Mathematics on the Modern

World
Operations and Properties of the Sets
    
Learning Outcomes :
At the end of the lesson, the students are
expected to:
a. understand the concept operations and
properties of the sets
b. differentiate subsets from universal sets
c. apply Venn diagram in representing sets.
Presentation and Development of the Lesson
Subset
• If A and B are two sets, and every element of set A is also an element of
set B, then A is called a subset of B and we write it as A ⊆ B or B ⊇ A
• A={1,2,3} and B={1,2,3,4,5} therefore A proper subset to B
• A={1,2,3} and B={1,2,3} therefore A improper subset to B
• empty set is improper subset of every set
• The symbol ⊂ stands for ‘is a subset of’ or ‘is contained in’ 

• Every set is a improper subset of itself, i.e., A ⊂ A, B ⊂ B. 

• Empty set is a improper subset of every set. 
• Symbol ‘⊆’ is used to denote ‘is a subset of’ or ‘is contained in’. 
• A ⊆ B means A is a subset of B or A is contained in B. 
• B ⊆ A means B contains A. 
•  
Universal Set
• A set which contains all the elements of other
given sets is called a universal set. The symbol for
denoting a universal set is U or ξ.

For example;
• 1.  If A = {1, 2, 3}      B = {2, 3, 4}      C = {3, 5, 7}
then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
• 2. If A = {a, b, c}      B = {d, e}      C = {f, g, h, i}
then U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i}
can be taken as universal set.
• 3. U={x|x, 0<x<11}; A = {1,2,3,4} B={1,2,5,6}
C={1,3,5,7,8}
 POWER SET
• In mathematics, the power set of
any set S is the set of all subsets of S,
including the empty set and S itself,
• Ex 1: Let S={ 1,2,3}, what is the S* or Power set of S
• S* = 2* = 2 3 = 2 . 2 . 2 = 8 subsets
• S* = {{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3},{1,2,3},{ }}
• Ex 2: Let A={a, b, c, d}; A* = 2 4 = 2 .2.2.2= 16 subsets
• A* ={{a}, {b}, {c}, {d}, {a,b},{a,c},{a,d},{b,c},{b,d},
{cd},{a,b,c}, {a,c,d},{b,c,d},{a,b,d}, {a,b,c,d},{ }}
What are the four basic operations on sets?
The four basic operations are:
1. Union of Sets
2. Intersection of sets
3. Complement of the Set
4. Cartesian Product of sets
5. Difference of the Sets
Union of Sets
Union of two given sets is the smallest set which contains all the elements of
both the sets.
The union of two sets A and B is represented as A U B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B} 

To find the union of two given sets A and B is a set which consists of all the
elements of A and all the elements of B such that no element is repeated.
The symbol for denoting union of sets is ‘∪’. 
• For example;
• Let set A = {2, 4, 5, 6} and set B = {4, 6, 7, 8}
• Taking every element of both the sets A and B, without repeating any
element, we get a new set = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
• This new set contains all the elements of set A and all the elements of set B
with no repetition of elements and is named as union of set A and B.
Union
Intersection of Sets
Intersection of two given sets is the largest set which contains all the elements that
are common to both the sets.
The intersection of two sets A and B is represented as A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈
B} 
To find the intersection of two given sets A and B is a set which consists of all the
elements which are common to both A and B.
The symbol for denoting intersection of sets is ‘∩‘.
For example:
Let set A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and set B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
• In this two sets, the elements 3 and 5 are common. The set containing these
common elements i.e., {3, 5} is the intersection of set A and B.
• The symbol used for the intersection of two sets is ‘∩‘.
• Therefore, symbolically, we write intersection of the two sets A and B is A ∩ B
which means A intersection B. 
INTERSECTION
 Complement
• In set theory, the complement of a set A ,
often denoted by ‘ ︡ , refers to elements not in
A or ‘A . When all sets under consideration are
considered to be subsets of a given set U, the
absolute complement of A is the set of
elements in U, but not in A.
• U= {1,2,3,4,5 } ; A={ 1,2} B={ 2,3,4} ; A∩B ={2}
• ‘A = {3, 4, 5} ; ‘A∩B = {1,3,4,5}; ‘U = ∅ ; ‘∅=U
 Cartesian Product
• If A and B are two non-empty sets, then
their Cartesian product A × B is the set of all
ordered pair of elements from A and B. A × B =
{(x, y) : x ∈ A, y ∈ B}
• A ={a,b,c} B={1,2}
• A X B ={(a,1),(a,2),(b,1),(b,2),(c,1),(c,2)}
Venn Diagrams
Pictorial representations of sets represented by
closed figures are called set diagrams or Venn
diagrams. 

Venn diagrams are used to illustrate various

operations like union, intersection and
difference. 
Venn diagrams in different situations

•  If a set A is a subset of set B, then the circle

representing set A is drawn inside the circle
representing set B.
 if set A and set B have some elements in common, then to
represent them, we draw two circles which are overlapping.
 If set A and set B are disjoint, then they are represented by
two non-intersecting circles.

In this diagrams, the universal set is represented by a rectangular region and its
subsets by circles inside the rectangle. We represented disjoint set by disjoint circles
and intersecting sets by intersecting circles. In complement of a set if ξ be the
universal set and A a subset of ξ, then the complement of A is the set of all elements
of ξ which are not the elements of A.
Symbolically, we denote the complement of A
with respect to ξ as A’.
• For Example; If ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A = {1, 3, 7} find A'.
Solution: 
We observe that 2, 4, 5, 6 are the only elements of ξ
which do not belong to A.
Therefore, A' = {2, 4, 5, 6}
Note:
• The complement of a universal set is null set.
The complement of an null set is a universal set.
The set and its complement are disjoint sets.
 Application of Venn Diagram # 1
• A market researcher collecting data on 100
households finds that
• 81 have cable television
• 65 have high speed internet
• 56 have both
1. How many households do not have cable television?
2. How many households have neither cable television nor high
speed internet?
3. How many have high speed internet, but not have cable
television?
 Application of Venn Diagram # 2
• In Arellano University College of CAS, There were 220
students enrolled in the following subjects:
• 105 enrolled in Math
• 78 enrolled in English
• 85 enrolled Science
• 23 enrolled in Math and Science
• 28 enrolled in Math and English
• 19 enrolled in Science and English
• 10 enrolled in three subjects
Question:
• Let U ={ 1,2,3,…10} A ={1,2,3,4} B={1,2,5,6}
– C={1,3,5,7,8}
• AUB=?
• A∩ B = ?
• A ∩ B ∩ c =?
• ‘(A U B U C)
Generalization
• It is natural for us to classify items into groups, or
sets, and consider how those sets overlap with each
other. We can use these sets understand
relationships between groups, and to analyze survey
data.
• A set is a collection of distinct objects,
called elements of the set
• A set can be defined by describing the contents, or
by listing the elements of the set, enclosed in curly
brackets.