MMW Geometric Designs

GE 112 - Mathematics in the Modern World
MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL
Geometric Designs
PERCIVAL B. CABANG
Faculty, Math & Stat Department
College of Arts & Sciences
University of Southeastern Philippines
GE 112 - Mathematics in the Modern World
MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL
Geometric Designs
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, students are expected to:
1. Apply geometric concepts in describing and

creating designs; and
1. Contribute to the enrichment of the Filipino

culture and the arts using the concepts in
geometry.
Recognizing and Analyzing Geometric Shapes
Polygons
In elementary geometry, a polygon is a plane figure that is
bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a
loop to form a closed polygonal chain or circuit.
These segments are called its edges or sides, and the points where
two edges meet are the polygon's vertices or corners. The interior
of the polygon is sometimes called its body.
An n-gon is a polygon with n sides (e.g., a triangle is a 3-gon).
A polygon is a two-dimensional example of the more

general polytope in any number of dimensions.
Page 3
Different Types of Polygons
Simple
Complex
Page 4
Different Types of Polygons
Page 5
Regular Polygons
Page 6
Solids
Geometric Solids are 3-Dimensional (or “3-D”) shapes – which
means they have the 3 dimensions of width, depth, and height.
Basic examples are spheres, cubes, cylinders, and pyramids. But
there are lots of others. Some geometric solids have faces that are
flat, curved, or both. Some have faces that are all the same shape.
Some have faces that are different shapes. But they all have 3
dimensions.
Sphere Cube Cylinder Pyramid

Page 7
Non-polyhedra
Solids come in 2 types: non-polyhedra and polyhedra.
Non-polyhedra describes any geometric solid that has any surface

that is not flat, like a sphere, cone, or cylinder.
cylinder cone
sphere torus
Page 8
Polyhedra
Polyhedra describes a geometric solid that has all flat faces (but
the faces don’t have to be the same size or shape). Polyhedra
must have at least 4 faces (but there is no limit to how many
faces they can have). Some examples of polyhedra are pictured
below:
Pentagonal prism Truncated Truncated

tetrahedron dodecahedron
Rhombicuboc
Truncated cube tahedron Page 9
Some of the Polyhedra are called Truncated. Truncated means

that something is cut off. That is, the corners, called “vertices,”
are cut off and replaced with a new face. For example, a
truncated cube has new triangle shaped faces where the cube’s
vertices were. The shape of the original polyhedra will
determine the shape of the new face in each vertex.
The pictures below show a cube, and then a truncated cube.
Truncated
Cube Cube
Page 10
Platonic Solids
A Platonic Solid is a special type of

Polyhedra, in which each face is exactly the
same, and the same number of faces meet
at each corner, or vertex. They were
named after a famous philosopher and
mathematician from ancient Greece named
Plato.
Page 11
Platonic Solids
Amazingly, there are only 5 geometric solids that qualify as
platonic solids.
NAME Number of Faces
Tetrahedron 4
Hexahedron(cube) 6
Octahedron 8
Dodecahedron 12
Icosahedron 20
Page 12
The Five Platonic Solids
Dodecahedron
Cube Tetrahedron
Icosahedron
Octahedron
Page 13
Transformations
Transformations (flips, slides, turns,resize)
▪ Figures in a plane can be reflected,

rotated, slid (translated) or resized
(dilated) to produce new figures.
▪ The new figure is the image, and the
original figure is the pre-image
▪ The operation that maps (or moves) the
preimage onto the image is called a
transformation
Page 14
Transformations
4 Basic Transformations
Blue: pre-image
▪ Reflection (flip) Pink: image
▪ Translation (slide)
Page 15
Transformations
Blue: pre-image 4 Basic Transformations
Pink: image
Rotation (turn)
▪ Dilation (reduce
size)
Dilation (enlarge)
Page 16
Transformations
Example 1
Identifying Transformations
▪ Identify the
transformation shown
at the left.
Page 17
Transformations
Example 1
▪ Translation
● To obtain ΔA’B’C’,
each point of ΔABC
was slid 2 units to the
right and 3 units up.
Page 18
Transformations
Example 1
▪ Translation
● To obtain ΔA’B’C’,
each point of ΔABC
was slid 2 units to the
right and 3 units up.
Page 19
Transformations
Rigid Transformations
▪ A transformation is
rigid if every image is
congruent to its
preimage
▪ This is an example of
a rigid transformation -
the pink and blue
triangles are
congruent
Page 20
Transformations
Example 2
Identifying Rigid Transformations
▪ Which of the following transformations appear

to be rigid?
Page 21
Transformations
Example 2
Identifying Rigid Transformations
▪ Which of the following transformations appear
to be rigid?
The image is not
congruent to the
preimage, it is smaller
The image is not

congruent to the
preimage, it is fatter
Page 22
Transformations
Definition of Isometry
⚪A rigid transformation is called an

isometry
⚪A transformation in the plane is an
isometry if it preserves lengths. (That is,
every segment is congruent to its image)
● It can be proved that isometries not only
preserve lengths, they also preserves angle
measures, parallel lines, and betweenness of
points
Page 23
Transformations
Example 3
Preserving Distance and Angle Measure
▪ In the figure at the left, ΔPQR

is mapped onto ΔXYZ. The
mapping is a rotation. Find the
length of XY and the measure
of Z
Page 24
Example 3
Preserving Distance and Angle Measure
⚪ In the figure at the left, ΔPQR is

mapped onto ΔXYZ. The
mapping is a rotation. Find the
length of XY and the measure of
Z
⚪ B/C a rotation is an isometry, the
two triangles are congruent, so
XY=PQ=3 and
m Z= m R =35°
Note that the statement “ΔPQR is mapped onto ΔXYZ” implies the
correspondence P🡪 X, Q🡪 Y, and R🡪 Z
Transformations
Example 4
Using Transformations in Real-Life
Stenciling a Room
▪ You are using the stencil pattern shown below

to create a border in a room.
(a) How are the ducks labeled, B, C, D, E,
and F related to Duck A?
(b) How many times would you use the
stencil on a wall that is 11 feet, 2 inches
long?
Page 26
Transformations
Example 4
Stenciling a Room
▪ How are the ducks labeled, B, C, D, E, and F related to

Duck A?
Duck C and E are translations of Duck

A
Page 27
Transformations
Example 4
Stenciling a Room
▪ How are the ducks labeled, B, C, D, E, and F related to

Duck A?
Ducks B,D and F are reflections of

Duck A
Page 28
Transformations
▪ How many times would you use the stencil on a wall that
is 11 feet, 2 inches long?
11’2” = 11 x 12 + 2 = 134 inches
134 ÷ 10 = 13.4, the maximum number of times
you can use the stencil pattern (without
overlapping) is 13
Page 29
Transformations
Example 5
Rotations and Rotational Symmetry
● Which clock faces have rotational symmetry? For

those that do, describe the rotations that map the
clock face onto itself.
Page 30
Transformations
Which clock faces have rotational symmetry? For those that
do, describe the rotations that map the clock face onto itself.
● Rotational symmetry about the center,

clockwise or counterclockwise
● 30°,60°,90°,120°,150°,180°
Moving from one dot to

the next is (1/12) of a
complete turn or (1/12)
of 360°
Page 31
Transformations
● Does not have rotational
Page 32
Transformations
● Rotational symmetry about the center

● Clockwise or Counterclockwise 90° or 180°
Page 33
*
Lesson Investigation 1
It is a translation and YY'' is twice LM Page 34

*Lesson Investigation 2
Compare the measure of XOX'' to the

acute angle formed by L and m
It’s a rotation
Angle XOX' is twice the size of the angle formed by L and m
Page 35
*Lesson Investigation 3
Using Translations and Rotations in
Tetris
Page 36
Patterns and Diagrams
Symmetry is the beauty of form

arising from balanced proportions
Geometrical symmetry is of three types. These

are listed below :
1) Reflectional Symmetry
2) Rotational Symmetry
3) Translational Symmetry
Page 37
Reflectional symmetry is a kind of symmetry in

which half of the image is exactly same as the other half. That is,
in reflectional symmetry, either left portion is the reflection of
right portion or the upper portion is the reflection of lower
portion. In this type of symmetry, one can draw either
a horizontal or a vertical line across the image.
Reflectional symmetry is also known

as reflection symmetry, bilateral
symmetry, mirror symmetry or mirror-
image symmetry.
Page 38
Examples of Reflectional
Symmetry
Reflectional symmetry can be seen almost everywhere in the nature. The
image of a tree or a mountain in the river is a good example of horizontal
symmetry, since we can draw a horizontal line which divides it in exactly
same reflection.
Page 39
Symmetry
A butterfly is a fine example of vertical reflectional symmetry as shown in
the figure below:
Page 40
Symmetry
There are many such examples as
our face, Eiffel tower, English letters A, H, O, T, U

V, W, X,Y, etc.
Page 41
Rotational symmetry is a type of

symmetry in which the image is rotated to a certain
degree about at axis (generally center) and still look
same as previous.
Rotational symmetry does possess orders.

When an image is rotated two times and
looks same, it is said to have rotational
symmetry of second order. Similarly, if an
image is rotated three times and still is the
same, then it possesses order three
rotational symmetry, and so on.
Page 42
Examples of Rotational
Symmetry
Images formed by kaleidoscope are one of the best examples of rotational symmetry.
The petals of a perfect

sunflower also follow
rotational symmetry as shown
in the figure:
Page 43
Symmetry
A dart board may also be an

example of rotational
symmetry of order 10:
Page 44
Symmetry
Another example of rotational

symmetry is shown in this
figure:
Page 45
Translational symmetry is a kind of

symmetry in which a particular pattern or design is
shifted from one place to another. That is, a type of
symmetry in which a object changes its place without
rotation or reflection. The exact same image is found on
another place, even the orientation of the image is the
same.
In the image at the left, the shape, size
and orientation of the triangle is exactly
the same. The same triangle is drawn at
another place. Therefore, the two such
triangles are said to have translational
symmetry.
Page 46
Examples of Translational
Symmetry
A chessboard is seemed to follow
translation of black and white
squares.
Page 47
Symmetry
The pattern on room wallpaper follows translational symmetry. Wallpaper designs
are the most common example of this type of symmetry:
Page 48
Symmetry
The honeycomb is also a perfect example of this kind of symmetry.
Page 49
Rosette
Pattern
Rosette pattern is a moiré pattern whose high
frequency reduces its visibility. Rosette patterns have
been used as architectural and sculptural decorations of
the new century.
A symmetry group is the collection of all symmetries of
a plane figure. There are two types of symmetry groups
which are known as rosette symmetry groups. These
are:
1. Cyclic symmetry, and
2. Dihedral symmetry.
Page 50
Cyclic
Symmetry
Cyclic symmetry group has rotation symmetry only
around a center point. If the rotation has n order, the
group is called Cn.
Triskele of the
Amfreville Gaulish
helmet with cyclic (C3)
symmetry.
Page 51
Dihedral
Symmetry
Dihedral symmetry group has rotation symmetry
around a center point with reflection lines through the
center point.
The symmetry group of

a snowflake with
dihedral (D6) symmetry.
Page 52
Rosette Pattern
Create your own rosette pattern using a

Rosette Symmetry Pattern Generator. Visit
the website below.
http://math.hws.edu/eck/jsdemo/rosette.h
tml
Page 53
Frieze Pattern
An infinite strip with repeating pattern is called a frieze
pattern, or a border pattern or an infinite strip
pattern.
A frieze group is the set of symmetries of a frieze pattern,

i.e., geometric transformations built from rigid motions
and reflections that preserve the pattern. This may
include:
• translations,
• glide reflections,
• reflections along the long axis of the strip,
• reflections along the narrow axis of the strip, and Page 54
Examples of Frieze Group Patterns
View some examples of Frieze Pattern and Frieze

Group. Visit the website below,
https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/images/upload_library/4/vol1/architecture/Math/seven.html
Page 55
Tessellations
A Tessellation (or Tiling) is when we cover a surface
with a pattern of flat shapes so that there are no
overlaps or gaps.
Rectangles Different Pentagons Octagons & Squares
Page 56
Tessellations
A regular tessellation is a pattern made by repeating

a regular polygon. There are only 3 regular tessellations:
Triangles Squares Hexagons

3.3.3 4.4.4.4 6.6.6.6.6.6
Page 57
Tessellations
A vertex is just a corner point.
What shapes meet here?
Page 58
Tessellations
Three hexagons meet at this

vertex, and a hexagon has 6
sides. So this is called
a "6.6.6" tessellation.
For a regular tessellation, the pattern is identical at each vertex!
Page 59
A semi-regular tessellation is made of two or more
regular polygons. The pattern at each vertex must be the
same. There are only 8 semi-regular tessellations:
Page 60
A semi-regular tessellation is made of two or more
regular polygons. The pattern at each vertex must be the
same. There are only 8 semi-regular tessellations:
1
To name a tessellation, go around a vertex and write

down how many sides each polygon has, in order ... like
"3.12.12“; and always start at the polygon with the least
number of sides, so "3.12.12", not "12.3.12"
Page 61
Name the other 7 semi-regular tessellations below:
2 3
Page 62
Name the other . . . :
4 5
Page 63
Name the other . . . :
6 7 8
Page 64
ANSWER (Names of the semi-regular tessellations below):
Page 65
Other Tessellations
There are also “demi-regular” tessellations, but
mathematicians disagree on what they actually are.
Some people allow curved shapes (not just polygons) so
we can have tessellations like these:
Page 66
Other Tessellations
Seahorse Tessellation
Fox Tessellation
Goldfish Tessellation
Page 67
Designs, Arts & Culture
Mindanao Designs, Arts, and Culture
Mindanao is the home of 18 tribal groups which have made

weaving their identity, culture, and way of life. For these
indigenous communities, woven textile conveys their creativity,
beliefs, and ideologies, and there are some very interesting
geometrical themes imbedded in this art culture. Some of their
crafts are as follows:
Page 68
There are 18 Lumad ethnolinguistic groups recognized by the

Philippine government. However, there are probably about 25
or more. Owing to the isolation of these groups, the Philippine
census has never been consistent. The Lumads are:
The Subanen Manobo

B'laan T'boli
Mandaya Mansaka
Tiruray Higaonon
Bagobo Bukidnon
Tagakaolo Banwaon
Dibabawon Talaandig
Mamanua Manguangan Page 69
There are also 13 Muslim ethnolinguistic groups:
Maranao Maguindanao
Tausug Kalagan
Sangil Ilanun/Iranun
Palibugan Yakan
Sama Badjao
Jumamapun Palawanon
Molbog
Page 70
The Mandaya people of Davao Oriental are known for

their weaving pattern called ikat using abaca fibers.
Page 71
The Maranao are famous for their sophisticated weaving with

design and colors. A versatile garb called malong is a hand-
woven fabric with beautifully patterned designs.
Page 72
The Yakan people of Basilan are recognized for their

remarkable technicolor geometric weaves and distinctive face
decorations used in their traditional ceremonies.
Page 73
The Bilaan or B`laan are a tribal community of Southern
Mindanao, the name of this indigenous group comes from
the words Bla and An, meaning Opponent People.
The Bilaans have their own system of

weaving using abaca fiber. Before weaving
the typical patterns, rituals are held in
accordance with the Bilaan culture, but only
the weavers know about these rituals and
before making any pattern or design, divine
guidance is first sought. It is believed that the
designs were imparted to the dreamer
through the l'nilong (fairies), who are
considered guardians of nature. Their
handicraft and traditional attires are being
brought to almost every ceremony and are
considered as priceless possessions that are
offered as dowries during weddings and used
as payment for crimes committed against a
Page 74
The Bagobo constitute one of the largest groups

among the indigenous peoples of southern
Mindanao. They are composed of three (3) sub-
groups, namely the TAGABAWA, the CLATA or
GUIANGAN and the UBO. Although they belong to
one socio-linguistic group, BAGOBO, they also differ in
some ways, such as the dialects, dance steps,
costumes and their color preferences to mention a
few.
Page 75
Tuna Fish Design for Abundance
Page 76
Traditional Diamond Design
Page 77
Python Skin Pattern
Page 78
Wedding Blanket for Prosperity
Page 79
1. Can you name /describe the pattern in the design

below?
Page 80

below?
Page 81

below?
Page 82

below?
Page 83
5. Can you name or

describe the pattern in
the design below?
Page 84

below?
Page 85

below?
Page 86

below?
Page 87

below?
Page 88
10. Can you name/describe the pattern in the design

below?
Page 89

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GE 112 - Mathematics in the Modern World

At the end of this lesson, students are expected to:

1. Apply geometric concepts in describing and

1. Contribute to the enrichment of the Filipino

An n-gon is a polygon with n sides (e.g., a triangle is a 3-gon).

A polygon is a two-dimensional example of the more

Sphere Cube Cylinder Pyramid

Solids come in 2 types: non-polyhedra and polyhedra.

Non-polyhedra describes any geometric solid that has any surface

Pentagonal prism Truncated Truncated

Some of the Polyhedra are called Truncated. Truncated means

The pictures below show a cube, and then a truncated cube.

A Platonic Solid is a special type of

NAME Number of Faces

The Five Platonic Solids

▪ Figures in a plane can be reflected,

▪ Which of the following transformations appear

The image is not

⚪A rigid transformation is called an

▪ In the figure at the left, ΔPQR

⚪ In the figure at the left, ΔPQR is

▪ You are using the stencil pattern shown below

▪ How are the ducks labeled, B, C, D, E, and F related to

Duck C and E are translations of Duck

▪ How are the ducks labeled, B, C, D, E, and F related to

Ducks B,D and F are reflections of

● Which clock faces have rotational symmetry? For

● Rotational symmetry about the center,

Moving from one dot to

● Does not have rotational

● Rotational symmetry about the center

It is a translation and YY'' is twice LM Page 34

Compare the measure of XOX'' to the

Symmetry is the beauty of form

Geometrical symmetry is of three types. These

Reflectional symmetry is a kind of symmetry in

Reflectional symmetry is also known

our face, Eiffel tower, English letters A, H, O, T, U

Rotational symmetry is a type of

Rotational symmetry does possess orders.

The petals of a perfect

A dart board may also be an

Another example of rotational

Translational symmetry is a kind of

1. Cyclic symmetry, and

The symmetry group of

Create your own rosette pattern using a

A frieze group is the set of symmetries of a frieze pattern,

Examples of Frieze Group Patterns

View some examples of Frieze Pattern and Frieze

Rectangles Different Pentagons Octagons & Squares

A regular tessellation is a pattern made by repeating

Triangles Squares Hexagons

A vertex is just a corner point.

What shapes meet here?

Three hexagons meet at this

For a regular tessellation, the pattern is identical at each vertex!

To name a tessellation, go around a vertex and write

Mindanao is the home of 18 tribal groups which have made

There are 18 Lumad ethnolinguistic groups recognized by the

The Subanen Manobo

There are also 13 Muslim ethnolinguistic groups:

The Mandaya people of Davao Oriental are known for

The Maranao are famous for their sophisticated weaving with