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System Simulation
S.X. Chen, SMIEEE , K.J. Tseng, SrMIEEE and S.S. Choi, MIEEE
Division of Power Engineering
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
nosper@pmail.ntu.edu.sg, K.J.Tseng@pmail.ntu.edu.sg, esschoi@ntu.edu.sg
Abstract—Batteries are the power providers for almost all are then compared with test results under various operating
portable computing devices. They can also be used to build temperature, charge/discharge current rates conditions.
energy storage systems for large-scale power applications. In
order to design battery systems for energy-optimal architectures II. MODEL FORMULATION
and applications with maximized battery lifetime, system
The approach used here begins with the experimental data
designers require computer aided design tools that can
implement mathematical battery models, predict the battery
obtained from a ULTRALIFE UBBL10 lithium-ion battery.
behavior and thus help the designers search for the optimal The data are expressed in terms of curves of battery terminal
schemes. This paper presentss a lithium-ion battery model which voltage during various constant-current discharge levels at
can be used on SIMPLORER software to simulate the behavior different constant operating temperatures. A second set of data
of the battery under dynamic conditions. Based on measured are the battery voltages following a step change of its current.
battery data, a mathematical model of the battery is developed
which takes into account battery operating temperature and the i(t)
R2
rates of the battery charge/discharge currents. In addition,
thermal characteristics of the battery are also studied. V (t)
R1
Keywords- Lithium-ion battery; dynamic model; energy storage E
system; SIMPLORER
§ ∂i1 ∂T
1
∂l ·
1
¨ ¸
¨ # # #
¸ can be easily calculated.
¨ ∂i n ∂T
n n ¸
∂l ¹
©
Expressed in matrix form,
1 1 1 1
ª ∂R1 º § ∂i ∂T ∂l · T
« # »=¨ # ¸ ªδ f δf δf º
# # (7)
« » ¨ ¸ «¬ δ i δT δl »¼
¨ n ∂l ¸
¬«∂R1 ¼» © ∂i
n n n
∂T ¹
Fig. 3. Determination of the R2 for discharge condition at
different temperatures.
In (10), rk is the coefficient of the kth order term in the (25° C) by setting a large cooling coefficient (hc = 100 W/m2
K). This simulates the idealized constant-temperature case.
polynomial representation of R2_ref. SOD selected is less than Comparison of the simulation and test results of discharge
the SOD level at the termination of discharge. The terminal currents at 1 A and 4 A are shown in Fig. 5. As can be seen
SOD chosen in this paper is 0.7. Then the correction term is from the figure, a most satisfactory match between the model
i * R2 (T ) and test data has been obtained for the reference curve (2A)
α (T ) = (11)
i * R2 _ ref and while good agreement has also been obtained for all other
discharge rates.
From (9)-(11), R2 of the internal resistance can be expressed as
n
TABLE I. SPECIFICATIONS OF LITHIUM BATTERY TESTED IN THIS PAPER
R2 = α (T ) * ¦ rk * SOD [i (t ), t ]
k
(12)
k =0 Model Tested UltraLife UBBL10
Cylindrical 18650 Li-ion cells
Type of Battery
assembly
Operating Temperature -32°C to 60°C
Storage Temperature
-32°C to 60°C
Range
Voltage 16.33 V
Capacity 6.2 Ah
Fig. 4. R2_ref for the lithium-ion battery based on the 25ćand - Heat capacity 925(J/kg/K)
20ć curves.
C. Description of the Thermal Characteristics
Since E is temperature dependent, temperature must be
calculated dynamically so that it is available for computation of
E during each time step [6]. The temperature change of the
battery is governed by the thermal energy balance [7] described
byˈ
dT (t )
= i (t ) * ( R1 + R2 ) − hc A[T (t ) − Ta ] (13)
2
m * cp *
dt
In (13), m is the battery mass (in kg), cp is the specific heat
(J/kg/K), hc is the heat transfer coefficient (W/m2), A is the
battery external surface area (m2), Tc is the ambient
temperature.
The heat power terms include resistive heating and heat Fig. 5. Simulation and test data at different current levels for
exchange to the surroundings. Heat generation due to entropy the Ultralife UBBL10 lithium-ion batter
change or phase change, changes in the heat capacity and
mixing have all been ignored here because from [5], it has been The simulation data were processed to obtain the relation
concluded that such omission will not cause significant loss of between the voltage and the SOD. The results are compared
model accuracy. with the test data, as shown in Fig. 6. Again excellent match
D. Implementation based on the VHDL model in was achieved for the operating temperatures of -30ć and 60
SIMPLORER ć.
Equations (1)-(4), (8), (12) and (13) provide complete
description of the battery. From the derived mathematical
model, the model can be simulated using VHDL-AMS method
in SIMPLORER [8]. Unfortunately, lifecycle has not been
considered in the battery model implementation since there is
insufficient experimental data at the time of the writing of this
paper.
III. COMPARISON OF SIMULATION AND TEST RESULTS
A. Discharge Characteristics
A dynamic model of the ULTRALIFE UBBL10 lithium-
ion battery on the methodology given above was constructed
for use in the SIMPLORER software. The parameters are
given in TABLE 1.
The rate dependence of potential was validated by testing ǤǤ Simulation and test data at different temperature levels
the Ultralife UBBL10 lithium-ion VHDL model. The initial for the Ultralife UBBL10 lithium-ion battery
SOD is set to 0. The battery is maintained at room temperature
B. Charge Characteristics IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this part of the study, the Ultralife UBBL10 lithium-ion A model of a lithium-ion battery suitable for energy storage
battery was charged by a constant current 0.8A until the application has been shown. The model was formulated in a
battery voltage reached 16.33V. Then the charging mode general sense, but specifically for use in the SIMPLORER
changed to constant voltage and the charge current eventually software. The method accounts for current rate- and
decayed to zero. This charging procedure is common, as can temperature- dependence of the capacity and thermal
be seen in [9]. dependence of the equilibrium potential. The modeling
Fig. 7 shows the voltage increases during the charging procedure, based on the experimental data, allows the model
operation. When the voltage reaches the maximum value of to have both good accuracy and the flexibility to represent
16.34 V, it remains at this value. That is reasonable for the other types of batteries. The mathematical description of the
lithium-ion battery studied. battery has been coded to a VHDL-AMS model in the
SIMPLORER software.
The battery model is shown to perform satisfactorily, up to
the cutoff voltage. It is governed by the kth order term in the
polynomial representation of the reference curve. Simulation
results of the battery model agree well with the experimental
data of an Ultralife UBBL10 lithium-ion battery in all static
characteristics. This is because the internal resistance was
defined based on the experimental data. It has two components
R1 and R2. R1 is the initial resistance of the lithium-ion battery.
It depends on the different discharge condition of
temperatures, current levels and lifecycle. R2 is the increased
Fig. 7. Charging of the Ultralife UBBL10 lithium-ion battery: resistance with the SOD.
comparison between simulation and test results
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
C. Thermal Characteristics
The authors would like to thank the technical staff of the Power
In this part, the model is used to study how heat sink can Electronics and Drives Laboratory for the support given.
affect battery operation. Using the same lithium-ion battery Special thanks to Mdm Lee-Loh for her technical support in the
model written in VHDL-AMS with the initial SOD of the equipment usage and software installation. Special thanks also
battery set to 0 and the load set to draw a constant current of 2 go to D.L.Yao and T.D. Nguyen.
A, the heat transfer coefficient was varied.
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