Maths

1
12TH Mathematics (311)

NIOS CLASS 1
Written by Manish Verma

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Senior Secondary Course
Learner’s Guide, Mathematics (311)
SETS
Sets  If 𝐴𝐶 and A ≠ B, than A is proper
subset of B
 Collection of well defined objects.  If A is set with n (A) =P, then number
 Set is denoted by capital letters and subset of A = 2p
elements are in small letters
Power Set
Representation of Set
 The set of all subsets of the given
I. Roaster Method/Tabular Method set is known as power et
Listing of all elements separated by  The power set of a set A is denoted
commas and enclosed them in curly as P(A)
bracket.  If|𝐴| = 𝑛, 𝑃(𝐴) = 2
𝐴 = { 1,2,3,4,5}
II. Set-Builder Form Universal Sets
Represented the elements by some
common property  Universal set is the set of all objects
𝐴 = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑥 < 6 } pertaining to a particular problem
 It is denoted as U
Classification of Sets
Venn diagram
 Finite and Disjoint Sets
 Empty/Null Sets  Diagrammatical representation of set is
 Singleton Sets known as Venn diagram
 Disjoint sets  Universal set U is represented by
 Equal and equivalent Sets interior of rectangle and other set are
represented by interior of circles
Sub-Sets
Components of a Set
 If A and B are two sets seen that each
elements of set A is an elements of set  The component of set A is the set of A
is the set of elements which are in U but
B.It is denoted as A  B
not in A
 𝐴𝐴&1  A
 It is represented 𝐴′ = 𝑈 − 𝐴
 If 𝐴𝐵and A 𝐵𝐴 than A=B
 𝐴 = 𝑈 − 𝐴, 𝑈 = 𝑄
 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴′ = 𝑈, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′ = 𝑄, (𝐴′ )′ = 𝐴
De Morgan’s Law
1
Mathematics (311)
3) The double complement of any set is
′ ′
a) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) =𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ equal to:
b) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ (A) Sets itself
(B) Null set
Operation on Sets (C) Complement of set
(D) Undefined
1. Intersection of Sets 4) Between two sets ‘A’ and ‘B: if
A⊆B and B⊆A, then relationship
The intersection of set A and B is between ‘A’ and ‘B’ as:
denoted by A∩ 𝐵 (A) A > B
(B) A < B
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑥 ∈ 𝐵} (C) A = B
2. Union of Sets (D) A = B = 0
The union of two sets A and B is
5) A = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, B = {2,3,4} then
denoted as A∪ 𝐵 B – A is equal to:
(A) {1,5,6}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑜𝑟𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
(B) {2,3,4}
3. Difference of Sets
(C) {4,5,6}
The difference of set B from set A is the (D) {1,2,3}
set of those elements which are B but
not in A
STRETCH YOURSELF
It is denoted as A-B
𝐴 − 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑥 ∉ 𝐵} 1. By taking suitable example, prove

𝐵 − 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑥 ∉ 𝐴} De-Morgan’s Law
(i)  A  B   A  B
' ' '
(ii)  A  B   A  B
'' '
Check YourProgress
2. Draw Ven diagram for each of
following case:
1) If two sets do not have any common (i) A  B, When B⊂A
element, then these sets are as:
(ii) A  B, When A and B are disjoint
(A) Finite sets
(B) Infinite sets sets
(C) Disjoint sets A  x : x  N
3. If and𝐵 = { 𝑦: 𝑦 ∈
(D) Empty sets 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 8 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 0}
2) In a set ‘A’ have three elements, then
number of subsets of ‘A’ are: Find A  B, and write your answer in
(A) 3
the roster form and in set – builder
(B) 9
form
(C) 8
4. By taking an example, prove that
(D) 6
 A  B    B  A   A  B    B  A
2
Mathematics (311)
5 Write the subset of the following sets
5 i{p,q,r} ii {a,b}
(i)
Answer to Check Your Process
1D
2C
3A
4C
5A
3
Mathematics (311)
Learner’s Guide, Mathematics, (311)
2
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS-I
Cartesian product of Two Sets

Let A={1, 2}, B= {3, 4, 5}. A × B and is called
the Cartesian Here (a, b, c) is called an ordered triplet. R}
Set of all ordered pairs of
product of sets A and
elements of A and B is Relations
B. i.e.
{(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,3), If A and B are two sets then a relation R from A
(2,4), (2,5)} A×B ={(1, 3), (1, toB is a sub set of A×B. ,
4),(1, 5),(2, 3),(2,
B ×A = {(3, 1),(3, 2),(4, 1),(4, 4),(2, 5)} If R = is called a void relation.
2),(5, 1),(5, 2)}
Cartesian product of (ii) R=A×B, R is called a universal relation.
sets B and A is (iii) If R is a relation defined from A to A, it is

denoted by B×A. called a relation defined on A.
(iv) R={(a,a) ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝐴} ,is called the identity

In the set builder form:
relation
A× 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎𝜖𝐴𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝜖𝐵}𝑎𝑛𝑑
Domain and Range of a Relation
B× 𝐴 = {(𝑏, 𝑎): 𝑏𝜖𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝜖𝐴}
If R is a relation between two sets then the set of
Number of elements in the first elements (components) of all the ordered
Cartesian product of two finite sets pairs of R is called Domain and
Number of elements Example set of 2nd elements of all the ordered pairs of R
in Cartesian product is called range, of the given relation
of two finite sets A A = {1,2},B ={x,y}
and B i.e. n(A × B) =
Co-domain of a Relation
A ×B
n(A). n(B) ={(1,x),(2,x),(1,y) If R is a relation from A to B, then B is called co
,(2,y) domain of R.
Cartesian product of the set of real For example, let A = {1, 3, 4, 5, 7} and B = {2,
numbers R with itself up to R × R × 4, 6, 8} and R be the relation ‘is one less than’
from A to B, then R = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7,
R triplet
Ordered A {1, 2} form the set 8)} so co domain of R = {2, 4, 6, 8}
A ×A ×A
A × A × A = {(a, b, c) : a, b, Function
c A } ={(1,1,1),(1,1,2),(1,2,
1),(1,2,2),(2,1,1),(2,1 Function is a special type of relation.
Here (a, b, c) is called an ,2),(2,2,1)(2,2,2} 1
ordered triplet. Mathematics (311)
F:AB is a rule of correspondence from A to B

such that to every element of A a unique
element in B
A={a,b,c,d}
B={1,2,3}
f :AB
={(a,1)(b,2)(c,3)(d,4)}
SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
(i) the set B will be termed as co-domain
Monotonic Function
and
(ii) (ii) the set {1, 2, 3, 5} is called the F:A→ 𝐵be a function then F is said to be
range. From the above we can conclude
monotonic on an interval (a,b) if it is eitherLet
that range is a subset of co-domain.
F : A B increasing or decreasing on that
(iii) Symbolically,
f interval.
f : A→ 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝐴 → 𝐵  For function to be increasing on an
interval (a,b)
Real Valued Function of a real
Variable 𝑥 <𝑥 ⇒ ( ) ( )∀ 𝑥 ∈( , )
A function which has either R or one of its  for function to be decreasing on (a,b)
subsets as its range is called a real valued
𝑥 > 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐹(𝑥 ) > 𝐹(𝑥 )∀𝑥 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
function. Further, if its domain is also either R or
a subset of R, then it is called a real function. Even Function
GRAPHICAL A function is said to be an even function if for
REPRESENTATION OF each x of domain F(- x) =F(x)
FUNCTIONS
Odd Function
2
Y= X
A function is said to be an odd function if for
x y
each x
0 0
1 1 f(-x) = - f(x)
-1 1
2 4 Greatest Inter Function
-2 4
3 9 F(x) = [ x] which is the greatest integer less than
-3 9 or equal to x f(x) is called Greatest Integer
4 16 Function
-4 16
Polynomial Function
2
Mathematics (311)
Any function defined in the form of a The function f:RR R by y= f(x) =c, x∈R
x where
polynomial is called a polynomial function. c is constant and each x∈R
Rational Function Signum Function

Function of the type f(x) =
( )
, where h(x)  0 The function f: RR
R
( )
defined by f(x)
and g(x) and h(x)are polynomial functions are
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
called rational functions.
= 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 is
−1
− 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Reciprocal Function:
called signum function.
Functions of the type y= , x 0 is called a The domain of the
reciprocal function. signum function is R
and the range is the set
Exponential Function {–1,
1, 0, 1}.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 = 1+ + +∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ Sum, difference, product and
1! 2! 𝑛!
quotient of functions
This is called exponential theorem,
infinite series is called the exponential Addition of two real functions:
functions
series.
Let f:X R and g: X  Example
f(x) =𝑒 , where x is any real number R be any two function,
F(x) =x2,g(x) =2x+1
is called exponential function where X  R, Then (f +
g) : X  R by (f +g )(x) = f(x)+ g (x)
(f + g ) (x) = f(x) + g(x), =x2 +2x + 1

Logarithmic Functions for all x  X
(ii) Subtraction of a real function

𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒚
from another
𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒙 R be any two functions,
F(x) =x2, g(x) =2x+1
where X  R, Then
Identity Function
(f -g) (x) = f(x)- g (x)
(f - g): X  R by
Let R be the set of real numbers. Define the real
valued functionf:R R by y = f(x)=x . for each =x2 -2x - 1
(f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x), for
x∈ 𝑅.Such
Such a function is called the identity all x  X
function
(iv) Multiplication of two real
Constant Function functions :
3
Mathematics (311)
Let f:X R and g: X Example

Q 4 The total number of relations from a
 R be any two 2
F(x) =x , g(x) =2x+1 set consisting of ‘m’ elements to a set
functions, where X  consisting of ‘n’ elements is equal to
R, Then (f g)(x) = f(x) g (x) (A) m  n
(B) mn
(f g): X  R by =2x3 +x2 (C) 2mn
(f g) (x) = f(x) g(x), (D) m  n
for all x  X
Q5 If the function is in the form of
Quotient of two real functions f   x    f  x  , then the function is:

(A) Negative function
R be any two 2 (B) Odd function
F(x) =x , g(x) =2x+1
functions, where X  (C) Even function
R, Then (f /g )(x) = f(x)/ g (x) (D) Step Function
(f /g) : X  R by =x2/2x + 1
(f g ) (x) = f(x) / g(x), Stretch yourself

for all x  X
Q1 Let A = {1,2,3,4,6} and R be the
Check your Progress relation on A defined by
Q 1 If n  A   3, and n  B   5, then
R   a, b  : a, b  A and a divides b
n  A  B  is equal to:
(A) 8 (i) Write R in roster form
(B) 15 (ii) Find Domain & Range of R
(C) 5
(D) 3 Q2 Let A  7,9,11 , B  13,15,17 and
R   x, y  : x  A & y  B, x  y is odd
Q 2 In relation R = {(1,3), (2,6) (3,9),
(4,12)} The domain of R is: Show that relation ‘R’ is an empty
(A) {1,2,3,4} relation
(B) {3,6,9,12} Q3 If A = {1,2}, B = {a,b} find out total
number of possible relations from A to
Q 3 If  x  3, y  4    5  x, 4  y  , then B
the value of x is equal to:
Q4 Find the domain and range of relation R,
(A) 2 where
 8 
(B) 4 R   x, y  : y  x  , x, y  N , x  9 
(C) 8  x 
(D) 6 Q5 Draw the graph of modulus function
4
Mathematics (311)
and find out domain and range of

modulus function.
Answer to check yourself
Q1 B
Q2 A
Q3 B
Q4 C
Q5 B
Answer to stretch yourself
Q1 (i) R = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4),

(1,5), (1,6), (2,2), (2,4), (2,6),
(3,3), (3,6), (4,4), (6,6)}
(ii) Domain = {1,2,3,4,6}

Range = {1,2,3,4,6}
Q2 Let A  B = {(7,13), (7,15), (7,17),

(9,13), (9,17), (11,13), (11,15),
(11,17)}
None of the order pair is showing that
first minus second component is odd.
Hence the relation is an empty
relation.
Q3 Total number of possible relation are
24 i.e. 16.
Q4 Domain = {1,2,4,8}
Range = {9,6}
Q5 In modulus function
Domain is  ,  
Range is  0,  
5
Mathematics (311)
3


TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS-I
 The angle subtended by an arc of a
Circular Measure of Angle circle at the center of the circle
 An angle is a union of two rays with the Is give by the ratio of the length of the
common end point. An angle is formed arc and the radius of the circle.
by the rotation of a ray as well.  𝜃=
 Negative and positive angles are formed
according as the rotation is clockwise or TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
anticlock-wise.
I II III IV
A Unit Circle Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant
 when a line segment makes one
complete rotation, its end point All Sin,cosec tan,cot cos ,sec
describes a circle. Positive Positive Positive Positive
 In case the length of the rotating line be
one unit then the circle described will be
a circle of unit radius. Such a circle is
Relation Between Trigonometric
termed as unit circle.
Functions
A radian
𝑥 = sin 𝜃 ,
 A radian is the measure of an angle
subtended at the centre of a circle by an 𝑦 = cos 𝜃
arc equal in length
th to the radius (r) of sin 𝜃
the circle tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
Relation between Degree and 1
csc 𝜃 =
Radian sin 𝜃
1
 An arc of unit length subtends an angle sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
of 1 radian. The circumference 22
subtendan angle of 2 radian 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1 cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃
Relation Between Length of an Arc 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃=1 +𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
and Radius of the Circle
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
1
Trigonometric Functions Of Some Variation of sin from 0 to 2

Specific Real Numbers
0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin cos tan cosec sec cot
6 4 3 2 0 0 1 0 ND 1 ND
sin 0 1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2 𝜋 0.5 0.87 0.58 2 1.15 1.73
6
cos 1 √3 1 1 0
𝜋 0.87 0.5 +N.D. 1.5 2 0.58
2 √2 2
3
𝜋 1 0 -1.73 1 -ND 0
tan 0 1 1 √3 N.D.
2
√3
2𝜋 0.87 0.5 -0.58 1.15 -2 -.58
3
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions 5𝜋 0.5 - 0 2 - -
6 0.87 1.15 1.73
 The importance of the graph of π 0 -1 0.58 -ND -1 ND
functions stems from the fact that this is
a convenient way of presenting many 7𝜋 -0.5 - 1.73 -2 - 1.73
properties of the functions. 6 0.87 1.15
 By observing the graph we can examine 4𝜋 - -0.5 + -1.15 -2 .58
several characteristic properties of the 3 0.87
functions such as 3𝜋 -1 0 -1.73 -1 -ND 0
A. periodicity, 2
B. intervals in which the function 5𝜋 - 0.5 -0.58 -1.15 2 -.58
3 0.87
is increasing or decreasing
11𝜋 -0.5 0.87 0 2 1.15 -
C. symmetry about axes,
6 1.73
D. maximum and minimum points
of the graph in the given 2π 0 1 0 -ND -ND
interval
Graphs of Trigonometric function
Variation of cos  from 0 to 2
2
Variation of cosec  varies from 0 to 2

Variation of tan  from 0 to 2
PERIODICITY OF THE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 A function f (x) is said to be periodic if

its value is unchanged when the value of
the variable is increased by a constant,
that is
 if f (x + p) = f (x) for all x.
 If p is smallest positive constant of this
type, then p is called the period of the
function f (x).
 If f (x) is a periodic function with period
p, then 1/ f( x )is also a periodic
Variation of cot  from 0 to 2
function with period p.
Check Your Progress

Q1 The value of radians is equal to:
5
(A) 18o
(B) 36o
(C) 45o
(D) 90o
Variation of sec  from 0 to 2
Q2 In a triangle two angles are 50o and
3
70o. The measure of third angle of the

triangle in radian is:
 Stretch yourself
(A)
2
2
(B) Q1 Draw the graph of cos  where  varies
3
 from 0 to 2 , write any two major
(C) observations.
3
 Q2 Prepare a table to write the values of
(D)
6 trigonometric functions
sin  , cos  & tan  where  takes values 0,
   
, , &
Q3 The angle in radians subtended by an 6 4 3 2
arc of length 20cm at the center of a
circle of radius 45cm is equal to: Q3 Draw the graph of tan  and write any
two observations.
9
(A) radians Q4 Find the period of
4 y
4 (i) x  3sin 2 y (ii) x  cos
(B) radians 2
9 Q5 Write the periods of trigonometric
2 functions
(C) radians (i) sin x and
3
(ii) cos x
3
(D) radians
2
Q4 The minimum value of sin  is equal

Answer to Check your Progress
to:
(A) 1 Q1( B)
(B) 0
(C) 2 
radians
(D) – 1 5
o
In which point, the graph of tan  is  360  
Q5   
discontinuous?  2 5 
 = 36o
(A)
2
Q2 (B)
(B) 

(C)
4 3rd angle
(D) 2 = 60o
In radian
4
2
 o
 6o
360

 radians
3
Q3 (B)
l

r
20
 radians
45
4
 radians
9
Q4 (D)
Q5( A)
Answer to stretch yourself
Q 1 Draw the graph

(i) minimum value of cos   1 and
maximum = 1
(ii)It is continuous in every where
Q 2 Prepare the table and write the value

table and write the values of
sin  , cos  & tan 
Q3
(i) The value of tan  lies between
  0  
(ii )Its period is 
Q4
(i)  (ii) 4 
Q5
(i) sin x  sin  x  2n  where n  0, 1,
…….
(ii) cos x  cos  x  2n  where
n  0, 1  2, …….
5
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS-
II
Addition and Multiplication of

Trigonometric Functions
Transformation of Sums or Differences
Addition Formulae into Products
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin cos
2 2
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos sin
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos cos
2 2
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐷 − cos 𝐶 = 2 sin sin
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 2 2
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
cot(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 − 1 Further Applications of Addition and
cot 𝐴 + cot 𝐵
Subtraction Formulae
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 + 1
cot(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
cot 𝐴 − cot 𝐵
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 -𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
𝜋 1 + tan 𝐴
tan + 𝐴 =
4 1 − tan 𝐴
Trigonometric Functions of Multiples of

TRANSFORMATION OF PRODUCTS INTO Angles
SUMS AND VICE VERSA
(a) To express sin 2A in terms of sin A, cos
Transformation of Products into Sums A and tan A.
or Differences sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 2𝐴 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 2𝐴 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
(b) To express cos 2A in terms of sin A, cos
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
A and tan A.
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos 2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 1 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼
cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 cot = cot general solution of the equation
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + 𝛼
(c) To express tan 2A in terms of tan A
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 Check Your Progress

tan 2𝐴 =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
1 The maximum value of 5cos   12sin  is
(d) Trigonometric Functions of 3A in Terms equal to:
of A (A) 13
(a) sin 3A in terms of sin A (B) 17
sin 3𝐴 = 3 sin 𝐴 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 (C) 12
(b) cos 3A in terms of cos A (D) 5
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝑨 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝑨 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
(c) tan 3A in terms of tan A 1 1
2 If sin A  , sin B  then the value of
𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝑨 10 5
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝑨 =
𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨 A+B is equal to:

Trigonometric Functions of (A)
2
Submultiples of Angles (B) 

A/2,A/3,A/4are called submultiples of A (C)
4
𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 ±
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 (D) 2
𝟐
𝑨 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐
=±
𝟐
3 What is the general solution of the equation
sin   sin  ?
𝑨 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 (A)   n   1 
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =±
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 (B)   n  
(C)   2n  
sin= sin  general solution of the equation
(D)   n   1 
n
𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1) 𝛼, 𝑛𝜖𝑍
8 5
cos = cos  general solution of the equation 4 If sin A and sin B , then sin  A  B  is
17 13
𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼, 𝑛𝜖𝑍 equal to:
21
(A)
tan = tan  general solution of the equation 221
112
𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + 𝛼, 𝑛𝜖𝑍 (B)
121
cosec = cosec  general solution of the 13
(C)
equation 17
169
𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1) 𝛼 (D)
25
sec =sec  general solution of the equation
5 The value of tan 15° is equal to:
3 1 multiple sum and difference of two angle.

(A)
(B) 3 1 Q 2 Prove by value of trigonometric function
3 1 of some special angle.
(C) 3 1
Q3 Here A,B, C are in A.P
3 1
(D) 3 1 AC
than 2B=A+C or B 
2
Q 4 (i) sin 4𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
1
Stretch yourself cos8  cos 2 
2

Q 5   2n  ,n z
3
1  sin 2  cot 2
Q 1 Prove that  cot 
1  sin 2  cos 2
1
Q2 Prove that sin12o  sin 48o  sin 54o 
8
Q 3 If three angles A,B,C are in Arithmetic
Progression (AP) prove that
sin A  sin C
cot B 
cos C  cos A
Q4 Express the following as sum or
difference
(i) 2sin 3  cos 
(ii) cos 3  cos 5
Q 5If 2cos   1, then find its general solution.
Answer to Check Your Progress
Q1A
Q2C
Q3D
Q4A
Q5C
Answer to Stretch yourself
Q 1 Prove by using trigonometric function of

RELATIONS BETWEEN SIDES AND

ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE
Sine Formula
 The lengths of the sides are and c = 8, then the value of
proportional to the sines of the angles 2 cos B  5cos C 2 is:
opposite to the sides
7
(A)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 4
= = 4
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 (B)
7
Cosine Formula 11
(C)
7
I. cos 𝐴 = 7
(D)
11
II. cos 𝐵 =
Q3 In a triangle ABC, if a = 18, b = 24
and c = 30, then the value of sin B is
III. cos 𝐶 = equal to:
(A) 1
Projection Formula
3
(B)
I. 𝑎 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵 5
2
(C)
II. 𝑏 = 𝑐 cos 𝐴 + 𝑎 cos 𝐶 5
4
(D)
III. 𝑐 = 𝑎 cos 𝐵 + 𝑏 cos 𝐴 5
Check your progress Q4 If cos A  m cos B, then

Q1 In a triangle ABC, the sides AB = A B B A
cot cot
3cm, BC = 5cm and AC = 7 cm, the 2 2 is equal to:
greatest angle of the triangle ABC is: m 1
 (A) m  1
(A)
2 m2
2
(B) (B) m  2
3 m 1
 (C) m  1
(C)
3 m2
(D) 
(D) m  2
Q2 In a triangle ABC, if a = 4, b = c,
Mathematics (311)
Q5 In triangle ABC, if
a cos A  b cos B, where a  b, then 1 use sine formula
2 use sine formula
triangle ABC is:
3 use sine and cosine formula
(A) Right angle triangle
(B) Equilateral triangle
(C) Isosceles triangle
(D) Scalene triangle
Stretch Yourself
Prove that
1. s in  B  C  b2  c2
s in  B  C  a2
For any triangle ABC, prove that

2. cos A cos B cos C
 
a b c
2 2 2
a b c

2abc
3. In triangle ABC, prove that
a 2 , b2 , c2 are in Arithmetic
Progression (A.P) if and only if
cot A, cot B and cot C are in A.P
4. In any triangle ABC, if

a cos A  b cos B, then the
triangle ABC is isosceles or right
angled.
5. In a triangle ABC, prove that

2  bc cos A  ac cos B  ab cos C 
 a 2  b2  c 2
Answer to Check Your Progress
Q 1 (B)
Q 2(D)
Q 3 (A)
Q 4(C)
Q 5 (A)
Answer to Stretch Yourself
Mathematics (311)
66
Sequences and Series
Sequence (i) Sn = (a + L)
 A sequence is a collection of numbers
specified in a definite order.
Where a is the first term and
L is the last term
𝑎 , 𝑎 ,𝑎 ,𝑎 ,……. 𝑎 is a sequence
n = 1,2,3 - - - - is also a sequence (ii) Sn = {2a + (n − 1) d}

where a is the first term
d is the common difference
 Finite Sequence :
A sequence having Finite number of terms
2, 4, 6, 8, 10 is a Finite sequence.  Arithmetic Mean (A.M)
When three numbers a, A and b are in
 Infinite Sequence:
Arithmetic Progression A.P, then A. M =
A sequence containing infinite number of
terms is known as Infinite sequence.
 Arithmetic Progression (A.P)  Geometric Progression (G.P)

A sequence with Finite terms, in which the A sequence of terms in which, the ratio of
difference between two consecutive terms is consecutive terms are constant same
the constant quantity, is called as Arithmetic quantity, is called as Geometric Progression
progression (A.P). (G.P)
The nth term and Arithmetic progression as: General term of Geometric Progression
a = a + (n − 1)d
Where a is the first term d is the common an = a r
difference.
Where a is the first term
 Properties of Arithmetic
and r is the common ratio.
Progression
(i) If the same non-zero number is  Properties of Geometric Progression
added to each term of an arithmetic
progression (AP) the resulting (i) In a Geometric progression, if a
sequence is again an AP. same non-zero quantity is multiplied
(ii) If each term of an A.P. is multiplied with all the terms, then the resulting
by the same non-zero number, the sequence is also a GP.
resulting sequence is again an A.P.
If a, b, c, d - - - - are in GP and
Sum of First n terms of an AP k ≠ 0 , then ak, bk, ck, dk - - - - is
also a GP
1
Mathematics (311)
(ii) If all the terms of a Geometric 1

Progression (GP) are raised to the (C)
same constant power, then the
n
resulting series is also a GP. n
(D)
n 1
Let a, b, c, d - - - - are in GP
Then a , b , c , d are in GP Q2 The 10th term of the Arithmetic
for (k ≠ 0) Progression 2, 0, 2, 4......... is:
(A) 16
 Sum of n terms of Finite GP
(B) 18
(C) 24
( ) (D) 20
Sn = For |r| >|
Q3 Which term of the Arithmetic
( ) progression 5,11,17...... is 119?
Sn = For |r| <|
(A) 18
 Sum of n terms of an Infinite GP (B) 20
Sn = When |r| <| (C) 19
(D) 21
 Geometric Mean (GM) Q4 How many positive integers are

between 100 to 200, those are
If a, G, b are in Geometric progression, then divisible?
G is called geometric mean (A) 45
(B) 50
G = √ab (C) 49
(D) 51
 Relationship between A.M and G.M
Let a and b be the two numbers, and A Q5 The 35th term of on Arithmetic
and G be the AM and GM respectively then Progression is 69. Then the sum of
its 69th terms are equal to:
A > 𝐺 → 𝐴𝑀 > 𝐺𝑀 (A) 4537
(B) 4329
(C) 2345
Check yourself (D) 4761
Q6 The mth term of an Arithmetic

Progression is n and the nth term is
m. Then (m+n)th term of the A.P is
Q1 What will be the nth term of the equal to:
1 2 3 4 (A) 1
sequence , , , ,.............?
2 3 4 5 (B) 0
x (C) – 1
(A) (D) 2
1  2n
n
(B) Q7 The 21st term of an Arithmetic
2n
2
Mathematics (311)
progression is 124 and the term of the Q13 The sum of the Geometric
first is 4. Then the common progression (G.P) 1,3,9.27……… up
difference of the sequence is: to 10th term is equal to:
(A) – 4 1  39
(B) 8 (A)
2
(C) 6 10
(D) 10 3 1
(B)
2
Q8 The sum of all natural numbers from 10
(C) 3  2
1 to 100 is equal to:
(A) 5050 310  5
(D)
(B) 5000 2
(C) 5500
(D) 5100 Q14 How many term of the Geometric
progression (G.P) 8, 16, 32,
Q9 The sum of all 20th term of the A.P 64………. have their sum is 8184?
5,10,15,20……… is equal to: (A) 15
(A) 1200 (B) 18
(B) 1250 (C) 12
(C) 1000 (D) 10
(D) 1050
Q15 The sum of the infinite Geometric
Q10 The first Arithmetic mean (A.B) progression (G.P)
between the interests 8 and 12 is 1 2 4 8
, , , ........ is equal to:
equal to: 3 9 27 81
(A) 20 1
(B) 16 (A)
5
(C) 10
1
(D) 48 (B)
3
Q11 In the Geometric progression (G.P) 5, 2
(C)
–10, 20, –40 ….., which term is 320 ? 3
(A) 7th 2
(B) 8th (D)
5
(C) 9th
(D) 10th
Q12 The 4th and 9th term of a Geometric

progression (G.P) are 8 and 256 Answer to check yourself
respectively. What will be the 3rd
term of the G.P ?
(A) 5 1D 2A 3B 4C 5D
(B) 3 6B 7C 8A 9D 10 C
(C) 2 11 A 12 D 13 B 14 D 15 A
(D) 4
3
Mathematics (311)
Stretch Yourself
1. If Sn denotes the sum of n terms of

an A.P., then find Sn+3 – 3Sn+2 +
3Sn+1 – Sn
2. Find the sum of integers from 1 to
100 that are divisible by 2 or 3
3. If the sum to n terms of a series is
n ( n  1) ( n  2)
given by then find the
6
nth term of the series

4. Find the sum of 10 terms of the
series.
a. 0.7 + .77 + .777 + ...
4
Mathematics (311)
Some Special Sequences
Series: Check Your Self

 A series is associated with Sequence. A
series is a sum of terms with definite order.
 An expression of the form 𝑢 + 𝑢 +
⋯ . . 𝑢 is called series, where 𝑢 , 𝑢 ….. is
a sequence of numbers.
Find the sum of the following series to n
Denoted by ∑ 𝑢
terms
If n is finite then the series is finite series,
otherwise the series is infinite.
 Sum of the powers of the first n-natural 1. + + + ⋯.

numbers
2. 1 + (1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 + 3 ) +
( ) ⋯.
Sn =
3. 1.2.4+2.3.7+3.4.10+ ……
 Sum of squares of the first n-natural
4. 1+ (1+2) + (1+2+3)+
numbers (1+2+3+4)……
5. 1.2.5+2.3.6+3.4.7+…….
Sn = 1 + 2 +3 + −−−+n 6. 5+7+13+31+85+….
7. 2+4+7+11+16+….
n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
Sn = 8. 2 + 4 + 6 + ⋯ ….
6
9. 1. 2 + 2. 3 + 3. 4 + ⋯ ..
n (n + 1)(2n + 1) 10. 2 + 10 + 30 + 68 + 130 +……
n =
6
Hint to check yourself
 The sum of the Cubes of the first n-natural
numbers
Sn = 1 +2 +3 + −−−∓n 1. (2𝑛 + 9𝑛 + 12)

2. (𝑛 + 1 )(𝑛 + 2)
( )
∑n =
3. (𝑛 + 1)(9𝑛 + 25𝑛 + 14)
4. (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
 The sum of the series the n tn term of the
series (tn), Sn = ∑ tn 5. (𝑛 + 1)(3𝑛 + 23𝑛 + 34)
1
Mathematics (311)
6. (3 + 8𝑛 − 1)
7. (𝑛 + 3𝑛 + 8)
8. (𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
9. (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)(3𝑛 + 5)
10. (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 𝑛 + 2)
2
Mathematics (311)
Complex Numbers
 Complex Number
(iii) Conjugate of the conjugate of a complex
Any number which can be expressed in the number is the number itself i.e. (
form of a + b i where i = √−1 and Z )=Z
a, b are real number is called as complex
number. It is denoted as Z = a + b i
 Modules of a Complex number

For example Z = 3 + 7 i is a complex Z = a + b i , be the complex number
number. |Z| is the modulus of Z is given by
|Z| = √a + b
 Positive Integral powers of i
(i) |Z| = 0 <=> 𝑍 = 0
i = √−1 = i
(ii) |Z| = Z
i = (√−1 ) = −1 (iii) |Z| = |−Z|
i = 2 . 2 = (−1) . i = −2
2 = (2 ) = (−1) = 1
 Equality of Two Complex Numbers
If n is a positive integer such that n > 4,
Two complex number are equal, if and only
then to find 2 , we first divide n by 4
if their real parts and imaginary parts are
 Conjugate of a Complex Number respectively equal.
The conjugate of a complex number is If a + b i = c + d i , then

obtained by changing the sign of the
a = c and b = d
imaginary part.
 Operations on Complex Numbers
Let Z = a + b i , be the complex number
Z = a − b i , is the conjugate of Z (A) Addition of Complex Numbers
(i) The conjugate of a real number is the If Z = a + b i and Z = c + d i are

two complex numbers, then their addition is
number 1+ self. Z= Z
defined as
(ii) If Z is a purely imaginary number then
Z = −Z . Z + Z = (a + c) + i (b + d)
1 Mathematics (311)
(B) Subtraction of Complex Numbers is termed as:

(A) Natural number
To subtract a complex number from another, (B) Rational number
the corresponding real and imaginary parts (C) Real number
are separately subtracted. (D) Complex number
Z =a+bi , Z =c+di Q2 What is the value of 1  i10  2 ?

(A) 1
Z − Z = (a − c) + i (b − d) (B) 0
(C) 2
(C) Multiplication of Two Complex (D) 3
Numbers
Q3 The conjugate of the complex number
If (a + b i) and (c + d i) are two 5  3i is expressed as:
complex numbers, their product is defined as (A) 3  5i
the complex number (ac − bd) + (ad + (B) 5  3i
bc) i (C) 5  3i
(D) 3  5i
(D) Division of Two Complex Numbers
Division of complex numbers involves Q4

What is the conjugate of  2  i  ?
2
multiplying both numerator and
denominator with the conjugate of the (A) 3  4i
denominator (B) 3  4i
(C) 4  3i
Let Z = a + b i , Z =c+di (D) 4  3i
( ) ( )
=
Q5 If the complex number z  1  2i, then
the modules of – z is equal to:
 Square root of a Complex Number
(A) 5
(B) 5
(i) a + i b has two square roots in
(C) 3
each case and two square roots
(D) 3
just differ in their sign.
(ii) Square root of a complex number
is also a complex number. Q6 What should be added with 3  2i in
order to get the result 7  i ?
(A) 4  3i
(B) 3  4i
Check Your Progress (C) 2  7i
(D) 7  2i
Q1 The number which can be expressed

in the form of a  bi where i  1 Q7 The product of two complex number
2 Mathematics (311)
1  2i  and 1  3i  is: Q12 When 3  i is divided by 4  2i the

resulting complex number is:
(A) 2  6i
(A) 5  7i
(B) 1  6i
(B) 3  2i
(C) 7  i
(C) 2  3i
(D) 1  6i
1 1
(D)  i
Q8 The modulus of the complex number 2 2
3  4i
is equal to: Q13 The modulus of the complex number
2i
(A) 2 5
1  i  4  3i  is equal to:
(B) 5 (A) 2 5
1 (B) 3 7
(C)
5 (C) 5 2
(D) 5 2 (D) 7 3
Q9 The multiplicative inverse of the Q14 What is the modulus of the complex
complex number 3  4i is equal to: number z  a  bi in the polar form?
3 4 (A) r  a  b
(A)  i
25 25 (B) r  a 2  b2
4 1 ab
(B)  i (C) r
9 12 ab
4 1 ab
(C)  i (D) r
9 12
a 2  b2
3 4
(D)  i
25 25 Q15 What will be the value of x and y if
2 x  3 yi  4  9i ?
Q10 If z1   2  i  , z2  1  i  , and (A) x  4, y  9
z3   2  3i  , then the value of (B) x  2, y  9i
z1   z2  z3  is equal to: (C) x  2 and y  3
(A) 3  5i (D) x  2 and y  3i
(B) 5  3i
(C) 6  5i
(D) 5  6i
Answer to check your Progress
Q11 What will be the additive inverse of
10  5i ?
(A) 10  5i
(B) 10  5i
(C) 5  10i
(D) 5  10i 1D 2C 3B 4A 5B
6A 7C 8B 9D 10 B
3 Mathematics (311)
11A 12 D 13 C 14 B 15 C
Stretch Yourself
3  2i
1. Find the conjugate of
5  3i
2. If z1 = 2 + i, z2 = 3 – 2i, then find
2
2z 2  z 1  5  i
value of
2 z1  z 2  3  i
1  c  is
3. Find , If c2 + s2 = 1
1  c  is
4. If ( 3 + i)100 = 299 (a + ib), then

find a2 + b2
1  7i
5. Find the polar form of
( 2  i) 2
4 Mathematics (311)
Quadratic Equation & Linear Inequalities
 Quadratic Equation − b − √b − 4ac

The equation in the form of ax + bx + β=
2a
c=0, a≠0
For example 5x + 9x + 7 = 0 is
quadratic equation. D = b − 4ac is called as Discriminant
 Roots of a Quadratic Equation (i) If D > 0 , then equation have two

 The value of the variables for which real and distinct roots.
equation is satisfied is known as roots of (ii) If D = 0 , then equation have two
the quadratic equation. real and equal roots.
 In a quadratic equation, it has two roots. (iii) If D < 0 , then equation have no
real roots. It will have imaginary
complex roots.
 Solving Quadratic equation
(i) Factorization Method  Relation Between Roots and Co-

efficient of Quadratic Equation
By splitting the middle term and
taking the common factors. If ⋉ , β are roots of the quadratic equation,
then
If (x − α) and ( x − β )be the two
factors of a quadratic equal ax + (i) α + β=
bx + c = 0, then x = α, β be the
(ii) αβ=
two roots
 Inequalities
(ii) Quadratic Formula
A statement involving a sign of inequality
In ax + bx + c = 0 , a ≠ 0 the as: > , < , ≥ , ≤ is called as inequalities
roots are
For example: 2x + 3 > 5
√
α = 3x + a ≤ 7
 Solving of Inequalities (Rules)
1
whose roots are 𝛼 + 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 +

(1) Equal numbers may be added or 2?
subtracted from both side of A. 8𝑥 + 98𝑥 + 236 = 0
inequalities. B. 8𝑥 − 98𝑥 + 236 = 0
(i) If a > 𝑏, then a + x > 𝑏 + 𝑥 C. 8𝑥 − 98𝑥 − 236 = 0
and a − x > 𝑏 − 𝑥 D. 𝑥 − 98𝑥 + 236 = 0
(ii) If a ≤ b, then a + x ≤ b + x 3. What will be the product of x*z if
and a − x ≤ b − x the equation y2+xy+z=0 and y2
+4y+3=0 have one common root?
(2) Both side of an inequalities, can be A. 12
multiplied and divided by same B. -12
positive number. C. 7
(i) If a > 𝑏, then ax > 𝑏𝑥 , and D. -7
> 4. If α and β are the roots of the
(ii) If a ≤ b, then ax ≤ bx , and quadratic equation 5𝑥 − 15 𝑥 +
20 = 0 .Value of 𝛼 + 𝛽
> 𝑏𝑥
A. 1
(3) When both sides of inequalities are B. -1
multiplied by same negative number, C. 0
then sign or inequality gets reversed. D. 2
5. Solution of 𝑥 +10 i x -21 =0 are
(i) If a > 𝑏, and x < 0 , A. -3 i, 7i
then ax < 𝑏𝑥, < B. -3i,-7i
(ii) a ≤ b, and x ≤ 0 , and C. 3i,7i
ax ≥ bx , ≥ D. 3 i, -7 i
6. By solving the inequality ½(4x+3) >
1/3(x+4), the answer will be
A. x > - 1/10
Check Your Progress B. x > 1/10
C. x > 1/5
D. x > -1/5
1. If X2+bx+c =0 and x2 +cx+ b =0 7. By solving the inequality 10 a – 4 >
have exactly one common root then 8 ,the value of a is
what is the value of (c+b)? A. Greater than 2
A. 0 B. Less than 2
B. 1 C. Equal to 2
C. -1 D. Less than 1
D. None of the above
2. If α and β are the roots of 4x2-6x - 8. The imaginary roots of the equation
12=0, then what is the equation (x2 + 2)2 + 8x2 = 6x (x2 + 2) are -
2
(A) 1± i (B) 2 ± (C) 9/2 (D) 7/2

(C) – 1 ± i (D) None of these 14. The sum of all real roots of the
equation
9. Both roots of the equation (x – b) (x–
|x – 2|2 + |x – 2| – 2 = 0, is-
c) + (x– c) (x – a) + (x – a) (x – b) =
(A) 0 (B) 8
0 are -
(C) 4 (D)
(A) positive (B)
None of these
negative
15. If roots of the equation x2 + ax + 25
(C) real (D) imaginary
= 0 are in the ratio of 2 : 3 then the
10. If p and q are roots of the equation
value of a is -
x2 – 2x + A = 0 and r and s be roots
of the equation x2 – 18 x + B = 0 if p (A)
5
(B)
25
< q < r < s be in A.P., then A and B 6 6
are respectively-
5
(A) – 3, 77 (B) 3, 77 (C) (D) None of these
6
(C) 3,– 77 (D) None of these
11. Both roots of the equation (x – b) (x–
c) + (x– c) (x – a) + (x – a) (x – b) = Answer to check your progress
0 are -
(A) positive
(B) negative
1 B 2 B 3 A 4 A 5 B 6A 7 B 8A 9C 10 A
(C) real
11C 12D 13 B 14C 15 B
(D) imaginary
12. If x is real then the value of the
x 2  14x  9
expression lies between
x 2  2x  3 Stretch Yourself
(A) –3 and 3
(B) –4 and 5
(C) –4 and 4
(D) –5 and 4 1. Find value of k if x2 + k(2x + 3) + 4(x + 2)
13. If the roots of the equations x2 + 3x + 3k – 5 is a perfect square
2. Find the solution of the equation 2x 2 + 3x –
+ 2 = 0 and x2 –x + p = 0 are in the
9=0
same ratio then the value of p is
3. If x + 1 is a factor of the expression
given by-
(A) 2/7 (B) 2/9 4. x4 + (p – 3)x3 – (3p – 5) x2 + (2p –
9) x + 6 then find the value of p
3
5. If x2 + 2xy + 2x + my – 3 have two

rational factors then find m.
6. Find the nature of roots of the
equation
2 2
7. x – =1–
x 1 x 1
4
10
Principle of Mathematical Induction
 Statement : -
The sentence, which is either true or false is  The Mathematical Statement
called as statement
(1) p(n) ∶ 1 + 2 + 3 − − − − + n =
(i) 1 am 20 years old ( )
Statement
(2) p(n) ∶ 2 > 𝑛
(ii) If x = 2, then x = 4
(3) p(n) ∶ 1 + 2 + 3 + − − − − >
( )( )
n =
(iii) When you leave from home? (4) p(n) ∶ 1 + 4 + 7 + − − − +
( )
Not (3n − 2) =
statem
(5) p(n) ∶ + +− − − +
ent
(iv) How wonderful the garden! = ,
( ) ( )
Where n EN, all statements are proved by

Mathematical Induction.
 The Principle of Mathematical
Induction  The word induction means, formulating
a general principle (or rate) based on
Let p(n) be a statement involving a natural several particular instances.
number n, if
Example : Using principle of mathematical
(i) It is true for n = 1 , i.e P(1) is
induction prove that + + is a
true; and
(ii) Assuming P(K) to be true, it can natural number for all natural number n
be proved that P(K+1) is true;
Then by Principle of Solution Let 𝑃 : + + is a natural
Mathematical induction p(n) number
must be true for every natural
number n.
1 Mathematics (311)
P(1) = + + =1 which is a natural

number
P(1) is true.
Let P(k) : + + is a natural number

be true
( ) ( ) ( )
Now + +
= [𝑘 + 5𝑘 + 10𝑘 + 5𝑘 + 1] +
[𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 1] + 𝑘+
𝑘 𝑘 7𝑘
+ + 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
5 3 15
Also 𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 2𝑘 is a natural
number
P(k+1) is true , whenever P(k) is true
P(n) is true is true for all natural number.
Stretch Yourself
Prove the following by principle of

mathematical induction
( )
1. 1+2+3+4……..+P =
( )( )
2. + + + ⋯…….. =
. . . ( )
3. a+(a+d) +(a+2d)+……..a+(n-1)d = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]

4. 1 × 3 + 2 × 4 + 3 × 5 + ⋯ … . . 𝑛 × (𝑛 + 2) = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 7)
5. 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + ⋯ . (3𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛(3𝑛 + 1)
6. 5 − 1 is divisible by 124 for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
7. 1 + + + + ⋯…. < 2- for all 𝑛 ≥ 2, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
8. 7 +2 ×3 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 25 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
2 Mathematics (311)
9. 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ (2𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛(4𝑛 − 1)
10. 4 + 15𝑛 − 1 is divisible by 9 for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
3 Mathematics (311)
11
Permutations and Combinations
 Fundamental Principle of Counting Check yourself

If an event can occur in m ways, and the
second event can occur in n ways, then Q1 How many multiples of 5 are there
the both the events together can occur in from 10 to 95?
mxn ways.
(A) 12
 Permutations (B) 18
(C) 10
An arrangement of objects in a (D) 15
particular order is known as
permutation. The Total number of Q2 How may 3-digit number can be
permutation of n objects is n(n − formed with the digits 2,3,4 and 5?
1) … … … … … .2.1 (A) 48
Hence n ! = n (n − 1)(n − 2) … … … .1 (B) 40
(C) 24
n ! or n read as n Factorial.
(D) 12
 Permutation of r objects out of n Q3 What is the value of zero factorial?

objects (A) zero
(B) infinite
The number of permutations of r objects (C) two
out of n objects is usually denoted as (D) one
np =
! Q4 The value of  2! 3!  2! is equal to:
( )!
(A) 16
 Combinations (B) 12
(i) The number of ways of selecting r (C) 14
objects out of n objects is : nc = (D) 18
!
!( )! Q5 In how many ways can the letters of
(ii) nc = nc the word “TRIANGLE” be arranged?
(iii) The value of nc = 1 (A) 8424
(B) 23690
(C) 40320
(D) 25632
Q6 What will be the value of 4P3 divides

3P2 ?
(A) 4
1 Mathematics (311)
(B) 8 (A) 60
(C) 16 (B) 30
(D) 12 (C) 180
(D) 120
Q7 If you have 5 New year greeting
cards and you wish to send it to 3 of Q13 What is the value of nc0 ?
your friends, then in how many ways (A) two
this can be done? (B) n
(A) 120 (C) zero
(B) 80 (D) one
(C) 40
(D) 60 Q14 A committee of 5 persons is to be
formed from 6 men and 4 women.
Q8 How many ways can 3 girls and 5 How many ways it can be done when
boys be arranged in a row, so that all atleast 2 women are included?
the three girls are together? (A) 212
(A) 720 (B) 120
(B) 4320 (C) 186
(C) 17280 (D) 144
(D) 2025
Q9 How many arrangement of the letter Q15 From 5 consonants and 4 vowels,
of the word “ODISHA” can be how many words can be formed by
formed, if the vowels are always using 3 consonants and 2 vowels?
together? (A) 7200
(A) 288 (B) 3600
(B) 24 (C) 1240
(C) 144 (D) 2800
(D) 112
Q10 The value of 4C3  4C2 is equal to:

(A) 10
(B) 18 Answer to check yourself
(C) 24
(D) 35
Q11 How many cyclic quadrilaterals can 1B 2C 3D 4A 5C

be drawn by using 10 different points 6C 7A 8D 9B 10 A
on the plane? 11D 12 B 13 D 14 C 15 A
(A) 112
(B) 225
(C) 120
(D) 210
Stretch Yourself
Q12 In a box, there are 5 black pens and 3
white pens. In how many ways can 2
black pens and 2 white pens chosen?
2 Mathematics (311)
1. Find the value of r If 15Pr = 2730

2. Find the number of words from the
letters of ‘BHARAT’ where B and H will
never come together
3. How many five digit even numbers can
be formed by using the digits 0, 2, 3, 4,
5
(Repetition not allowed)?
4. Eleven members of a committee sit
round a circular table. In how many
ways can they sit so that the secretary
and joint secretary are always
neighbours of the president?
5. Using all digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, how many
even numbers can be formed?
3 Mathematics (311)
12
Binomial Theorem
Check Yourself
 Binomial Theorem
Q.1 Fourth term in the expansion of
The Statement of Binomial expansion
10
(x + y) , where n is the positive integer a 
  9b  is-
is known as Binomial theorem.  3 
(A) 40 a7 b3 (B)
(x + y) = 40a3b7
nc x + nc x . y +
(C) 1890 a6b4 (D) 1890a4b6
nc x .
+ − − − − + (x + y) = Q.2 Second term in the expansion of (2x

nc xy
+ 3y)5 will be -
nc y , where n ∈ N and (A) 46 x2y3 (B) 30
x, y ∈ R
x3y2
 General Term in a Binomial
(C) 240 x4 y (D)
Expansion
810 xy4
T + nc x .y
 Middle Terms in a Binomial Q.3 The 5th term of the expansion of (x –

Expansion
2)8 is -
Case – 1 :- When exponent n of the (A) 8C5x3( –2)5 (B) 8C5x3 25
th
binomial is even, then +1 term
(C) 8C4x4 (–2)4 (D) 8C6x2 (–2)6
is the middle term.
Case – 2 :- When the exponent n of a

Q.4 The number of terms in expansion of (x
binomial is an odd natural number, then
th th
– 3x2 + 3x3)20 is-
the and terms are two
(A) 60 (B) 61
middle terms.
(C) 40 (D) 41
1 Mathematics (311)
n 1 n 1
(C) r = (D) r =
2 2
Q.5 The term with coefficient 6C2 in the
expansion of (1+ x)6 is-
(A) T1 and T3 (B) T2 and T4 Q.9 The coefficient of a2b3 in (a + b)5 is-
(C) T3 and T5 (D) None of these (A) 10 (B) 20
(C) 30 (D) 40
Q.6 If n is a positive integer, then rth
term in the
expansion of (1–x)n is- Q.10 The coefficient of x7 and x8 in the
(A) nCr (–x)r
n
(B)
expansion of  2   are equal, then
x
 3
nC x r
r
n is equal to-
(C) nC r-1(–x)
r–1 (D) nC xr–1
r–1
(A) 35 (B) 45
Q.7 If the 4th term in the expansion of (C) 55 (D) None of these
n
 1 5
 ax   is , then the values of a
 x  2
Q.11 The coefficient of x5 in the
and n are-
expansion of
(A) 1/2, 6 (B) 1, 3
(2 + 3x)12 is-
(C) 1/2, 3 (D) can not be
found (A) 12C525, 37 (B) 12C626.36
(C) 12C527.35 (D) None of these
Q.8 The coefficient of (3r)th term and n

Q.12 If the expansion of  x 2   , the
1
coefficient of  4
th
(r + 2) term in the expansion of (1 +
coefficient of third term is 31, then
x)2n are equal then (where r > 1, n >
the value of n is-
2), positive integer)-
(A) 30 (B) 31
(A) r = n/2 (B) r =
n/3 (C) 29 (D) 32
2 Mathematics (311)
Q.13 If A and B are coefficients of xr and 3. Find the number of terms in the
xn–r respectively in the expansion of expansion of
(1+ x)n, then- a. (1 + 5 2 x)9 + (1 – 5 2 x)9
4. Calculate the middle term in the
(A) A = B
expansion of
(B) A ≥ B (1 – 3x + 3x2 – x3)6
(C) A = 0 , B for some n 5. If (1 + x – 2x2)6 = 1 + C1x + C2x2 +
C 3x 3 + ....+ C12 x12, then

(D) None of these
calculatethe value of C2+ C4+ C6 +
...+ C12
n 2
Q.14 If (1 + by) = (1 + 8y +24y + …..)
then the value of b and n are Answer to check yourself
respectively-
(A) 4, 2 (B) 2, –4
(C) 2, 4 (D) –2, 4 1A 2C 3C 4 D 5 C
6 C 7 A 8A 9A 10 C
Q.15 The number of terms in the 11C 12 D 13 A 14 C 15 A

expansion of
(1 + 5 2 x)9 + (1 – 5 2 x)9 is-
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 10
Stretch Yourself
1. If (1+ x)n = C0+ C1x + C2x2 +....+

C nx n, then find
(C 0  C1 )(C1  C 2 )...(C n 1  C n )
C1C 2 ...C n
2. Find the 5th term of the expansion of

(x – 2)8
3 Mathematics (311)
13
Cartesian System of Rectangular

Co-ordinates
 Rectangular Co-ordinate Axes

(ii) If the point R (x, y) divide the line
externally in the ratio m : n then co-ordinate of R
as :
 Distance Between two points
The distance between two points ,
P (x , y ) and Q (x , y ) as PQ =
(x − x ) + (y − y )
(i) The co-ordinate of the mid-point of a
The distance between a point p(x, y) from line segment PQ as
original (o, o) as
,
OP = x +y
Section Formula
Area of a Triangle
(i) Let P (x , y ) and Q (x , y ) are two
Area of triangle
points on a line and R (x, y) divide P Q
internally in the ration m and n, then the x y 1
co-ordinate of R are ABC = x y 1
x y 1
,
Co linearity of three points
A ( x , y ) , B( x , y ) and C ( x , y )
are three points are Collinear, If and only if the
Area of the triangle ABC become Zero.
1 Mathematics (311)
SLOPE of A Line 2. The Area of the triangle with vertices (1,

2);
The Slope M of a line through
(5, 7) and (3, 8) is -
a. (A) 6 (B) 7
b. (C) 8 (D) 9
A ( x , y ) , and B( x , y ) is given by m
=
3. If (5, –4) and (–3, 2) are two opposite

vertices of a square then its area is -
 Two line of Slopes m and m are
(A) 50 (B) 75 (C) 25
parallel, if and only if m = m
(D) 100
 Two line of Slopes m and m are 4. The distance between feet of
perpendicular, if and only if m . m = −1 perpendiculars drawn from a point (–3,
4) on both axes is -
Angle between Two Lines (A) 5 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 1
Let L1 & L2 be two non-vertical and non-
perpendicular lines with Slopes m and m
respectively and be the angle between two lines,
then 5. P,Q and R three points on the line joining
A(–6, 8) and B(8, –6) such that AP = PQ
= QR = RB, then coordinates of R are -
tan θ = , where
.
(A) (–5/2, 9/2)
1+ m m = θ
(B) (5/2, 9/2)
(i) If tan θ is +ive, then angle is acute (C) (5/2, –9/2)
(ii) If tan θ is +ive, then angle is obtuse
(D) (9/2, –5/2)
Check Your Progress

6. The mid points of the sides of a triangle
1. Area of the triangle with vertices (4, 4);
are (5,0), (5,12) and (0, 12) the
(3, –2) and (3, –16) is -
orthocentre of this triangle is -
(A) 7 (B) 18
(C) 15 (D) 27 a. (A) (0, 0) (B) (0,
24)
b. (C) (10, 0) (D)
 13 
 ,8 
 3 
2 Mathematics (311)
11. The mid points of the sides of a triangle

7. The extremities of hypotenuse of a right- are (5,0), (5,12) and (0, 12) the
angled triangle are (2, 0) and (0, 2), then orthocentre of this triangle is -
locus of its third vertex is - (A) (0, 0) (B) (0, 24)
(A) x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y = 0  13 
(C) (10, 0) (D)  ,8 
(B) x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y = 0  3 
(C) x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y = 0
(D) x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y = 0
12. The extremities of hypotenuse of a right-
angled triangle are (2, 0) and (0, 2), then
8. Line segment joining (5,0) and (10𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, locus of its third vertex is -
10sin𝛼 is divided by a point P in ratio 2 (A) x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y = 0
: 3 . If 𝛼 varies then locus of P is a - (B) x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y = 0
(A) Pair of straight lines (C) x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y = 0
(B) Circle (D) x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y = 0
(C) Straight line

(D) Parabola
13. Line segment joining (10,0) and
9. The distance between feet of
(20cos𝛼, 20sin𝛼) is divided by a point P
perpendiculars drawn from a point (–3,
in ratio 4 : 6. If 𝛼 varies then locus of P
4) on both axes is -
is a -
(A) 5 (B) 2
(A) Pair of straight lines
(C) 4 (D) 1
(B) Circle
(C) Straight line
10. P,Q and R three points on the line joining (D) Parabola
A(–6, 8) and B(8, –6) such that AP = PQ 14. If (3, – 4) and (– 6, 5) are the extremities
= QR = RB, then coordinates of R are - of the diagonal of a parallelogram and
(–2,1) is its
third vertex, then its fourth vertex is -
(A) (–5/2, 9/2)
(A) (– 1, 0) (B) (– 1, 1)
(B) (5/2, 9/2) (C) (0, – 1) (D) None of these
(C) (5/2, –9/2)
(D) (9/2, –5/2)
15. The coordinates of the point which
divides the line segment joining (–3, –4)
3 Mathematics (311)
and (–8, 7) externally in the ratio 7:5 are

-
(A) (41/2, 69/2)
(B) (–41/2, –69/2)
(C) (–41/2, 69/2)
(D) None of these
16. The ratio in which the point (8, 4)

divides the line segment joining the
points (5, –2) and
(9, 6) is -
(A) 2 : 1
(B) 3 : 1
(C) 2 : 3
(D) 1 : 2
Answer to check Progress

1 A 2 B 3 A 4 A 5D 6A 7 A 8 B 9C 110 C 11 D
12 A 13 B 14 A 15 C 16 B
4 Mathematics (311)
14
Straight Lines
 Straight line parallel to an Axis
The equation of straight line in

 The equation of any line parallel to x-
two point form as
axis is y = b
y − y = m (x – x y)
 The equation of any line parallel to y –
axis is x = c ≫y−y = (x − x )
(iv) Intercept form

Equation of straight line in various
standard forms + = 1
(i) Slope intercept form
y = mx + c (v) Normal Form
x cos ⋉ + y sin ⋉ = P
(ii) Point - Slope form
Where ‘p’ is the length of
m= perpendicular from origin and
′⋉′ be the angle between
Hence equal of straight line
positive direction.
y− y =m(x– 𝑥 )
General Equation of Straight line
(iii) Two- Point Form The general form of equation
Here m = Ax + By + C = O
1 Mathematics (311)
(i) Slope of line = − x y 1

(A) (C) + =
x1 y1 2
(ii) x − intercept = −
(D) None of these
(iii) y − intercept = − 3. If x + 2y = 3 is a line and A(–1, 3);
(iv) Length of perpendicular from the B(2, –3); C(4, 9) are three points,
origin to the line then -
(A) (A) A is on one side and B, C
=
| | are on other
√
side of the line
(B) (B) A, B are on one side and
C is on other
Distance of a given point (x + y ) from side of the line
a given line Ax + By + C = 0 is (C) (C) A, C on one side and B is
Ax + B y + C no other side
d= of the line
√A + B
(D) All three points are on one
side of the line
Check Your Progress 4. If A(–2,1), B(2,3) and C(–2,–4) are
three points, then the angle between
1. The equation of the line which BA and BC is -
passes through the point (3, 4) and
(A) tan–1  
3
the sum of its intercept on the axes is 2
14, is -
(B) tan–1  
2
(A) 4x – 3y = 24, x – y = 7
3
(B) 4x + 3y = 24, x + y = 7
(C) tan–1  
7
(C) 4x + 3y + 24 = 0, x + y + 7 =
4
0
(D) 4x – 3y + 24 = 0, x – y + 7 = (D) None of these
0 5. The equation of a line parallel to ax
2. If the intercept made by the line + by + 𝑐̀ = 0 and passing through the
between the axes is bisected at the point (c, d) is -
point (x1, y1), then its equation
(A) a(x + c) – b(y + d) = 0
is -
(A)
x
+
y
=2 (B) a(x + c) + b(y + d) = 0
x1 y1
x y (C) a(x – c) + b(y – d) = 0
(B) + =1
x1 y1
(D) None of these
2 Mathematics (311)
6. If the point (5, 2) bisects the 10. If the vertices of a triangle have
intercept of a line between the axes, integral
then its equation is- coordinates, then the triangle is -
(A) Isosceles
(A) 5x + 2y = 20 (B) 2x + 5y = 20 (B) Never equilateral
(C) Equilateral
(C) 5x – 2y = 20
(D) None of these
(D) 2x – 5y = 20
11. The equation of a line passing

7. If the point (3,–4) divides the line through the
between the point (–3, 2) and parallel to x-axis is
x-axis and y-axis in the ratio 2 : 3 -
then the equation of the line will be - (A) x – 3 = 0 (B) x + 3 = 0
(C) y – 2 = 0 (D) y + 2 = 0
(A) 2x + y = 10 (B) 2x – y = 10
(C) x + 2y = 10 (D) x – 2y = 10
12. If the slope of a line is 2 and it cuts
8. The angle made by the line joining an intercept – 4 on y-axis, then its
the points equation will be -
(1, 0) and (–2, 3 ) with x axis is - (A) y – 2x = 4 (B) x = 2y – 4
(A) 120º (B) 60º (C) y = 2x – 4 (D) None of these
(C) 150º (D) 135º
13. The equation of the line cutting of an

9. If A(2,3), B(3,1) and C(5,3) are three intercept –3 from the y-axis and
points, inclined at an angle
then the slope of the line passing tan–1 3/5 to the x axis is -
through (A) 5y – 3x + 15 = 0
A and bisecting BC is - (B) 5y – 3x = 15
(C) 3y – 5x + 15 = 0
(A) 1/2 (B) –2
(D) None of these
(C) –1/2 (D) 2
3 Mathematics (311)
9C 10 B 11 A 12 C 13 C
Stretch Yourself
1. Find the equation of the line
which passes through the point
(3, 4) and the sum of its
intercept on the axes is 14
2. Calculate the distance of the
point (2, 3) from the
line 2x –3y + 9 = 0 measured
along a line
x–y+1=0
3. Find the equation of a line
through the point of
intersection of the lines x – 3y +
1 = 0 and
2x + 5y – 9 = 0 and whose
distance from the origin is 5 .
4. Find the value of 4P12 + P22
If P1 and P2 be perpendicular
from the origin upon the
straight lines xsec + ycosec =
a and xcos – ysin = acos2
respectively
5. What is the angle between the

lines y – x + 5 = 0
and 3 x – y + 7 = 0
Answer to check your progress
1 B, 2 A, 3C, 4B,
5C, 6B 7B 8B
4 Mathematics (311)
15
CIRCLES
Circle: -
any point P(x, y) on the circle and draw
A circle is the locus of points, which moves perpendiculars CM and PN on OX. Again, draw
in a plane such that the distance from a fixed CL perpendicular to PN.
point in the same plane remains constant.
In the right angled triangle CLP, CL2 + PL2 =
CP2
Equation of a Circle (x − h ) + (y − K) = a
Let C be the centre and a be the radius of If the circle passing through origin then the
the circle. The co-ordinate of C (h, K), then reach of circle h + K = a
(x − h ) + (y − K) = a I. circle passes through the origin

h + K =a
II. circle does not pass through origin and
the centre lies on the x-axis
(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑦 = 𝑎
III. circle passes through origin and the x-
axis is a diameter
(𝑥) + 𝑦 ± 2𝑎𝑥 = 0
IV. centre of the circle is origin
(𝑥) + 𝑦 = 𝑎
V. circle touches the x-axis
(𝑥) + 𝑦 − 2ℎ𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦 + ℎ = 0
VI. circle touches the y-axis
(𝑥) + 𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0
VII. circle touches both the axes
Let C be the centre and a be they radius of the (𝑥) + 𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0
circle. Coordinates of the centre are given to be
(h, k), say. Take
1
Mathematics (311)
General Equation of Circle in Second

Degree in two variables (D) 3(x2 + y2) + 5x + 1 = 0
The standard equation of a circle with centre
Q.3 The equation of the circle passing
(h, k) and radius r is given by through
(3, 6) and whose centre is (2, –1) is -
(𝐱 − 𝐡 )𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝐊)𝟐 = 𝐫 𝟐
(A) x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y = 45
x + y + 2gx + 2 fy + c = o is the (B) x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y + 45 = 0

general equation of circle
(C) x2 + y2 + 4x – 2y = 45
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = (−𝑔, −𝑓)
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑔 +𝑓 −𝐶 (D) x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y + 45 = 0
Q.4 If (4, 3) and (–12, –1) are end points

of a diameter of a circle, then the
Check Your Progress equation of the circle is-
(A) x2 + y2 – 8x – 2y – 51 = 0
Q.1 The length of the diameter of the
circle (B) x2 + y2 + 8x – 2y – 51 = 0
x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 4 = 0 is -
(C) x2 + y2 + 8x + 2y – 51 = 0
(A) 9 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
(D) None of these
Q.5 The radius of the circle passing

Q.2 Which of the following is the through the points (0, 0), (1, 0) and
equation of a circle? (0, 1) is-
(A) x2 + 2y2 – x + 6 = 0 (A) 2 (B)

√
(C) 2 (D)
(B) x2 – y2 + x + y + 1 = 0 Q.6 The radius of a circle with centre (a,

b) and passing through the centre of
(C) x2 + y2 + xy + 1 = 0
2
Mathematics (311)
the circle (C) (2cos 𝛼, 2sin 𝛼)

x2 + y2 – 2gx + f 2 = 0 is-
(D) (sin 𝛼, cos 𝛼)
(A) (a  g) 2  b 2 (B) a 2  (b  g ) 2 Q.10 The parametric coordinates of any

point on
(C) a  (b  g)
2 2
(D) (a  g)  b
2 2
the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y = 0 are-
(A) (– 2 + 2cos 𝛼, – 2 + 2 sin 𝛼)
Q.7 If (x, 3) and (3, 5) are the extremities (B) (2 + 2cos 𝛼, 2 + 2 sin 𝛼)
of a diameter of a circle with centre
at (2, y). Then the value of x and y (C) (2 + 2 2 cos 𝛼, 2 + 2 2 sin 𝛼)
are-
(D) None of these
(A) x = 1, y = 4 (B) x = 4, y = 1
Q.11 The parametric coordinates of a point
(C) x = 8, y = 2 (D) None of on the circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y – 2 =
these 0 are -
(A) (1 – 2 cos 𝛼 1 – 2 sin 𝛼)
Q.8 If (0, 1) and (1, 1) are end points of a (B) (1+ 2 cos 𝛼, 1 + 2 sin 𝛼)
diameter of a circle, then its equation
(C) (1+ 2 cos 𝛼, – 1 + 2 sin 𝛼)
is-
(D) (–1 + 2 cos 𝛼, 1 + 2 sin 𝛼)
(A) x2 + y2 –x –2y + 1 = 0
Q.12 The equation k (x2 + y2) – x – y + k
(B) x2 + y2 + x –2y + 1 = 0
= 0 represents a real circle, if-
(C) x2 + y2 –x –2y – 1 = 0
(A) k < 2 (B) k > 2
(D) None of these
1
(C) k > 1/ 2 (D) 0 < |k|
Q.9 The coordinates of any point on the 2
circle
Q.13 If the equation
x2 + y2 = 4 are-
px2 + (2–q)xy + 3y2 – 6qx + 30 y +
(A) (cos 𝛼, sin 𝛼) 6q = 0 represents a circle, then the
values of p and q
(B) (4cos 𝛼, 4 sin 𝛼)
are -
3
Mathematics (311)
(A) 2, 2 (B) 3, 1 3. Calculate the equation of the chord

of contact of the circle x2 + y2 + 4x
(C) 3, 2 (D) 3, 4
+ 6y – 12 = 0 with respect to the
point (2, –3)
4. The equation of the circle passing
Q.14 The circle represented by the through the point (1, 1) and through
equation the point of intersection of circles x 2
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 will be a + y2 + 13x – 3y = 0 and 2x2 + 2y2 +
point circle, if- 4x – 7y – 25 = 0
5. Calculate the length of tangent from
(A) g2 + f 2 = c (B) g2 + f 2 + c = 0
the point (5, 1) to the circle x2 + y2
(C) g2 + f 2 > c (D) None of these + 6x – 4y – 3 = 0
Q.15 The equation of the circum-circle of Answer to check your progress

the triangle formed by the lines x =
x y
0, y = 0, – = 1, is -
a b
1D 2D 3A 4B 5B
(A) x2 + y2 + ax – by = 0
6A 7A 8A 9C 10 C
(B) x2 + y2 – ax + by = 0
11 C 12 D 13 C 14 A 15 B
(C) x2 + y2 – ax – by = 0
(D) x2 + y2 + ax + by = 0
Stretch Yourself
1. Determine the value of k for the

equation k (x2 + y2) – x – y + k = 0
represents a real circle.
2. Find that point where the line x = 0
touches the circle x2+ y2 – 2x – 6y +
9=0
4
Mathematics (311)
16
Conic Section
Conic Section
A conic section is the locus of a point P 𝑥 𝑦

+ =1
which moves so that its distance from a 𝑎 𝑏
fixed point is always in a constant ratio to its
Major axis 2a
perpendicular distance from a fixed line.
Minor axis 2b
The fixed point is called the focus and is Principal axis Major and Minor
usually denoted by S. axis
Latus rectum 2𝑏
The fixed straight line is called the Directrix. 𝑎
Equation of 𝑎
𝑥=±
The straight line passing through the focus directrix 𝑒
and perpendicular to the directrix is called Eccentricity 𝑏
𝑒 =1−
the axis. 𝑎
The constant ratio is called the eccentricity

and is denoted by e. Parabola
ELLIPSE "A parabola is the locus of a point which

moves in a plane so that its distance from a
“An ellipse is the locus of a point which fixed point in the plane is equal to its
moves in a plane such that its distance from distance from a fixed line in the plane."
a fixed point bears a constant ratio to its
distance from a fixed line and this ratio is
less than unity”.
𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
1
Mathematics (311)
Forms 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
= 4𝑎𝑥 = −4𝑎𝑥 = 4𝑎𝑦 = −4𝑎𝑦
Coordinates (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)

of vertex
Coordinates (a,0) (-a,0) (0,a) (0,-a)
of focus
Coordinates X =-a X=a Y =- Y =a
of directrix a
Coordinates Y =0 Y= 0 X = 0 X =0
of axis
Length of 4a 4a 4a 4a
latus rectum
Check Your Progress
Hyperbola
1. The equation of the directrix of the
Hyperbola is the conic in which eccentricity
parabola
is greater than unity. The fixed point is
called focus and the fixed straight line is x2 = – 8y is
called directrix. (A) x = 2 (B) y =2
(C) y = –2 (D) x = –2
Eccentricity(e) 𝑎 +𝑏
𝑎
Latus rectum 2𝑎 2. The equation to the parabola whose
𝑏 focus is (0, –3) and directrix y = 3 is
directrix y=±
(A) x2 = –12y
Length of 2b
transverse axis (B) x2 = 12y
Length of conjugate 2a (C) y2 = 12x
axis
vertices (0,±𝑏) (D) y2 = –12x
foci (0,±𝑏𝑒)
centre (0,0)
3. If (0, 0) be the vertex and 3x – 4y + 2

= 0
be the directrix of a parabola, then
the length of its latus rectum is
(A) 4/5 (B) 2/5
2
Mathematics (311)
(C) 8/5 (D) 1/5 8. If the latus rectum of an ellipse be

equal to half
of its minor axis, then its eccentricity
is-
4. If 2x + y + 𝛼 = 0 is a focal chord of
the parabola (A) 3/2 (B) 3 /2
(C) 2/3 (D) 2 /3
y2 = – 8x, then the value of 𝛼 is
(A) –4 (B) 4
(C) 2 (D) –2
9. If distance between the directrices be
thrice the
distance between the foci, then
5. The focal distance of a point(x1, y1) eccentricity of
on the ellipse is-
parabola y2 = 12x is (A) 1/2 (B) 2/3
(A) x1 + 3 (B) x1 + 6
(C) (D) 4/5
√
(C) y1 + 6 (D) y1 + 3
6. The equation to the ellipse (referred
to its
10. The equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx
axes as the axes of x and y
+ 2fy + c = 0
respectively)
represents an ellipse if-
whose foci are (± 2, 0) and
eccentricity 1/2, is- (A) ∆ = 0, h2 < ab
x 2 y2 (B) ∆≠0, h2 < ab
(A)  =1
12 16 (C) ∆≠0, h2 > ab
x 2 y2 (D) ∆≠0, h2 = ab
(B)  =1
16 12
11. The vertices of a hyperbola are at (0,
x 2 y2 0) and (10, 0) and one of its foci is at
(C)  =1
16 8
(18, 0). The equation of the
(D) None of these hyperbola is -
x 2 y2
(A)  1
25 144
7. The eccentricity of the ellipse ( x  5) 2 y 2
(B)  1
9x2 + 5y2 – 30 y = 0 is- 25 144
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3 x 2 ( y  5) 2
(C)  1
(C) 3/4 (D) None of these 25 144
3
Mathematics (311)
( x  5) 2 ( y  5) 2
(D)  1
25 144
Stretch Yourself
12. If the latus rectum of an hyperbola be
3
8 and eccentricity be , then the
5
equation of the hyperbola is-
1. For what value of a does the line y =
(A) 4x2 – 5y2 = 100
x + a touches the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2
(B) 5x2 – 4y2 = 100 = 144.
2. Find the lengths of transverse axis
(C) 4x2 + 5y2 = 100
and conjugate axis, eccentricity and
(D) 5x2 + 4y2 = 100 the co-ordinates of foci and vertices;
lengths of the latus rectum, equations
of the directrices of the hyperbola
13. The foci of the hyperbola 16x2 – 9y2 = –144.
9x2 – 16y2 + 18x + 32y – 3. Find the equation of the parabola
151 = 0 are- having the vertex at (0,1) and the
focus at (0,0)
(A) (2, 3), (5, 7) (B) (4, 1), (–6, 1)
4. Find the equations of the tangents to
(C) (0, 0), (5, 3) (D) None of these the ellipse
3x2 + 4y2 = 12 which are
perpendicular to the line y + 2x = 4.
14. The foci of the hyperbola 4x2 – 9y2 5. Determine the value of a If the
– 36 = 0 are- straight line x + y = 1 is a normal to
(A) [± 11 , 0] (B) [± 12 , 0] the parabola x2 = ay
(C) [± 13 , 0] (D) [0, ± 12 ]
x2 ( y  2) 2
15. Foci of the hyperbola – =
16 9
1 are Answer to check your Progress
(A) (5, 2); (–5, 2)
(B) (5, 2); (5, –2)
(C) (5, 2); (–5, –2)
(D) None of these
4
Mathematics (311)
1B 2A 3C4 B 5 A 6 B 7 B 8 B 9 C 10 B 11
B 12A 13B 14 C 15 A
5
Mathematics (311)
17
Measures of Dispersion
 Range
The difference between the largest and the ∑ [𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) ]

𝜎 =
smallest value of the given data. 𝑁
 Mean deviation from mean Where 𝑥 is the mid value of the class
∑ (𝑓 |𝑥 − 𝑥̅ |) And 𝜎 = ℎ 𝜎 ,
=
𝑁
Where 𝑁 = ∑ 𝑓
𝜎 = ∑ [𝑓 (𝑢 − 𝑢 )]
And 𝑥̅ = ∑ (𝑓 𝑥 )
 Mean deviation from median 𝑁= 𝑓
∑ 𝑓 |𝑥 − 𝑚|
= ∑
𝑁 ∑
Or 𝜎 = where
∑
Where 𝑁 =
𝑁 𝑁= 𝑓
−𝐶
𝑀=𝑙+2 ×𝑖
𝑓
 Standard deviation for grouped
 Variance data
∑ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )
𝜎 = 𝜎 =+ 𝜎
𝑛
 Standard deviation  If two frequency distributions have same

mean, then the distribution with greater
∑ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) Coefficient of variation (C.V) is said to
𝜎=+ be more variable than the other.
𝑛
 Variance for grouped data
1
Mathematics (311)
Check your Progress Learner’s Guide, Mathematics (311)
6. The scores of a batsman in ten innings

are:
1. Mean of 25 observations was found to 38, 70, 48, 34, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44,
be 78.4.But later on it was found that 96 then mean deviation about the median
was misread 69. is:
(A) 8.4 (B) 8.5
The correct mean is
(C) 8.6 (D) 8.8
(A) 79.24 (B) 79.48
(C) 80.10 (D) None of these
2. Mean deviation about mean from the 7. If the Standard Deviation of a variate is
following data : 𝜎, then the S.D. of 3x + 2 is:
xi :3 9 17 23 27 (A) (B) 3 𝜎
fi : 8 10 12 9 5 (C) 3 𝜎 + 2 (D) None of these
is -
(A) 7.15 (B) 7.09
(C) 8.05 (D) None of these 8. For a frequency distribution, the mean
3. Variance of the data given below deviation about mean is computed by
(A) M.D. =  di
size of item 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5  fi
frequency 3 7 22 60 85 32 8 (B) M.D. =  fi di
 fi
is-
(C) M.D. =  fi | di |
(A) 1.29 (B) 2.19  fi
(C) 1.32 (D) None of these
(D) M.D. =  fi
4. A factory employs 100 workers of  fi | di |
whom 60 work in the first shift and 40 9. Which of the following is not a measure
work in the second shift. The average of dispersion ?
wage of all the 100 workers is Rs.38. If (A) Mean (B) Variance
the average wage of 60 workers of the
first shift is Rs.40, then the average (C) Mean deviation (D) Range
wage of the remaining 40 workers of the 10. The standard deviation of a variate x is
second shift is- 𝜎. The standard deviation of the variable
(A) 35 (B) 40 ax  b
; a, b, c are constants, is-
(C) 45 (D) c
None of these a a
(A)   𝜎 (B) 𝜎
5. If the mean of numbers 27, 31, 89, 107, c c
156 is 82, then the mean of 130, 126, 68, a 2 
50, 1 is- (C)  2  𝜎 (D) None of these
c 
(A) 75 (B) 157
(C) 82 (D) 80
2
Mathematics (311)
11. The S.D. of 15 items is 6 and if each 14. Statement I: The mean of first n natural
item is decreased by 1, then standard n 1
numbers is .
deviation will be- 2
(A) 5 (B) 7
Statement II: If we increase or decrease
(C) 91/25 (D) 6
in every observation by a non zero number then
12. The S.D of the first n natural numbers
mean will remain same.
is-
n 1 n (n  1) 15. Statement I: The mean of group of 8
(A) (B)
2 2 observations is 9. Two new observations
n 2 1 10 and 13 are added to the group. So the
(C) (D) None of these
12 mean of 10 observations is 9.5
Statement II: It cannot be computed

Each of the questions given below
unless all the items are known.
consists of Statement – I and
Statement – II. Use the following Key
to choose the appropriate answer.
Stretch Yourself
(A) If both Statement-I and
Statement-II are true, and
Statement-II is the correct 1. Find the Variance of the given data
explanation of Statement- I.
(B) If both Statement-I and Size of 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5
Statement-II are true but item
Statement-II is not the correct Frequency 3 7 22 60 85 32 8
explanation of Statement-I.
(C) If Statement-I is true but
Statement-II is false. 2. Determine the median of the items 6,
(D) If Statement-I is false but 10, 4, 3, 9, 11, 22, 18
Statement-II is true. 3. Ram spends equal amounts on
purchasing three kinds of pens being
sold at Rs.5, Rs.10 and Rs.15 per piece.
13. Statement I : The median from the
Calculate average cost of each pen.
following data 45, 25, 50, 60, 70, 80, 92
4. The scores of a batsman in ten innings
is 60.
are:
Statement II: Arrange the data either in 38, 70, 48, 34, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44,
increasing or decreasing order of magnitude then calculate mean deviation about
so the middle observation is called medium. the median.
3
Mathematics (311)
Hint to Check Your Progress
1 B 2 B 3 C 4 A 5 A 6 C 7B 8 C 9 A
10 B 11 D 12 C 13A 14 C 15 C
4
Mathematics (311)
18
RANDOM EXPERIMENTS AND EVENTS
(ii) If a dice is thrown then favourable case

for getting 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6,
Trial and Event:
is 1.
An experiment is called a trial if it
results in anyone of the possible
Equally likely events:
outcomes and all the possible outcomes Two or more events are said to be
are called events. equally likely events if they have same
number of favorable cases.
For Example:-
For Example:-
(i) Participation of player in the game to
win a game, is a trial but winning or
losing is an event. (i) The result of drawing a card from a well
shuffled pack of cards, any card may
(ii) Tossing of a fair coin is a trial and
appear in a draw, so 52 different
turning up head or tail are events. cases are equally likely.
Exhaustive Events:
Total possible outcomes of an (ii) In tossing of a coin, getting of ‘H’ or ‘T’
experiment are called its exhaustive are two equally likely events.
events. Mutually exclusive or disjoint
For Example:- events:
(i) Tossing a coin has 2 exhaustive Two or more events are said to be
cases i.e. either head or tail may mutually exclusive, if the occurrence
come upward.
of one prevents or precludes the
(ii) Throwing of a die has 6 exhaustive occurrence of the others. In other words
cases because any one of six digits 1, they cannot occur together.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 may come upward.
For example:-
Favourable Events :
(i) In tossing of a coin, getting of ‘H’ or
Those outcomes of a trial in which a
‘T’ are two mutually exclusive
given event may happen, are called
events because then can not happen
favourable cases for that event.
together.
For Example :-
(i) If a coin is tossed then favourable (ii) In throwing of a dice, getting 1 or 2
cases of getting H is 1. or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 are six mutually
exclusive events.
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Mathematics (311)
Simple and Compound events : (ii) If two coins are tossed together then
If in any experiment only one event can its sample space S = {HT, TH, HH,
TT}.
happen at a time then it is called a
simple event. If two or more events
happen together then they constitute a
compound event.
Check Your Progress
For Example :-
If we draw a card from a well shuffled
pack of cards, then getting a queen of
spade is a simple event and if two coins
Q.1 The probability P(A) of an event is a-
A and B are tossed together then getting
‘H’ from A and ‘T’ from B is a (A) Real number
compound event.
(B) Positive real number
Independent and Dependent events :
Two or more events are said to be (C) Non- negative real number
independent if happening of one
(D) Non- negative real number  1
does not affect other events. On the
other hand if happening of one event Q.2 Winning a game by a player is-
affects (partially or totally) other event,
then they are said to be dependent (A) an experiment
events.
(B) an event
For Example :-
(i) If we toss two coins, then the (C) experiment and event both
occurrence of head on one coin does (D) None of these
not influence the occurrence of
head or tail on the other coin in any Q.3 In tossing a coin getting a head or
way. Hence these events are tail is-
independent.
(A) Experiment (B) exclusive
Sample Space:
event
The set of all possible outcomes of a trial
is called its sample space. It is generally (C) Joint event (D) none of these
denoted by S and each outcome of the
Q.4 The correct statement for any event
trial is said to be a point of sample of S.
A is-
For example :-
(i) If a dice is thrown once, then its (A) 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1 (B) 0 =P(A) ≤ 1
sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(C) P(A) = 1 (D) P(A) < 0
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Mathematics (311)
Q.5 A coin is tossed three times. The (A) 4/17 (B) 22/225
probability that in the second toss
head does not occur, is- (C) 3/17 (D) 2/17
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 Q.11 A bag contains 6 blue, 4 white and 6

red balls. Two balls are drawn at
(C) 1/3 (D) 1/4 random. The probability that both the
balls are red is-
Q.6 The probability of coming up an
even (odd) number in the throw of a (A) 1/3 (B) 1/6
die is-
(C) 1/8 (D) 2/9
(A) 1/6 (B) 1/2
Q.12 A bag contains 20 tickets numbered
(C) 1/3 (D) 2/3
with 1 to 20. Three tickets are drawn.
Q.7 From a pack of playing cards three The probability that ticket number 7
cards are drawn simultaneously. The is definitely included and ticket
probability that these are one king, number 18 is not included is-
one queen and one jack is-
(A) 51/380 (B)
(A) 64/5525 (B) 16/5525 1/20
(C) 128/5525 (D) 64/525 (C) 3/20 (D) None of these
Q.8 The probability of getting difference Q.13 From a lottery of 30 tickets, marked
of number as 5, when two dice are 1, 2, 3,...., 30, four tickets are drawn.
tossed together is- The chance that those marked 1 and
2 are among them is-
(A) 1/9 (B) 1/18
(A) 413/145 (B) 2/145
(C) 1/12 (D) 5/36
Q.9 The probability of drawing a black (C) 1/145 (D) 4/145

king from a pack of 52 cards is-
(A) 1/13 (B) 1/26 Q.14 The probability that a non leap year
(C) 2/13 (D) 4/13 will have 53 Saturdays is-
Q.10 Three cards are drawn from a pack of (A) 1/7 (B) 2/7
52 cards. The probability that they
(C) 6/7 (D) 5/7
are of the same colour is-
3
Mathematics (311)
Hint to Check your Progress

Q.15 The probability that a non leap year
will have 52 Fridays is-
1 D 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 B 6 B 7 B 8 B 9 B 10 A
(A) (B)
11 C 12 A 13 B 14 A 15 D
(C) (D)
Stretch Yourself
1. If 4 cards are drawn one by one from

a pack of 52 cards, What is the
probability that one will be from
each suit
2. Three cards are drawn from a pack of
52 cards. What is the probability that
they are of the same colour
3. There are 13 men and 2 women in a
party. They are seated round a
circular table. What is the probability
that the two women will sit together.
4. Calculate is the probability that a
leap year will have 52 Sundays.
5. A box contains 25 tickets numbered
1, 2,....25. If two tickets are drawn at
random then find the probability that
the product of their numbers is even.
4
Mathematics (311)
19
Probability
𝑏
 Complement of an event : 𝑃 (𝐴) =
𝑎+𝑏
The complement of an event A consists of all
Two events are mutually exclusive, if
those outcomes which are not favorable to the
occurrence of one precludes the possibility of
event A, and is denoted by 'not A' or by 𝐴̅
simultaneous occurrence of the other.
 Event 'A or B' :
Two events are independent, if the occurence of
The event 'A or B' occurs if either A or B or both one does not affect the occurence of other. If A
occur. and B are independent events, then P (A and B)
= P (A). P (B) or 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵)
 Event 'A and B' :
 For two dependent events
The event 'A and B' consists of all those
outcomes which are favorable to both the events 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃 , P(A) >0
A and B.
𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵). 𝑃 , P(B) >0
 Addition Law of Probability:
For any two events A and B of a sample space S  Conditional Probability

P ( A and B)  P ( A ⋃B ) = P (A) + P ( B ) 𝐴 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃 =
 Additive Law of Probability for 𝐵 𝑃(𝐵)
Mutually Exclusive Events :
If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, 𝐵 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

then 𝑃 =
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴)
𝑃 (𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)= P ( A ) + P ( B )
 Theorem of Total Probability
 Odds in Favour of an Event :
𝑃(𝐴)
If the odds for A are a to b, then 𝐴
= 𝑃(𝐸 ). 𝑃
𝐸
𝑎 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃 (𝐴) = + 𝑃(𝐸 ). 𝑃 +. … 𝑃(𝐸 ). 𝑃
𝑎+𝑏 𝐸 𝐸
odds against A are a to b, then b
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Mathematics (311)
 Baye's Theorem: (C) 1/8 (D) 3/8
If 𝐵 , 𝐵 , 𝐵 … . 𝐵 are mutually exclusive events

and A is any event that occurs with 𝐵 or 5. If 4 cards are drawn one by one from a
𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 pack of 52 cards, the probability that one
will be from each suit, is-
( ).
𝑃 = , i=1,2,3…n 13 13 13 13
(A) × × ×
∑ ( ). 52 39 26 13
13 13 13 13
Mean and Variance of a Random Variable (B) × × × ×24
52 51 50 49
𝑛 13 13 13 13
𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑥) = 𝑋𝑃 (C) × × × ×24
𝑧 52 39 26 13
13 13 13 13
𝑛 𝑛 (D) × × ×
𝜎 = (𝑥 − 𝜇) = 𝑥 𝑃 − 𝜇 52 51 50 49
𝑧 𝑧
6. The probability that two persons have
Binomial Distribution same date of birth is (in non-leap year)
(A) 0 (B) 1
P( x=r)=𝑛 𝑃 𝑞 (C) 1/365 (D) 364/365
7. Two coins are tossed together. The
probability of getting two heads is-
Check Your Progress (A) 1/2 (B) 1/4
(C) 1/8 (D) 1/3
1. There are 13 men and 2 women in a party. 8. Let P(A) = 0.4 & P(B/A) = 0.5. The
They are seated round a circular table. probability P( A  B ) is equal to-
The probability that the two women will (A) 0.8 (B) 0.7
sit together is- (C) 0.6 (D) None of these
(A) 2/105 (B) 1/105 9. A pair of dice is thrown. If 5 appears on at
(C) 1/14 (D) 1/7 least one of the dice, then the probability
2. A bag contains two pairs of shoes. Two that the sum is 10 or greater, is-
shoes are drawn from it. The probability (A) 11/36 (B) 2/9
that it is a pair is- (C) 3/11 (D) 1/12
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2 10. A pair of dice is thrown. If the two
numbers appearing on them are different,
(C) 1/4 (D) 2/3
the probability that the sum is 6, is-
3. If out of 20 consecutive whole numbers
(A) 2/15 (B) 1/9
two are chosen at random, then the
(C) 5/36 (D) 1/12
probability that their sum is odd, is-
11. Two dice are thrown together. If 3 appears
(A) 5/19 (B) 10/19
on at least one of the dice, then what is
(C) 9/19 (D) None of these
the probability that the sum is greater
4. If the probabilities of boy and girl to be
than 9
born are same, then in a 4 children family
(A) 1/4 (B) 3/11
the probability of being at least one girl,
(C) 5/11 (D) zero
is-
12. In a certain town, 40% of the people have
(A) 14/16 (B) 15/16
brown hair, 25% have brown eyes and
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Mathematics (311)
15% have both brown hair and brown 3. A coin is tossed three times. What is the
eyes. If a person selected at random has probability of getting all heads or tails
brown hair, the probability that he also only.
has brown eyes is-
(A) 2/5 (B) 1/4
(C) 1/2 (D) 3/8
13. A bag contains 7 red and 3 black balls. 1D 2A 3B 4B 5B
Three balls are drawn at random from the
bag one after the other. The probability 6C 7B 8A 9C 10 A
that the first two are red and the third is
11D 12 D 13 D 14 A 15 C
black is-
(A) 21/40 (B) 1/5
(C) 7/50 (D) 7/40
14. For two given events A and B, the relation
P (AB) = P(A) P(B) implies that A and B
are-
(A) independent
(B) mutually exclusive
(C) dependent
(D) None of these
15. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of
4 times. He throws a die and reports that
it is a six. The probability that it is
actually a six, is-
a. (A) 3/8 (B) 1/5
b. (C) 3/4 (D) None of these
Stretch Yourself
1. A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls

and bag B contains 4 white and 5 red
balls. One ball is drawn at random from a
randomly chosen bag and is found to be
red. Find the probability that it was drawn
from bag B .
2. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of
4 times. He throws a die and reports that it
is a six. What is the probability that it is
actually a six.
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Mathematics (311)
20
Matrices
Definition
A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows equal, then it is called a Square Matrix.
and columns, is called a Matrix. This arrangement Thus A = [aij]m × n is a Square Matrix if
is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets. A m=n
matrix is represented by capital letters A, B, C etc.
and its element are by small letters a, b, c, x, y etc.
Singleton Matrix :
Order of Matrix If in a Matrix there is only one element
A matrix which has m rows and n columns is then it is called Singleton Matrix. Thus
called a matrix of order m × n. A = [aij]m × n is a Singleton Matrix if m =
A matrix A of order m × n is usually written in the n = 1.
following manner-
Null or Zero Matrix :
 a 11 a 12 a 13 ...a 1 j ...a 1n  If in a Matrix all the elements are zero
a a 23 a 23 ...a 2 j ...a 2 n 
 21 then it is called a zero Matrix and it is
 ..... ..... ..... ..... .....  generally denoted by O.
A=   or
 a i1 a i2 a i3 ...a ij ...a in 
Thus A = [aij]m × n is a zero matrix if aij =
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
  0 for all i and j.
a m1 a m2 a m 3 ...a mj ...a mn 
Diagonal Matrix :
i  1, 2,......m If all elements except the principal
A = [aij]m × n where
i  1, 2,......n diagonal in a Square Matrix are zero, it
Here aij denotes the element of ith row is called a Diagonal Matrix. Thus a
Square Matrix
and jth column.
A = [aij] is a Diagonal Matrix if aij = 0,
Types of Matrix
when i ≠j
Row matrix :If in a Matrix, there is only
Scalar Matrix :
one row, then it is called a Row Matrix.
If all the elements of the diagonal of a
Thus A = [aij]m × n is a row matrix if m =
diagonal matrix are equal , it is called a
1.
scalar matrix. Thus a Square Matrix A =
Column Matrix : [aij] is a Scalar Matrix is
If in a Matrix, there is only one column, 0 i  j
then it is called a Column Matrix. aij =  where k is a constant.
k i  j
Thus A = [aij]m × n is a Column Matrix if
Unit Matrix :
n = 1.
If all elements of principal diagonal in a
Square Matrix If number of rows and
Diagonal Matrix are 1, then it is called
number of column in a Matrix are
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Mathematics,(311)
Unit Matrix. A unit Matrix of order n is obtained by multiplying every element

denoted by In. of A by k is called scalar multiplication
Thus a square Matrix of A by k and it is denoted by
A = [aij] is a unit Matrix if kA thus if A = [aij]m × n then
1 i  j kA = Ak = [kaij]m × n
aij = 
0 i  j Properties of Scalar Multiplication :
Equal Matrix : If A, B are Matrices of the same order
Two Matrix A and B are said to be equal and 𝛼, µ are any two scalars then -
Matrix if they are of same order and (i) 𝛼 (A + B) = 𝛼 A + 𝛼 B
their corresponding elements are equal.
(ii) 𝛼 (µA) = (𝛼 µ) A = µ(𝛼 A)
Addition and subtraction of matrix
If A [aij]m × n and [bij]m × n are two matrices of Multiplication of matrices
the same order then their sum A + B is a If A and B be any two matrices, then
matrix whose each element is the sum of their product AB will be defined only
corresponding element. when number of column in A is equal to
i.e. A + B = [aij + bij]m × n the number of rows in B. If
A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]n × p then their
Similarly their subtraction A – B is
product AB = C = [cij], will be matrix of
defined as
order m × p, where
A – B = [aij – bij]m × n n
Properties of Matrices addition : (AB)ij = Cij = a

r 1
ir b rj
If A, B and C are Matrices of same

6.1 Properties of Matrix Multiplication :
order, then-
If A, B and C are three matrices such
(i) A + B = B + A ( Commutative Law)
that their product is defined, then
(ii) (A+ B) + C = A + (B + C)
(i) AB ≠BA(Generally
( Associative Law) notcommutative)
(iii) A + O = O + A = A, where O is (ii) (AB) C = A (BC) (Associative Law)
zero matrix which is additive (iii)IA = A = AI
identity of the matrix.
I is identity matrix for matrix
(iv) A + ( – A) = 0 = (–A ) + A where (– multiplication
A) is obtained by changing the sign (iv) A (B + C) = AB + AC (Distributive
of every element of A which is Law)
additive inverse of the Matrix
Transpose of a Matrix
Scalar multiplication of matrix
Let A = [aij]m × n be a matrix and k be a The matrix obtained from a given matrix A
number then the matrix which is by changing its rows into columns or
2
Mathematics,(311)
columns into rows is called transpose of (i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T

Matrix A and is denoted by AT or A´.
If order of A is m × n, then order of AT is n (ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1
× m. (iii) adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1
Properties of Transpose :
(iv) (A–1)–1 = A
T T
(i) (A ) = A 1
(v) |A–1| = = | A | –1
(ii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT |A|
(iii)(AB)T = BT AT
(iv) (kA)T = k(A)T
Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix Check Your Progress
A = [aij] is called symmetric matrix if aij =
aji for all i,j or AT = A
1 If A is a matrix of order 3 × 4, then
Skew - Symmetric Matrix : A square each row of A has-
matrix A = [aij] is called skew -
(A) 3 elements (B) 4 elements
symmetric matrix if aij = – aji for all
(C) 12 elements (D) 7 elements
i, j or AT = – A
2 In the following, upper triangular
Every square matrix A can uniquelly be
matrix is-
expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew
1 0 0  5 4 2 
symmetric matrix i.e. 0 2 0  0 0 3 
(A)   (B)  
1  1  3 0 3 0 0 1
A =  (A  A T ) +  ( A  A T )
 2   2 
2 1 
0 2 3 
Inverse of Matrices (C)   (D) 0 3
If A and B are two matrices such that 0 0 4  0 0
AB = I = BA 3 In the following, singular matrix is-
then B is called the inverse of A and it is 2 3 3 2
(A)   (B)  
denoted by A–1, thus 1 3 2 3
A–1 = B  AB = I = BA 1 2
(C)   (D) 
 2 3

adj A 1 0 4 6
A–1 =
|A|
Thus A–1 exists  |A| ≠0 5 2 2 3 

4 If A =   and B =  , then
1 0 5 1
Properties of Inverse Matrix :
|2A – 3B| equals-
Let A and B are two invertible matrices
of the same order, then (A) 77 (B) –53
(C) 53 (D) –77
3
Mathematics,(311)
5 If A and B are matrices of order m × n

and n × n respectively, then which 11 If A, B, C, are three matrices, then
of the following are defined- AT + BT + CT is -
(A) zero matrix (B) A + B + C
(A) AB, BA (B) AB, A2
(C) – (A + B+ C) (D) (A + B + C)T
(C) A2, B2 (D) AB, B2
3 2  1 2
 3 1
12 If A =   and B =   , then
6 If A =   and A2 + kI = 8A, then 1 4  1 1 
7 5 correct statement is -
k equals (A) AB = BA (B) AAT = A2
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) AB = B2 (D) None of these
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/16
cos   sin 
13 If A=  , then AAT
7 If A,B,C are matrices of order 1 × 3, 3  sin  cos  
× 3 and 3 × 1 respectively, the equals-
order of ABC will be- cos 2  sin 2
(A)  
(A) 3 × 3 (B) 1 × 3  sin 2 cos 2 
cos 2  sin 2  
(C) 1 × 1 (D) 3 × 1 (B)  2 2 
 sin  cos 
1 0
1 1   1 1  (C)  
8 If A =  , B =  , then- 0 1 
2 2  1  1
0 0 
(A) AB = 0 (B) AB = 2I (D)  
0 0 
(C) BA = 0 (D) B2 = I
0 5  7
1 2 3 4  5 0
9 If A =   and B =   , 14 Matrix  11  is a-
 1 2  2  2  7  11 0 
then (AB)T is-
(A) Diagonal matrix
11  2  11 5
(A)   (B)   (B) Upper triangular matrix
 5  6   2  6
(C) Skew-symmetric matrix
7 1 7 0
(C)   (D)   (D) Symmetric matrix
0  8 1  8
15 If A and B are square matrices of
10 If A and B are matrices of order m same order, then which of the
× n and following is skew-symmetric-
n × m respectively, then the order of A  AT A T  BT
(A) (B)
matrix BT (AT)T is - 2 2
(A) m × n (B) m × m A T  BT B  BT
(C) (D)
(C) n × n (D) Not defined 2 2
4
Mathematics,(311)
Stretch Yourself
4 7 
1. Find the inverse matrix of  
1 2 
1 2 3 
2. If A = 2 3 4 , then find the value
0 0 2
of adj (adj A) is-
1 2  1 0
3. If A =  ,B=   and X is a
3  5 0 2 
matrix such that A = BX, then find
the value of X
1B ,2 B, 3 D, 4 B, 5 D, 6 B, 7C,
8 A, 9C, 10 D, 11 D ,12 D ,13 C ,14 C
,15 D,
5
Mathematics,(311)
21
DETERMINANTS
An expression expressed in equal number of

rows and column and put between two
Minor
vertical lines is named as determinant of that The Determinant that is left by
expression cancelling the row and column
intersecting at a particular element is
DETERMINANT OF ORDER 2 called the minor of that element.
a 11 a12 a13
𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑐
If △ = a 21 a 22 a 23 then Minor of a11
𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑐 a 31 a 32 a 33
is
𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑐
𝑥= a 22 a 23
𝑎 𝑏 −𝑎 𝑏 M11 = , Similarly
a 32 a 33
𝑎 𝑐 −𝑎 𝑐
𝑦= a 21 a 23
𝑎 𝑏 −𝑎 𝑏 M12 =
a 31 a 33
a1 b1 Using this concept the value of
= a1 b2 – a2 b1
a2 b2 Determinant can be
△=a11 M11 – a12 M12 + a13 M13
The number a1 b2 – a2 b1 determines
whether the values of x and y exist or not.
Cofactor
The cofactor of an element aij is denoted
DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3 by Fij and is equal to (–1)i + j Mij where
M is a minor of element aij
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = a 11 a12 a13
a3 b3 c3 if △= a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
a1 – b1 + c1 then F11 = (–1)1+1 M11 = M11 =
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a 22 a 23
= 𝑎 (𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑏 𝑐 ) − 𝑏 (𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑐 ) + a 32 a 33
𝑐 (𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 ) F12 = (–1)1+2 M12 =
1
Mathematics (311)
a 21 a 23
– M12 = –
a 31 a 33 Application of Determinants
Property of Determinant
Area of Triangle
Property -1 Area of a triangle ABC, (say) whose vertices
The value of Determinant remains are (x1, y1), (x2 ,y2 ) and (x3, y3) is given by
unchanged, if the rows and the column
are interchanged. Area of (△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶) =
This is always denoted by ' and is also
1
called transpose [𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) + 𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦 )
2
Property -2 + 𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦 )]
If any two rows (or columns) of a
determinant be interchanged, the 𝑥 𝑦 1
determinant is unaltered in numerical = 𝑥 𝑦 1
Value, but is changed in sign only, 𝑥 𝑦 1
Property -3
Condition of collinearity of three
If a Determinant has two rows (or
columns) identical, then its value is zero. points
Property -4 Let A(x1,y1) ,B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) be three
If all the elements of any row (or point then A ,B,C are called collinear if
column) be multiplied by the same
number, then the value of Determinant is 𝑥 𝑦 1
1
multiplied by that number. 𝑥 𝑦 1 =0
2 𝑥 𝑦 1
Property -5
If each element of any row (or column) Equation of a line passing through the given
can be expressed as a sum of two terms, two points
then the determinant can be expressed as
the sum of the Determinants Let A(x1,y1) ,B(x2,y2) and C(x,y) be any
Property -6 point on the line joining A and B .Then
The value of a Determinant is not altered equation
by adding to the elements of any row (or 𝑥 𝑦 1
column) the same multiples of the 𝑥 𝑦 1 =0
corresponding elements of any other row 𝑥 𝑦 1
(or column)
Property -7
If △= f (x) and f (a) = 0 then (x-a) is a
factor of △
2
Mathematics (311)
Check Your Progress 6. The cofactors of 1, –2, –3 and 4 in

1 2
are-
3 4
(A) 4, 3, 2, 1 (B) –4, 3, 2, –1

b2  c2 a2 a2
1. b2 c2  a 2 b2 is equal to - (C) 4, –3, –2, 1 (D) –4, –3, –2, –1
2 2 2 2
c c a b
7. The minors of the elements of the
first row in the determinant
(A) a2b2c2 (B) 2a2b2c2
2 1 4
4 2  3 are-
1 1 2
(C) 4a2b2c2 (D) None of these
(A) 2, 7, 11 (B) 7, 11, 2
32  k 42 32  3  k
2. If 4 2  k 5 2 4 2  4  k = 0, then the (C) 11, 2, 7 (D) 7, 2, 11
2 2 2
5 k 6 5 5 k
8. The value of the determinant
value of k is – 1 / a 1 bc
1 / b 1 ca is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 0
1 / c 1 ab
a 1 1 1
(A) abc (B) 1/abc
3. If 1 1  1 = 4, then the value a
1 1 1 (C) 0 (D) None of these
is -
ax ax ax
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) –2 (D) 0 9. If a  x a  x a  x = 0, then value
ax ax ax
5i  3i of x are-
4. The value of is -
4i 5i
(A) 0, a (B) 0, – a
(A) 12 (B) 17
(C) a, – a (D) 0, 3a
(C) 14 (D) 24
7579 7589
sec x sin x tan x
10. =
7581 7591
5. 0 1 0 is equal to - (A) 20 (B) – 2
tan x cot x sec x (C) – 20 (D) 4
(A) 0 (B) – 1
(C) 1 (D) None of these
3
Mathematics (311)
Stretch Yourself
1. Find
a 2  b2
c c
c
2 2
b c
a a
a
c2  a 2
b b
b
a b bc ca a b c
2. If bc ca ab = 𝜆 b c a
ca ab bc c a b
Than Find the value of 𝜆

a b c y b q
3. If △= x y z and △2 = x a p .
p q r z c r
Show that
△1 is equal to △2
4. If ax + by + cz = 1, bx + cy + az = 0 = cx
x y z
+ ay + bz, Find the value of z x y
y z x
a b c
c a b
b c a
5. Calculate the value of

441 442 443
445 446 447
449 450 451
Hint Check Your Progress
1C 2B 3D 4C 5C
6A 7B 8C 9D 10 C
4
Mathematics (311)
22
INVERSE OF A MATRIX AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Determinant of A Square Matrix

A square matrix A is said to be singular if its a 11 a12 a13
determinant is zero, i.e. |𝐴|= 0 if  = a 21 a 22 a 23
A square matrix A is said to be non-singular a 31 a 32 a 33
if its determinant is non-zero, i.e. |𝐴| =0 then F11 = (–1)1+1 M11 = M11 =
a 22 a 23
Minors and Cofactors of The
a 32 a 33
Elements of Square Matrix
F12 = (–1)1+2 M12 = – M12 = –
Minor a 21 a 23
The Determinant that is left by a 31 a 33
cancelling the row and column ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
intersecting at a particular element is
called the minor of that element. If every element of a square matrix A be
a 11 a12 a13 replaced by its cofactor in |A|, then the
If  = a 21 a 22 a 23 then Minor of transpose of the matrix so obtained is
a 31 a 32 a 33 called the adjoint of matrix A and it is
a11 is denoted by adj A
a 22 a 23
Thus if A = [aij] be a square matrix and
M11 = , Similarly M12 = Fij be the cofactor of aij in |A|, then
a 32 a 33
a 21 a 23 Adj A = [Fij]T
a 31 a 33  a 11 a 12 ...a 1n 
 
Using this concept the value of a 21 a 22 ...a 2 n 
Determinant can be Hence if A =  .... .... ........  , then

 
 .... .... ........ 
 =a11 M11 – a12 M12 +a13 M13 a
 n1 a n2 ...a nn 
T
 F11 F12 ...F1n 
Cofactor F
 21 F22 ...F2 n 
The cofactor of an element aij is denoted Adj A =  .... .... ........ 
 
by Fij and is equal to (–1)i + j Mij where  .... .... ........ 
M is a minor of element aij F Fn 2 ...Fnn 
 n1
1
Mathematics, (311)
INVERSE OF A MATRIX X=A-1B

2) If |A |=0 , then the system may or
If A and B are two matrices such that may not be consistent and if
AB = I = BA consistent, it does not have a unique
then B is called the inverse of A and it is solution. If in addition
denoted by A–1, thus (Adj A) B  O then the
system is inconsistent
A–1 = B  AB = I = BA
(Adj A) B = O, then the
To find inverse matrix of a given matrix system is consistent and has
A we use following formula
infinitely many solutions.
adj A
A–1 =
|A|
Thus A–1 exists  |A| ≠0 Check Your Progress

SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF
LINEAR EQUATIONS
MATRIX METHOD 1. If cofactor of 2x in the determinant

x 1 2
Let 1 2x x  1 is zero, then x equals to-
x 1 x 0
a1x + b1y =c1 ...(i)
a2x + b2y =c2 ...(ii) (A) 0 (B) 2
Matrix equation form (C) 1 (D) –1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑐 a1 b1 c1
𝑎 𝑏
2. If  = a2 b2 c2 and A2, B2, C2 are
If A is singular, then |A|=0. Hence, A-1 does
a3 b3 c3
not exist
respectively cofactors of a2, b2, c2 then
If not
a1A2 + b1B2 + c1C2 is equal to-
A-1 (AX) = A-1B
(A-1A) X = A-1 B (A) –  (B) 0
X= A-1B (C)  (D) None of these
CRITERION FOR CONSISTENCY
OF A SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS 3. The equations x + 2y + 3z = 1,
Let AX = B be a system of two or three
linear equations. 2x + y + 3z = 2 and 5x + 5y + 9z = 4
have-
1) If |A | 0, then the system is
consistent and has a unique solution, (A) unique solution (B) many
given by solutions
2
Mathematics, (311)
(C) inconsistent (D) None of 0 0 9 

these (C) 0 9 0 (D) None of these
9 0 0
a b 
4. If A =  , then |A +AT| equals -
b a  1 2
 4  1
(A) 4(a2 – b2) (B) 2(a2 – b2) 9. If A = , then A–1 =
1
(C) a2 – b2 (D) 4 1 2  1  2
(A) 7   (B) 
ab  4  1 4 1 
5. For suitable matrices A, B; the false 1 1

1 2   1  2
statement is- (C) 9   (D) 7 
4 1  4 1 
(A) (AB)T =ATBT
2 3 4 6 1 0
(B) (AT)T= A      
10. If A = 1 3 ,B =  2 3 ,
C = 0 1  ,
(C) (A – B)T = AT – BT
then invertible matrices are-
(D) (AT)–1 = (A–1 )T
(A) A and B (B) B and C
 cos  sin  
6. If A =   , then A 𝐴
 sin  cos   (C) A and C (D) All
equals -
(A) I (B) A (C) 𝐴 (D) 0

Stretch Yourself
1 2 3 
7. If A = 2 3 4 , then the value of adj
0 0 2
(adj A) is-
1. Find the value of x, y, z for the
(A) |A|2 (B) – 2A equation
x + 2y + 3z = 1, 2x + y + 3z = 2, 5x
(C) 2A (D) A2
+ 5y + 9z = 4
1 2 3 
2. The system of linear equations
8. If A = 0 3 1 , then A (adj A)
x + y + z = 2,
2 1 2
2x + y – z = 3, 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a
equals- unique solution .Find the value of k.
9 0 0 9 0 0
0 9 0  0 9 0 
   
0 0 9 0 0 9
(A) (B) –
3
Mathematics, (311)
3. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of x3 + ax2 +

b = 0, then Calculate the value of
  
  
  
4. If ax + by + cz = 1, bx + cy + az = 0 = cx
+ ay + bz, then solve
x y z a b c
z x y c a b
y z x b c a
1 0  1
5. If matrix A = 3 4 5  and its
0 6 7 
inverse is denoted by
 a 11 a 12 a 13 
A 1  a 21 a 22 a 23  , then find the
a 31 a 32 a 33 
value of a23 .
Hint to Check Yourself
1C 2B 3A 4A 5A
6A 7B 8B 9D 10C
4
Mathematics, (311)
23
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS-II

Symmetric Relation
RELATION A relation R on a set A is said to be symmetric

relation if (a, b) R (b, a) R for all (a, b)
Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from A
Set A into Set B is a subset of A × B.
i.e. aRb  bRa for all (a, b)  A
Thus, R is a relation from A to B  R  A ×
B Transitive Relation
 If (a,b)  R then we write aRb which is Let A be any set. A relation R on A is said to be
read as ‘a’ is related to b by the relation transitive relation if
R,
 If (a, b) R then we write aRb and we (a, b) R and and (b, c) R (a, c) R for all
say that a is not related to b bythe a, b, c A
relation R

i.e. aRb and bRc  aRc for all a, b, cA
If n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then A × B
has mn ordered pairs, therefore, total EQUIVALENCE RELATION
number of relations form A to B is 2mn
A relation R on a set A is said to be an
Types of Relations equivalence relation on A iff
Reflexive Relation  It is reflexive i.e. (a, a) R for all a A

 It is symmetric i.e. (a, b) R  (b, a) R
A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if for all a, b A
every element of A is related to itself.  It is transitive i.e. (a, b) R and (b, c) R
 Thus, R is reflexive  (a, a) R for all  (a, c)  R for all a, b, cA
aA
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
 A relation R is not reflexive if there
exists an element a A such that (a, a) Let f be a function from A to B. If every
RA element of the set B is the image of at least one
element of the set A i.e. if there is no unpaired
element in the set B then
1
Mathematics, (311)
The function f maps the set A onto the set B. The composition, say, gof of function g and f is
Otherwise we say that the function maps the set defined as function g of function
A into the set B.
F:A  and g : B  C
Functions for which each element of the set A
is mapped to a different element of the set B are g o f : A to C
said to be one-to-one.
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
 If range is a subset of co-domain that
function is called on into function.
 If f: A B and f (x) = f (y)  x = y that
function is called one-one function.
A function can map more than one element of  Any function is invertible if it is one-one-
the set A to the same element of the set B. Such onto or bijective
a type of function is said to be many-to-one.  If more than one element of A has only one
image in to than function is called many one
function
Binary Operation
Let A, B be two non-empty sets, then a function
from A × A to A is called a binary operation on
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS A.
If a binary operation on A is denoted by ‘*’, the

y = 2x +1 , x 1, 2, 3}
unique element of A associated with the ordered
z = y+1 , y{3, 5, 7 } pair (a, b) of A × A is denoted by a * b.
Then z is the composition of two functions x The order of the elements is taken into
and y because z is defined in terms of y and y in consideration, i.e. the elements associated with
terms of x. the pairs (a, b) and (b, a) may be different i.e. a
* b may not be equal to b * a.
Let A be a non-empty set and ‘*’ be an

operation on A, then
 A is said to be closed under the

operation * iff for all a, b A implies a
* b A.
 The operation is said to be commutative
iff a * b = b * a for all a, b A.
2
Mathematics, (311)
 The operation is said to be associative iff (A) (fog) (x) = g(x)

(a * b) * c = a * (b * c) for all a, b, c  A (B) (g + g) (x) = g(x)
 An element e A is said to be an (C) (fog) (x) = (g + g) (x)
identity element iff e * a = a = a * e (D) None of these
 An element aA is called invertible iff 6. gof exists, when-
these exists some b A such that a * b =
(A) domain of f = domain of g
e=b*a
(B) co-domain of f = domain of g
 a, b is called inverse of a
(C) co-domain of g = domain of
(D) co-domain of g = co-domain of f
Check Your Progress
7. If f : R  R, f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3 and g : R
R, g(x) = 3x – 4, then the value of fog
1. If f : I  I,f (x) = x3 + 1, then f is -
(x) is-
(A) one-one but not onto
(A) 3x2 + 6x – 13
(B) onto but not one-one
(B) 9x2 –18x + 5
(C) One-one onto
(C) (3x– 4)2 + 2x – 3
(D) None of these
(D) None of these
2. Function f : R  R, f(x) = x |x| is -
8. If f : R R, f(x) = x2 + 3, then pre-
(A) one-one but not onto
image of 2 under f is –
(A) {1,–1} (B) {1}
(C) one-one onto
(B) {–1} (D) {0}
(D) neither one-one nor onto
9. Which of the following functions has its
x2 inverse-
3. f : R R, f(x) = , is -
1 x 2
(A) f : R R, f(x) = ax
(A) many-one function
(B) f : RR, f(x) = |x| + |x – 1|
(B) odd function
(C) f : R0 R+, f(x) = |x|
(C) one-one function
(D) f : [, 2] [–1,1], f(x) = cos x
(D) None of these
10. If function f : RR+, f(x) = 2x , then f –1
1
4. If f : R0 R0, f(x) = , then f is - (x) will be equal to-
x
(A) one-one but not onto (A) logx 2 (B) log2 (1/x)
(C) neither one-one nor onto (C) log2 x (D) None of these
(D) both one-one and onto
5. If f(x) = 2x and g is identity function,
then-
3
Mathematics, (311)
Stretch Yourself
1. If f(x) = (2  x  x 2 ) and
1
g(x) =  x + . Then find the
x2
domain of f + g .
2. Let f : R  R be a function defined by
f(x) = x + x 2 , then find the nature of
function f .
x
3. If f(x) = , then find (fofof) (x)
1 x2
4. Function f : R  R+, f(x) = x2 + 2 & g : R+
 R, g(x) = 1 
1 
 then find the value
 1 x 
of gof (2).
5. If f(x) = loge(x + 1 x 2 ), Find f –1(x)
1A 2C 3A 4D 5C
6B 7B 8D 9D 10 C
4
Mathematics, (311)
24
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Graph of different inverse

y
trigonometric Function
y=
(i) f(x) = sin–1 x (0, /2)
y x

2
(–1,0)
x
(1,0)
(v) f(x) = sec–1 x

– y
2
(0,)
(ii) f(x) = cos–1 x
y (0,/2)
 x
 (–1,0) O (–1,0)
2
x (vi) f(x) = cosec–1 x

–1 (1,0)
y
(iii) f(x) = tan–1 x y = /2
y
x
/2 (–1,0) O (1,0)
y = –/2
x
–/2 Domain & range of Inverse Trigonometric

function
(iv) f(x) = cot–1 x
1
Mathematics, (311)
Function Domain Range 

(xiv) tan–1x + cot–1x =
   2
sin –1 x [–1, 1]  2 , 2 
  
(xv) sec–1x + cosec–1x =
cos –1 x [–1, 1] [0, ] 2
  
tan –1 x (– ,  )  ,  (xvi) tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 = tan
 2 2
cot –1 x (– ,  ) (0, ) (xvii) tan 𝑥 − tan 𝑦 = tan
    
sec –1 x (– ,–1]  [1,  ) 0,    ,  (xviii) 2tan 𝑥 = sin =
 2 2 
    
co sec –1 x (– ,–1]  [1,  )  – , 0    0,  cos =tan
 2   2
(xix) sin 𝑥 = cos √1 − 𝑥 =
tan = sec =
Properties √ √
√
cot = csc
(i) sin–1 (sin 𝜃) = 𝜃,
  (xx) cos 𝑥 = sin √1 − 𝑥 =
Provided that – ≤𝜃≤
2 2 √
tan
(ii) cos (cos 𝜃) = 𝜃,
–1
Provided that 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 (xxi) = csc = cot =

√ √
(iii) tan–1 (tan 𝜃) = 𝜃, sec
 
Provided that – <𝜃<
2 2
Check Your Progress
(iv) cot–1 (cot 𝜃) = 𝜃,
Provided that 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋
1 1
(v) sec–1 (sec 𝜃) = 𝜃, 1. sin–1x + sin–1 + cos–1x + cos–1 =
x x
 
Provided that 0 ≤ or <𝜃≤𝜋
2 2 
(A)  (B)
(vi) cosec–1 (cosec 𝜃) = 𝜃 2
 
Provided that – ≤ 0 or 0 < 𝜃 3
2 2 (C) (D) None of these
2
(vii) csc 𝑥 = sin
(viii) cot 𝑥 = tan 2. If x > 0, sin–1 (2 + x) + cos–1 (2 + x)
(ix) sec 𝑥 = cos  

(A) 2+ (B)
(x) sin–1 (–x) = –sin–1x 2 2
(xi) cos–1 (–x) = –cos–1x
(xii) tan–1 (–x) = –tan–1x 
(C) x+ (D) None of these
 2
(xiii) sin x + cos x =
–1 –1
2
2
Mathematics, (311)
3. sin–1 sin 15 + cos–1 cos 20 + tan–1 tan 25 = 8. If 𝜃 = cot –1 cos x – tan–1 cos x ,
then sin 𝜃 =
(A) 19 – 60 (B) 30 – 9
1
(A) tan x (B) tan2 (x/2)
(C) 19 – 60 (D) 60 – 19 2
ab bc 1
4. tan 1  tan 1 = (C) tan–1(x/2) (D)
1  ab 1  bc 2
None of these
(A) tan–1a – tan–1b
9. If a, b, c be positive real numbers and
(B) tan–1a – tan–1c
the value of
(C) tan–1b – tan–1c a ( a  b  c)
 = tan–1 + tan–1
bc
(D) tan–1c – tan–1a
b(a  b  c) c (a  b  c)
+ tan–1
ca ab
1 2 then tan 𝜃 is equal to -
5. If sin–1 + sin–1 = sin–1 x, then x
3 3
(A) 0 (B) 1
is equal to -
5 4 2 abc
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) None of these
9 abc
5 4 2  10. The value of

(C) (D)
9 2
tan–1(1) + cos–1(–1/2) + sin–1(–1/2) is

6. If tan–12x + tan–13x = then x = equal to -
4
(A) –1 (B)
1 (A) /4 (B) 5/12
6
(C) 3/4 (D) 13/12
1
(C) –1, (D) None of these
6
 33 
7. The value of sin–1  cos  is -
 5  Stretch Yourself
3 7
(A) (B)
5 5 1. Find the principal value of
 
(C) (D) – 2 2
10 10 cos–1  cos  + sin–1  sin 
 3   3 
3
Mathematics, (311)
2. Find the value of cos [tan–1{sin (cot–1x)}]

3. Find the value of
3 tan–1   + 2 tan–1  
1 1
2 5
4. If 3 cos–1(x2 – 7x + 25/2) = 𝜋, then find x

5. Find the value of
cot [tan–1(1/7) + tan–1(1/13)]
1A 2D 3B 4B 5C
6B 7D 8B 8A 10 C
4
Mathematics, (311)
25
LIMIT AND CONTINUITY
BASIC THEOREMS ON LIMITS

If a function f (x) approaches L when x approaches I. lim → 𝑐𝑥 = 𝑐 lim → 𝑥
'a', we say that L is the limiting value of f (x) ,c being a constant
symbolically it is written as lim → f(x) = L
II. lim → [𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥) + 𝑝(𝑥) +
LEFT AND RIGHT HAND LIMITS ⋯ . ]= lim → 𝑔(𝑥) + lim → ℎ(𝑥) +
lim → 𝑝(𝑥)+ …..
 If a function f (x) approaches a limit l1, as x
approaches 'a' from left, we say that the left
III. lim [𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)] =
hand limit of f(x) as xa is l1 →
lim 𝑓(𝑥). lim 𝑔(𝑥)
→ →
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 ( ) →
 IV. lim → =
( ) →
Or limℎ 𝑓(𝑎 − ℎ) = 𝑙 , ℎ > 0
 If a function f (x) approaches a limit l2 , as x

approaches 'a' fromright, we say that the right
LIMITS OF SOME OF THE
hand hand limit of f(x) as xa is l2 IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙
 I. lim → = 𝑛𝑎 where n is a
Or limℎ 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑙 , ℎ > 0 positive integer
I. lim  𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 ⇒ II. lim → sin 𝑥 =

II. lim → 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim → cos 𝑥 = 1
and lim  𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 III. lim =1
→
III. lim  𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 /
IV. lim → (1 + 𝑥) =e
and lim  𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 ⇒ ( )
lim → 𝑓(𝑥)not exit V. lim → = lim → log(1 +
/
IV. lim  𝑓(𝑥) or lim  𝑓(𝑥) does not exit 𝑥) = lim → log(1 + 𝑥)
⇒ lim → 𝑓(𝑥)not exit VI. lim → =1
1
Mathematics, (311)
CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION  4x , x  0
AT A POINT 1. If f(x) =  1, x  0 , then lim f(x)
x 0
 3x 2 , x  0

1. A function f (x) is said to be continuous equals-
in an open inteval (a,b) if it is continuous at
every point of (a,b). (A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 3 (D) Does not exist

2. A function f (x) is said to be continuous
in the closed interval [a,b] if it is   1, x  1
continuous at every point of the open  x3, 1  x  1
2. If f(x) =  then-
interval ]a,b[ and is continuous at the point  1  x , 1 x  2
a from the right and continuous at b from  3  x ,
2
x2
the left.
(A) f(x) = 1 (B) lim f(x) =1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) x 1
lim
 𝑎𝑛𝑑
(C) lim f(x) = –1 (D) lim f(x) = 0
x 2 x 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑏)

1  sin 3 x
Properties of Continuous Functions 3. The value of lim is-
x  / 2 cos 2 x
3 3
(A) – (B)
2 2
If f (x) and g (x) are two functions which are
continuous at a point x = a, then (C) 1 (D) 0
(i) C f (x) is continuous at x = a, where C is a

x  81  4 
constant. 4. The value of lim   is -
(ii) f (x) g(x) is continuous at x = a.
x 3
 x 3 
(iii) f (x). g( x ) is continuous at x = a.
(A) –27 (B) 10
(iv) f (x)/g (x) is continuous at x = a, provided
g0 (C) undefined (D) None of
(v) |f(x)| is continuous at x = a.
these
1 x  1 x
5. lim equals-
x 0
1 x2  1 x2
Check Your Progress
(A) 1 (B) 1/2
2
Mathematics, (311)
(C) 0 (D) Does not exist (A) 8 (B) 1
x 3 (C) –1 (D) None of these

6. lim equals-
x 3 x2  4x
(A) 0 (B) 3/2 Stretch Yourself

1  x , when x  2 1  cos (1  cos x )

7. Function f(x) =  ;x=2 1. If f(x) = , (x  0) is
5  x , when x  2 x4
is continuous at x = 2, if f(2) equals - continuous everywhere, then find f(0).
2. Is Function f(x) =
(A) 0 (B) 1
 (b 2  a 2 )
 , 0xa
(C) 2 (D) 3  2 2
b x 2 a3
 2  6  3x , a  x  b ,
 1 
8. If f(x) = x cos x , x  0 is continuous at  1  b3  a 3 
 k x0   , xb
 3  x 
x = 0, then 3. If [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x,
(A) k > 0 (B) k< 0 then
1
Find lim {[12 x] + [22 x] + [33 x] +
(C) k = 0 (D)k ≥0 n  n3
…. + [n2 x]
x 2  2, x  1
9. If function f(x) =  is  
log  x  
 2x  1, x  1  2
4. Find the value of lim
continuous at x = 1, then value of f(x) x
 tan x
2
for x < 1 is- cot x – cos x

5. Find lim
x  / 2 (  2x )3
(A) 3 (B) 1– 2x
(C) 1– 4x (D) None of these Hint to Check Yourself
 1
10. If f(x) = sin x , x  0 is continuous at 1A 2C 3B 4B 5D
 k , x0
x = 0, then k is equal to - 6D 7D 8C 9A 10 D
3
Mathematics, (311)
4
Mathematics, (311)
26
DIFFERENTIATION
Derivative of A Function
The limiting process indicated by lim → =

( ) ( )
lim → is a mathematical
operation. This mathematical process is known
as differentiation and it yields a result called a
derivative.
Derivative of Constant Function
(2) A function whose derivative exists at a
point is said to be derivable at that point. The derivative of a constant is zero.
(3) It may be verified that if f (x) is derivable 𝑑𝑥
at a point x = a, then, it must be continuous at = 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
that point. However, the converse is not
necessarily true. Derivatives of Sum And Difference of
Functions
4) The symbols x and h are also used in place
of x I. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑔′ (𝑥)
(SUM Rule)
(5) If y = f (x), then is also denoted by y1 or II. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑔′ (𝑥)
y' (Difference Rule)
[ ( ) ( )]
III. = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
Velocity as Limit
(Product Rule)
( ) ′( ) ( ) ( ) ′( )
IV. ( )
= [ ( )]
(Quotient Rule)
( ) ( ) V. =
Velocity = lim → =
(Chain Rule)
Geometrical Interpretation of dy/dx
1
Mathematics
Check Yourself
1 x2 1 y2
(A) (B)
1 y2 1 x2
1. If y = (1+x1/4) (1+x1/2) (1–x1/4), then

1 x2 1 y2
dy/dx equals- (C) – (D) –
1 y2 1 x2
(A) –1 (B) 1
2x  4 p
5. If f(x) = 2
and f ' (x) = ,
x 1 ( x  1) 2
2
(C) x (D) x
then p equals-
dy
2. If x 1  y  y 1  x = 0, then equals - (A) x2 – 8x –2 (B) –2x2 + 8x + 2
dx
1 1
(C) 4x + 2 (D) –2x2 + 8x –2
(A) (B) –
(1  x ) 2 (1  x ) 2
x dx
6. If y = , then equals-
( x  5) dy
1
1 x 2
5 5
(A) 2
(B)
(1  y) (1  y) 2
y x dy
3. If x y = 1, then equals -
dx
1
(1  y) 2
x ( y  x log y)
(A)
y( x  y log x )
1 x dy
7. If y = , then equals-
1 x dx
x ( x  y log y)
(B) –
y( y  x log x )
y y
(A) (B)
1 x 2 x 2 1
y( y  x log y)
(C)
x ( x  y log x )
y y
y( y  x log y)
(C) (D)
(D) – 1 x 2 y2 1
x ( x  y log x )
2x 2  c
4. If 1  x  1  y = a (x – y), then the
2 2 8. If f(x) = and f '(1) = 0, then the
x2
value of dy/dx is - value of c is-
(A) 2 (B) 4
2
Mathematics
(C) 6 (D) 8 x
5. If y = 1   , Find
1 dy
 x  dx
xc
9. If y = , then the value of xy where
1 x 2
dy
= 0 is-
dx Hint to Check Yourself
1A 2B 3D 4B 5D
(A) 1/2 (B) 3/4
6A 7B 8C 9A 10 B
d2y
10. If x = t +1/t , y = t –1/t , then
dx 2
equals –
(A) – 4t(t2 – 1)–2
(B) – 4t3(t2 – 1)–3
(C) (t2 + 1)(t2 – 1)–1
(D) – 4t2(t2 – 1)–2
Stretch Yourself
dy
1. If y2 x+ x2y + 3xy = 2, then find
dx
2. If x3 –y3 + 3xy2 –3x2y + 1 = 0, then
dy
find at (0, 1)
dx
x 2x  1
3. If y = , then find dy/dx
2x  1
dy
4. If x 1  y  y 1  x = 0, then find
dx
3
Mathematics
27
DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivative of Trigonometric XV.

d
(tanh x) = sech2 x
dx
Functions from First Principle
d
XVI. (coth x) = – cosec h2 x
d dx
I. (sin x) = cos x
dx d
XVII. (sech x) = – sech x tanh x
d dx
II. (cos x) = – sin x
dx d
XVIII. (cosech x) = – cosec hx coth x
d 2 dx
III. (tan x) = sec x
dx d 1
XIX. (sin h–1 x) =
d dx 1 x2
IV. (cot x) = – cosec2x
dx d 1
XX. (cosh–1 x) = ,x>1
d dx x2 –1
V. (secx)= secx tan x
dx
d 1
d dx (tanh x) = 1 – x 2
–1
VI. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x XXI.
dx
d 1
d 1
VII. (sin–1 x) = , –1< x < XXII. –1 2
dx (coth x) = x – 1 , |x| > 1
dx 1 – x2
d 1
1 XXIII. (sech–1 x) = – , (0< x < 1)
dx x 1 – x2
d 1
VIII. (cos–1 x) = – , d 1
dx 1 – x2 XXIV. (cosech–1 x) = – ,x0
dx | x | x2 1
–1 < x < 1
d
d 1 XXV. (eax sinb x) = eax (a sinb x+b cos bx)
dx (tan–1 x) = 1  x 2 dx
IX.
d 1
X. dx (cot–1 x) = – 1  x 2 Check Yourself
d 1
XI. (sec–1 x) = |x| > 1
dx x x2 –1
d 1  1  x 2  1 
XII. (cosec–1 x) = – 1. If y = tan–1 
dy
dx x x2 –1  , then
 x  dx
d
XIII. (sinh x) = cosh x equals-
dx
d
XIV. (cosh x) = sinh x 1 2
dx 2 2
(A) 1  x (B) 1  x
1
Mathematics, (311)
1 1 b
2
2 (1  x ) 2 (1  x 2 ) (A) b a  bx sec a  bx tan
(C) (D) –
a  bx
2. If y = sin–1  2x 1  x 2  + sec–1
 
 1  b
  , then dy/dx equals -
 2  (B) 2 a  bx sec a  bx tan
 1 x 
a  bx
1
2
(A) 0 (B) 1  x
a  bx a  bx
(C) 2b sec tan
2 3
2 2 a  bx
(C) 1  x (D) 1  x
(D) None of these

 1  sin x 
 tan  
3.   1  cos x  equal
1  tan x dy
6. If y = , then is equal to-
1  tan x dx
(A) 1/2 (B) –1
1
1  tan x  
(C) 1/4 (D) – (A) 2 sec2   x 
1  tan x 4 
1/2
1  tan x
4. [cos– 1 x + sin– 1 1 x ] equals- (B) 1  tan x sec2    x 
4 
(A) 1 (B) 0
1
1  tan x  
(C) 2 sec   x 
1 1  tan x 4 
1
(C) – 1  x (D) –
x  x2 (D) None of these
dy d2y
5. If y = sec a  bx , then equals- 7. If y = sin x + cos 2x, then
dx dx 2
equals-
(A) sin x + 4 sin 2x
2
Mathematics, (311)
Stretch Yourself
(B) – (sin x + 4 cos 2x)
(C) – sin x + 4 cos 2x  2x 

1. If y = sin–1  –1
 , z = tan x, then
1 x2 
(D) None of these
dy
find dz
d
8. d tan 1  1  cos   equals-  4x  dy
  sin   2. If y = tan–1   , Find
2
 1  4x  dx
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 d

  3 
3. dx sin 1  3x  x 
  2 2 
(C) sec  (D) cosec  Find 
d
  1 x 
4. dx cot–1  
Find 1 x 
d
5. dx  tan 1 a  x 
 1  sin x  1  sin x  Find  a  x 
 
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
9. Let y = cot–1  , 6. If y = sin–1  2x 1  x 2  + sec–1
 

2 < x < 𝜋. Then dy  1 
  , then find dy/dx
dx  2 
 1 x 
(A) 1/2 (B) –
1/2
(C) Does not exist (D) Hint to check yourself
None of these
10. If sin y = x cos (a + y), then dy/dx
equals- 1C2D3A4D5B
2
cos (a  y)
cos a cos a 6 A 7 B 8 A 9 B 10 A
(A) (B) 2
cos (a  y)
cos (a  y)
cos 2 a
3
Mathematics, (311)
28
DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC

DERIVATIVE OF
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
I. d x x
e =e Check Your Progress
dx
II. d (ax+b)
e = ae(ax+b)
dx 1. If y = logx10, then the value of dy/dx equals-
d
III. (eax sinb x) (A) 1/x (B) 10/x
dx
= eax (a sinb x+b cos bx) (log x 10) 2 1
(C) – (D)
= a 2  b 2 eax sin (bx + tan–1 b/a) x log e 10 ( x log e 10)
d
IV. (eax cosb x) 2. If (a +bx)ey/x = x, then the value of x3
d2y
is
dx
ax
dx 2
= e (a cosb x–b sinb x)
= a 2  b 2 eax cos (bx + tan–1 b/a)  dy 
2
(A) y  x
DERIVATIVE OF  dx 
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 2
(B)  x  y 
dy
Let y = [f(x)] g(x)  dx 
log y = g(x) log [f(x)]
1 dy d dy
. = g(x).log [f(x)] (C) x –y
y dx dx dx
dy d 
= [f(x)]g(x).  [g( x ) log f (x )] (D) None of these
dx  dx 
d   x  x  2  
3/ 4
d 3. loge    equals -
I. (logex) = 1/x dx    x  2  
dx   
d 1
II. (logax) =
dx x log a x 2 1
(A) (B) 1
x2  4
d
III. (logex) = 1/x
dx x2 1 x 2 1
(C) 2
(D) ex
x 4 x2  4
1
Mathematics(311)
4. If f(x) = logx (n x), then at x = e, 1  sin x dy

8. If y = log , then equals -
f '(x) equals- 1  sin x dx
(A) sec x (B) – sec x

(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) cosec x (D) sec x tan x
(C) e (D) 1/e
9. If y = e3x sin 4x, then the value of
5. If f(x) = loga (logax), then f '(x) is
dy
is-
equal to - dx
 4
log a log a (A) e3x sin  4 x  tan 1 
(A) (B)  3
x x log x
 4
(B) e3x cos  4 x  tan 1 
log a e x  3
(C) (D)
x log e x log a
 4
(C)5e3xsin  4 x  tan 1 
 3
1  cos x 
6. If y = log   , then the value
 1  cos x 
 4
dy (D)5e3xcos  4 x  tan 1 
of is-  3
dx
dy
(A) sec x (B) cosec x 10. If y = log10 (sin x), then equals-
dx
(A) sin x log10 e

(C) –sec x (D) – cosec x
(B) cos x log10e
dy
7. If y = log (cosec x – cot x), then
dx (C) cot x log10e
equals-
(D) cot x
(A) cosec x + cot x
1 x 
11. d/dx log   equals -

(B) cot x 1 x 
(C) sec x + tan x

x 1
(A) (B)
1 x 1 x
(D) cosec x
2
Mathematics(311)
1 (C) log loge x (D) None of these

x (1  x )
16. The derivative of loga x + log xa is
12. d/dx [ex sin 3 x] equals- equal to–
(A) ex sin ( 3 x + /3) (A)

1
(a + loga e)
x
(B) 2ex sin ( 3 x + /3)
1
(B) (a+ logea)
x
1 x
(C) e sin ( 3 x + /3)
2
a
(C) + logae
x
1 x
(D) e sin ( 3 x – /3)
2 (D) None of these
d2y  dy 
13. If y = x3 log x, then the value of 2 17. If y sin x = x + y, then  
dx  dx  x 0
is- equals-
(A) 5x + 6x log x (A) 1 (B) –1

(C) 0 (D) 2
(B) 3x + 6x log x
(C) 6x + 5x log x 18. If x3 + y3 = 3xy, then the value of

dy
is-
dx
(D) None of these
x  y2 x2  y
(A) (B)
x2  y x  y2
14. If y = log(1– t2) and x = sin–1(t), then
d2y 1 x  y2 x2  y
the value of at t = is– (C) (D)
dx 2 2 y  x2 y2  x
(A) 3/8 (B) – 3/8

dy
19. If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then
(C) 8/3 (D) None of these dx
equals-
15. d/dx (log10x) equals –
ax  hy ax  hy
(A) (B) –
(A) 1/x (B) (1/x) log10e hx  by hx  by
3
Mathematics(311)
hx  by hx  by
(C)
ax  hy
(D) –
ax  hy
Hint to check your progress
dy 1C 2B 3A 4D 5C
20. If ex + ey = ex+y, then equals-
dx 6D 7D 8B 9C 10 C
11 C 12 B 13 A 14 D 15 B
(A) ex–y (B) ey–x
16 A 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 D
(C) –ex–y (D) –ey–x
Stretch Yourself
dy
1. If y2 x+ x2y + 3xy = 2, find
dx
dy
2. If ex sin y – ey cos x = 1, find
dx
x
3. What is the derivative of x a
dy
4. If y = log (xx), find
dx
5. Find d/dx (xlog x)
6. If y = eax+b, Find (y2)0
dy
7. If y = xx, then Find the value of
dx
1 dy
8. If y = e log (sin x)
, then Find
dx
x
9. If y = 1   , then find
1 dy
 x dx
dy
10. If y = xx + ax + xa, then find at x
dx
=1
4
Mathematics(311)
29
APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
RATE OF CHANGE OF 1
QUANTITIES (y – y1) = – (x – x1)
 
dy
 
 dx ( x1 ,y1 )
The value of 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑖. 𝑒 =
𝑓′(𝑥 )  dy 
or (y–y1) .   + (x – x1) = 0
 dx ( x1 ,y1 )
APPROXIMATIONS
EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND
𝑑𝑦
△𝑦= ∆𝑥 NORMAL TO A CURVE
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Absolute Error : The error  x in x is called 𝑦−𝑦 = [𝑥 − 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 ( , )
the absolute error in x
the equation of normal to the curve y = f(x)
RELATIVE ERROR : If x is an error in c
∆
at the point (x1,y1) is
then is called relative error in x
1
PERCENTAGE ERROR: If x is an error in 𝑦−𝑦 = [𝑥 − 𝑥 ]

𝑑𝑦
x, then x 100 is called percentage error in 𝑑𝑥 ( , )
x.
The equation of tangent to a curve is parallel
Slope of Tangent and to x-axis if
𝑑𝑦
Normal = 0.
𝑑𝑥 ( , )
The equation of normal at (x1, y1) to the
. In that case the equation of tangent is y
curve
=y
y = f(x) is
In
case →
( , )
1
Mathematics,(311)
(i) Continuous
∞, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = on [a, b] and
𝑥 (ii) Derivable on (a, b), then there exists
atleast one real number c between a
Rolle’s Theorem and b (a < c < b) such that
If a function f defined on the closed interval f ( b ) – f (a )
f'(c) =
[a, b], is b–a
(i) Continuous on [a, b], Geometrical interpretation

(ii) Derivable on (a, b) and The theorem states that between two
(iii)f(a) = f(b), then there exists atleast points A and B on the graph of f there
one real number c between a and b (a exists atleast one point where the tangent
< c < b) such that f'(c) = 0 is parallel to the chord AB.
Geometrical interpretation Y B
Let the curve y = f(x), which is
continuous on [a, b] and derivable on (a, A
b), be drawn.
Y f (c) = 0 O x=a x=c x=b X
INCREASING AND
A B DECREASING FUNCTIONS
A function is said to be an increasing
f(a) f(b)
function in an interval if f(x+h)  f(x)
for all x belonging to the interval when h
O x=a x=c x=b X
is positive.
A function f(x) defined over the closed
The theorem states that between two interval [a, b] is said to be a decreasing
points with equal ordinates on the graph function in the given interval, if f(x2)
of f, there exists atleast one point where
f(x1), whenever x2x 1, x1,x2[a,b]. It
the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
is saidto be strictly decreasing if f(x1) 
Langrange's Mean Value f(x2) for all x2  x1 , x1,x2[a,b]
Theorem MONOTONIC FUNCTIONS
If a function f defined on the closed interval
[a, b], is Monotonic Increasing :
2
Mathematics,(311)
A function f(x) defined in a domain D is Y

Y
said to be monotonic increasing function
if the value of f(x) does not decrease
(increase) by increasing (decreasing) the
value of x or
O X O X
A function is said to be monotonic
If
function in a domain if it is either
x 1  x 2  f ( x 1 )  f ( x 2 ) monotonic increasing or monotonic

 or x 1  x 2  f ( x 1 ) / f (x 2 ),  x 1 , x 2  D decreasing in that domain.
or Y
 x 1  x 2  f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 )

or x1  x 2  f ( x1 ) / f ( x 2 ),  x1 , x 2  D
Y Y
O X
Similarly if x1 < x2 ⟹ f(x1) > f(x2),  x1,
x2 D then it is called strictly decreasing
O X O X in domain D.
Y
Monotonic Decreasing :
A function f(x) defined in a domain D is
said to be monotonic decreasing function
if the value of f(x) does not increase
O X
(decrease) by increasing (decreasing) the
value of x or RELATION BETWEEN THE SIGN
OF THE DERIVATIVE AND
If MONOTONICITY OF FUNCTION
x 1  x 2  f ( x 1 )  f (x 2 )
 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
or x 1  x 2  f (x 1 ) / f (x 2 ),  x 1 , x 2  D
VALUES OF A FUNCTION
or
 x 1  x 2  f (x 1 )  f (x 2 ) The value of a function f (x) is said to be
 maximum at x = a, if there exists a very
or x 1  x 2  f (x 1 ) / f (x 2 ),  x 1 , x 2  D
small positive number h, such that
f(x) < f (a)  x  (a – h,a + h) , x a
3
Mathematics,(311)
In this case the point x = a is called a f(a) = 0, provided f(a) exists. Thus if
point of maxima for the function f(x). f(a) exists, then
x = a is an extreme point  f (a) = 0
y or
f(a)  0  x = a is not an extreme point.
But its converse is not true i.e.
f (a) = 0 x = a is an extreme point.
( ) ( ) ( ) x
O a b c
, if there B. Sufficient Condition :
exists Similarly, the value of f(x) is said
to the minimum (i) The value of the function f(x) at x = a
is maximum, if f (a) = 0 and f (a)< 0.
at x = b, If there exists a very small
positive number, h, such that (ii) The value of the function f(x) at x =
a in minimum if f (a) = 0 and f (a) >
f(x) > f(b),x  (b – h, b + h), x b 0> 0.
In this case x = b is called the point of
minima for the function f(x).
Check Yourself
Hene we find that,
(i) x = a is a maximum point of f(x)

f (a ) – f (a  h )  0 1. When x < 0, function f(x) = x2 is -

f (a ) – f (a – h )  0 (A) decreasing
(ii) x = b is a minimum point of f(x) (B) increasing
f (b) – f (b  h )  0 (C) constant

f (b) – f (b – h )  0 (D) not monotonic
(iii)x = c is neither a maximum point nor 2. Function f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 29
a minimum point is decreasing when –
 f (c ) – f (c  h )  (A) (A) x < 2 (B) x > 2
 
 and  have opposite (B) (C) x > 3 (D) 1 < x < 2
f (c) – f (c – h )  0
signs.
A. Necessary Condition : A point x = a is
an extreme point of a function f(x) if
4
Mathematics,(311)
|x| 7. f(c) is a maximum value of f(x) if -

3. The function f(x) = (x  0), x > 0
x (A) f (c) = 0, f (c) > 0
is - (B) f (c) = 0, f (c) < 0
(A) (A) decreasing (B) (C) f (c)  0, f (c) = 0
increasing (D) f (c) < 0, f (c) > 0
(B) (C) constant function (D) 8. f(c) is a minimum value of f(x) if -
None of these (A) f (c) = 0, f (c) > 0
4. When x  (0, 1), function f(x) =
1 (B) f (c) = 0, f (c) < 0
x (C) f (c)  0, f (c) = 0
is (D) f (c) < 0, f (c) > 0
(A) increasing 9. f(c) is a maximum value of f(x)
(B) decreasing when at x = c -
(C) neither increasing nor (A) f (x) changes sign from +ve to
decreasing –ve
(D) constant (B) f (x) changes sign from –ve to
+ve
(C) f (x) does not change sign
5. Function f(x) = 3x4 + 7x2 + 3 is (D) f (x) is zero
(A) monotonically increasing 10. f(c) is a minimum value of f(x) when
at x = c-
(B) monotonically decreasing
(A) f (x) changes sign +ve to –ve
(C) not monotonic
(B) f (x) changes sign from –ve
(D) odd function
to +ve
(C) f (x) does not change sign
6. For what values of x, the function

(D) f (x) is zero
4
f(x) = x + is monotonically
x2
decreasing Stretch Yourself
(A) x < 0 (B) x > 2

1. Find the maximum value of sin3 x +
(A) (C) x < 2 (D) 0 < x < 2 cos3 x
2. Let f(x) = (x – 1)m (x – 2)n (m, n ∈
N), x ∈ R. Then find point where
5
Mathematics,(311)
f(x) is either local maximum or local

minimum
c4 a2 b2
3. For the curve = + ,
r2 sin 2  cos 2 
find the
a. maximum value of r
4. Find the minimum and maximum
value of
a. f (x, y) = 7x2 + 4xy + 3y2
subjected to x2 + y2 = 1.
5. Let the function f(x) be defined as

below,
sin 1   x 2 ,0  x  1
f (x )  
2 x, x 1
6.
a. f(x) can have a minimum at x
= 1 then find value of 𝜆 is -
7. If a x + b2y4 = c6, then find the
2 4
maximum value of xy
1A2D3C4B5C
6 D 7 B 8 A 9 A 10 B
6
Mathematics,(311)
30
INTEGRATION
Integration is a reverse process of

differentiation. The integral or
x.  tan x dx =log sec x +c = – log cos x + c
primitive of a function f(x) with respect xi.  cot x dx = log sin x + c
to x is that function (x) whose derivative
with respect to x is the given function xii.  sec x dx = log(secx+tanx)+c
f(x). It is expressed symbolically as - = – log(secx – tan x)+c
 f (x) dx   (x)  x
= log tan    + c
4 2
Thus
xiii.  cos ec x dx = – log (cosec x + cot x) + c
d
 f ( x ) dx   ( x ) 
dx
[(x)] = f(x)
= log (cosec x – cot x) + c = log tan   + c
x
The process of finding the integral of a 2
function is called Integration and the xiv.  sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

given function is called Integrand.
xv.  cos ec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c
xvi.  sec2 x dx = tan x + c

i.  0 . dx = c
xvii.  cos ec2 x dx = – cot x + c

ii.  1 .dx = x + c
xviii.  sinh x dx = cosh x + c

iii.  k .dx = kx + c
xix.  cosh x dx = sinh x + c
x n 1
x
n
iv. dx = + c (n–1)
n 1
xx.  sec h 2 x dx = tanh x + c
1
v.  x dx = loge x + c xxi.  cos ech 2 x dx = – coth x + c
e dx = ex + c
x
vi.
xxii.  sec h x tanh x dx = – sech x + c
x
a
vii.  a x dx = + c = ax loga e + c
log e a xxiii.  cos ech x coth x = – cosech x + c
viii.  sin x dx = – cos x + c xxiv. x 2
1
2
1
dx = tan–1   + c
x
a a a
ix.  cos x dx = sin x + c 1 1
log 
x–a
xxv. x 2
– a2
dx =
2a xa
+c
1
Mathematics,(311)
1 1
log 
xa Here we put 𝜑 (x) = t so that 𝜑 '(x)
xxvi. a 2
–x 2
dx =
2a x–a
+c
dx = dt
and in that case the integrand is
dx = sin–1   + c
1 x
xxvii.  2
a –x 2 a reduced
to  f (t) dt.
= – cos–1   + c
x
a
(ii) When integrand is the product of two
1 x

–1
xxviii. dx = sinh  + c factors such that one is the derivative
x2  a2 a
of the other i.e.
= log (x + x 2  a 2 ) + c I =  f (x) f(x) dx.
dx = cosh–1   + c
1 x
xxix.  x –a2 2 a
(iii) Integral of a function of the
form f (ax + b).
= log (x + x 2 – a 2 ) + c Here we put ax + b = t and convert it
into standard integral. Obviously if
xxx.  a 2 – x 2 dx
 f (x) dx = 𝜑 (x), then
x a2 x
= a2 – x2 + . sin–1 +c 1
2 2 a
 f (ax  b) dx =
a
𝜑 (ax + b)
xxxi.  x 2  a 2 dx (iv) Standard form of Integrals:
f ( x )
=
x
2
x2  a2 +
a2
2
. sinh–1
x
a
+c (a)  f (x ) dx = log [f(x)] + c
[f(x)] n 1
xxxii.  x 2 – a 2 dx (b)  [f (x )]n f (x) dx =
n 1
+c
x a2 x (provided n ≠ – 1)
= x2 – a2 – . cosh–1 + c
2 2 a f ( x )
1 1 x
(c)  dx = 2 f (x) + c
x
–1 f (x)
xxxiii. dx = sec +c
x2 – a2 a a
INTEGRATION BY PARTS :
e
ax
xxxiv. sin bx dx
If u and v are two functions of x, then
ax
 (u.v) dx = u   v dx  –   dx  .   v dx dx.
e
= (a sin bx – b cos bx) + c  du 
a 2  b2
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION:
When Integrand is a function of function -
If the integral is of the form  e x [f(x) +
i.e.  f [𝜑(x)] 𝜑 ' (x) dx
f'(x)]dx,
2
Mathematics,(311)
Check Yourself
 e x [f ( x )  f ( x )] dx = ex f(x) + c
If the integral is of the form

 1  sin 2x dx
 [x f (x)  f(x)]dx 1. equals-
 [x f (x) + f(x) ]dx = x f (x) + c (A) sin x + cos x + c

When denominator can be factorized (B) sin x – cos x + c
(using partial fraction) :
f (x ) (C) cos x – sin x + c
Let the integrand is of the form ,
g(x )
(D) None of these
where both f(x) and g(x) are
polynomials. If degree of f(x) is greater 4  5 sin x
than degree of g(x) then first divide f(x) 2.
 cos 2 x dx equals-
by g(x) till the degree of the remainder (A) 4 tan x – sec x + c
becomes less than the degree of g(x).
(B) 4 tan x + 5 sec x + c
f (x ) R (x )
= Q(x) + (C) 9 tan x + c
g(x ) g(x )
(D) None of these
(i) For every non repeated linear factor
in the denominator, write
3.  (tan x + cot x) dx equals-
1 A B (A) log (tan x) + c

= +
(x – a)(x – b) x–a x–b (B) log (sin x + cosx) + c
(ii) For repeated linear factors in the (C) log (cx)
denominator, write- (D) None of these
e 5 log e x  e 4 log e x
1
=
A
+
B
 e 3log x  e 2 log x
(x – a) 3 ( x – b) (x – a) (x – a) 2 4. e e
dx equals-
C D
+ + x2
(x – a) 3 (x – b) x3
(A) 2 +c (B) +c
(iii)For every non repeated quadratic 3
factor in the denominator, write
x4
1 (C) +c (D) None of these
2
= 4
(ax  bx  c)(x – d)
Ax  B C
2
+
ax  bx  c x – d
1  cos 2 x
5.
 1  cos 2x dx equals-
3
Mathematics,(311)
(A) tan x + x + c (B) tan x – x + c (A) sec x – cosec x + c

(B) cosec x – sec x + c
(C) sin x – x + c (D) sin x + x + c
(C) sec x + cosec x + c
6. The value of  sin x  cos x

dx is-
(D) None of these
1  sin 2x dx
 (sec –1 x ) x x 2 – 1 is-
(A) sin x + c (B) x + c 10. The value of
(A) – log (sec–1 x) + c
1
(C) cos x + c (D) (sinx + cos x) (B) log (sec–1 x) + c
2
 (sec 1 x ) 2
7.  abx baxdx is] where a, b  R+ 2
(C) +c
a bx b ax
b a (D) None of these
(A) n (a b ) + c
3x 2
11.
 x 6 1 dx equals-
a bx . b ax
(B) +c
n a . n b
(A) log (x6 +1) + c
a bx . b ax
(C) +c
n a b . n b a
(B) tan–1 (x3) + c
(D) None of these (C) 3 tan–1 (x3) + c
8.  cos 2 x  2 sin 2 x
dx equals- (D) 3 tan–1 (x3/3) + c
2
cos x
cos x
(A) cot x + c (B) sec x + c 12.
 1  sin x dx is equal to-
(A) – log (1+ sin x) + c
(B) log (1+ sin x) + c
(C) tan x + c (D) cosec x + c
(C) log (1– sin x) – c
(D) log (1– sin x) + c
 cot x cosec2 x dx.

9.  cosx  1

sin x 
 dx equals-
13.
 sin 2 x cos 3 x 
4
Mathematics,(311)
1 x
(C) cot + c (D) None of these
(A) – 2 cot2 x + c 2
2x  1 
sin 2 x 
1
(B) 2 cot2 x + c 17.
 e 1  cos 2 x  dx
  -
1 1 2x
(C) – cos2 x – c e cot x  c
2 (A) 2
(D) None of these 1 2x

e tan x  c
(B) 2
log (log x )
14.
 x dx equals- 1 2x
 e cot x  c
 log x  (C) 2
 
(A) log x log  e  +c
(D) none
(B) log (e/x2) + c
dx
(C) log (x2/e) + c  x [(log x) 2  4 log x – 1]
18. =
(D) log x. log (e/x) + c
3 x2
15. x e dx
is equal to-
1
 log x  2  5 
(A) 2 5 log   +c
 log x  2  5 
1
(A) 2 (x2 + 1) e x + c
2
1
(B) 5 log  log x  2  5  + c
1
 log x  2  5 
(B) 2 (x2–1) e x + c
2
1
1  log x  2  5 
(C) 2 5 log   +c
(C) 2 (1– x2) e x + c
2
 log x  2  5 
(D) None of these 1

(D) 5 log  log x  2  5  + c
 
 log x  2  5 
x  sin x
16.
 1  cos x dx =
3x  1
x x
19.
 2x 2  2x  3 dx equals-
(A) x cot + c (B) – x cot 2 + c
2
5
Mathematics,(311)
Stretch Yourself
1 5
2
(A) 4 log (2x – 2x + 3) – 2
Find
 2x  1 
tan–1   + c 
 5  dx
 ( x 2  1) (x 2  4)
1.
3 5 cosx
4 2
(B) log (2x – 2x + 3)+ 2 tan–  (1  sinx)(2  sinx)
2. dx
1  2 x  1  + c dx



5 
3.
 2x 2  x  1
(sec x cosec x)
3  log tan x
(C) 4 log(2x2– 2x + 3)+ 4. dx
e 1 x 1
x e
5 5.
 x  ex
e
dx
4x  2 
2 tan–1  + c
 5  6.  sec4 x tan x. dx
cosx
(D) None of these  (1  sinx)(2  sinx)
7.
dx
1 x2
3
x x2  1 x2
 (1  x ) 2 8. dx
20. dx =
x 1 x
(A) log x  1 – 2 + c
x2
x 1 
(B) log  + 2 +c
 x 1 1B 2B 3A 4B 5B
 x 1 6B 7A 8C 9A 10B
  2
(C) log  x 1  + x +c
2 11B 12B 13A 14A 15B
 x 1  16B 17B 18A 19B 20D

  2
 x 1 x
(D) log – +c
2
6
Mathematics,(311)
31
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
d
If [f(x)] = 𝜙(x) and a and b, are two
dx b
values independent of variable x, then  cn

f ( x ) dx where a < c1 < c2 < ....cn < b.
b
 (x) dx = f (x) = f(b) – f(a)

b
a
a a
a [P-4]  0
f ( x ) dx =  0
f (a – x ) dx .
is called Definite Integral of 𝜙 (x)
a
within limits a and b. Here a is called the [P-5]  –a
f ( x ) dx
lower limit and b is called the upper
limit of the integral. The interval [a, b] is
known as range of integration. It  0, if f (– x )  – f ( x ) i.e. if f ( x ) is odd
=  a
should be noted that every definite
integral has a unique value.

2  0
f ( x ) dx, if f (– x )  f ( x ) i.e. if f ( x ) even
This property is generally used when

integrand is either even or odd function
Properties of x.
b b
[P-1]  a
f ( x ) dx =  a
f ( t ) dt [P-6]
2a
i.e. the value of a definite integral  0
f ( x ) dx =
remains
 a
unchanged if its variable is placed by  0 
2 f ( x ) dx, if f (2a – x )  f ( x )
any other symbol.  0, if f (2a – x )  – f ( x )
b a
It is generally used to make half the
[P-2]  a
f ( x ) dx = –  b
f ( x ) dx
upper limit.
i.e. the interchange of limits of a definite
integral changes only its sign.
[P-7] If f(x) = f(x + a) , then
b c b
[P-3]  a
f ( x ) dx =  a
f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx
c

na
0
f ( x ) dx
a
= n  f ( x ) dx
0
where a < c < b. b b
b c1 c2
[P-8]  f ( x ) dx =  f (a  b – x ) dx
  
a a
or f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx +
a a c1
....+
1
Mathematics (311)
 (t) 
d 
[P-9]
dt  
f ( x ) dx 

=f{ 𝜓 (t)} 𝜓′ (t) –f
/ 4
 ( t )  sec2 x
{ 𝜙 (t)} 𝜙′ (t)  (1  tan x) (2  tan x )
5. 0 dx equals -
2
Check Your Progress (A) loge (B) loge 3
3
1
4 4
π/4 (C) 2 loge (D) loge
3 3
 tan
2
x dx
1. 0 equals- /4
(A) /4 (B) 1 + (/4)


6. 0 tan4x dx equals -
(C) 1 – (/4) (D) 1 – (/2)  
2 2
2a
(A) 4 + (B) 4 –
dx 3 3
 2ax  x 2 is-
2. The value of 0
 
1 1
(C) 4 + (D) 4 –
(A)  (B) /2 3 3
(C) /4 (D) 2
/ 2
sin x cos x 3
 1 x 
1 x  1 
2
 cos x  3 cos x  2
2   tan
 x 1
2
 tan
x 
3. The value of 0 dx 7. 1  dx,
is- equals-
(A) log (9/8) (B) log (4/3) (A) (B) 2 
(C) log (3/4) (D) None of these (C) 3  (D) None of these
 1
/ 2
e tan x
 1 x2 e
x
4. 0 dx equals- 8.  / 4 sin x dx =
(A) 1 (B) e/2 + 1 1 2

(A) – 2 e–/2 (B) – 2 e–/4
(C) e/2 – 1 (D) None of these
(C) – 2 (e–/4+e–/2) (D) 0
2
Mathematics (311)
(C) 0
/ 4 (D) does not exist

tan x
 sin x cos x
9. 0 dx equals-
(A) 1 (B) 2 1
 | 3x  1 |
(C) 0 (D) 4 13. 0 dx equals-
(A) 5/6 (B) 5/3
/ 4 (C) 10/3 (D) 5

tan x  cot x
 tan 1 x  cot 1 x
10. /6 dx equals-

(A) 0 (B) ( 3 +1)/
 | cos x |
3 14. 0 dx equals -
(C) (log 3)/ (D) None of these (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 0 (D) –1
3
x3
 3 x
11. 0 dx equals- e
 | log x |
(A) 3/16 (B) 27/8 15. 1/ e dx =
(C) 3/32 (D) 9/8 (A) e–1 – 1 (B) 2 (1–1/e)
 x 2 , when 0  x  1 (C) 1 – 1/e (D) None of these


 x , when 1  x  2
12. If f(x) =  , then / 2
 (sin x  cos3 x) dx
3
2
 f (x) 16.  / 2 equals-

0 dx equals-
(A) 0 (B) 1/3
1
(A) 3 (4 2 – 1) (C) 4/3 (D) 2/3
1
(B) 3 (4 2 + 1)
3
Mathematics (311)
/ 2 a a
dx
 1  cos x  f ( x ) dx  f (x) dx
17.  / 2 equals- (C) 0 = 0
(A) 0 (B) 2 b
 f (x) dx a
(C) 1 (D) 3 (D) a =–  f (x ) dx

b
/ 2
 2  sin  
 log   2
x
18.  / 2  2  sin  
d𝜃 equals-  3 x  x
dx
22. 1 is equal to-
(A) 0 (B) 1
(A) 2/1 (B) 3/4
2
sin 2
 a  b cos  d
19. 0 equals-
/ 2
 (x)
(A) 1 (B) 2   ( x )   ( / 2  x )
dx
23. 0 is equal to-
(C) /4 (D) 0
(A) 4 (B) /2
(C)  (D) None of these

400
 1  cos 2x / 2
20. 0 dx is equal to-  log cos x dx

24. 0 equals-
(A) 400 2 (B) 800 2 (A) (/2) log (1/2)
(C) 0 (D) None of these (B) log 2
(C) –log 2
21. Which of the following is correct? (D) 2log 2
a a
 f ( x ) dx  f (a  x) dx
(A) 0 = 0
/ 2
 sin  cos6  d
2
2a a
25. 0 equals-
 f (x) dx  f (x) dx
(B) 0 =0
(A) –/16 (B) /16
4
Mathematics (311)
(C) 5/256 (D) –5/256
/ 2 1C 2A 3A 4C 5D
 sin
5
x dx equals-
0
6B 7A 8A 9B 10 C
11 B 12A 13 A 14 B 15 B
Stretch Yourself 16 C 17 B 18 A 19 D 20 B
21D 22C 23A 24 A 25 C
Find
2
 sin
4
1. 0 x cos6 x dx

2. If  log sin x dx  k , then the value of k
0
2
3. If f(x) = |x| + |x – 1|, then  f ( x )dx
0
/ 4
 cos
3/ 2
4. 0 2 cos  d
1
e
x2
5. 0 (x – )dx = 0 , then x

6.  log (1 – cos x) dx
0
5
7. 1(| x  3 |  | 1  x |) dx
a
0x a2  x2
4
8. dx
5
Mathematics (311)
32
Differential Equation
An equation containing an independent The general and nth order differential

variable, dependent variable and equation is given below -
differential coefficients of dependent
variable with respect to independent dn y d n –1y d n –2 y dy
variable is called a differential P0 n
+ P1 n –1
+ P2 n –2
+ …+ Pn–1 + Pn
dx dx dx dx
equation. y=Q
For Example- where P0,P1,P2,......, Pn–1 and Q are either
dy constants or functions of independent
(i) = sinx
dx variable x.
dy Those equations which are not linear are
(ii) + xy = cot x
dx
called non- linear differential equations.
d2y dy
(iii) – 5 + 6y = x2
dx 2
dx FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL
2 EQUATION
 d2y  3
(iv)  2  + x2   = 0
dy
 dx   dx  (i) Write down the given equation.

3/ 2 (ii) Differentiate it successively with
dy 
2
(v) 2 + 1    
d2y
=0 respect to x that number of times
dx   dx  
equal to the arbitrary constants.
Order of differential equation (iii) Hence on eliminating arbitrary
The order of a differential equation is constants results a differential
the order of the highest derivative occurring equation which involves
in the differential equation. dy d 2 y
x, y, , .......
dx dx 2
Degree of differential equation
dy
The degree of a differential equation Differential equations of the form =
dx
is the degree of the highest order derivative
f(x).
when differential coefficients are free from
radical and fraction
dy
= f(x) ⇒ dy = f(x) dx.
dx
Integrating both sides we obtain
1
Mathematics,(311)
 dy =  f (x) dx + c d2y
2
(B) (B) dx + xy = 0
or y =  f (x) dx + c (C) dy + dx = 0
Differential equations of the form (D) None of these
dy/dx=f(x) g(y)
dy 2. The order and degree of differential

= f(x) g(y)
dx equation
 g( y) =  f(x) dx + c.
dy
1 y 2 dx + y 1 x 2 dy = 0 are
Differential Equation of homogeneous respectively-

type
(A) 1, 2 (B) 1, 1
An equation in x and y is said to be
homogeneous if it can be put in the form (C) 2, 1 (D) 2, 2
dy f ( x , y)
= where f(x, y) and g(x, y) are
dx g ( x , y) 3. Which of the following equation is
both homogeneous functions of the same linear?
degree in x & y.
dy
So to solve the homogeneous differential
dy f ( x , y) (A) dx + xy2 = 1
equation = ,substitute y = vx
dx g ( x , y)
dy
and (B) x2 + y = ex
dx
dy dv
so =v+x
dx dx dy
Thus v + x
dv dx
=
dv (C) dx + 3y = xy2
dx x f ( v) – v
dy
 x =  f ( v) – v + c
dx dv
Therefore solution is
(D) x dx + y2 = sin x
Check Your Progress

4. Which of the following equation is
1. A differential equation of first order non- linear-
and first degree is- dy
2
(A) dx = cos x
 dy 
 
(A) x  dx  – x + a = 0 d2y
2
(B) dx + y = 0
2
Mathematics,(311)
(C) dx + dy = 0 (D) x2 – y2 = c
dy 3
(D) x + = y2
dx dy / dx
8. The general solution of the equation
5. y = 4 sin 3x is a solution of the
(ey + 1) cos x dx + ey sin x dy = 0
differential equation-
is-
dy
(A) dx + 8y = 0 (A) (ey + 1) cos x = c
dy (B) (ey – 1) sin x = c

(B) dx – 8y = 0
(C)(ey + 1) sin x = c
d2y
2 (D)None of these
(C) dx + 9y = 0
d2y
(D) dx – 9y = 0
2
9. The solution of the differential
equation
dy = sec2 x dx is-
6. The differential equation of the
family of curves represented by the (A) y = sec x tan x + c
equation x2 + y2 = a2 is- (B) y = 2 sec x + c
dy
(A) x + y dx =0 1
(C) y = tan x + c
dy 2
(B) y dx =x (D) None of these

2
d y
2
(C) y dx +   = 0
2 dy dy
10. The solution of the equation = (x
 dx  dx
(D) None of these + y)2 is-
7. The general solution of the (A) x + y + tan (x + c) = 0
(B) x – y + tan (x + c) = 0
2
dy x
differential equation = is-
dx y2 (C) x + y – tan (x + c) = 0
(D) None of these
(A) x3 – y3 = c 11. The solution of the differential
equation
(B) x3 + y3 = c dy
= cot2 (x + y) is-
dx
(C) x2 + y2 = c (A) y = x + 1/2 sin 2 (x + y) + c
3
Mathematics,(311)
(B) y = x – 1/2 sin 2 (x + y) + c (C) ex (D) x

(C)y = x + 1/2 cos 2 (x + y) – c
(D)None of these
15. The equation of the curve passing
through the origin and satisfying the
differential equation
dy
equation, (1 + x2) + 2xy = 4x2 is-
dx
dy y
+ = x2 is-
dx x (A)(1 + x2)y = x3
(A) 4xy = x4 + c (B)2 (1 + x2)y = 3x3
(B) xy = x4 + c (C)3 (1 + x2)y = 4x3

1
(C) xy = x4 + c (D)None of these
4
(D) xy = 4x4 + c

equation Stretch Yourself
dy
+ y = cos x is-
dx
(A) y = 1 (cos x + sin x) + ce– Find

2
x 1. The solution of the equation
(cos x – sin x) + ce–
1
(B) y = (1– x2) dy + xy dx = xy2 dx
2
x
(C) y = cos x + sin x + ce–x
(D) None of these 2. The solution of
dy
14. The integrating factor of the e x (sin 2 x  sin 2x )
dx =
differential equation (x log x)
dy
+y y (2 log y  1)
dx
3. The solution of
= 2 log x is-
2
(A) log x (B) log (log x) (x 1 y )dx + (y 1 x 2 )dy = 0
4
Mathematics,(311)

equation
dy
5. dx = ex – y + x2e–y
6. The solution of ydx – x dy + 3x2 e x
3
y2dx = 0
equation
xdy – ydx = x  y dx
2 2
1C 2B 3B 4D 5C
6A 7A 8C 9D 10C
11 A 12A 13 A 14A 15C
5
Mathematics,(311)
33
INTRODUCTION TO THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Let O be a fixed point known as origin and In particular distance of a point (x, y, z)
let OX, OY and OZ be three mutually
from origin = x 2  y2  z2 .
perpendicular lines, taken as x-axis, y-
axis and z-axis respectively in such a
way that they form a right - handed Section Formula
system.
Z
Z (x1, y1, z1)
C Q
E
P (x2, y2, z2)
k
(x,y,z)
F P
j
Y
B
i O Y
A D X
X Coordinates of the point dividing the line
The planes XOY, YOZ and ZOX are joining two points P(x1, y1, z1) and
known as xy-plane, yz-plane and zx- Q(x2, y2, z2) in the ratio m1 : m2 are
plane respectively.
Z
Let P be a point in space and distances
P m R(x,y,z)
of P from yz, zx and xy-planes be x,y,z
 n
respectively (with proper signs), then we r1  Q
r 
say that coordinates of P are (x, y, z). r2
Also OA = x, OB = y, OC = z.
O Y
Distance Formula X
If P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are two (i) In case of internal division
points, then distance between them
PQ = (x1  x 2 ) 2  (y1  y 2 ) 2  (z1  z 2 ) 2
1
Mathematics (311)
2. Distance of the point (x, y, z) from y-
axis is-
 m1x 2  m 2 x1 m1 y 2  m 2 y1 m1z 2  m 2 z1 
 , , 
 m1  m 2 m1  m 2 m1  m 2  (A) y (B) x 2  y2
(ii) In case of external division
(C) y2  z2 (D) z 2  x 2
 m1x 2  m 2 x1 m1 y 2  m 2 y1 m1z 2  m 2 z1 
 , , 
 m1  m 2 m1  m 2 m1  m 2  3. The distance of a point P(x, y, z)
Coordinates of the Mid point : from yz plane is-
When division point is the midpoint of
PQ, then ratio will be 1 : 1; hence (A) x (B) y
coordinates of the midpoint of PQ are (C) z (D) x + y + z
 x1  x 2 y1  y 2 z1  z 2 
 , , 
 2 2 2  4. A point which lie in yz plane, the
Centroid of a Triangle : sum of
If (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2) and (x3, y3, co-ordinate is 3, if distance of point
z3) be the vertices of a triangle, then the from xz plane is twice the distance of
centroid of the triangle is point from xy plane, then co-
ordinates are-
 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3 z1  z 2  z 3 
 , ,  (A) (1, 2, 0) (B) (0, 1, 2)
 3 3 3 
(C) (0, 2, 1) (D) (2, 0, 1)

Check Your Progress
1. The points A(1, –1, – 5), B(3, 1, 3) and 5. A point located in space is moves in
C(9, 1, –3) are the vertices of- such a way that sum of distance from
xy and yz plane is equal to distance
(A) an equilateral triangle from zx plane the locus of the point
are-
(B) an isosceles triangle
(A) x – y + z = 2 (B) x + y – z = 0
(C) a right angled triangle
(C) x + y – z = 2 (D) x – y + z = 0
(D) none of these
2
Mathematics (311)
6. A (1, 3, 5) and B (– 2, 3, – 4) are two
points, A point P moves such that
10. OABC is a tetrahedron whose vertices
PA2 – PB2 = 6c, then locus of P is-
are
(A) x + 3z + 1 – c = 0 O (0, 0, 0); A (a, 2, 3); B (1, b, 2) and
C (2, 1, c) if its centroid is (1, 2, –1)
(B) x + 3z – 1 + c = 0
then distance of point (a, b, c) from
(C) 2x + 3z + 1 – c = 0 origin are-
(D) 2x + 3z – 1 + c = 0 (A) 14 (B) 107
7. Find the ratio in which the segment (C) 107 / 14 (D) None of these
joining
(1, 2, –1) and (4, –5, 2) is divided by 11. The ratio in which the yz-plane
the plane 2x – 3y + z = 4. divides the join of the points (–2, 4,
7) and (3, –5, 8) is-
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 3 : 2
(A) 2 : 3 (B) 3 : 2
(C) 3 : 7 (D) 1 : 2
(C) –2 : 3 (D) 4 : –3
8. If points A (3, 2, –4); B(5,4, –6) and

C(9, 8,–10) are collinear then B 12. A (3, 2, 0), B (5, 3, 2) and C (–9, 6, –
divides AC in the ratio- 3) are vertices of a triangle ABC. If
the bisector of ∠A meets BC at D,
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 then its coordinates are-
(C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2
(A)  , ,  (B)   , , 
19 57 17 19 57 17
 8 16 16   8 16 16 
(C)  , ,   (D   , , 
19 57 17 19 57 17
9. If zx plane divides the line joining  8 16 16   8 16 16 
the points
(1, –1, 5) and (2, 3, 4) in the ratio
m:1 then mequals to-
13. If origin is the centroid of the triangle
(A) 1/3 (B) 3 ABC with vertices A(a, 1, 3), B(–2, b,
–5) and C(4, 7, c) then values of a, b, c
(C) –3 (D) –1/3 are respectively-
3
Mathematics (311)
(A) 2, 8, 2 (B) 0, 2, 2
(C) –2, –8, 2 (D) None of these
14. The line joining the points (2, –3, 1)

and
(3, –4, –5) and cuts the plane 2x + y
+ z =7 in those points, the point are-
(A) (1, 2, 7) (B) (–1, 2, 7)
(C) (1, –2, 7) (D) (1, –2, –7)
15. The vertices of a triangle ABC are

A (4, 3, –2), B(3, 0, 1) and C(2, –1 ,
3), the length of the median drawn
from point 'A' -
1
(A) 122 (B) 122
2
1
3
1A 2D 3A 4C 5D
6B 7C 8B 9A 10 B
11A 12A 13C 14C 15A
4
Mathematics (311)
34
VECTOR
 A physical quantity which is A vector whose magnitude is zero is called

completely specified by its zero or null vector and it is

magnitude only is called scalar. It is denoted by 0 or 0 . The initial and terminal
represented by a real number along points of the directed line segment
with suitable unit. representing zero vector are coincident
For example, Distance, Mass, and its direction is arbitrary.
Length, Time, Volume, Speed, Area (ii) Unit vector :
are scalars. A vector of unit magnitude is called a
 A physical quantity which has unit vector. A unit vector in the
magnitude as well as direction is direction of a is denoted by â . Thus
called a vector. For example,  
a a vector a
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, â =  =  =
|a| a magnitude of a
force etc. are vector quantities.
(i) | â | = 1
(ii) Unit vectors parallel to x-axis, y-axis
Representation of vector and
z-axis are denoted by i, j and k
Geometrically a vector is represented by

respectively.
a directed line segment. If for a vector
(iii)Two unit vectors may not be equal
 
a , a = AB , then A is called its initial unless they have the same direction.
point and B is called its terminal point. (iii)Equal Vector :
Clearly AB and BA represents different 

line segments Two vectors a and b are said to be
 equal , if
If a = AB , then its magnitude is
  
expressed by | a | or | AB | or AB. (a) | a | = | b |
B (b) they have the same direction

a (iv) Collinear vectors or Parallel Vectors :
Vectors which are parallel to the same
A line are called collinear vectors or
parallel vectors. Such vectors have either
Types of Vector
same direction or opposite direction. If
(i) Zero or null Vector : they have the same direction they are
1
Mathematics (311)
said to be like vectors, and if they have This is known as the triangle law of
opposite directions, they are called addition of vectors.
unlike vectors. C

a 
b
b 
c
a
A B
  
  Thus, if AB = a , BC = b , and AC = c
In the diagram a and c are like vectors
  
whereas a and b are opposite vectors.  
then AB + BC = AC i.e. a + b = c
(v) Coplanar Vectors : Parallelogram Law of Addition :
If the directed line segment of some If two vectors are represented by two
given vectors lie in a plane then they are adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then
called coplanar vectors. their sum is represented by the diagonal
(vi) Position Vectors : of the parallelogram whose initial point
is the same as the initial point of the
The vector OA which represents the
given vectors. This is known as
position of the point A with respect to a parallelogram law of addition of
fixed point (called origin) O is called vectors.
position vector of the point A. If (x,y,z) B C
are coordinates of the point A, then
b
OA = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ b
O A
(vii) Reciprocal vectors :
  
A vector which has the same direction as Thus if OA = a , OB = b , and OC = c
vector a but whose magnitude is the

reciprocal of the magnitude of a, is then OA + OB = OC i.e. a
called the reciprocal vector of vector a  
+ b = c
and is denoted by a–1.
â , then Where OC is a diagonal of the
parallelogram OABC.

â
a–1 = . â =
1 a
= Addition in component form :
  
| a |2 | a |2
If the vectors are defined in terms of î , ĵ
Triangle law of addition : 
and k̂ . i.e. if a = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂ and
If two vectors are represented by two
consecutive sides of a triangle then their 
sum is represented by the third side of b = b1 î + b2 ĵ + b3 k̂ then their sum is
the triangle but in opposite direction. defined as
2
Mathematics (311)
    
a + b = (a1 + b1) î + (a2 + b2) ĵ + (a3 + (ii) m (n a ) = n (m a ) = (mn) a
b3) k̂ (Associativity)
Subtraction of Vector   
(iii) (m + n) a = m a + n a 
    
(Distributivity)

If a and b are two vectors, then their (iv) m ( a + b ) = m a + m b
    
subtraction a – b is defined as a – b = a +
Collinearity of vector

(– b )
  
If a , b , c be position vectors of three
 points A,B and C respectively and x,
b 
b y,z be three scalars so that all are not
zero, then the necessary and
sufficient conditions for three points
to be collinear is that

If a = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂
  
x a + y b + z c = 0 and x + y + z = 0

and b = b1 î + b2 ĵ + b3 k̂ Coplanar vector
  
    If a , b , c be three coplanar vectors, then a
then a – b = ( a 1 – b1 ) î + (a2 – b2) ĵ + (a3
vector c can be expressed uniquely as
+ b3) k̂ linear combination of remaining two
Position Vector vectors i.e.
  
If AB be any given vector and also suppose c =𝜆a +𝜇 b
that the position vectors of initial point
Where 𝜆and 𝜇 are suitable scalars.
A and terminal point B are a and b
respectively, Direction cosine
 
then AB = OB – OA = b – a Direction cosines of a vector are the cosines
Multiplication of Vector by scalar of the angles subtended by the vector with
the positive directions of x, y and z axes

If a is a vector and m is a scalar (i.e. a real respectively.
number) then ma is a vector
Direction cosines of a line [Dc's] :
 
If a , b are any two vectors and m, n are any The cosines of the angles made by a
scalar then line with coordinate axes are called
  
the direction cosines of that line.
(i) m( a ) = ( a ) m = m a
Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 be the angles made by a
(commutativity)
line AB with coordinate axes then
3
Mathematics (311)
cos 𝛼,, cos 𝛽, cos 𝛾 are the direction then a, b, c are direction ratios of the
cosines of AB which are generally line. Hence
denoted by ℓ, m, n. Hence ℓ = cos 𝛼, a b c
a, b, c dr's  
m = cos 𝛽, n = cos 𝛾  m n
Z Further we may observe that in
B
above case
A
  m n 2  m2  n 2
= = +
O  a b c a 2  b2  c2
X

1
Y =+
a 2  b2  c2
a
Direction cosines of coordinate ℓ=+ ,
axes : a  b2  c2
2
x-axis makes 0°, 90° and 90° angles b

m=+ ,
with three coordinate axes, so its a  b2  c2
2
direction cosines are c

n=+
cos 0°, cos 90°, cos 90°, i.e. 1, 0, 0. a 2  b2  c2
Similarly direction cosines of y-axis .
and z-axis are 0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, 1
Direction cosines of a line joining two
respectively. Hence
points:
dc's of x - axis = 1, 0, 0
Let P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2);
dc's of y - axis = 0, 1, 0
then
dc's of z - axis = 0, 0, 1
(i) dr's of PQ : (x2 – x1), (y2 – y1), (z2 – z1)
(i) The direction cosines of a line
parallel to any coordinates axis are x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
(ii) dc's of PQ : , ,
PQ PQ PQ
equal to the direction cosines of the
corresponding axis. i.e.
(ii) Relation between dc's : l2 + m2 +

n2 = 1 x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
, ,
Direction ratios of a line [DR's] Σ(x 2  x1 ) 2 Σ(x 2  x1 ) 2 Σ(x 2  x1 ) 2
Three numbers which are
proportional to the direction cosines Scalar product
of a line are called the direction  
ratios of that line. If a, b, c are such If a and b are two non zero vectors and 𝜃
numbers which are proportional to be the angle between them, then their
the direction cosines ℓ, m, n of a line scalar product (or dot product) is
defined as the number a b cos 𝜃 where a
4
Mathematics (311)
  But if a and b are non zero vectors,

and b are modulii of a and b
then
 
respectively .It is denoted by a . b . Thus
   
a .b =0a b
   
a . b = | a | | b | cos 𝜃 = a b cos 𝜃
(v) With the help of the above cases, we
B get the following important results:
(a) î . î = ĵ . ĵ = k̂ . k̂ = 1 (b) î . ĵ = ĵ . k̂ . k̂
L
 . ĵ = 0
b
 
 A
(vi) If a and b are unit vectors, then
O 
M
a
 
a . b = cos 
 
(i) If a and b are like vectors, then 𝜃 = 0
  
so If a , b , c are any vectors and m, n any
      scalars then
a . b = | a | | b | = a b i.e. scalar
product of two like vectors is equal    
(i) a . b = b . a (Commutativity)
to the product of their modulii
     
(ii) (m a ). b = a . (m b ) = m ( a . b )
 
(ii) If a and b are unlike vectors then    
      (iii)(m a ). (n b ) = (mn) ( a . b )
𝜃 = 𝜋 so a . b = a b cos 𝜋 = – a b
      
. (iv) a .( b + c ) = a . b + a . c
(Distributivity)
(iii) The scalar product of a vector by
     
itself is equal to the square of its (v) a . b = a . c 
 b =c
  
modulus i.e. a . a = | a |2       
Infact a . b = a . c  a .( b – c ) =
  0
(iv) If a and b are perpendicular to
each other then 𝜃 = 𝜋 /2, so  
a = 0 or b = c or a  ( b – c )
   
      
a . b = a b cos 𝜋 /2 = 0 (vi) ( a . b ) . c is meaningless
(vi) scalar product is not binary
i.e. the scalar product of two
operation.
perpendicular vectors is always zero.
But its converse may not be true i.e.

     
a .b =0 
 a b Let a and b be two vectors such that
   
a = a1 î + a 2 ĵ + a 3 k̂
5
Mathematics (311)
    their vector (or cross) product is defined to

and b = b1 î + b 2 ĵ + b 3 k̂
be a vector whose magnitude is ab sin 
       
Then a . b = a1 b1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b 3    
 a × b = | a | | b | sin  n̂
In particular  
= a b sin  n̂
     
a . a = | a |2 = a 12 + a 22 + a 32 Vector product in terms of components :
 

If a = a1 î +a2 ĵ + a3 k̂ and b = b1 î + b2 ĵ
For any vector a ,  
+ b3 k̂ then a × b = (a2 b3 – a3b2) î +
   
a = ( a . î ) î + ( a . ĵ ) ĵ + ( a . k̂ ) k̂ (a3b1 – a1b3) ĵ + (a1 b2 – a2 b1) k̂
î ĵ k̂
Angle between two vector
= a1 a 2 a 3
  b1 b2 b3
(i) If a and b be two vectors and  be the
angle between them, then
Angle between two Vectors :
   
a .b a b
cos =  
= 
.  = â . b̂ If is the angle between a and b , then
 
| a || b | a b
 
| a b |
    sin =  
(ii) If a = a1 î + a 2 ĵ + a 3 k̂ and
| a || b |
   
b = b1 î + b 2 ĵ + b 3 k̂ then If n̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to
 
     
the plane of a and b , then
a1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b 3
cos =  
a12  a 22  a 32 b12  b 22  b 32 a b
n̂ =  
| a b |
Vector product
(i) The vector product of two parallel
 
a b  vectors is always zero i.e. if vectors a
 B  
n  and b are parallel, then a × b = 0
b
 
O (ii) If a and b are perpendicular vectors,

a then
     
A a × b = | a | | b | n̂ = a b n̂
  (iii)If î , ĵ , k̂ be three mutually perpendicular

If a and b be two vectors and
unit vectors, then
 (0 )be the angle between them, then
6
Mathematics (311)
(a) î × î = ĵ × ĵ = k̂ × k̂ = 0     
generally denoted by a . ( b × c ) or [ a b
(b) î × ĵ = k̂ , î × k̂ = î , k̂ × î = î    
c ]. It is read as box product of a , b , c .
(c) ĵ × î = – k̂ , k̂ × ĵ = – î , î × k̂ Similarly other scalar triple products can be
defined as
= – ĵ
     
( b × c ). a , ( c × a ). b .
  
If a , b , c are any vectors and m,n any
 
scalars then (i) If a = a1 + a2m + a3n, b = b1 + b2m

   
+ b3 n and c = c1 + c2m + c3n,
(i) a × b  b × a
then
(Non- commutativity) a1 a2 a3
  
[ a b c ] = b1 b 2 b 3 = [mn]
   
but a × b = – ( b × a ) c1 c2 c3
     
    (ii) a = a1 î + a 2 ĵ + a 3 k̂ , b = b1 î +
and | a × b | = | b × a |
    
    
b 2 ĵ + b 3 k̂ and c = c1 î + c 2 ĵ +
(ii) (m a ) × b = a × (m b ) = m ( a ×

 c3 k̂ , then
b)
a1 a2 a3
      
(iii) (m a ) × (n b ) = (mn) ( a × b ) [ a b c ] = b1 b 2 b 3
c1 c2 c3
     
(iv) a × ( b × c )  ( a × b ) × c (iii) For any three vectors a , b and c
  
      
(v) a × ( b + c ) = ( a × b ) + ( a × c )         
(a) [ a + b b + c c + a ] = 2 [ a b c ]
(Distributivity)
     
      (b) [ a – b b – c c – a ] = 0
(vi) a × b = a × c 
 b = c Infact
          
  
a ×b = a ×c  a ×(b–c)=0
 
(c) [ a × b b × c c × a ] = 2 [ a b c ]2
   
 a = 0 or b = c or a || ( Properties of Scalar Triple product
  (i) The position of (.) and (×) can be
b–c)
   
interchanged i.e. a . ( b × c ) = ( a ×
Scalar Triple Product  
b). c
  
If a , b , c are three vectors, then their scalar      
but ( a × b ) . c = c . ( a × b )
triple product is defined as the dot product
           
of two vectors a and b × c . It is So [ a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b ]
7
Mathematics (311)
Vector Triple Product

(ii) If the cyclic order of vectors is The vector triple product of three vectors
changed, then sign of scalar triple   
a , b , c is defined as the vector product
product is changed i.e.
  
      of two vectors a and b × c . It is
a . [ b × c ] = – a .( c × b )
denoted by
     
or [ a b c ] = – [ a c b ]  
a × ( b × c ).

from (i) and (ii) we have

        
[a b c]=[b c a ]=[c a b] Properties :
       (i) Expansion formula for vector triple
=–[a c b]=–[b a c]=–[c
product is given by
 
b a]         
a  (b  c)  (a . c) b  (a . b) c
(iii)The scalar triple product of three
        
vectors when two of them are equal ( b  c)  a  ( b . a ) c  ( c . a ) b .
or parallel, is zero i.e. 

     
(ii) If a  a1î  a 2 ĵ  a 3k̂ , b  b1î  b 2 ĵ  b3k̂
[a b b]=[a b a ]=0 
and c  c1î  c 2 ĵ  c3k̂ then
(iv) The scalar triple product of three   
a  ( b  c) =
mutually perpendicular unit vectors
is ±1 Thus î ĵ k̂
a1 a2 a3
[ î ĵ k̂ ] = 1, [ î k̂ ĵ ] = – 1 b 2 c 3  b 3c 2 b 3c1  b1c 3 b1c 2  b 2 c1
  
(v) If two of the three vectors a , b , c
  
are parallel then [ a b c ] = 0
  
Check Your Progress
(vi) a , b , c are three coplanar vectors if
  
[ a b c ] = 0 i.e. the necessary and
sufficient condition for three non-
zero collinear vectors to be coplanar 1. If ABCDE is a pentagon, then
is AB+ AE + BC + DC + ED + AC
  
[a b c]=0 equals-
   (A) 3 AD (B) 3 AC
(vii) For any vectors a , b , c , d
    
(C) 3 BE (D) 3 CE
[ a + b c d] = [ a c d]
8
Mathematics (311)
 
2. If a  2î  5 ĵ and b  2î  ĵ , then unit 7. If vectors (x – 2) î  ĵ and (x + 1) î + 2
 
vector in the direction of a  b is- ĵ are collinear, then the value of x is-
(A) î  ĵ (B) 2 ( î  ĵ ) (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 0
(C) ( î  ĵ )/ 2 (D) ( î  ĵ )/ 2
3. The position vector of a point C with 8. If points î  2k̂ , ĵ  k̂ and  î  µ ĵ are

respect to B is î  ĵ and that of B with collinear, then-
respect to A is î  ĵ . The position (A) = 2,  = 1 (B)  = 2,  = –1
vector of C with respect to A is-
(C)  = –1,  = 2 (D)  = –1, = –2
(A) 2 î (B) – 2 î  
      
9. If p =2 a –3 b , q = a –2 b + c , r =–3 a +
(C) 2 ĵ (D) – 2 ĵ     
b + 2 c , a , b , c being non zero, non
coplanar vectors then the vectors –2
  
a +3 b – c is equal to -
4. If A, B, C are three points such that  
7 q  r  
(A) (B) p – 4 q
2 AC =3 CB , then 2 OA + 3 OB 5
equals-     
(C) 2 p – 3 q + r (D) 4 p – 2 r
(A) 5 OC (B) OC
(C) – OC (D) None of these

10. If the position vectors of four points P,
 
5. If the end points of AB are (3, –7) Q, R, S respectively 2a  4c ,
      
and 5a  3 3 b  4c ,  2 3 b  c and 2a  c
(– 1, – 4), then magnitude of AB is- then-
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (A) PQ || RS (B) PQ = RS
(C) PQ  RS (D) None of these

  
a  î  2 ĵ  3k̂ b  2î  ĵ  3k̂ 
6. If and then 11. If the angle between a and b is 
   
the value of | a  b | is - then for a .b
(A) 6 (B) 2 6 (A) 0   (B) 0 < < /2
(C) 3 6 (D) 4 6 (C)  /2    (D) 0  /2
9
Mathematics (311)
 
12. If the moduli of vectors a and b are 17. If [3î 5 ĵ  3k̂ î  k̂] = 5, then the
 
1 and 2 respectively and a . b = 1, then -
the angle -
(A) 1 (B) 2
(A) = /6 (B)  = /3
(C) 3 (D) Not possible
(C) = /2 (D)  = 2/3
 
13. If a  î  3 ĵ  2k̂ and b  4î  2 ĵ  4k̂ ,  
18. If a  4î  3 ĵ  k̂ , b  3î  2 ĵ  k̂ &
    
then (2a  b).(a  2b) equals- c  3î  ĵ  2k̂ represent three coterminous
edges of a parallelopiped then its
(A) 14 (B) –14
volume is-
(A) 60 (B) 15 (C) 30 (D) 40
  
19. If a  î  2 ĵ  2 k̂ ,  2î  ĵ  k̂ & c  î  3 ĵ  k̂
b
  
14. Angle between the vectors 2î  6 ĵ  3k̂ then a  (b  c) is equal to-
and 12 î  4 ĵ  3k̂ is -
(A) 20 î  3 ĵ  7k̂ (B) 20 î  3 ĵ  7k̂
(A) cos–1   (B) cos–1  

1 9
 10   11  (C) 20 î  3 ĵ  7k̂ (D) None of these
(C) cos–1  (D) cos–1  

9  1

 91  9   
20.  (b  c) is coplanar with-
a
 
15. If a  2î  ĵ  3k̂ , b  î  3 ĵ  3k̂ then |    
  (A) a and b (B) b and c
a  b | is
 
(A) 6 (B) 2 6 (C) c and a (D) None of these
(C) 70 (D) 4 6
 
16. If a and b are two vectors, then-
Stretch Yourself
       
(A) | a  b |  | a || b | (B) | a  b |  | a || b |
  
        1. If a , b , c are three non- coplanar
(C) | a  b |  | a || b | (D) | a  b |  | a || b |   
vectors and p , q , r are vectors
defined as
10
Mathematics (311)
     
 b c  ca  ab
p =   , q =   , r =   then
[abc] [abc] [abc]
        
find (a  b) . p  (b  c) . q  (c  a) . r
  
2. If a , b , c be any three non- zero
non coplanar vectors and vectors
     
 b c  ca  ab
p =  , q =  , r =   ,
a. b  c a. b  c a. b  c
  
then find[ p q r ]
       
3. If u  a  b and v  a  b , and | a | = | b |
 
= 2 then find | u  v |
     
 b c  c a  a  b
4. If p =   , q =   , r =   , where
[abc] [abc] [abc]
  
a , b , c are non- coplanar vectors,
     
then find (a  b  c) . (p  q  r )
 
5. If a . î = 4, then find ( a  ĵ ). ( 2 ĵ  3 k̂ )

6. If the vectors a = î + a ĵ + a2 k̂ ,
 
b = î + b ĵ + b2 k̂ , c = î + c ĵ + c2 k̂ are
three non-coplanar vectors and

a a 2 1 a3
b b 2 1  b 3 =0, thenfind the value
c c2 1  c3
Hint to Check your Progress
1C 2B 3C 4A 5A
6D 7C 8C 9C 10 A
11 A 12 D 13 B 14 B 15 C
16 C 17 B 18 D 19 C 20 A
11
Mathematics (311)
35
Plane
A plane is a surface such that if any two For example : The direction ratios of a
points are taken on it, the line segment vector normal to the plane 3x + 2y + 5z
joining them lies completely on the surface. – 6 = 0 are 3, 2, 5 and hence a vector
In other words, every point on the line normal to the plane is
segment joining any two points lies on the 3î + 2 ĵ + 5k̂ .
plane. Vector equation of plane passing
through a point and normal to a given
Equation of a plane passing through a vector
given point
The vector equation of a plane
The general equation of a plane passing passing through a point having
through a point (x1, y1, z1 ) is    
position vector n is ( r – a ) n = 0
a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0, Reduction to cartesian form :
where a, b and c are constants.  
If r  xî  yĵ  zk̂ , a  x1î  y1 ĵ  z1k̂
Intercept form of a plane :

The equation of a plane intercepting and n  aî  bĵ  ck̂
lengths a, b and c with x- axis , y-axis  
( r  a )  (x  x1 )î  ( y  y1 ) ĵ  (z  z1 )k̂
and z-axis respectively is
Then can be written as
x y z
+ + =1
a b c
Cartesian Form : If , m, n are {(x  x1 )î  ( y  y1 ) ĵ  (z  z1 )k̂} .
direction cosines of the normal to a {(aî  bĵ  ck̂ )} =0
given plane which is at a distance p from  a ( x  x1 )  b( y  y1 )  c(z  z1 )  0
the origin, then the equation of the plane
Thus, the coefficient of x, y, z in the
is x + my + nz = p.
cartesian equation of a plane are the
A line perpendicular to a plane is called direction ratios of normal to the
a normal to the plane. Clearly, every line plane.
lying in a plane is perpendicular to the
Equation of plane in normal form
normal to the plane.
Vector form
1
Mathematics (311)
The vector equation of a plane (i) Vector form : - The length of the
normal to unit vector n̂ and at a distance perpendiclar from a point having

  
d from the originis r . n̂ = d position vector a to, the plane r . n
Cartesian form  
| a .n–d |
If ,, m, n, be the direction cosines of = d is given by P =

|n|
the normal to a given plane and p be
the length of perpendicular from (ii) Cartesian Form : The length of the
origin to the plane, then the equation perpendicular from a point P(x1, y1,
of the plane is ,x + my + nz = p. z1) to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0
(i) Vector form - The angle between the
is given by
two planes is defined as the angle
| ax1  by1  cz1  d |
between normals.
a 2  b2  c2
Let be the angle between planes;
    Distance between the parallel planes
r . n 1 = d1 and r . n 2 = d2 is given
by (i) Vector form : The distance between
   
n1 . n 2 two parallel plane r . n = d1
cos =  
| n1 || n 2 |  
and r . n = d2 is given by
(ii) Cartesian form - The angle 
| d1 – d 2 |
between the planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 d=

|n|
z + d1 = 0 and
(ii) Cartesian form
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0 is given
The distance between two parallel
by
planes
a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2
cos  = ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and
a12  b12  c12 a 22  b 22  c 22
ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 is given by
Intersection of plane
( d 2 – d1 )
The equation of a plane passing through the d=
a 2  b2  c2
intersection of a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and
a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is (a1x + b1y +
c1z + d1) +  (a2x + b2y + c2z + d2) = 0,
where  is a constant
Distance of a point from a plane
2
Mathematics (311)
Check Your Progress (C) 5 30 (D) 3 30
1. If the line through the points (4, 1, 2)

and (5, ,, 0) is parallel to the line
5. The equation of the plane through the
through the points (2, 1, 1) and (3, 3,
three points (1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 1) and (–
–1), find ,. 7, –3, –5), is-
(A) 3 (B) –3 (A) 3x – 4z + 1 = 0
(C) 2 (D) 4 (B) 3x – 4y + 1 = 0
2. If co-ordinates of points P, Q, R, S (C) 3x + 4y + 1 = 0

are respectively (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7); (–
(D) None of these
4, 3, –6) and (2, 0, 2) then-
6. The co-ordinates of the foot of the
(A) PQ || RS (B) PQ  RS
perpendicular drawn from the origin
(C) PQ = RS (D) None of these to a plane is (2, 4, –3). The equation
of the plane is-
3. The point of intersection of lines
x4 y 1 z x 1 y  2 (A) 2x – 4y – 3z = 29
= = and = =
5 2 1 2 3
z3 (B) 2x – 4y + 3z = 29
is -
4
(C) 2x + 4y – 3z = 29
(A) (–1, –1, –1) (B) (–1, –1, 1)
(D) none of these
(C) (1, –1, –1) (D) (–1, 1, –1)
7. The equation of the plane through
intersection of planes x + 2y + 3z = 4
and 2x + y – z = – 5 & perpendicular
to the plane 5x + 3y + 6z + 8 = 0 is-
4. The shortest distance between the
lines (A) 7x – 2y + 3z + 81 = 0
x 3 y 8 z3 x3 y7 (B) 23x + 14y – 9z + 48 = 0

= = and = =
3 1 1 3 2
(C) 51x + 15y – 50z + 173 = 0
z6
is
4 (D) None of these
(A) 30 (B) 2 30
3
Mathematics (311)
8. The equation of the plane containing (A) (2, 1, 0) (B) (3, 2, 5)

the line of intersection of the planes 2x
– y = 0 and
(C) (1, –2, 7) (D) None of these
y – 3z = 0 and perpendicular to the
plane 11. The equation of the plane passing
4x + 5y – 3z – 8 = 0 is- x4 y3 z2
through the lines = =
1 1 2
(A) 28x –17y + 9z = 0
x 3 y2 z
& = = is-
(B) 28x + 17y + 9z = 0 1 4 5
(C) 28x – 17y – 9z = 0 (A) 11x – y – 3x = 35
(D) 7x – 3y + z = 0 (B) 11x + y – 3z = 35
(C) 11x – y + 3z = 35
(D) none of these
9. Equations of the line through (1, 2,

3) and parallel to the plane 2x + 3y + 12. The equation of the plane passing
z + 5 = 0 are through the points (3, 2, 2) and (1, 0,
x 1
x 1 y  2 z3 –1) and parallel to the line =
(A) = = 2
1 1 1
y 1 z  2
= , is-
x 1 y  2 z  3 2 3
(B) = =
2 3 1
(A) 4x – y – 2z + 6 = 0
x 1 y  2 z3
(C) = =
3 2 1 (B) 4x – y + 2z + 6 = 0
x 1 y  2 z  3
(D) = = (C) 4x – y – 2z – 6 = 0
1 2 1
10. The co-ordinates of the point where (D) none of these

the line joining the points (2, –3, 1),
(3, –4, –5) cuts the plane 2x + y + z
= 7 are-
4
Mathematics (311)
x 1 y  2
13. The point where the line = Stretch Yourself
2 3
z3
= meets the plane 2x + 4y – z =
4
1. Find the distance between the line
1, is-
x 1 y  2 z 1
= = &
(A) (3, –1, 1) (B) (3, 1, 1) 3 2 2
(C) (1, 1, 3) (D) (1, the plane 2x + 2y – z = 6

3, 1)
2. Find the angle between the line

14. The line drawn from (4, –1, 2) to the x2 y2 z2
= = and the plane
a b c
point
ax + by + cz + 6 = 0
(–3, 2, 3) meets a plane at right
x 1
angles at the point (–10, 5, 4), then 3. Find the angle between the line =
2
the equation of plane is-
y2 z3
= and the plane
1 2
(A) 7x – 3y – z + 89 = 0
x + y + 4 = 0,
(B) 7x + 3y + z + 89 = 0
4. Find the equation of the plane
(C) 7x – 3y + z + 89 = 0
x 1 y  3 z  2
containing the line = =
(D) none of these 3 2 1
and the point (0, 7, – 7)
x 1
5. Find the points on the line =
1
x2 y3 z4
15. The line = = is y3 z2
3 4 5 = distant (14) from the
3 2
parallel to the plane-
point in which the line meets the
(A) 2x + 3y + 4z = 29 (B) 3x plane 3x + 4y + 5z – 5 = 0
+ 4y – 5z = 10
(C) 3x + 4y + 5z = 38 (D) x +
y+z=0
5
Mathematics (311)
1 A 2D 3A 4D 5A
6C 7C 8A 9A 10 C
11D 12D 13A 14 A 15B
6
Mathematics (311)
36
Straight line
Cartesian equation of a line passing direction cosines ℓ , m, n is

through a given point and given x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
= =
 m n
direction ratio
Cartesian equation of a straight line passing (4) Since x, y and z- axis passes through the
through a fixed point (x1, y1, z1) and origin and have direction cosines
x  x1 1, 0, 0; 0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, 1 respectively.
having direction ratios a, b, c is =
a Therefore their equations are x-axis
y  y1 z  z1
= x0 y0 z0
b c : = = or y = 0 and z
1 0 0
(1) The parametric equations of the line =0
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
= = are x = x1 + x0 y0 z0
a b c y- axis : = = or x = 0
0 1 0
a, y = y1 + b, z = z1 + c, where  and z = 0
is the parameter. x0 y0 z0
z- axis : = = or x =
0 0 1
(2) The coordinates of any point on the 0 and y = 0
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
line = = are
a b c
Cartesian Equation of a line Passing
(x1 + a, y1 + b, z1 + c), where
Through Two Given Points
 R.
The cartesian equation of a line passing
(3) Since the direction cosines of a line through two given points (x1, y1, z1)
are also direction ratios, therefore
and (x2, y2, z2) is given by
equation of a line passing
through (x1, y1, z1) and having x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
= =
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
Perpendicular distance
1
Mathematics (311)
Perpendicular Distance of Cartesian Two straight lines in a space which are neither
Form : To find the perpendicular parallel nor intersecting are called skew-lines.
distance of a given point ()from a Thus, the skew lines are those lines which do
not lie in the same plane.
given line
(i) Shortest distance between two skew
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
= = straight lines: If 1 and 2 are two skew
a b c
lines, then there is one and only one line
Let L be the foot of the perpendicular perpendicular to each of lines 1 and 2
x  x1 which is known as three line of shortest
drawn from P () on the line =
a distance.
y  y1 z  z1 Here, distance PQ is called to be shortest
=
b c distance.
Let the coordinates of L be P
(x1 + a,,y1 + b,,z1 + c,). Then
1
direction ratios of PL are x1 + a, – ,, Line of
shortest distance
y1 + b, – , z1 + c, – .
Direction ratio of AB are a, b, c. Since Q 2
PL is perpendicular to AB, therefore Vector form :
(x1 + a– ) a + (y1 + b –  Let 1 and 2 be two lines whose
  
b + (z1 + c – ) c equations are: r  a1  b1 and
=0   
r  a 2  b 2 respectively clearly 1
a (  x1 )  b (  y1 )  c (  z1 )
= and 2 pass through the points A and
a 2  b2  c2
 
B with position vectors a1 and a 2
P(,,) respectively and are parallel to the
 
vectors b1 and b 2 respectively
   
(b1 b 2 ).(a 2  a1 )
B Distance PQ   
A
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 L (x1+a,y1+b,z1+c) | b1 b 2 |
 
a b c
Condition for lines to intersect
Putting this value of in (x1 + a,y1 + The two lines are intersecting if ;
   
b, z1 + c), we obtain coordinates of L. (b1 b 2 ).(a 2  a1 )
 
=0
Now, using distance formula we can | b1 b 2 |
obtain the length PL
   
Skew Lines (b1 b 2 ).(a 2  a1 ) = 0
2
Mathematics (311)
    Clearly, 1 and 2 Pass through the points

[b1 b 2 (a 2  a 1 )] = 0
 
A and B with position vectors a1 and a 2
Cartesian form :
respectively and both are parallel to the
Let the two skew lines be :

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 vector b , where BM is the shortest
 
a1 b1 c1 distance between 1 and 2
x  x2 y  y2 z  z2 shortest distance between parallel lines :

and  
a2 b2 c2      
r  a1   b and r  a 2   b is :
   
(a 2  a1 ).(b1 b 2 )   
shortest distance =  
| (a 2  a 1 )  b |
d=
| b1 b 2 | 
|b|
d=
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
a1 b1 c1
Check Your Progress
a2 b2 c2
(m1n 2  m 2 n1 )  (n1 2  n 2  1 )  ( 1m 2   2 m1 ) 2
2 2
x 1 y  2 z  1
1. If = = is the equation of
Conditions for lines to intersect  m n
The lines are intersecting, if shortest distance the line through (1, 2, –1) & (–
=0 1, 0, 1), then (, m, n) is-
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
(A) (–1, 0, 1)
a1 b1 c1 =0
a2 b2 c2 (B) (1, 1, –1)
(C) (1, 2, –1)

(ii) Distance between parallel lines :
Let (D) (0, 1, 0)
1 and 2 are two parallel lines whose
equations are 2. If the angle between the lines whose
      direction ratios are 2, –1, 2
r  a1   b and r  a2   b
and a, 3, 5 be 45º, then a =
respetively

2 B(a 2 ) (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
 
a2 a1
1  3. The co-ordinates of the foot of the

M A ( a1 ) perpendicular drawn from the point

O a1  –
3
Mathematics (311)
A (1, 0, 3) to the join of the point B 7. The shortest distance between the
(4, 7, 1) and C (3, 5, 3) are- lines
x 3 y 8 z3 x3 y7

(A)  , , 
5 7 17
(B) (5, 7, 17) = = and = =
3 3 3  3 1 1 3 2
z6
is
(C)  , ,  (D)   , ,  
5 7 17 5 7 17 4
3 3 3   3 3 3
(A) 30 (B) 2 30
(C) 5 30 (D) 3 30
4. The length of the perpendicular from
x6 x 1 y  2 z  3
point(1, 2, 3) to the line = 8. The straight lines  
3 1 2 3
y7 z7 x 1 y  2 z  3
= is- and   are-
2 2 2 2 2
(A) 5 (B) 6 (A) parallel lines

(C) 7 (D) 8 (B) intersecting at 60º
(C) skew lines

5. The perpendicular distance of the (D) intersecting at right angle
x5
point (2, 4, –1) from the line =
7 9. The equation of yz-plane is-
y3 z6
= is- (A) x = 0 (B) y = 0
4 9
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) z = 0 (D) x + y + z = 0
(C) 7 (D) none of these 10. If the length of perpendicular drawn

from origin on a plane is 7 units and its
direction ratios are –3, 2, 6, then that
plane is-
x4
6. The point of intersection of line
5
(A) –3x + 2y + 6z – 7 = 0
y 1 z x 1 y  2 z3
= = and = = is -
2 1 2 3 4 (B) –3x + 2y + 6z – 49 = 0
(A) (–1, –1, –1) (B) (–1, –1, 1) (C) 3x – 2y + 6z + 7 = 0
(C) (1, –1, –1) (D) (–1, 1, –1) (D) –3x + 2y – 6z – 49 = 0
4
Mathematics (311)
6A 7D 8D 9A 10B
Stretch Yourself
1. Find the foot of the perpendicular

drawn from the point P (1, 0, 3) to
the join of points A (4, 7, 1) and B
(3, 5, 3) is –
2. Find the equation of the plane
containing the line
x 1 y  3 z2
= = and the point
3 2 1
(0, 7, – 7)
3. Find the distance of the point (1, – 2,
3) from the plane x – y + z = 5
measured parallel to the
x y z 1
line = =
2 3 6
x 1
4. Find the points on the line =
1
y3 z2
= distant (14) from the
3 2
point in which the line meets the
plane 3x + 4y + 5z – 5 = 0
xa d ya za d
5. The lines  
  
xbc yb zbc
and   are
  
coplanar and then find the equation
to the plane in which they lie,
Hint to Check Your progress
1B 2D 3A 4C 5D
5
Mathematics (311)
37
Linear programming
If a, b, c R, then the equation ax + by = c is

called a linear equation in two variables x, (v) This line divides the plane XOY in two
y whereas inequalities of the form ax + by region.
c, ax + by c, To find the region that satisfies the
ax + by < c & ax + by > c are called Linear inequation, we apply the following rules-
Inequations in two variables x & y. (a) Choose a point [If possible (0, 0)]
not lying on this line.
Graph of Linear Equation (b) Substitute its coordinates in the
Consider a linear inequation ax + by c. inequation. If the inequation is
Drawing the graph of a linear inequation satisfied, then shade the portion of
means finding its solution set. the plane which contains the chosen
Steps to draw the graph : point, otherwise shade the portion
which does not contain this point.
To draw the graph of an equation, following
The shaded portion represents the
procedures are to be made-
solution set.
(i) Write the inequation ax + by  c into an
equation Feasible Region
ax + by = c which represent a straight line in
xy-plane. The limited (bounded) region of the
(ii) Put y = 0 in ax + by = c to get point graph made by two inequations is called
where the line meets x- axis. Similarly, put x Feasible Region. All the coordinates of
the points in feasible region constitutes
= 0 to obtain a point where the line meets y-
the solutions of system of inequations.
axis. Join these two points to obtain the
graph of the line. The general form of Linear Programming
(iii)If the inequation is > or <, then the Problems ( L.P.P.) is-
points lie on this line does not consider and Maximize (Minimize) z = c1x1 + c2x2 +
line is drawn dotted or discontinuous. .....+ cnxn subjected to
(iv) If the inequation is or , then the point a11 x1 + a12 x2 +......+ a1n xn {, =,
lie on the line consider and line is drawn b1
black (bold) or continuous. a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ......+ a2n xn {,, =,
 } b2
............................................................
1
Mathematics (311)
am1 x1 + am2 x2 +......+ amn xn{,, =, The graphical method for solving linear
} bn programming problems is applicable to
and x1,x2, x3,........, xn  0 those problems which involve only two
where x1, x2, x3, ....xn are the variables variables. This method is based upon a
whose values are to be determined and theorem, called extreme point theorem,
are called the decision variables. which is stated as follows-
The inequation are called constraints Extreme Point Theorem: If a L.P.P.
and the function to be maximized or admits an optimal solution, then at least
minimized is called the objective
function. one of the extreme (or corner) points
of the feasible region gives the optimal
Some Definitions solution.
(i) Solution : A set of values of the decision (i) Find the solution set of the system of
variables which satisfy the constraints of simultaneous linear inequations
a Linear Programming Problem (L.P.P.) given by constraints and non-
is called a solution of the L.P.P. negativity restrictions.
(ii) Feasible Solution : A solution of L.P.P. (ii) Find the coordinates of each of
which also satisfy the non- negative corner points of the feasible region.
restrictions of the problem is called the
feasible solution. (iii)Find the values of the objective
function at each of the corner points
(iii)Optimal Solution : A feasible solution of the feasible region. By the
which maximize or minimize i.e. which extreme point theorem one of the
optimize the objective function of L.P.P. corner points will provide the
called an optimal solution. optimal value of the objective
function. The coordinates of that
corner point determine the optimal
(iv)Iso-Profit Line: The line is drawn in
solution of the L.P.P.
geometrical area of feasible region of
L.P.P. for which the objective function
remains constant at all the points lie on
this line, is called iso-profit line.
Graphical Method of Solution of Check Your Progress
Linear Programming Problem
2
Mathematics (311)
1. For the following shaded area, the (D) None of these

linear constraints except x ≥ 0 and y
≥ 0, are -
4. In equations 3x – y > 3 and 4x – y >
Y
4-
x + 2y = 8
x –y = 1
(A) have solution for positive x and y
2x + y = 2
X
(B) have no solution to positive x
O
and y
(A) 2x + y ≤ 2, x – y ≤ 1, x + 2y ≤8 (C) have solution for all x
(B) 2x + y ≥ 2, x – y ≤ 1, x + 2y ≤ 8 (D) have solution for all y
(C) 2x + y ≥ 2, x – y ≥ 1, x + 2y ≤ 8
(D) 2x + y ≥ 2, x – y ≥ 1, x + 2y > 8 5. The graph of x ≤ 2 and y > 2 will be

situated in the -
2. The solution set of constraints x + 2y
≥11, 3x + 4y ≤ 30, 2x + 5y ≤ 30, x (A) first and second quadrant
≥ 0, y ≥ 0 includes the point -
(B) second and third quadrant
(A) (2, 3) (B) (3, 2)
(C) first and third quadrant
(C) (3, 4) (D) (4, 3)
(D) third and fourth quadrant
3. The region represented by the

6. The solution set of linear constraints
inequation system x, y ≥ 0, y ≤ 6, x
x – 2y > 0, 2x – y ≤ – 2 and x, y > 0,
+ y ≤ 3, is-
is-
(A) unbounded in first quadrant
(A)   , 
4 2
(B) (1, 1)
 3 3
(B) unbounded in first and second
quadrants
(C)  0, 
2
(D) (0, 2)
 3
(C) bounded in first quadrant
3
Mathematics (311)
(A) II quadrant
7. A vertex of a feasible region by the (B) I, II quadrants

linear constraints 3x + 4y ≤18, 2x +
(C) I, II, III quadrants
3y > 3 and x,
y > 0, is- (D) II, III, IV quadrants
(A) (0, 2) (B) (4.8, 0)
11. For the following feasible region, the

(C) (0, 3) (D) None of these linear constraints are-
8. In which quadrant, the bounded

region for equations x + y ≤ 1 and x
– y ≤ 1 is situated- X
O
x + 3y = 11
(A) I, II 3x + 2y = 12
(B) I, III
(A) x  0, y  0, 3x + 2y  12, x + 3y
(C) II, III  11
(D) All the four quadrants (B) x  0, y  0, 3x + 2y 12, x + 3y

 11
(C) x  0, y  0, 3x + 2y  12, x + 3y
9. The necessary condition for third  11
quadrant region in x – y plane, is-
(D) None of these
(A) x > 0, y < 0 (B) x < 0, y < 0
(C) x < 0, y > 0 (D) x < 0, y = 0

12. The region represented by 2x + 3y –
5  0 and 4x – 3y + 2  0, is-
10. The graph of inequations x ≤ y and (A) not in first quadrant
y > x + 3 located in -
(B) bounded in first quadrant
4
Mathematics (311)
(C) unbounded in first quadrant – 2x1 + x2  1, x1  2, x1 + x2  3

and x1, x2  0 has -
(D) None of these
(A) one solution
13. For the following feasible region, the (B) three solution
linear constraints except x  0 and y (C) an infinite number of solutions
 0, are -
(D) None of these
Y X= 250
Y= 350
Stretch Yourself
2x + y = 600
O
X 1. For the L.P. problem Min. z = – x1 +
2x2 such that – x1 + 3x2  0, x1 + x2
(A) x  250, y 350, 2x + y = 600  6, x1 – x2  2 and x1, x2  0,find
x1
(B) x  250, y  350, 2x + y = 600
2. Find the maximum value of Z = 4x +
(C) x  250, y  350, 2x + y  600 2y subjected to the constraints 2x + 3y 
18, x + y  10; x, y  0,
(D) x  250, y  350, 2x + y  600
3. For the L.P. problem find Min z =
14. For the L.P. problem Max z = 3x1 + 2x1 + 3x2 such that –x1 + 2x2  4,
2x2 such that 2x1 – x2  2, x1 + 2x2 x1 + x2  6, x1 + 3x2>9 and x1, x2
 8 and x1, 0
x2  0, then z = 4. For the L.P.problem Min z = x1 + x2
such that 5x1+10x2  0, x1+ x2 1,
(A) 12 (B) 24
x2  4 and x1, x2 0 Find the nature
(C) 36 (D) 40 of solution
5. Find the minimum value of P = 6x +
16 y subject to constraints x  40, y 
15. The L.P. problem Max z = x1 + x2 20 and x,y  0 is-
such that
5
Mathematics (311)
1B 2C 3 C 4A5A
6 A 7 D 8 D 9 B 10 C
11 A 12 B 13 D 14 B 15 C
6
Mathematics (311)
38
Mathematical Reasoning
In reasoning we communicate our ideas or If a statement is combination of two or more

thoughts with the help of sentences in a statements, then it is said to be a
particular language.
compound statement.
"A sentence is called a mathematically
And each statement which form a
acceptable statement if it is either true or
false but not both". compound statement are known as its
sub-statements or component statements.
A statement is assumed to be either true
or false. A true statement is known as a Basic connectives :
valid statement and a false statement is In the compound statement, we have
known as an invalid statement. learnt that the words 'or' & 'and connect
Negation of Statement two or more statements. These are called
connectives. When we use these
The denial of a statement p is called its
compound statements, it is necessary to
negation and is written as ~ p, and read understand the role of these words.
as 'not p'.
The word "AND" : Any two statements
Negation of any statement p is formed can be connected by the word "and" to
by writing "It is not the case that ......." form a compound statement.
or Rule - (1) The compound statement with
"It is false that........" word "and" is true if all its
component statements are true.
or
Rule - (2) The compound statement with
inserting the word "not" in p. word "and" is false if any or all of
its component statements are
false.
(1) Negation : If p and q are two statements
then Conditional Statement
~ (p  q)  p  ~ q
If p and q are any two statement then the
compound statement in the form "If p
(2) Contrapositive : If p and q are two then q" is called a conditional statement
statements, then the contrapositive of the
or an implication.
implication
The statement "If p then q" is denoted by
p  q  (~ q)  (~ p)
p  q or p  q (to be read as p
implies q)
Compound Statement
1
Mathematics (311)
In the implication "p  q", p is called (6) Complement Laws : If t is a

the antecedent (or the hypothesis) and q tautology, c is a contradiction and p
the consequent (or the conclusion) is any statement, then
(i) p  (~ p) = t (ii) p  (~ p) = c
Tautology and Fallacy
(iii) ~t = c (iv) ~c = t
(7) Involution law : If p is any statement,
(a) Tautology : This is a statement which then ~(~p) = p
always true for all truth values of its (8) De morgan's law : If p and q are two
components. statements, then
b)Fallacy (contradiction) : This is (i) ~(p  q)  (~p)  (~ q)
statement which is always false for all truth (ii) ~(p  q)  (~p)  (~q)
values of its components.
Algebra of Statement Stretch Yourself

Statements satisfy many laws some of
which are given below -
1- Check the following sentences are
(1) Idempotent Laws : If p is any
statement give reason for your
statement then
answer .
(i) p  p  p
(a) There is no rain without clouds.
(ii) p  p  p (b) Tajmahal is the most beautiful
(2) Associative Laws : If p, q, r are any building of the world.
three statements, then (c) Every function is a relation.
(i) p  (q  r) = (p  q) r 2- Write the negation of the following
(ii)p  (q  r) = (p q)  r statement:
(3) Commutative Laws : If p, q are any (a) All primes are even
two statements, then (b) Every integer is greater than
(i) p  q = q  p (ii) p  q = q  p
Zero.
(4) Distributive Laws : If p, q, r are any

three statements, then
3- Identify the component statements
(i) p  (q  r) = (p  q)  (p  r)
of the following compound statement
(ii) p  (q  r) = (p  q)  (p  r)
.
(5) Identity Laws : If p is any statement,
(a) The sky is blue and the grass is
t is tautology and c is a contradiction,
then green.
(b) All rational number are real and
(i) p  t = t (ii) p  t = p
all real number are complex.
(iii) p  c = p (iv) p  c = c
2
Mathematics (311)
4- Check the pair of statements

negation of each other :
(a) The number x is a relation
number.
(b) The number x is an irrational
number.
5- Write the component statements and
check the compound statement is
true or false.
(a) 59 is divisible by 3 and 5 .
(b) All living things have two eyes
and two legs .
6- Write the truth value of the
following statements :
(a) New Delhi is in India or 2+2=5
(b) New Delhi is in America or 2+2=5
7- Identify the quantifier and write the

negation of each of the following
statements :
(a) All English teachers are female .
(b) There exist a real number, whose
square is not positive.
8- Check whether the following pair of
statements are negations of each
other: give reasons for your answer
(a) X+Y = Y+X is true for every
real number X and Y .
(b) There exists real number X and
Y for which X+Y = Y+X .
9- Write the composite and converse of
following statements :
(a) If P is a prime number, then P is odd
.
(b) If the two lines are parallels, then
they do not intersect in the same
plane.
10- Prove √19 is not a rational number.
3
Mathematics (311)

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12TH Mathematics (311)

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𝐴 − 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑥 ∉ 𝐵} 1. By taking suitable example, prove

Cartesian product of Two Sets

sets B and A is (iii) If R is a relation defined from A to A, it is

(iv) R={(a,a) ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝐴} ,is called the identity

F:AB is a rule of correspondence from A to B

Rational Function Signum Function

(f + g ) (x) = f(x) + g(x), =x2 +2x + 1

(ii) Subtraction of a real function

Let f:X R and g: X Example

Let f:X R and g: X  Example

(f g ) (x) = f(x) / g(x), Stretch yourself

and find out domain and range of

Answer to check yourself

Answer to stretch yourself

Q1 (i) R = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4),

(ii) Domain = {1,2,3,4,6}

Q2 Let A  B = {(7,13), (7,15), (7,17),

Trigonometric Functions Of Some Variation of sin from 0 to 2

Graphs of Trigonometric function

Variation of cos  from 0 to 2

Variation of cosec  varies from 0 to 2

 A function f (x) is said to be periodic if

Check Your Progress

Q2 In a triangle two angles are 50o and

70o. The measure of third angle of the

Q4 The minimum value of sin  is equal

Answer to stretch yourself

Q 1 Draw the graph

Q 2 Prepare the table and write the value

Addition and Multiplication of

Trigonometric Functions of Multiples of

cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 cot = cot general solution of the equation

2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 Check Your Progress

3 1 multiple sum and difference of two angle.

Q 4 (i) sin 4𝜃 + sin 2𝜃

Answer to Check Your Progress

Answer to Stretch yourself

Q 1 Prove by using trigonometric function of

RELATIONS BETWEEN SIDES AND

Check your progress Q4 If cos A  m cos B, then

For any triangle ABC, prove that

4. In any triangle ABC, if

5. In a triangle ABC, prove that

Answer to Check Your Progress

Answer to Stretch Yourself

Sequences and Series

n = 1,2,3 - - - - is also a sequence (ii) Sn = {2a + (n − 1) d}

 Arithmetic Progression (A.P)  Geometric Progression (G.P)

(ii) If all the terms of a Geometric 1

 Geometric Mean (GM) Q4 How many positive integers are

Q6 The mth term of an Arithmetic

Q12 The 4th and 9th term of a Geometric

1. If Sn denotes the sum of n terms of

nth term of the series