19-10-2022

Introduction:
Prepared
Rock salt Conc H2SO4 Glauber (1648)

STUDY OF COMPOUNDS In pure state named as ‘Marine Joseph Priestly

acid’ (1772)

HYDRO CHLORIC ACID - HCl

SESSION 1 Muriatic acid Lavoisier

Hydrogen chloride Davy (1810)

Occurrence Preparation methods:

In direct
a) By direct combination: sunlight,
Polar explosive
Free state Covalent
Diffused sunlight
H2(g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g)
Due to EN
In dark, reaction is
difference Moisture as negligible
catalyst
Volcanic Gastric juices
gases of mammals b) Reaction of metal chloride with Conc.H2SO4:

NaCl + H2SO4 (conc.) NaHSO4 + HCl (g)

<2000C
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Laboratory Method:
Absorb
moisture Precautions:
* Slowly heated.
* Lower end of thistle funnel should dip
Heavier than
air below the acid in flask , so that HCl doesn’t
NaHSO4
escape through the funnel.
Highly
HCl gas soluble in
water

Reaction:
NaCl + conc. H2SO4 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎℃ NaHSO4 + HCl [g] Identification: NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl
2NaCl + conc. H2SO4 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎℃ Na2SO4 + 2HCl [g]

Reactants: NaCl and Conc.H2SO4

Products: NaHSO4 and HCl gas.

Procedure: Heat the mixture slowly.

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Observation: HCl gas obtained in flask passes through the

delivery tube, bubbles through drying agent in washer bottle Collection of HCl:
and the dry gas is collected in the jar. Upward displacement of air( as HCl is heavier than air).

Purification: Pass through the washer bottle, which Identification:

contains drying agent, conc.H2SO4 –absorbs moisture. A glass rod dipped in ammonia (NH3) solution is brought near
the mouth of the jar, dense white fumes of Ammonium
Chloride are observed.
Precautions:
* Slowly heated. NH3 + HCl  NH4OH
* Lower end of thistle funnel should dip below the acid in
flask , so that HCl doesn’t escape through the funnel.

NaCl CHEAP,
EASILY AVAILABLE
TEMPERATURE less than 2000C
Conc. H2SO4 NON-VOLATILE, If above 2000C
HIGH BOILING POINT
i) Na2SO4 forms a hard crust ,sticks to
the glass & difficult to remove.
ii) the glass apparatus may tend to
HNO3 VOLATILE break
iii) fuel is wasted
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Collection of HCl gas:

CaO & P2O5 as drying agent By upward displacement of air ?
as it is 1.28 times heavier than air.
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
2P2O5 + 3HCl 3HPO3 + POCl3 Not collected over water?
meta phosphoric acid phosphorus oxychloride as it is highly soluble in water.

Laboratory preparation of HCl gas

Purification :
•Reactants: NaCl – cheap and easily available. Passage through conc. H2SO4 [drying agent]
CaO and P2O5 are not used as they react with HCl and form
conc. H2SO4 – high B.P. and non-volatile respective Chloride.
conc. HNO3 – cannot be used as it is volatile.
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
•Temperature: above 200℃ are not used. 2P2O5 + 3HCl 3HPO3 + POCl3
i) Na2SO4 forms a hard crust ,sticks to the glass & difficult to meta phosphoric acid phosphorus oxychloride

remove. Collection of HCl gas: By upward displacement of air as it is

ii) the glass apparatus may tend to break 1.28 times heavier than air.
iii) fuel is wasted Not collected over water as it is highly soluble in water.
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Note:
* HCl is denser than Ammonia. STUDY OF COMPOUNDS
*Lighter than SO2.
*1 volume of water dissolves 452 volumes of HCl at
ordinary temperature.
*HCl , SO2 , H2S , O2, Cl2 and CO2 are denser than air..
HYDRO CHLORIC ACID - HCl
*NH3 and H2 are lighter than air. SESSION 2
* N2 is as heavier as air.
*HCl, NH3 and SO2 are highly soluble in water.
* H2S , Cl2 and CO2 are fairly soluble in water, while N2,
H2 and O2 are slightly soluble in water.

*Solubility- highly soluble in water.

Physical Properties of HCl :
Fumes in moist air due to high solubility and
*Colourless.
forms a mist of droplets of HCl acid.
*Pungent/Choking smell.
Liquifaction: Liquifies at around 10oC and 40 atm. Pressure.
*Slightly sour.
Boiling Point : Liquid HCl boils at -83oC.
*Non-Poisonous but causes burning sensation when inhaled.
Freezing Point: Solid HCl melts at -113oC.
*Density: 1.28 times heavier than air.
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Experiment to show that HCl gas is HIGHLY SOLUBLE in

Experiment to show that HCl gas is heavier than water
air Fountain experiment

Blue
litmus
soln.
turns red 1.Highly soluble
2.Acidic in
nature

Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride

Gas:
*Combustibility: Non-combustible, non supporter of
combustion.
Ammonia is another gas that has high *Action of Indicators:
solubility and can be used to perform the Indicator Original color Final color
fountain experiment. Moist litmus Blue Red
Methyl Orange Orange Pink
Phenolpthalein Colourless Colourless
Phenolpthalein(Alka Pink Colourless
line)
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*Thermal Dissociation: HCl dissociates into Hydrogen and Chlorine

on heating above 500oC. Preparation of Hydrochloric Acid:
Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen + Chlorine *As HCl is highly soluble in water , if delivery tube is used due
2HCl H2 + Cl2
to high rate of absorption of HCl , partial vacuum is created .
Reactions of Hydrogen Chloride gas: *As the pressure outside is higher, water is pushed up into
1.With Ammonia: delivery tube and damages the apparatus.
NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)
This is called Backward suction.
2.With metals:
Zn + 2HCl(g) ZnCl2 + H2(g) * Hence a special arrangement is made – “Inverted funnel
Mg +2HCl(g) MgCl2 + H2(g) arrangement”.
Fe + 2HCl(g) FeCl2 + H2(g)

This process continues till water in trough

gets saturated with HCl and forms HCl acid.

Benefits of funnel arrangement:

The rim of funnel is placed so that it just touches the trough .
If backward suction occurs, water rises up the funnel and level * Prevents back suction of water into the flask .
outside the funnel falls, creating air gap between the funnel
and surface of water. * Provides larger surface area for the absorption of the gas in
Pressure inside and outside becomes equal and water falls water.
down.
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Which property of HCl gas is demonstrated

by Fountain experiment?
STUDY OF COMPOUNDS
Does HCl gas support combustion?
HYDRO CHLORIC ACID - HCl
What property of HCl gas is demonstrated SESSION 3
when it is collected by upward displacement
of air?

Physical Properties of Hydrochloric Acid:

Out of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, Colour : Colourless
which acid is considered the reducing agent? Odour and taste: Slightly pungent odour, sour taste.
Physiological nature: Corrosive, causes blisters on skin.
which gas is evolved when carbonates react Density: 1.2g/cc
with HCl acid?
Boiling Point: 109.8oC
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Chemical Properties of Hydrochloric acid: Reactants Products

1.Acidic Nature: Monobasic acid Metal HCl Metal chloride Hydrogen gas
HCl H+1 + Cl-1 Metal oxide HCl Metal chloride water
Presence of H ions imparts acidic property
+ Metal hydroxide HCl Metal chloride water

Metal carbonate HCl Metal chloride water Carbon dioxide

Note:
1. HCl in water: As water is polar solvent, ionizes HCl into free Metal bicarbonate HCl Metal chloride water Carbon dioxide
ions, hence solution of HCl is acidic and also a good
Metal sulphite HCl Metal chloride water Sulphur dioxide
electrolyte.
2.HCl in organic solvents like Toluene: Toluene is non polar and Metal bisulphite HCl Metal chloride water Sulphur dioxide
does not dissociate HCl into free ions, Hence HCl in toluene
Metal Sulphide HCl Metal Chloride Hydrogen
does not show acidic property and is a non-electrolyte. Sulphide

EX: Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 MgSO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O + SO2
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Fe+ 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 NaHSO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + SO2
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S
NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S
CuS + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2S
Na2CO3 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
CuCO3 + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O + CO2
AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2CO2
Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O
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Aqua Regia:
2.Reaction with Oxidising Agents: Mixture of conc.HNO3 and conc.HCl in the ratio 1:3
MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 Nitric Acid oxidises HCl to Chlorine
HNO3 + 3HCl NOCl + 2H2O + 2[Cl]
PbO2 + 4HCl PbCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
Pb3O4 + 8HCl 3PbCl2 + 4H2O + Cl2 This nascent Chlorine reacts with noble metals to form
corresponding soluble chlorides:
2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O+ 5Cl2 Au + 3[Cl] AuCl3
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl2 + 7H2O +3Cl2 Pt + 4[Cl] PtCl4
Hence Aqua regia dissolves noble metals

Tests for HCl [practical chemistry] USES OF HCl:

Tests
1. Glass rod dipped in ammonia solution
[NH4OH] brought near vapours of HCl
gas
2. Addition of AgNO3 soln to dil.HCl
3. Action of heat on mixture of MnO2 and
conc. HCl
Observation
1. Dense white fumes
2. Curdy white precipitate
soluble in excess NH4OH
3. Greenish yellow gas [Cl2]
evolved
Used in manufacture of dyes,
drugs
paints
AgCl preparation
preparation of glucose from starch,
Tanning industry
Soldering works
Pickling of metals before galvanisation
Extraction of glue from bones
Preparation of Aqua regia