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i. Review universal set and subset

ii. Perform the different set operations

iii. Shade the region of the Venn diagram to

show the operation
SET
OPERATIONS

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 Activity:
Common and Unique

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SET
‘Set is any collection
of distinct objects of
our intuition or
thought’.
Universal Set
— The members of all the
investigated sets in a particular
problem usually belongs to
some fixed large set. That set
is called the universal set and
is usually denoted by ‘U’.
W or !.

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Universal Set
For example:
(i) When we are using sets containing natural
numbers then N is the universal set.

Euler-Venn Diagram
È
B
A

AÌB
 Some Results on Subsets

1. Every f set is a subset of itself.

2. The empty set is a subset of every

set.

3. The total number of subsets of a finite set

containing n elements is 2n.
Venn Diagrams
— A pictorial way of representing sets.
— The universal set is represented by the
interior of a rectangle and the other sets
are represented by disks/circles lying
within the rectangle.
◦ E.g. A = {a, e, i, o, u}
A

a u i
o e

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 Set Operations - Ènion
— Union of two sets ‘A’ and ‘B’ is the
set of all elements which belong to
either ‘A’ or ‘B’ or both.This is
denoted by A È B.

— E.g. A
= {3, 5, 7}, B = {2, 3, 5}
A È B = {3, 5, 7, 2, 3, 5} = {2, 3, 5,7}

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Venn Diagram
Representation for Union

AÈB

A
7 B
35 2

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Set Operations - IÇtersection
— Intersection of two sets ‘A’ and
‘B’ is the set of all elements which
belong to both ‘A’ and ‘B’.This is
denoted by A Ç B.

— E.g. A
= {3, 5, 7}, B = {2, 3, 5}
A Ç B = {3, 5}

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Venn Diagram Representation
for Intersection

AÇB

A
7 B
35 2

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These sets can be visualized with circles in what is called a
Venn Diagram.

A
A B
B A B

AÈB AÇB
Everything that is in Everything that is in
A or B. A AND B.
Set Operations - Complement
— The (absolute) complement of
a set ‘A’ is the set of elements
which belong to the universal
set but which do not belong to
A.This is denoted by Ac or Ā or
Á.

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Complement of set
È

A´
A
Set Operations: Set Difference
 Set Operations: Set Difference

Difference (minus)
The difference of sets A from B , denoted by A - B
, is the set defined as
A – B º {x | xÎA Ù xÏB}

{1, 2, 3} – {2, 3, 4} = {1}

Remove elements of B from A
 Set Difference

Ex: Let A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {b, d, e}.

Then A – B = {a, c}
B – A = {e}.
Ex: Let G = {t, a, n} and H = {n, a, t}.
Then G – H = ∅

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Exercise (KMI)
a. {a, b, c} - {c, a, t}

b. {f, o , x} - {b, o, x,e,s}

c. {t,h,i,n,k,e,r} - {h,i,k,e}

d. {3,4,5,6} - {2,3,4,5,6,7,8}

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Exercise
a. { b }
b. { f }
c. { t,n,r }
d. { }
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Choose 2 ATL SKILLS applicable for you to
demonstrate learning in this lesson. the icons.
Choose
2 IB Learner
Profile that can
be developed
upon learning
this lesson.
SW2: Refer to the diagram and name the
members of each of the following sets.

1. U 4. A Ç B 7. B’ 10. B-C
2. A 5. B È C 8. C’
3. B 6. A - C 9. (A È B)’ 25
Refer to the diagram and name the
members of each of the following sets.

1. U =
2. A =
3. B = 26
Refer to the diagram and name the
members of each of the following sets.

4. A Ç B =
5. B È C=
6. A – C= 27
Refer to the diagram and name the
members of each of the following sets.

7. B’ =
8. C’=
9. (A È B)’= 28
Refer to the diagram and name the
members of each of the following sets.

10. B-C=

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What are the 2 things that you
have learned about this lesson?

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Thank You, Grade 8!