Science and scientific research

(César Jiménez 4EA)

1.Choose a pseudoscience and evaluate it following the
steps below:
ALIENS EXIST?
1. The experimental tests that support its thesis, have been
verified independently?
No
2. Is there an article that criticizes its arguments?
Yes, its very criticized
3. The arguments, have they evolved over time? Have they
been expanded or
corrected?
No because it has been believed since the 20th century,
when lots of cults were created.
4. Is the pseudoscience against well established scientific
principles?
No, because although it has been proven that there is
different life in the universe, aliens are not like we believe
and see in the movies.

2.What is the difference between astronomy and astrology?

The astronomy tries to explain phenomena while astrology

does not explain its ideas, because the ideas they propose
are out of reality. Also, astronomy uses precise language,
while astrology uses ambiguous language.
The conclusions of astronomy are based on something that
proves it, whether they are facts or experiments, while in
astrology they are based on the beliefs of the person who
gives the idea.

3. A long time ago, it was believed that walnuts, due to their

shape, are good for memory. Is it science or
pseudoscience?

It is pseudoscience because they were based on the shape

of an object and compared it to the human brain, without
knowing its nutritional value or the benefits of eating nuts.
But it is a belief for what would be classified as
pseudoscience.

4.Many pseudosciences apply the scientific method only up

to the third step, what consequences does it have on the
results?

If the pseudoscientist make an experiment to test

something without searching for information, or knowing the
origins of what they are going to investigate, probably,
when they perform the experiment, it will be wrong or they
would not know how to start it or finish it.

5. Why do many pseudosciences have a large amount of

followers, even in countries with high levels of education
and culture?

Because people require knowledge as it is very valuable,

but also very difficult to obtain. So, since pseudoscience is
easy to believe and you don't need to know much about a
subject, people start to believe in it because they think it
gives a lot of general knowledge, when all they do is base it
on what a person has said without having the knowledge it
requires to know if it is true or not.

6. The experiments are everything to justify a hypothesis as

true or false?

No because we will never be sure that there is something

that can refute the experiment since there are infinite
possibilities

7.When a scientific theory replaces another, was the older

one wrong? Was it pseudoscience?

No, when one theory replaces another, it means that it has

been perfected so that it remains real.

8. Write 5 examples of pseudoscience and the science that

they try to replace.
PSEUDOSCIENCE SCIENCE
-Astrology -Astronomy
-Conversion therapy -x
-Lie detector -Scientific cerebral
(polygraph) experiments
- Extra sensory perception -Magic doesn't exist
( having superpowers )
-Ovnis -In the case that
ovnis and aliens
existed,they wouldnt
be as we see in
movies