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Objectives
1. Understand the meaning of a universal set.
2. Understand the basic ideas of a Venn diagram.
3. Use Venn diagrams to visualize relationships between two
sets.
4. Find the complement of a set
5. Find the intersection of two sets.
6. Find the union of two sets.
7. Perform operations with sets.
8. Determine sets involving set operations from a Venn
diagram.
9. Understand the meaning of and and or.
10. Use the formula for n (A U B).
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Universal Sets and Venn Diagrams
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Example 1
Determining Sets From a Venn Diagram
• Use the Venn diagram to determine
each of the following sets:
a. U
U = { O , ∆ , $, M, 5 }
b. A
A={O,∆}
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Example 2
Determining sets from a Venn Diagram
• Use the Venn Diagram
to determine:
a. U
b. B
c. The set of elements in A
but not B Solutions:
d. The set of elements in U a. U = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g }
that are not in B
b. B = {d, e }
e. The set of elements in
c. {a, b, c }
both A and B.
d. {a, b, c, f, g }
e. {d}
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The Complement of a Set
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Example 3
Finding a Set’s Complement
• Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
and A = {1, 3, 4, 7 }. Find A’.
• Solution:
Set A’ contains all the elements of
set U that are not in set A.
Because set A contains the
elements 1,3,4,and 7, these
elements cannot be members of
set A’:
A’ = {2, 5, 6, 8, 9}
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The Intersection and Union of Sets
• The intersection of sets A and B, written A∩B, is the
set of elements common to both set A and set B. This
definition can be expressed in set-builder notation as
follows:
A∩B = { x | x A and xB}
• The union of sets A and B, written AUB is the set of
elements are in A or B or in both sets. This definition
can be expressed in set-builder notation as follows:
AUB = { x | x A or xB}
• For any set A:
– A∩Ø = Ø
– AUØ = A
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Example 4
Finding the Intersection of Two Sets
• Find each of the following intersections:
a. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8}
Ø
a. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ Ø
Ø
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Example 5
Finding the Union of Sets
• Find each of the following unions:
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Example 6
Performing Set Operations
• Always perform any operations inside parenthesis first!
Given:
U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = { 1, 3, 7, 9 }
B = { 3, 7, 8, 10 }
• Find
a. (A U B)’ b. A’ ∩ B’
• Solution: • Solution
A U B = {1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10} A’ = {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
(A U B)’ = {2, 4, 5, 6} B’ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9}
A’ ∩ B’ = {2, 4, 5, 6 }
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Example 7
Determining Sets from a Venn Diagram
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Example 8
The Cardinal Number of the Union of Two Finite
Sets
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