm;vkyfwmyJ}
]'gjzifh awmfawmfvG,fr,fh ieJryJxifw,f}
]rxifeJYq&m? 'Dvdk[mrsKd; omNyD;tp&cufao;w,f? cifAsm;u BuHcsifvdkYvm;}
]MuHcsifvdkY r[kwfygbl;Asm? taMumif;wpfckaMumifhyg? 'DtaMumif;awmh rajymawmhygbl;? EkdY . .

olYemrnfaum od&JYvm;}
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om
]b,folwJhAsm . . aMomf . . cifav;wJh? rcifav;} [k ajymjy&m bwifu ]vS,Ofaus;rcifav;wdkYu

csKdif;arG;xl} [k qdkjyefojzifh cspfazu rsufapmif;xdk;um ]awmfaemf . . awmf? cifAsm;rSm 'gawGyJ&dSw,f}
me
[k qdk&m . .
rcia
][kwfw,f? 'gawGyJ&dSw,f? [kd[mawG taygifqdkifrSm} [k avmifaomaMumifh . .

l us
]rjzpfygbl;Asm? 'Dn? cifAsm;eJY cyfjrefjrefcGJrSyJ} [k qdkNyD;aemuf ]udkif; . . udkbdk;csdef? reufjzefrSyJ

eo
awGYMuOD;pdkY? uaeYnawmh tcsdefr&dSbl; oGm;OD;r,f}

f th
is b
]vufzuf&nf aomufoGm;MuygOD;vm;Asm}
o ok
]raomufawmhbl;Asm? udkif; . . oGm;OD;r,faemf} [k qdkum EIwfqufí vufzuf&nfqdkifxJrS

wil
xGufcJhMuav\/
l be
aemufwpfaeYnaewGif cspfazonf ,refaeYnu tjzpftysufudk rauseyfEdkifí cifav;ESifhawGY&ef

at y
oGm;rnf[k aumif;aumif;rGefrGef 0wfpm;í tdrfrSxGufvm&m vrf;wGif bwifESifhawGYaeojzifh a&Smif&Sm;í

r&EkdifbJ&dSaomaMumifh ZGwftwif; rjrifcsif[efaqmifí a&SmifoGm;&m . . /
our
]a[hvl udkcspfaz? b,fvJAs? uRefawmfvJ vdkufyg&ap}

ow
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]'DwifyJAs? bmvdkY vkdufcsif&wmwkef;}

isk
]tJ'D . . 'DwifyJ vkdufyga&apAs? ysif;vGef;vdkY}
]&dSBuD;cdk;yg&JYAsm? vkdufawmfrrlygeJY? uaZmfaomufzdkYr&dS&if ,loGm;NyD; tyif;qkdYawmfrlprf;yg} [k qdkum

ydkufqHig;rl; twif;xdk;í ay;cJhrS bwifusef&pfcJhav\/
cspfazvnf; ]'Daumifar awGY&ifawmh twif;0ifpum;ajymNyD; olYydkufqHjyefay;&if; ememBuD;

qdkajymypfcJhr,f} [laompdwfxm;ESifh cifav;\tdrfa&SYodkYa&muf&m ol\t&dyftpudkrQrjrif&ojzifh
wHkYjyefíavQmufygaomfvnf; rxl;aomaMumifh tpOf;pm;&cufíaeNyD;rS bdk;csdefudkowd&í bdk;csdefxHodkY
ajy;av\/

]udkbdk;csdefvmprf;ygOD;As? cifav;wdkY b,foGm;MuvJ? od&JYvm;}
]bmrsm; zkwfylrD;wdkuf jzpfvm&jyefwmwkef;? bk&m;udkoGm;Muw,f . .}
]'gyJ odcsifwmyJ? uRefawmfajy;vkdufOD;r,fAsm} [k qdkum vSnfhíoGm;awmhrnftvkyfwGif ]aeprf;ygOD;As?

'gavmufawmif tavmoHk;q,fjzpf&atmif[m bmrsm;ta&;BuD;vdkYvJ}
]aemufawmh od&a&mayghAsm}
][m . . aemufawmhrvdkcsifbl;? tckodcsifw,f? cifAsm;odcsifwmawmh uRefawmfu csufcsif;ajym&NyD;

uRefawmfodcsifwmvJ vkyfOD;rSayghAs? qdkprf;ygOD;? cifAsm;wdkY tqufjzpfaeMuNyDvm;}
C
om
]tqufawmh rjzpfao;bl;? EdkYaomfvJ BuHwkef;qdkygawmh}

me
]'grsKd;BuH&if cyfEkEkeJYawmh r&bl;q&m? wpfrsKd;vkyfrS} [k qdkaomaMumifh cspfazwGif bdk;csdef\xHrS

rcia
aemufydk;enf;edó&nf;udk emcHvdkaompdwf ay:aygufvmojzifh xGufroGm;ao;bJ . .

l us
]udkif;Asm . . enf;aumif;uav;rsm;&dS&if ukodkvfjzpf ay;prf;ygOD;? wynfhcHyg&ap? umvD'goBuD;&JY . .}

eo
]uRefawmfajymwJhtwkdif; vkyfrvm;}
f th
is b
]aumif;w,fqdk&if vkyf&wmayghAsm}
o ok
]aemufydk;w,fqdkwm vG,fvG,fuav;rrSwfeJYAs? awmfawmhudk cJcJ,Of;,Of; qnf;yl;&wJhynmrsKd;As?

wil
bmrodnmrod aqGrawmf rsKd;rpyfwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,mufu udk,fhtay:rSm arwåm&dSvmatmif

vkyf&w,fqdkwm awmhfawmhyg&rDeJY r&bl;rSwfxm;? ukowdkYrsm; zl;pmzufrSefae&ufom;eJY
l be
b,ftxdydk;&w,f qdkwmomMunfhawmh? 'gawGajymae&if avukefwmyJ? aemufydk;enf;rSm

at y
vlwpfa,mufudk wpfrsKd;pDvSnfh&wmawGudk #DumcsJYraeawmhbl; . . [kwfvm;? 'Dawmh cifAsm;tzdkY

tckpOf;pm;p&m&dSwmu b,fenf;eJY arwåm&dSvmatmif vkyf&yghrvJqdkwmyJ r[kwfvm;? vlwpfa,mufu
our
arwåm&dSvmatmif[m cifAsm;udk 'DvlpdwfxJu ESpfoufvmapzdkY ta&;rBuD;bl;vm;? tJ . . tckajymovkd

ESpfoufatmifqdkwmrSm oloabmusatmifvkyfzdkYyJ? aemufqHk;awGY&dSwJY ]qdkufudkavmf*sD} enf;opfrSm
ow
&,farmaysmf&Tifp&m vkyfEkdifwm[m vlrsm;oabmtusqHk;? tESpfoufqHk; qdkxm;awmh 'Dvdkvkyf,lrS

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cspfazrSm rdrd&dSonfudk cifav;odatmif tb,fyHk vkyfudkif&ygrnfenf;[k acgif;½Iyfatmif
C
pOf;pm;rdavawmh\/ odkYjzpfí cspfazrSm cifav;udkom pl;pdkufMunfh½Ird&um; rdrd\ywf0ef;usifwGif

om
rnfodkYjzpfysufvsuf &dSaeonfrsm;udk ta&;rjyKEdkifbJ &dSav\/

me
twefMumatmifyif cspfazonf NidrfoufpGm apmifhpm;aeaomfvnf; cifav;onf cspfazbufodkY

rcia
vSnfhrMunfhrdbJ ]a'vD,m} yef;yGifhuav;rsm;udk pdkufMunhfaeonfudkawGY&ojzifh cspfazu acsmif;[efYí

toHay;&m xdktoHudkMum;í cifav;onf rdrd0ef;usifudk vSnfhMunfhNyD; bmrQrxl;jcm;ouJhodkY
l us
yef;cl;NrJcl;aejyefaomaMumifh cspfazwGif BudwfrEdkifcJr&&dSum teD;&dS ausmufp&pfcJ uav;rsm;udk

aumufí cifav;teD;odkYypf&m vTJíypfvkdufaomvufonf yef;jcH\umuG,fjcif;aMumifh wjzKef;jzKef;?
eo
w0kef;0kef;toHjrnfapvsuf jcHaygufrSacG;wdk;onfhtoHrsKd;vdk jzpfay:aponfhtcdkufwGif AGrf;ceJrnfaom

f th
toHjzifh txJrS yufavmif;vdkufaom a&vHk;onf cspfazwpfukd,fvHk;udk oBuFefusíoGm;apav\/

is b
cspfazvnf; ½kwfw&uf bmvkyf&rnfroduJhodkY &dSNyD;rS jcHaygufuNzJítxJudkMunfh&m a&yHk;udkudkifvsuf

o ok
cufxefaomrsufESmESifh rdrdtm;pdkufMunfhaeaom cifav;\ta':ESifh &ifqdkifwdk;íaeaomaMumifh

wil
xGufajy;&awmhrvdkvdk vkyfaepOf ]vmcJh . . vmcJh . . rif;yJ aeYwdkif;yef;yifawG cdk;aewm? 'DuaeYrSrdw,f?

rajy;eJY} [k qdkaomaMumifh cspfazrSm a&ESifhvnf;tyufcH&? olcdk;vnf;tac:cH&ojzifh tcufESifhBuHKaeNyD;
l be
0ifcJh[k aemufxyfqdkaomtoHaMumifh jcHaygufrSwdk;0ifí txJodkY a&mufoGm;av\/

at y
]rif;r[kwfvm;? aeYwdkif; ighjcHxJu yef;yifawGcdk;aewm}

our
]r . . r[kwfygbl;? vlvJMunhfygOD;? uRefawmfhbmom uRefawmf aewm? oufoufr,fh a&eJYyufNyD;

ow
olcdk;vdkY . .}
nr
]EdkY? 'Dyef;awG cdk;&atmif r[kwfbJ? bmjyKvdkY jcHem;vmwmvJ} [k ar;onfhtwGuf cspfazrSm

isk
tajz&cufaeNyD;rS . .
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]bmajymw,f? rif;uvm; ighudk rcdk;rcefYeJY? vSw,fav; bmav;eJY ajymwm}
]yef;uav;awG vSvkdYMunhfaewmyg? cifAsm;udkvSw,fvdkY rqdk0Hhygbl;? cifAsm;uvJ vSwmrSr[kwfbJ} [k

abmufajymaomaMumifh a':a':cifrSm omía'gyGvmNyd; wpfpHkwpfck ajymawmhrnftjyKwGif a':a':cif
bmjzpfaewmvJ [laomtoHudkMum;vkduf&í ¤if;wdkY tem;odkY cifav;a&mufvmNyD;vQif cspfazudk

cifav;jrif&í tHhtm;oifhoGm;NyD;rS ]a':a':cifuvJ b,fhES,fvkyfvdkufwmwkef;? olYrSvJ a&awG&TJvdkY?
opfyifa&yufwm Munhfyufa&maygh} [k qdkojzifh . . /
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olwrifvmvkdY igwrif a&eJYyufwm? w,fav . . nnf;yg? igajymvdkuf&&efaum . .}
xdktcg cspfazu cifav;bufodkYvSnfhí ]MunfhygOD;awmh yef;yifuav;awG vSvdkY vmNyD;Munfhaewm

'Dvdka&eJY yufwm aumif;Edkifygawmhrvm;} [k ajym&if; wpfukd,fvHk; a&jzifh&TJ&TJpdkaeonfudk
avwdkufvmojzifh csrf;cdkufcdkufwkefíoGm;um cspfazrSm iSufzsm;rdoluJhodkY enf;enf;csrf;onfudk
odyfNyD;csrf;ovdk vkyfjyvkdufojzifh . .
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om
a&awG&TJvdkY tat;rdNyD; zsm;rSemrSjzifh} [k qdkNyD;aemuf ]tdk . . 'DvdkaeMuvdkY b,fjzpfEkdifyghrvJ?

&Sifht0wftpm;awGvJp&mvJ tdrfxJrSm xbDuvGJvdkY wjcm; 0wfp&mr&dSbl;? &SifhtdrfudkjyefydkYrSyJ? udkif; . .
me
vm} [k qdkí cspfaztm;ac:oGm;&m a':a':cifrSm tvGeftrif;a'gyGvsuf vufxJu a&yHk;udk

rcia
w*sKH;*sKH;jrnfatmifvIyf&if; ]a[h . . rda&Tcif? nnf;b,fhES,fvkyfwmwkef; 'grsKd;awG igrBudKufygbl;?

rdef;uav;vkyfNyD; t&Sufr&dS taMumufr&dSeJY? 'grsKd;awGaMumifh nnf;udk 'DydkYxm;wm rrSwfao;bl;vm;?
l us
nnf;vkdufrydkY&bl;}
eo
]EkdY . . a':a':vkdufydkYrvdkYvm;}
f th
is b
]iguvm; olYudk ta&;w,lvdkufydkY&rSm}

o ok
]a':a':cifrS rydkYbJeJY[m? uRefrydkY&rSmaygh} [k armfawmfum;½HkqDodkY ajy;oGm;ojzifh cspfazvnf;

wil
aemufrSvkdufoGm;av\/
l be
]nnf;aemf . . nnf;? awmfawmfxae nnf;tdrfudk jyefydkY&rvm;} [k jrnfwGefawmufwD;íajymqdkaom

at y
a':a':cif\pum;udk cifav;u ta&;r,lbJ ]jyefydkY&if omNyD;oabmusao;w,f} [k qdkum um;udk

xkwfvmNyD; cspfaztm; um;ay:odkYwufapí ZGwfw&Gwfarmif;ESifíoGm;aomaMumifh a':a':cifrSm
our
ai;íusef&pfcJhav\/
ow
]aeygOD; rcifav;&JY? awmfawmfMum tdrfjyefvkdY pum;rsm;aeMuOD;rSmvm;}

nr
]tdk . . pum;rsm;&atmif wrifvkyfwmyJ? 'grS pum;rsm;NyD; tdrfudkjyef&rSm} [k ajymvdkuf&m cspfazu

isk
xdkpum;\taMumif;udkodaomfvnf; rod[efaqmifí ]aMomf . . rcifav; 'DrSmraebl;vm;}
]uRefr 'Dur[kwfbl;? &efukefu 'DudkydkYxm;wm? 'gaMumifh uRefr 'DrSmae&wm enf;enf;rSraysmfvdkY

pum;rsm;NyD; jyef&ygapvdkY qkawmif;aewm? jyefyJrjyef&ao;vdkY wrifZGwfwdkufNyD; &Sifhudkum;eJY
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cifav;u tusKd;taMumif;tenf;i,fajymjyum ]tJ'Dvdk a,musfm;uav;awGeJY oGm;vm;vmvm;vkyfwm

tdrfu enf;enf;rSrBudKufbl;? 'gaMumifh a0;&ma0;aMumif;qdkNyD; 'DudkydkYxm;wmyJ? uRefruvJ

a,musfm;uav;awGayr,fh aMumufp&m? vefYp&m&,fvdkY enf;enf;rS *½krpdkufwm[myJuvm;?
olwdkYeJYtwlwloGm;vmayr,fh uRefru ujrif;wmrS r[kwfbJ? olwdkYu bmwwfEkdifao;ovJ?
twlwloGm;wm? vmwmeJYvJ yJhusrSmrS r[kwfygbl;}
cspfazrSm cifav;\avoHudkMum;&í olYudkyif a':a':cifavmuf &GYHwGHYwGYHjzpfvmum

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]atmifr,f . . &Sifhudk,f&Sif vl½dk;BuD;ayghav}

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]'Du oabm½dk;ajymwmyg}
om
]tif; . . qef;vm&ifawmh [if;} [k atmufEIwfcrf;uav;udkoGm;ESifhiHkudkufí cspfaztm;

me
rsufapmif;xdk;vsuf MunfhvkdufaomaMumifh cspfazrSm b,fvdkaysmfrSef;rodaom aysmfjcif;rsKd;jzifh

rcia
aysmf&TifMunfEl;um&dSpOf ol\tdrfem;odkY um;qdkufívmojzifh cifav;ESifh cGJ&awmhrnfjzpfí

0rf;enf;ovdkvdkjzpfvsuf
l us
]udkif; . . &yfawmh tdrfa&mufNyD? aus;Zl;wifygw,f? um;eJYvdkufydkYwm} [k qdkpOf um;&yfvkdufojzifh

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um;ay:rSqif;í
f th
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]oGm;awmhr,faemf . . aemufudk 'DvdkawGY&ygapvdkY qkawmif;ygw,f} [k NyHK;pdpdvkyfíajymvdkuf&m

cifav;u
ook
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]&Sifhqkawmif;rsKd;awG bk&m;ay:rSm Mum;&uwnf;u vefYyg&JY? udkif; . . oGm;OD;r,f} [k qdkNyD;vQif

um;armif;xGufoGm;av\/
l be
at y
xdktcgrSpí cspfazonf a&SYuxufydkí 'def;'vdef;ewfzrf;ívmav\/ cifav;ESifhawGYqHk&ef

yef;jcHab;qDu apmifhpm;vdkygaomfvnf; a&SYuxuf ydkrdkí&TJatmif a&yufcH&awmhrnfjzpfí ]Zmjcifaxmif
our
rD;avmifaygufw,f? rvmcsifaygif rif;ta':aMumufw,f} [k qdk&rnfjzpfaom

b0odkYa&mufíaeNyD;vQif vrf;ay:uavQmufvmaomfvnf; cifav;udk rjrif&atmif
ow
apmifhMuyfíxm;aomaMumifh rMuHEkdifawmhbJ rdrd\aemufydk;ynm ]y½dkzufqm} cefYxm;aom bdk;csdefxHodkY

nr
ajy;&jyefav\/
isk
]vm&jyefNyD zl;pma&;ewfBuD;&,f? uRefawmfhrSmjzifh uBuD;&r&pfbJ uyfrSuyf&yavjzpfaejyefNyD}
]'gjzifh usKyfvJ ztkyfxkyf&r&pfbJ zpfrSzpf&av qdkvkdufcsifawmhwmyJ? b,fvdkrsm;jzpfvdkY

Muyfae&wmwkef;} [k ar;rS cspfazvnf; jzpfvmcJhaomtusKd;taMumif;udk ca&aphwGif;us
jyefvSefíajymjyav\/
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a,musfm;wdkYpGrf;&nf aocgrSavQmh&r,f vdkYqdkxm;wm? rif;[m olYudkMuHrdvdkYrS r&rcsif; vufravQmhbJ
BudK;pm;&rayghAsm? wpfenf;r& wpfenf;eJYMuHrSaygh}

]tJo[m rMuHwwfvdkY cifAsm;qDvmNyD; tMuHawmif;aewmayghAs? ydkYr,fhydkYvJ ul;wdkYa&mufatmif
ydkYygawmhAsm? vkyfprf;ygOD; aemifBuD;&}
]tif; . . tck cifAsm;rSm taygufusOf;eJY wdk;aeNyDqdkygawmh}
]tppfayghAsm}
]jcHem;vJruyf&awmhbl; r[kwfvm;}
][kwfuJh}
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]jcHem;ruyf&&ifvJ ta0;uaeNyD; 0g;vHk;eJY xbDawG csL,lwmaygh}

om
][m . . cifAsm;uvJ ½IyfaejyefNyD? twnfvkyfprf;ygAsm}

me
rcia
]udkif; . . 'Dawmh cifAsm;pmwpfapmif a&;&vdrfhr,f}

l us
]tif; . . a&;NyDqdkygawmh? a&;NyD;awmh bmvkyf&rvJ}

eo
]bmvkyf&rvJudk tomxm;ygOD;? bmudka&;&zdkYu t&ifvdkao;w,f}

f th
is b
]aMomf . . [kwfom;yJ? tif; . . bma&;&rSmvJAs? ajymygOD;}

o ok
]'guawmh cifAsm; olYudk awGYcsifvkdY[myJ? awGY&atmifMuHzdkYa&;rSaygh}

wil
]'guawmh [kwfyg&JY? EkdYaywJh wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muftwdtwif;BudKufaeMuwmr[kwfao;awmh?

l be
'Dvdka&;vkdY vmrwJhvm;}
at y
]EkdY . . cifAsm; tckajymaeyHkujzifh BudKufaeMuNyD; nm;MuvdkY uav;yJ arG;awmhr,fhyHkrsKd; ajymaewmudk;As}

our
]olYMunfh&wmu uRefawmfhudk cspfovdkvdkudk;As}

ow
nr
]cspfovdkvdkqdk&ifvJ cspfw,fqdkwmeJY wpfblwmavmufyJ jcm;wmygyJ? 'Dawmh cifAsm;pdwful;eJY

cifAsm;MuHzefNyD; oleJYawGY&atmif pma&;ayawmh? b,fvdk[mrsKd;a&;zdkY? bmvkyfzdkYqdkwmawGawmh ar;raeeJY?
isk
'Dtxdawmh cifAsm;tpGrf;eJY cifAsm;vkyfzdkYyJ? tJ'Dpma&;NyD;&if cifAsm;udk,fwkdif ay;EkdifwJhvrf;udkrjrif&if

uav;wpfa,mufudk ac:NyD;ay;ckdif;? cifAsm;udkcspf&if vmrSmyJ? rcspf&if rvmbl;qdkwmawmh
txl;ajymzdkYrvdkbl;? pma&;wJhtxJrSm tydkawGxnfhra&;eJY? awGYcsifw,fqdkwJhtaMumif;? bmaMumifh
awGYcsif&w,fqdkwJh taMumif;avmufyJa&;? olvmvdkY awGY&awmhrS cspfw,f? BudKufw,ftaMumif;awG
zGifhajymayawmh? tJ'gaemufqHk; ay:wJh avmu"mwfynmenf;opft& aemufydk;enf;yJ} [k ajymonfudk
cspfazu pOf;pm;ovdkvdkvkyfae&m bdk;csdefu qufvufí ]bmvJ? cifAsm; 'Dvdkrvkyfcsifbl;vm;} [k ar;rS
]vkyf&wmayghq&m? q&moifMum;wJhtwdkif;aygh}
]EkdYaywJh cifAsmhudku e*dkur[efvkdY ae&mrus&if wynfhraumif; q&mhacgif;vJ csraeeJYOD;}

]tdk . . ae&mrus&if q&mhacgif;tjypfrcsygbl;? wkwfeJYomcsrSm} [k ajymaepOf
]a[hvl? cifAsm;u cJzdk;ay;&rSmpdk;vdkY ykef;aewmvm;? &Smvdkuf&wmarmvdkY? cifAsm;udkawmhjrifygw,fAsm?

[dkwpfaeYwkef;u [dkiwdreJY um;twlwlpD;oGm;wm} [k ajymajymqdkqdk0ifvmaom bwifESifhawGY&ojzifh
pum;pjywfoGm;NyD;vQif ]vmygAsm? r*FvmaMu;uav; enf;enf;yg;yg;ayghAsm? xef;&nfpOfhtdk;wpfvHk;zdk;}
[k qdk&if; twif;qGJac:aomaMumifh cspfazrSm uefYvefYuefYvefYESifhygoGm;av\/
cspfazonf tdrfodkYjyefa&mufaomtcg pma&;pm;yGJwGif tcefYom;xdkifNyD;vQif EkdifiHausmf0w¦Ka&;q&mBuD;

wpfOD;onf urÇmausmf 0w¦Kwpfyk'fa&;&ef pOf;pm;cef;xkwfonfxufeufeJaom rsufESm[eftrlt&mjzifh
cifav;xHodkYay;&ef pmwpfapmifa&;av\/
C
om
xdkpmudka&;írS rqHk;rD oabmrawGYbJ qkwfNzJjcif;cH&NyD;aemuf topfwpfapmif xyfrHía&;jyefav\/

xdkpmrSmvnf; vHk;axG;vTifhypfjcif;cH&aomb0odkY a&mufav\/ odkYtm;jzifh pmq,fapmifxufrenf;
me
tedpöoabmodkY a&mufNyD;aemuf tqHk;owf pmwpfapmifwGif . .

rcia
cif . .
l us
þpmudk awGY&jcif;tm;jzifh tb,frnfaomt&yfu rsufpdvnfvrf;rSm;í a&mufvm

eo
aompmayenf;[k cifhpdwfwGif awG;rdrnfrvGJaomaMumifh rnfolay;aompm jzpfonfudk

f th
azmfjy&efrSm þpma&;olonf cif\jcHxJodkY 0ifítvmwGif a&csKd;ay;jcif; cH&ol

is b
jzpfygonf/ þuJhodkY pma&;onfhtwGuf twifh&JvSonf[k ratmufarhapvdkonfhjyif

a&;rnfhtaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; zwf½Ií &Jwif;vSyguvm;[k rxifapvdkyg/
o ok
wil
pma&;vkdufonfhtaMumif;rSm cifESifhwdwfwqdwf awGYqHkajymqdk&ef ta&;BuD;aom

pum;wpfcGef;&dSygaomaMumifh cifuawGYqHkEkdifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhaompdwfrsm;&dSjcif;jzifh
l be
cifwdkYtdrfaemufaz;vrf;Mum;wGif najcmufem&DcGJavmufwGif awGYvdkygonf/ ciftrSef

at y
vmvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhjcif;tm;jzifh apmihfíaeygrnf/ rvmvdkygvQifvnf;

þpma&;jcif;udk tjypfr,lapvkdyg/
our
cspfaz
ow
nr
þpmudka&;NyD;rS cspfaz\pdwfwGif rsm;pGmESpfoufjcif;rjzpfvSaomfvnf; xdkYxufwdk;íaumif;atmif

pOf;pm;ír&aomaMumifh xdkpmESifhyif wif;wdrfvdkuf&av\/
isk
aemufaeYwGif cspfazonf cifav;\tdrfa&SYvrf;odkY avQmufoGm;&mvrf;wGif vHkcsnfuGif;okdif;í

oHacGvdSrfhvmaom uav;wpfa,mufudk awGYí ]a[h . . rif;ydkufqHwrl; ,lrvm;}
],lr,f? bmvkyf&rvJ}
]pmwpfapmifay;? ay;&vdrfhr,f}
]ay;r,fq&m? b,faumifrvJ} [k ar;aomaMumifh cspfazrSm oli,fudkMunfhírsufvHk;jyL;aepOf

]ay;aeMuygq&m? vefYraeygeJY . .}

][J . . [J . . rif;vlvnfygvm;}
]tr,f . . 'Dt&yfxJrSm uRefawmfAdkvfaygh? csufBuD;wdkYu wynfhawG}
]aumif;ygNyDuGm? a[m[dkqif0ifeJYtdrf} [k qdkaepOf . .
]odNyDq&m . . odNyD? ay;ay;? jrefjref} [k jyefíajymum pmudkqGJí,lvdkufNyD;vQif ydkufqHudkawmif;í

taotcsmwD;acgufae&m . .
]a[h . . taumif;yguG}
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om
]rvkyfeJYq&m? wavmu cJrl;aphBuD;eJY vlwpfa,mufESyfoGm;vdkY? aemufydk;ay;wJhbdkifawGtaygom;} [k

qdkNyD;vQif nTefMum;vdkufaomtdrfodkY wef;aqmifhíajy;aomaMumifh cspfazrSmNyHK;&,fvsuf MunfhaeNyD;rS
me
rdrdudktjcm;vlrsm; jrifrnfpdk;aomaMumifh a&SmifíoGm;av\/

rcia
cspfaz\pmonf cifav;\vufxJodkY aumif;pGma&muf&dSoGm;onfhwdkifatmif cifav;vmrnf?

l us
rvmrnfudk rodEkdifay/ odkYaomf xdkpmrSm cifav;\vufxJodkY ra&mufbJ ol\ta':u vrf;rSaeí

qD;,lvdkufonfjzpfaomaMumifh xdkaeYn ajcmufem&DcGJwGif aemufaz;vrf;Mum;rS cspfazonf
eo
cifav;vmcJ? vmcJESifhapmifhpm;aepOf arSmifxJrSxGufvmaom vl&dyfudkjrif&ojzifh tvGeftrif; 0rf;omí

f th
oGm;NyD;rS rdrdxHodkYavQmufvmolrSm cifav;r[kwfbJ ol\ta':jzpfaeaomaMumihf rsufvHk;rsufqefjymí

is b
oGm;av\/ a':a':cifonf pmwpfapmifudk vufxJu axmifívIyfum&Sm;um tem;odkYa&mufvm

NyD;vQif ]'Dpmukd rif;a&;wmayghav? rif;u ighudk yrmrcefYvkyfwmvm;} [k ar;av&m . .
o ok
wil
cspfazrSm yg;pyfta[mif;om;ESifh aMumifíMunfhaeNyD;rS ]'g . . 'g . . a':a':udkay;zdkY a&;wm

r[kwfygbl;}
l be
at y
]EkdY . . cifqdkwmbmvJ? ighemrnfrSm cifrygvdkY bmwJhwkef;vdkY}

our
]a':a':hwl . . wlruav;udk ay;zdkYa&;wmyg? 'gudk a':a':u a':a':hpmvdkYvkyfNyD; ,lcsif&ifvJ

rwwfEkdifbl;}
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၀တၳဳတိုေပါင္းခ်ဳပ္ ၁ (ဇ၀န)

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