PHED 104 TEAM SPORT

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Name: CARIG, HANNAH GRACE T.
Course, Year, and Section: BS InfoTech 2D
Assignment:
List the important events happened during the history of sports.
Sports in Prehistoric Times
• Cave paintings were found in the Lascaux caves in France depicts sprinting and
wrestling in the Upper Paleolithic around 15,300 years ago.
• Cave paintings in the Bayankhongor Province of Mongolia dating back to the Neolithic
age (c. 7000 BCE show a wrestling match surrounded by crowds.
• Neolithic Rock art found at the cave of swimmers in Wadi Sura, near Gilf Kebir in Egypt
shows evidence of swimming and archery being practiced around 10,000 BCE.
• Prehistoric cave paintings in Japan depict a sport similar to sumo wrestling.

Ancient Sumer
• Various representations of wrestlers have been found on stone slabs recovered from the
Sumerian civilization. One showing three pairs of wrestlers was generally dated to
around 3000 BCE.
• A cast Bronze figurine, has been found at Khafaji in Iraq that shows two figures in a
wrestling hold that dates to around 2600 BCE.
• The origins of boxing have been traced to ancient Sumer.
The Epic of Gilgamesh gives one of the first historical records of sport with Gilgamesh
engaging in a form of belt wrestling with Enkidu.

Ancient Egypt
• Monuments to the Pharaohs found at Beni Hasan dating to around 2000 BCE indicate
that a number of sports, including wrestling, weightlifting, long jump, swimming, rowing,
archery, fishing and athletics, as well as various kinds of ball games, were well-
developed and regulated in ancient Egypt. Other Egyptian sports also included javelin
throwing and high jump.
An earlier portrayal of figures wrestling was found in the tomb of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum
in Saqqara dating to around 2400 BCE.
Ancient Greece
• The origins of Greek sporting festivals may date to funeral games of the Mycenean
period, between 1600 BCE and c. 1100 BCE.
• It was predictable in Greece that sports were first instituted formally, with the first
Olympic Games recorded in 776 BCE in Olympia, where they were celebrated until 393
CE. These games took place every four years, or Olympiad, which became a unit of time
in historical chronologies. Other important sporting events in ancient Greece included the
Isthmian games, the Nemean Games, and the Pythian Games.
 • The Heraean Games, held in Olympia as early as the 6th century BCE, were the first
recorded sporting competition for women.

Ancient sports elsewhere

• The Mayan ballgame of Pitz is believed to be the first ball sport, as it was first played
around 2500 BCE.
• There are artifacts and structures that suggest that the Chinese engaged in sporting
activities as early as 2000 BCE. Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in
China's ancient past.
• Polo and jousting originated in Persia.
• A polished bone implement found at Eva in Tennessee, United States and dated to
around 5000 BCE has been construed as a possible sporting device used in a "ring and
pin" game.

Middle Ages
• For at least one hundred years, entire villages have competed with each other in rough,
and sometimes violent, ballgames in England (Shrovetide football) and Ireland.
• The game of calcio Fiorentino, in Florence, Italy, was originally reserved for combat
sports such as fencing and jousting being popular.
• Horse racing, in particular, was a favorite of the upper class in Great Britain, with Queen
Anne founding the Ascot Racecourse.

Development of modern sports

• Bernard Lewis claims that team sports as we know them today are primarily an invention
of Western culture.
• In 19th century, Britain was the cradle of a leisure revolution every bit as significant as
the agricultural and industrial revolutions we launched in the century before.
• European colonialism helped spread particular games around the world, especially
cricket (not directly related to baseball), football of various sorts, bowling in a number of
forms, cue sports (like snooker, carom billiards, and pool), hockey and its derivatives,
equestrian, and tennis, and many winter sports.
• The Industrial Revolution and mass production brought increased leisure which allowed
more time to engage in playing or observing (and gambling upon) spectator sports, as
well as less elitism in and greater accessibility of sports of many kinds.
• With the advent of mass media and global communication, professionalism became
prevalent in sports, and this furthered sports popularity in general.
• With the increasing values placed on those who won also came the increased desire to
cheat. Some of the most common ways of cheating today involve the use of
performanceenhancing drugs such as steroids.

England
• A number of public schools such as Winchester and Eton introduced variants of football
and other sports for their pupils. These were described at the time as "innocent and
 lawful", certainly in comparison with the rougher rural games.
• With urbanization in the 19th century, the rural games moved to the new urban centers
and came under the influence of the middle and upper classes. The rules and
regulations devised at English institutions began to be applied to the wider game, with
governing bodies in England being set up for a number of sports by the end of the 19th
century.
• The industrial revolution also brought with it increasing mobility, and created the
opportunity for universities in Britain and elsewhere to compete with one another. This
sparked increasing attempts to unify and reconcile various games in England, leading to
the establishment of the Football Association in London, the first official governing body
in football.
• For sports to become professionalized, coaching had to come first. In the Victorian era
and the role was well established by 1914.
• In the First World War, military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical PHED
104 - Team Sports Module I 12 conditioning and develop morale-building teams. Sport
became an important part of military life for British servicemen serving around the world.

The British Empire and post-colonial sports

• The influence of British sports and their codified rules began to spread across the world
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly association football.
• The revival of the Olympic Games by Baron Pierre de Coubertin was also heavily
influenced by the amateur ethos of the English public schools. The British played a major
role in defining amateurism, professionalism, the tournament system and the concept of
fair play.
• Some sports developed in England, spread to other countries and then lost its
popularity in England while remaining actively played in other countries, a notable
example being bandy which remains popular in Finland, Kazakhstan, Norway, Russia,
and Sweden.
• Baseball (closely related to English rounders and French la soule, and less clearly
connected to cricket) became established in the urban Northeastern United States, with
the first rules being codified in the 1840s, while American football was very popular in the
south-east, with baseball spreading to the south, and American football spreading to the
north after the Civil War.
• An extract from an 18th-century diary containing the oldest known reference to baseball
is among the items on display in a new exhibition in London exploring the English origins
and cricketing connections of America's national sport.
• One notable discovery found in a shed in a village in Surrey, southern England, in 2008
was a handwritten 18th-century diary belonging to a local lawyer, William Bray.
• In the 1870s the game split between the professionals and amateurs; the professional
game rapidly gained dominance, and marked a shift in the focus from the player to the
club. The rise of baseball also helped squeeze out other sports such as cricket, which
had been popular in Philadelphia prior to the rise of baseball.

United States
• Volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, some of which have
 become popular in other countries. However, Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native
American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.

21st century Sports

• The English public-school background of organized sport in the 19th and early 20th
century led to a paternalism that tended to discourage women's involvement in sports,
with, for example, no women officially competing in the 1896 Olympic Games.
• In 1924 the 1924 Women's Olympiad was held in London. The increase in girls' and
women's participation in sport has been partly influenced by the women's rights and
feminist movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, respectively.
• The 21st century has seen women’s participation in sport at its all-time highest. At the
2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, women competed in 27 sports over 137 events,
compared to 28 men’s sports in 175 events.

Introduction of Sports in the Philippines

• In 1898, American colonizers introduced the sport as part of revisions they made to the
official Philippine school system.
• The Philippines won gold in the 1913 Far Eastern Games. Basketball was introduced in
the Philippines during the American colonial period with the first American teachers
teaching the sport along with baseball through the YMCA and the school system. We
also have our very own traditional team sports and among these are the Luksong tinik
(means “jumping over thorns”) and Luksong baka (English: Jump over the cow).