Povur Spin Prekston Leshedchivn — both He. “wereasing dependince or clechicihy supplies , beth developing and developed. Counhies , Ha need to achieve an ac he. lever of, reliability, qatity and vafehy ot Om Ccoromie pra Decomes @Ven vrore Important to curtomers. ~ Associated with the tranamissim aud distibutin Wetwerks —Hremeelies arm a number of ancillary Systems to assist im meetiig the requirement fer Safety, felTobilihy and gvalhy of Supply. ~ Tre most mportaut of these are ta protectin System Het is stalled to clear Faults and Liniit omy damage do dirhibutin equipment . — Amavg Hue principle Cusses of Faults are lightning dicchorges , tla dekroration of ‘sulin, Vandaticm , , and trae benches and animal Contacting Has, elechicity Cleats .~The rarity of Powlts are of o transieut noche and Can often be Cleared wih vo loce oF Supply, or gust Hea Shorlest dp inlets , whereas permanent Foults can vet ‘nm longer outages. = “To avoid damage» Suitable amd yelteble protection Should be tnetalled on QU Grats and elechcad eae ~ Baste principles must be applied to prokective devices + Lo Gn the cccurenee of Dauutt Condition , Tha prelectin System must be capavte of delectvyg “ik “mueddalely my order to isolate the affected Dectton « 2. Disconnectron of eqmipment must be Pestreted, to “Hao wiei mum amount neccessary to Tselale To -Hro_Wiini mum _Qmeuyt Ho Pautt fom tio Pysten - 3. Tha prokectin must be Sensitive Seaygh to opel when a Put oconcs ynder_minimuane “Sas Conditions , yor be dlable enough not te opeete Hye Worimune ated arent » which way be & chort—me alas.A Be must algo be fast £uorgh to oferaie in order fo Clear the Peat rom Has System Fpackly do minimice domoge 2 Byslem Components ord be Felable in Operation. Backup proleetion is provided ty Cover Ha possible Feilue of He main prolection . Tn tummon , Hoa protection Pte Re any poser System reat fate wip account Ha following baste prncipies + \ Retatity ~ He abittty of He preston to operve Correctly Lr opens twa to clear a Patt 2. Qetectvity - —wainteainng Corry of Suply by dix connect As minimum Section he newer etme fo wolete the Matis. A Cost — Woimann poteetion ot He lowest Cost poserSedeanae_of “Tranennesion and Divtibatin chews of Tranemission ard Dittibudion stems at Eu euv/av av/mv Mv Mv/tv ConsumptionProtection Zones m Power System ~ Ta geverad plalocophy Qe He use of Teleys hrm Zones , which Can be lida video fee and Aicconnacted on Ha cccuremst of a fat. - In gener 5 a proce Bye can be divided Sint Sawerat preter Zeves * Qemeresors , Ahransferwvars, qrougs of sprominr neal wmoters , busbar amt lines - eyes (ead es | Lp 8 Example of poston Zonesic §Prolection Medes l Prova Protection ~ Whanver possible, ery eteweut din Ho power Lystenn should be protected by both paray ard back Up Heleye . Pramany prrkelnn Shed opie ser} ve an emu detects a Pawtt on the power System. ~ The prokction Chomonds Cover Ona or moe Componerds of the poser Dystem Suck as echcat Wwadhives , Anes And busbars . 2. Bact = Wp Prlectin, ~ Bock - Kp protectin is insiatad Sy opmate tohen , Dp wlachever reason» te prey protection does net Work: - Be achieve this, the back-up protectin telay hor Sensing Clement Hed mou or vray ret be similar to the prreny protection but also indude “Hue- detoy Poaitity te Sloe dovon He Operntion of the toby.3:_Diechonat_Poteetan = Ditectinan — protection hos Hie capabitthy te dolecmie the dneckin of He Pine of power and abi tity +h nbabit Opening HF the Assedeted with Whan He Pout Current Biggs in Ha opposite daeetin te He setivg of He relay. Relays provided with dhs Camelenst Ore Twportent “in protectig, Mesh _hetwork or Where Hore are Variong qeuorstion Soures, whon fault Curent Can Cirewert dn both directing arounl Ha mesh .Figure 1.6 Schematic diagram for Exercise 1.1Table 1.2 Relay/breaker operations for Exercise 1.1 Case Breakers Breakers Tripped by Tripped that that primary” by backeup ‘operated rmaloperated protection _ protection rey 25ClamiPication and Function of Relays ~ F profection telay Is a devia Hot fences any Change in Ho Syrok “tt is teaiv ig , usually Bem a wrrent ant /or voltage Source . — Tf He woguitade of Ha Incoming eigrak Ys oudside a penser Volus , He rloy will cary owt 0 Specie operntion (e.g tepping of a Creat breaker +) ~ Profeetim relays Can be cloari fed in accerdenta Wott Hhée constuction, He Dreoming ST2prae ard Rnction Protection Relays Caan Incoming Signals Function 1. electromectonicah 1. Gurren [. over uarreuk 2. Solid Stake 2. voltage 9, dacetivwod overcurrent 3. microproassor 3. power eae AL numerca 7 s. eunperedre k. over vo lage 5. be elechita c. peu ae is Prescwe 7) + Speed §. beverse VoltageThe iwlervativet, claasifedimn fr He more Commen relays Te given below: at: 3H: Als AG: Ay: 44: So st br: 6% Ustane telay Undercurrent (uniarpaoer tele Preld Grait breater pagetive Seqyrense current rele wager geqpente vollage roy Herwot relay (uehuctancous overcurrent tetouy twa - delay, overcurrent — tebuy Cirudt breaker garth profedtton lay ln foun Cues, & [eter Ys odded fo He umber associeded wth Hae prodectye in orier 4 see hy “ee plas. oy Nocechion, 2.9. QP Generator Tt for treme formeraotin 8 Physical Characteristics of Protective Relays 8:1 Blectromechanical Relays: Duaing the ently years of power system design, protective relays were slestomechanicl devices tht were reliable and cay to understand ie ‘many eaves exch rely wa 2 sll pecially motoe or solenoid. Bach ‘lay consid of (0) stationary asembis (lls core ste aed support) ‘ha were conneced to curren and volage tranformers and 2) novi, assembles (sk, reste springs, and plunges o which output ot {acs were llaced. Some ay relays included servo motors tha could ‘be used to change relay sellings remotely, Spel relays were mounted ‘im stealdrawout cases with removable las cover plats that facie ‘inal inspection and period esting requirement. Hectromecharial {elays were pckaged eter on a anton ora phase Bai. Tor example, Sime and instantanoossgvercuren ayy were packaged togeer on & ‘Phase basis This means that fourrelys each ented ina separate case, {were requived if teee phase and one-ground overcurrent relays ete ‘neo Impesiane lop nere peng om fasion heals Fears that a Zoned impedance relay at protects hee phases oF ari ‘sion line would be contained in one relay ease and the complementary “Zone impedance relay would be contained in separate rely exe. Time overcurent relay were insson disk devices mal motors) ‘at were designed to mutch thermal characteristics of power ines and timve-curent characteris of fase, Hach slay wna designed fo ect- se ata ape amp turn value, A tapped coll was provided inorder ‘blain design amp fur over a sangeofcurtentvales The lationship between tap and turns fora ne overcurrent relay delgned operate 130 amp-tensis shown In Table Restnint springs were ste to provide mechanical lod and rag rmagnats were tae 0 nlow motor reponre a # help shape Hane cu ‘ent characteristics The rotors Ginction disks ere designed to rise dees dan {revolution und dhe amoust or rlaion wae clfrated in ine oy cade nsn-97814200141 7497814 1610472018, 4:05 pen143 of 178 ssn comin isba-9 781420014178 97818, me Proactive Rley Principles anes iemertieinca ‘kope_Torw Amp Tomec eeauss: eeeese its A time dial of could coeespond to a rotation ofS degrees and {me dll of 1 cos correspond toa rotation of 240 dagrees ‘One linutation of eeccomacanial relays thatthe range of cttngs slime by the phys dengan ofthe rla. rely with igh piekp Setting fs rejuved a alferent model eny, designed with» diferent ‘number ofamp turn, nay be needed. Likeese, fa ray witha diferent time current carve le equi a iferent model ele with diferent cu ‘ret crest pegs ety would be required, “Anothes Hina that electromechacal davis are susceptible dgradation cated by aging ds dre Insects, vibration, high tempers ure moisture te Tstantancous overcurrent sas were magnetic propulsion device designed to move a plunger when sanp-tens exceeded threshold value. ‘Alough istantanec reaps could be designed ith tapped coll the ‘mojrity of instantaneous els were designed with plunges that cou ‘ereloced apo dow) nthe cols hat mz amp.curns pcksp ‘ved wth lange potion. The relationship betwen plunger positen, {ipod tur for an instantaneous ovecurrent rely designed to pe teat 00 amp turns own in Table 2. Plog Paton and Amp Tens Diglament Tare Ampe "ode 1042018, 405aor ips ender comin nish 9782014174 97834, Physical Charcerisis of Protective Relays us ‘ollge relays were similar o current relays ith the major ference being tht cis curent relays were designe with af turns of ere {ge wire whore vllge relays were designed with many tens Of ‘Sal gage wire, (Both vollageandcurentacuated relays were designed tocperste tthe same smp- tam pickup vale Current actuated relay l= Tied current in amperes sd a mall beso turns of wien the col Volege actuated aye lized curentinnllampe anda lager nsmber cof tans of wize in the coll Impedance relays were mage propalsin ‘evices wih one st of ols connected ta wollage are restraint ol) fad one et of nls connected ta citrent source operate ci. Diflerental aye were magnetic propulsion devies with some coils designed tobe sestve ola current festnint oil) and some coils de- ened tobe sealive to short-ceeult cute (opernte cls) "As technology evaied,edvanced clcromechanial relays were devl- coped. Overcurtent relays became avallibie with torque coil. This Slowed overcurent relay operation tobe coral by directional unis, ‘voltage slays or impedance relays. Thi slowed power system posse” tion engineers to develop overcurrent relay actin hat were sense tothe erection of caren flow or the presence of dagraed vate oF the {impedance ofthe protected cet Overarrent sepoins ould be cor ttunized to become tore sensve and mace selctve et he same ime, TWalao mennt that packaging becime more complex because more con- ‘ectlons were required in onder to fully ute expabitis of vanced ‘ectromechanial rays. 8.2 Solid-State Relays ‘When soli-statertys vere introduced ney oxtored many adanages ‘over eectromechanial slays. The findsmentl difference Between ec ‘tomschanlcalenysandsold-tate relays that eecromechenicl relay ‘espand to Input energy whereas sold sate relays proces input volage ‘and current waveforms gral Soli-saterelaysare more accurate tan ‘lctomectarical relays icp acttngs are plated to asiow as 10% af ‘heseleced oltng, Play vl-ate relapse available with wide range fick eating Tore fo seterteaceptance by the protective relaying community, solistae relays were developed at dplcnted fhe response of let, ‘Gectromechanical relays, These lays had the same families of ime-ci- fen curves au electroechanical relays they were designed 0 eplce ‘ime overcurrent devies and thesamecharscoristcs,onan RX agra, ss eectomochanical impedance relays if they were designed to replace 10472018, 4:05 ra145 of 171 tipster kre omnes isha-9 781420014174 97814 126 Proactive Relay Principles ‘inpedsnce relays. In ation slid state rays were designe xo that ‘hy could ino cases hat gill held eectromechanical elas, — 5.3. Microprocessor-Based Relays _eroprocestor based relays respond to input voltage and current wave Torms Gignals) that are dighzed and proceed. Microprocosor- based ‘ely enfin fime-curent curves for several diferent pes of overcu™ Ten relays and characte for diferent types of unpadancs relay, a ‘elles new fesse such a olf dagnodticyfulHocator function snd “inhi interrogation of event dats which were unavalable with elect ‘chanical relays Sofa and microprocestortnse slays are in ff, specialty calculators where the inputs are voltages ened currents rather than Je} Srokes. Since electromechani enge were adequate for hot ited [Durpon tales once tht soli state and microprocesorbased relays hold be modeled after eletromehanical elas, 84 Relay Operation Protective lays ate ipo devices that are almestlways energized ae ‘hacking power ysis voliages and currents fr abnormal conditions. Protective relays change state very infeqertly~~probably es than oe [rconl per yeas They are only de-nergized for short pedods of time Shen skocated powee system Sompontris are eer for preven {ative or coercive malnfenace, oct ptective zeny remain “lopped out” during thse service i “They “pick up” fora very short period of time when sn upet condition ‘cron the power ystem, perform thle Intended funtion, ae the ‘eu to thelr sendby, “dropped ou” slate in another pact condi ‘Sect For these relay, the utput normally open. This the usta ‘design comtiguration for overcurent,overvlag impedance, and ct Serena type relays ‘Some paecive rays aie normally fa “picked up" coition, They “dropout when an upet condition oes, perform tor intended fare Sionsand en etucn(otherotandby, picked p"sateunttanother upset ‘onion occurs For thee ea, the output Is normally closed. This s ‘he wat deslgn configuration for udercarren- an undervalagetype ‘ely tha are monitoring foros of carte ols of wage o4n018, 405Elechomeclaniiot Relays pivot Atwatwre Type elegy = Atbacton con be Supplied by AC or Be Aid operccle. by the rovewout Pa pee of Wated when it le athacted by te wopretic Res poduad bya cod. — The attacks arwedure type Contre of har or plese oh wetas Het pivots when Vb is athmokd ounrds He co. ~ Tre oswosue Caner Ha wovtrg pat of He Cortnck Hit Is Chased or opened » according to He destgn -CO Pires \ Contock 1g cal pists Wwouhg — ae rast ae le noid le Roly The ctor ype ys He pitten / 10 levoid type relay, Gn Whi a bar or pittm i altmcted axtody wTthth He feta 4 Soleroid , Oe iret te mec ch ctthraction Is Sqwot + KT - ka where Ki on Hee Humber ot turns on Hea Soles, We aie gap, We effective, over and He relucane Of HE Wogwatn crresith Ke is He rethauntes Perce vavolly, prduad by & SPAS ~ When the relay is balanced, KT = Ke _ Ainchos lap afenely bork oe HeyRelays with moveable coils a Const of a roeding Wovemmt wrth a Swath Geil gutpendes or pivoted with Ha fleedon ty rete behon The poles of & permanent weg. ——Lrt—s— chao gprings “Het ogo Serves of Connections to SAry fhe curect to He col “The orga pedid “we the ceil Is giten BY T+ Beant Be et coil = Curent Hosing, Hurovgh te coll — Fis noted tot -He_tergus developed is proportimat tp We._cuneet » We speed AF Wwovemext 1S cototled by Pre damping, action Aver Ys poperterat Ap He torqpe- ~ Twa, 4 Donas frat He tela bor on inverse “Hwe claraclearteTe moultipe of fee a current Pinese mine Gmc Numercan_Profestin, — Numacod protection relays ° on Ha basis of Saamplivg, (pats ard Corte Wig Cutputs +o prlect or Cortrt Ave. wevitored Kyte. Be octal en ee aie cee om a tomtinuons basrg but Me Sampled Ov ak atime. Mest pumeitad felays ove multifunctional oud Con be fegarded a8 ‘delligent® electronic device CIBDs) Numarod relays ave technically Copter +o He converctiona Type? of reeys- “Weir GeverL Momctedrtns ore : t. Retiabitthy + Incorect oputdions are less Gikely with vumenot relays3. Gaf- diogresis Kumerta® reloye have He ali\thy Fe Conduct Continuous gelf “diagnosis in te fom OF wetetcleg Clreaictry , valde, includes Memory Check? and avelogue pat Vrodule S. 3. Bvet and dithrbane teterd Thate relays Com produce tecords Cs Cues Whanever Hore ts ® protection function Opermtton , He energishs 4 a pect or amy Vherdwsare Prsluse . In odktition, dikcbaree reterde Gn be qorercked Gin a number of- avaloqus Chonmels , -tagather Voth, QUA the hedas inp” ard rele ontput thornton As Integration of dagted fystemt : The preset ecole Wren “elude wany desks ot Ove Substation | fudh ag Commun Ceditn , Wrcottreumaut Ord Condo. These dunctions Con be ‘tegrated “ints ona. digitel cystem Pe roe rope ard teltabe opemtin... TH, Heo Gren od 5. Adagio + occ Capittty ok daptal Pysteme , He muuveriet Felay con provide odaphve wofectiwn . This me Ayelles He Yolay telling to be chorea de porting on He Oferting Conditions of the Nehoork yet Araitecter of Numeral QuaysQereursse Preston Types of _overvanent_ rela +f | ite. tak Awe * th \ +t A _1___> Inverse Tne Wwoerse tine woth Vistatoneous Unit A 1 Definite ~ Garrent relays = Tar type of foley, operies“ehecboarsly hon fre Current Peates & pit determined Volwe. ~ Te Seg is choten fo Hat, at He Substation Prcttert gutay fom ve fourta , te ve wil dora Ino Current Ualus, dual Hoa tele, Oprcting, Currents Ove pogessvedy (nereated at each Pubstdtm, reving toner? tus Source . ~ Thue, “He telay with te lower salty Cperades $Sirst ond disconnect load at He point nearest fo Hee Paw. fidistenee1. Little Selectivity ott high vous of Shert cireuth Cuno 2. Difficudty + dishyqua hing bechoean Hao Pau Conenk at one pak or a tolon Hee Wapedia behoeen Haase ports Ts Gira Tn tompatsorn to Hoe Tmpedanie back fo He Source -0.258are I» een Pu bys, The Seltrg com be Adjusted Th fuck vioy Heat Hea breater nearest fo the Joust is tipped wn He Shortest na » Ha temaining breakers ore tappea i» Succasion Usirg, lorger ime delays » moving back omnia te Cure - The differen behoeen te pring Het Be Wa fama Cunevct is Caled The dscawination wegin .Advantages — ~ Few near to to Source, wlth resukh in bigger currents, meu, be cteored in a wlatively lovg +we . = These feleys Me wed A great deat Ulen the Source Tmpedance Ts lege Compare te Hak of He power Kyser Aemant — baing proectes Inverse ~ “we Pelays ~The Rindamadeal property of Tue rebys rr Hat ts imwersely pryertoneal to He Rust Cured. ~ Thain oadvortage over datinile - He relay? fe very high Current? + much Shore “Hpping Hwas ton be obltinad Withort vitk to te pricctin Selectivity - = The Unverse hime feloys aie Commonly def med a3 beng inverse, Very inverse or extreme ly Trverse . — Meo known ag [DMT cvrmmact reloys.How fo fet up _omrcanes taps — Overcument Klaye He vermalny Supplied With an inctucanang emot aud “He - detay etm With Ha Some User . ~ When Wechanital relays Were Wore popwen Hho crer cnet chim Wa Mhada Up Frown Geparnte Sige plove wate , The rnsre modo waice processor ~ based Protection Veg a Hier plese overcurrent” Unit ant an arte = Rube unit within The Sowa Case. - Setting a Lr—e—e— the parmweters hat define the requiad diwe/earrent Clarackeastie A beth he time-detey and “tnstada neo writs. Tras prowss haa 4p be Carred ot dee, ore for phase telaye ont hen lepesded Bop the tarth - Pout lelays -Gos he. of +tye- overeuneut tehy ~ Tha operating “Hime of an ovircurent tetuy hag to be debyed to 2usmre Hest , In the presence of a fuutt, Hie tay doce vot chip before any oer prctection, gihtated Closer to Hae — Definite ~tma relays and Vnverse ~ “hue redays. Can be adjusted by adjusting, theo paumusters Hee hina dat or “hie rmuiplier getting ond ta Pu or plug Setting || The pick-up settg (= The Ru Gethtg or ply, fethig, Te aed te define He PU Utnevct op He relay , and Souk cunets Seen by Ha relay ae expressed oe mubiple. of this . “This value Is usally rene to ae the —DLmLUrmr CPrsm) — For lose elays , OLF x Tren pick-up Setting = aa Whee OLE = owrload factor Trom = Vomival Carrent rehig ~ OLE fr motors = Lor OLE for limes, treme tormacg art =h 7 oS qenseders eS OLE For distibtim feeder = 20 ~ Fee earth Lut Hay , OLF = 020Tine_diet_ Setting _ = “The Hine dink Selig aust he tne, dong bebe He relay Opts Whenever He Poult Cunent peaches @ value eayal te, or greater Han, re olay cuneut Sethig - ~ Te chia ant procalucs te Colilotry tHe time dint Setting to obbin the ee eee ee ee SS 1. Dedermine “Hho requived opomaiug time i Of He felay Parthert aniay Hom de Gource by Uithy Hoe loweat ae dint telly and Considering Hie. Paw Level Be tahoe us. instertarens unit of Hin reey picks up. (4a twa dia getting m have to be higher TP He lord Het Pls Wwhon He Circuit is te-evorgised ater loss of supply is higher, or if it ts neesary te coonliate, wh ji i Bet enw nin 83Determine tHe operating Hes of He relay assotioded with the breaker in so, Vext Substation -tewards the Source , tag = tit twain) whore “tara ts tho Operating ‘we of Ha back up relay associded wrth breator 2 and —tnmgrn Ts The discamivadion Wargin . Worth the Jame Pawlt curent at Wh land 2 above, avd Knowing Can ant He PU volun Bor relay 2, Cahewlele He Hua dak Letting for eby 2. Use He clisert availabe relay he det gekhvg Where Ceonmetersti2 Ys abeve +e Caleuteted Valine. Determine “Tye operoeting tae (tab) of remy 21 but wow using He fault level Just before the opteatin of iehiaeons wit, Continua with He Seponie , Harting frm He second Mage .Tiwe disc mination ror A Hwa dscimivation werge behoern two Successive Hwa Jared Clerackartic of He onlec OF 025 ~ 0-48 Should be fypicaliy ved . = This talug avoids losing Selectivity due to ome or rree of He Pellowrg » ~ breaker opening me ~ relay overrin twa after He fut has been Cleored . ~ Voredion in fault levels , deviations fom the Clemctenrtie canes of the relays Ord ems wm te CT.Time in seconds 08 06 04 0.2 T ee CO-11 Extremely inverse Avan CO-9 Very inverse CO-8 Inverse CO-7 Moderately Inverse co-7 CO-6 Definite minimum, co — 10 15 Multiples of pickup 20Ars /iece avd (EC Constant for Student overcunent telays Carve dasa Shendard L Modendcay lense. \EBE 002 o05IE e.g Very tnyerse IGE do | 1961 Otay extremely Wverse lEER ao 282 ODF Inverse Cos ao 545 Ole hort hie ‘esse oe 0.0. °:0234 0.0164 Standard “averse lec 0.02 O14 e Orhemely “verse (ec 20 fe-0 2Wredhewadra Bapeasion Lon ee Foy Chenelers 4a t+ ta CH= Ee relay opens we Ko Awe dsat ee fetonlng amg Ty = PU cuwet Jeleced LS Orth and p dobrwha We Slope ofthe Toey Merkin, Es lege CMobimtety Tree) eco pe o-osly Le 0.4