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Senior
Senior High
High School
School
Table of Contents
Lesson 1:
Population of Organisms have Change Over Time .............................
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................
What’s New: Will Survive … ....................................................................................
What Is It ........................................................................................................................
What’s More: Let’s Fur…….......................................................................................
What Is It ......................................................................................................................
What’s More: Natural Selection in Action: Peppered Moth Simulation
Methods ........................................................................................................................
What’s New: Peppered Moth Simulation Analysis …. .............................
What I Have Learned: Synthesizing your Learning ...........................................
What I Can Do: Exit Ticket ........................................................................................
Lesson 2:
Evolutionary Relationships ..........................................................................................
What’s In ........................................................................................................................
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................
What’s New: Homologous and Analogous .......................................................
What Is It: ..................................................................................................................
What’s More: My Cladogram ..................................................................................
What I Have Learned: Exit ticket ……………………………………………
What I Can Do: Online Browsing of Phylogenetic Tree … ...........................
Summary
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Key to Answers ....................................................................................................................................
References ............................................................................................................................................
In this module, I will show you some very interesting topics about life that may
surprise you as we go on to the lesson. The module will also explain how populations
of organisms have changed over time, showing patterns of descent modification from
common ancestors to produce the organismal diversity observed today. You will
explore activities that answer your queries about evolution and be familiar with the
present system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics that will help you
answer the questions pertaining to the process of evolution. You will learn more about
how the population of organisms has changed and continue to change over time, and
its evolutionary relationships. Hopefully, you will appreciate in understanding evolution
that helps us solve biological problems that impact our lives. This allows scientists to
choose appropriate organisms for the study of diseases.
II
General Instructions
What I Know
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Who was the best known for making the thought of evolution acceptable for
scientist in the 19th century?
A. Alfred Wallace B. James Hutton
C. Charles Darwin D. all of the above
2.Through careful observation of Charles Darwin, which phrase best described where
Darwin came to know that?
A. populations of plants and animals in nature most frequently contains
individuals that are clones of every other
B. those individuals whose variation gives them a plus in staying alive long
enough to breed are more likely to pass their traits on to subsequent generation
C. populations of a species that become isolated from others by adapting to
different environmental niches quickly become extinct
D. all of the above
4. This demonstrates an example of the peppered moths living near English industrial
cities. Which of the following best describes?
A. a change in an environment may result within the evolution of species living
there
B. evolution occurs so slowly that it's impossible to work out that it's happened
in but 1,000,000 years
C. the environment near these cities has always favored dark colored moths
D. none of the above
7. Which of the following that result of the legless condition that is observed in several
groups of extant reptiles.
A. their common ancestor having been legless
B. a shared adaptation to an arboreal (living in trees) lifestyle
C. several instances of the legless condition arising independently of every
other
D. individual lizards adapting to a fossorial (living in burrows) lifestyle during
their lifetimes
8. A phylogenetic tree that is ʺrootedʺ is one, which of the following best described.
A. that extends back to the origin of life on Earth
B. at whose base is found the common ancestor of all taxa depicted thereon
tree
C. that illustrates the rampant gene swapping that occurred early in lifeʹs history
D. that indicates our uncertainty about the evolutionary relationships of the taxa
depicted on the tree.
10. One of the following is best examples of homologous structures, which pair
describes a homologous structure?
A. bat wing and human hand B. owl wing and hornet wing
C. porcupine quill and cactus spine D. bat forelimb and bird wing
IV
12. Which mutation should least require realignment of homologous regions of a gene
that is common to several related species?
A. 3-base insertion B. 1-base substitution
C. 4-base insertion D. 1-base deletion
15. If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the
following would be the best out group?
A. lion B. domestic cat
C. wolf D. leopard
What is evolution? Evolution is a key unifying principle in biology. What are the
indications that show evolution has taken place in the past and is still happening
today? The evidence for evolution is compelling and extensive that has been gathered
supporting the theory of evolution. According to Charles Darwin on his book published
in 1895, the Origin of Species, to identifying patterns in nature that were consistent
with evolution.
Let us discover how the population of organisms changed over time through
natural selection. On the Origin of Species, published by Charles Darwin outlined in
considerable detail his arguments for evolution by natural selection. The theory of
evolution describes a mechanism for species to change over time.
What’s New
Objectives: At the end of this activity, the students will be able to:
Procedure:
A B C
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What Is It
There are two co-discoverers of natural selection, Alfred Wallace and Charles
Darwin. Darwin is the principal theorist of the notion whose most famous work on the
topic is On the Origin of Species in 1859. It is the process by which organisms change
over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. This also
allows an organism to better adapt to its environment, help it survive and have more
offspring. The genetically inherited trait that increases the survival of that species
would persist through the process of evolution by natural selection. Adaptation is when
the genetic trait evolves this process that increases the probability that the species will
survive in a particular environment.
Source: https://www.petmd.com/reptile/nutrition/what-feed-your-frog
What’s More
Objectives: At the end of this activity, the students will be able to:
Procedure:
As shown below, the table gives descriptions of four female mice that live in a beach
area which is mostly tan sand with scattered plants.
1. As stated by the definition given for fitness, which mouse would biologists
consider the fittest? Explain why this mouse would be the fittest.
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2. What color of the fur would be most common among the pups if a mouse fur color
is generally similar to its mother’s color?
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___________________________________________________________________
3. Which mice in the table above would biologists consider the “fittest”? Explain why.
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What Is It
For example, for the mouse that lived in the beach area with tan sand, none of the
mice had a change in the color of their fur; however, due to natural selection, tan fur
was more common for the pups than for the mother mouse. A heritable characteristic
that helps plants and animals to have more offspring which survive to reproduce will
tend to become more common in a population as a result of evolution by natural
selection.
What’s More
With the concept given above, let us now test your knowledge by applying natural
selection through simulation method. Answer the activity that follows.
Materials:
Procedure:
Set up 1:
1. Place the black paper within the center of your group. This represents a
tree in a polluted environment.
2. Empty all the pink and green circles from the Ziploc bag onto the green
paper. The green circles represent the green version of the peppered moth, and
therefore, the pink circles represent the pink version of the peppered moth.
3.The birds eat peppered moths, in this simulation, you will be the bird.
4. You will have 10 seconds to select up as many “moths” as you can and put
them into a pile ahead of you.
5. To simulate a bird’s beak, you may use only your pointer finger and thumb
from one hand. When time is up, count what percentage, “moths” of every color you
bought. Record the results from everyone in your group within the table.
Set up 2:
Procedure:
2. This represents a tree in a clean environment. Now put all the green and
pink circles onto the pink book.
3. Repeat what you did last time. You have 10 seconds to gather as many
“moths” as you can.
What’s New
1.Within the polluted environment (which caused the trees to be green) which
color of moth survived better in your simulation?
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_________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________
2. Why does one think that such color of moth survived better?
_________________________________________________________________
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3. Within the clean environment (which caused the trees to be covered in pink
lichen) which moth survived better?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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Answer the following questions based on your learning. Be brief and concise.
1. Why does a characteristic of an animal help them to live longer that tend to become
more common in the population as a result of evolution by natural selection?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Wolves have genes that give them a very powerful sense of smell much more
powerful than humans, this is an adaptation by natural selection. The wolves that
reproduced more offspring with a better sense of smell thereby increasing the
frequency of those genes in the population that survived longer. Give an example of
adaptations in other organisms that may have resulted from variations that were
favored by natural selection.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. There is a population of a polar bears with thin and thick fur. In cold weather, polar
bears with thin fur do not survive as long because they freeze. In warm weather,
polar bears with thick fur don’t do as well because they overheat.
a) In a very cold climate, which type of polar bear will natural selection favor: bears
with thin fur or thick fur?
c) If the climate gets very hot due to global warming, which type of bear will natural
selection favor: thin or thick fur?
What I Can Do
PART-A
1. What does the theory of natural selection mean to you? Explain in 2 to 3 sentences
only.
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Provide one example of natural selection. The example could be real or fictitious as
long as it shows natural selection.
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Why it is important to understand this concept of natural selection for the benefit of
understanding other ideas in science/biology?
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___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
10
PART-B
4. Design a poster tracing the evolutionary changes in a crop or animals that occurred
through domestication.
11
What’s In
. In the previous lesson, you’ve learned about how organisms change over time.
This new lesson will guide you about the classification of organisms based on
evolutionary relationships. How do we classify organisms based on evolutionary
relationships in the present time? Scientists can build trees to show the evolutionary
relationships of species as a representation of classifying organisms based on
evolutionary relationships, just like you can build a family tree to show the relationships
of your ancestors and their descendants.
How do we know which organisms on a tree are most closely related to one
another? It's tempting to focus on the order of the branch tips on a tree in which lineage
goes to the right and which goes to the left, but in fact, this ordering is not meaningful
at all. Instead, the common ancestry is the key to understanding evolutionary
relationships. As shown in the figure below, common ancestry refers to the fact that
distinct descendent lineages have the same ancestral lineage in common with one
another.
12
Downloaded by Lee Mart Ranches Molina (leemartmolina008@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|10968216
What’s New
Activity 1: HOMOLOGOUS
Objectives: At the end of this activity, the students will be able to:
Procedure:
Carefully examine the drawings of the bones shown in Fig.2. Look for similarities
among the various animals.
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13
This type of evidence for evolution is the presence of structures in organisms that
share the same basic form. For example, the bones in the appendages of a human,
dog, dolphin, and bat all share the same overall construction (Figure 1) resulting from
their origin in the appendages of a common ancestor. Nevertheless, they have
somewhat different forms and functions they are called HOMOLOGOUS
STRUCTURE. However, ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE means unrelated animals have
organs with similar functions, yet are very different in structure and form.
Activity 2: ANALOGOUS
Objectives: At the end of this activity, the students will be able to:
Procedure:
1. Examine the birds' wing and butterfly wing as shown in Figure 2.
14
______________________________________________________________
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_______________
___________________________________________________________________
_____
Guide Questions:
1. List two structures (not from figure 2) that you think are analogous and explain
why.
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_______________
2. Explain the evolutionary relationship between the flipper of a whale and the fin of a
fish.
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______________________________________________________________
______________
The activity mentioned above leads you to understand homologous and analogous,
one of the evidences of the evolutionary processes. Structure in figure 1 have the
same basic limb layout and these belong to the homologous group that is inherited
from common ancestors. These have structures from different species that have a
similar internal framework, position, and embryonic development. On the other means,
analogous have structurally different but functionally the same as birds, bats, and
insects.
15
What Is It
16
The important factor that the organisms in the clade or monophyletic group
stem from a single point on the tree are through varying the size of a clade depending
on which branch point is being referenced. The term monophyletic breaks down into
“mono,” meaning one, and “phyletic,” meaning evolutionary relationship.
17
What’s More
Activity 3: Fill out the following character matrix. Mark an “F” if an organism
has the trait.
1. In your cladogram which two species are more closely related? spiders and
worms or ants and worms? How do you know?
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. In your cladogram, what species are dragonflies most closely related to? How do
you know?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
18
What I Can Do
1. What is phylogeny?
2. Describe the advantages of phylogenetic classification.
Review
1. What is a clade?
2. What is cladistics, and what is it used for?
3. Explain why reptiles and birds are placed in the same clade.
19
Summary
20
Assessment: (Post-Test)
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Who was the best known for making the thought of evolution acceptable for
scientist in the 19th century?
A. Alfred Wallace B. James Hutton
C. Charles Darwin D. all of the above
2.Through careful observation of Charles Darwin, which phrase best described where
Darwin came to know that?
A. populations of plants and animals in nature most frequently contains
individuals that are clones of every other
B. those individuals whose variation gives them a plus in staying alive long
enough to breed are more likely to pass their traits on to subsequent generation
C. populations of a species that become isolated from others by adapting to
different environmental niches quickly become extinct
D. all of the above
4. This demonstrates an example of the peppered moths living near English industrial
cities. Which of the following best describes?
A. a change in an environment may result within the evolution of species living
there
B. evolution occurs so slowly that it's impossible to work out that it's happened
in but 1,000,000 years
C. the environment near these cities has always favored dark colored moths
D. none of the above
21
7. Which of the following that result of the legless condition that is observed in
several groups of extant reptiles.
A. their common ancestor having been legless
B. a shared adaptation to an arboreal (living in trees) lifestyle
C. several instances of the legless condition arising independently of every
other
D. individual lizards adapting to a fossorial (living in burrows) lifestyle during
their lifetimes
8. A phylogenetic tree that is ʺrootedʺ is one, which of the following best described.
A. that extends back to the origin of life on Earth
B. at whose base is found the common ancestor of all taxa depicted thereon
tree
C. that illustrates the rampant gene swapping that occurred early in lifeʹs history
D. that indicates our uncertainty about the evolutionary relationships of the taxa
depicted on the tree.
12. Which mutation should least require realignment of homologous regions of a gene
that is common to several related species?
A. 3-base insertion B. 1-base substitution
C. 4-base insertion D. 1-base deletion
15. If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the
following would be the best out group?
A. lion B. domestic cat
C. wolf D. leopard
22
.
Key to Answers
23
LESSON 1 (Answer may vary depending on how many peppered moths eaten by the bird)
Activity 3: Natural Selection in Action: Peppered Moth Simulation Methods
Set up 1:
Peppered Moth Simulation in POLLUTED Environment
Group Member White “moths” Black “moths” Total “moths”
eaten eaten eaten
Student 1: 26 5 26 + 5 = 31
Student 2: 30 11 30 + 11 = 41
Student 3: 20 7 20+7
TOTAL NUMBER OF 26+30+20=76 5+11+7=23 31+41+27=99
MOTHS EATEN (add up
the numbers from each
column)
PERCENTAGE OF EACH 76/99=76.8% 23/99=23.2%
TYPE OF MOTH EATEN
(divide the number eaten
of each type by the total
number of moths eaten)
LESSON 1 (Answer may vary depending on how many peppered moths eaten by the bird)
24
Activity 2: ANALOGOUS
1. They can both fly
2. Butterfly wings are thin membrane with no bones or skin while birds have
internal skeleton, skin and feathers
25
1. Worms and spiders are more closely related. They have more traits in common.
2. Dragonflies are closely related to the flies. They have more traits in common.
Review
1. A clade is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor species and all of its
descendants.
2. Cladistics depicts hypotheses about how organisms are related, based on traits of
ancestor and descendent species.
3. Reptiles and bird are placed in the same clade because they both have jaws, lungs,
and claws or nails and they include some of the same common ancestors.
Assessment (Post-Test)
1. C 6. D 11. D
2. B 7. C 12. B
3. D 8. B 13. C
4. A 9. B 14. D
5. D 10. A 15. C
26
References
Evidence for evolution | Biology for majors I. Lumen Learning – Simple Book
Production. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sunywmopenbiology1/chapter/
outcomeevidence-for-evolution/
Phylogenies and the history of life | Biology for majors II. (n.d.). Lumen Learning –
Simple Book Production. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-
biology2/chapter/phylogenies-and-the-history-of-life/
25