Lesboek VCA Basis Engels

HER
Opleidingen & Advies

Transport & Logis�ek | ARBO & Veiligheid
CourseBook
VCA
Basic Safety & Safety for

Operational Supervisors
LESBOEK
Basic Safetety
-1- LESBOEK VCA

 HER Opleidingen BV 2018-3
Without the prior express written consent of the rightholder (s), nothing in this publ may beIcatie are multiplied
andor made public by means of printing, photocopy, microfilm or otherwise, which also applies to all or part of
the operation.
The content of this bundle is intended for study purposes only.
HER Training & Advies BV -2-

Introduction
The substance to be studied is divided into 14 chapters, namely:

1. Safety Ordinance 8. Work permits and closed space
2. Accident theory 9. Personal Protective Equipment
3. Dangerous stoFfen 10. Ergonomics
4. Fire and explosion 11. Job Risk Analysis
5. Tools and Machines 12. Business Shipboard
6. Lifting, lifting and walking 13. Promoting safe working
7. Working at height 14. The Intercedent
This Chapter concludes with a number of practice questions, using the same vertical lines that apply
to you. After chapter 14 you will find both the answers to the practice questions of each chapter and a
3 "practice exams" (base, VOL or VIL). The answers of these practice exams are also mentioned. In
addition, we recommend that you also recommend the site of the VCA (http:www.
vcainFra.nl/vca/proefexamens). Here are the most recent test exams available which you can
download to practice.
Exam Tips
Take your time, the available time is ample for each candidate.
First, make the questions that are easy to go. It would be a pity to "pondering" a "difficult" or "unclear"
question/answer right at the beginning of the exam. This gives unnecessary tension! You also have to
give yourself the opportunity to "come in" for a written exam.
If you have any doubts about the two answers, look for the word in the question that might be the way
forward (often this is already in the beginning of the question).
READ CAREFULLY! State, for example: must or may, safety or health, employer or employee.
When you are ready, check if you have answered all the questions; No answer is also wrong!
Be very careful (when you follow all the answers you have given) to change a given answer. Usually
the answer that came first to you is the right. You would not be the last to change an original good
answer.
Be aware that all questions and answers from this course book are not part of the real exam! They
are only meant to give an impression of how these can be posed and to allow you to "practice".
Risks and dangers

The most serious risks that most accidents in the workplace cause are:
• Machine safety • But also carelessness through high working
• Falling from altitude pressure.
• Drive Hazard by Forklifts
Awareness
Through this VCA Basis Course we want to prepare the participants optimally for the VCA exam.
At the back of the Lesboek, you will find some important things to Additional illumination. Also 2 Test
exams make the course an ideal preparation for the exam.
We therefore wish all participants every success,
Re-training Bv
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Toc
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... - 3 -
EXAM TIPS .......................................................................................................................................................................... - 3 -
RISKS AND DANGERS.............................................................................................................................................................. - 3 -
CHAPTER 1 – THE HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW ............................................................................................................... - 9 -
1.1 ARBEIDSOMSTANDIGHEDENWET ........................................................................................................................................ - 9 -
1.2 THE HISTORY OF THE ARBO LAW ........................................................................................................................................ - 9 -
1.3 THE ARBO LAW (GENERAL) ............................................................................................................................................. - 10 -
1.4 TIME IS MONEY ............................................................................................................................................................ - 11 -
1.5 VCA CERTIFICATE ......................................................................................................................................................... - 11 -
1.6 THE BEGINNING OF A GOOD ARBEIDSOMSTANDIGHEDENWET: THE RI&E .................................................................................. - 12 -
1.7 OBLIGATIONS OF THE EMPLOYER ...................................................................................................................................... - 13 -
1.8 OBLIGATIONS OF THE EMPLOYEE ...................................................................................................................................... - 13 -
1.9 RIGHTS OF THE EMPLOYEE .............................................................................................................................................. - 14 -
1.10 LABOUR INSPECTORATE (INSPECTION SZW) ..................................................................................................................... - 15 -
1.11 THE MINING CODE, DECREE CONTINENTAL SHELF .............................................................................................................. - 16 -
1.12 WELFARE .................................................................................................................................................................. - 16 -
1.13 CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................................................................... - 16 -
1.14 SECURITY PASSPORT .................................................................................................................................................... - 17 -
1.15 GUIDE TRAININGS RISKY WORK...................................................................................................................................... - 17 -
CHAPTER 1-MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................................. - 18 -
CHAPTER 2 – ACCIDENT THEORY ................................................................................................................................ - 20 -
2.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................. - 20 -
2.1 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY RISK? ......................................................................................................................................... - 20 -
2.2 SAFETY ....................................................................................................................................................................... - 21 -
2.4 CAUSE AND EFFECT........................................................................................................................................................ - 22 -
2.5 ACCIDENT PREVENTION.................................................................................................................................................. - 24 -
2.6 ACCIDENT PREVENTION.................................................................................................................................................. - 25 -
2.7 HOW TO ACT IN THE CASE OF ACCIDENTS ........................................................................................................................... - 26 -
2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT ................................................................................................................ - 27 -
CHAPTER 2-MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS............................................................................................................................... - 29 -
CHAPTER 3-HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ...................................................................................................................... - 31 -
3.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................. - 31 -
3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT ................................................................................................................ - 31 -
3.2 TOXIC SUBSTANCES ....................................................................................................................................................... - 33 -
3.3 HARMFUL AND IRRITANT SUBSTANCES ............................................................................................................................... - 35 -
3.4 RADIATION .................................................................................................................................................................. - 36 -
3.5 CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES ................................................................................................................................................ - 36 -
3.6 ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES ............................................................................ - 38 -
3.7 MAXIMUM ACCEPTED CONCENTRATION (LIMIT VALUE) ......................................................................................................... - 38 -
3.8 MEASURES AGAINST HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ................................................................................................................... - 39 -
3.9 INFORMATION ON HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ...................................................................................................................... - 40 -
3.10 TEN COMMANDMENTS FOR THE USER ....................................................................................................................... - 41 -
CHAPTER 3 – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................ - 42 -
CHAPTER 4 – FIRE AND EXPLOSION ............................................................................................................................ - 44 -
4.1 EXPLOSIVE OR EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES .............................................................................................................................. - 44 -
4.2 COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS .............................................................................................................................................. - 46 -
4.3 COMPRESSED GAS ......................................................................................................................................................... - 47 -
4.4 OXIDIZING ACTIVE SUBSTANCES........................................................................................................................................ - 48 -
4.4 WHAT TO DO ON FIRE .................................................................................................................................................... - 50 -
4.5 FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS........................................................................................................................................... - 51 -
4.6 WHAT KIND OF FIRE DO WE HAVE TO MAKE? ...................................................................................................................... - 52 -
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4.7 THE DANGERS-DIAMOND ............................................................................................................................................... - 53 -
CHAPTER 5 – TOOLS AND MACHINES ......................................................................................................................... - 58 -
5.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................. - 58 -
5.1 EASY HAND TOOLS ........................................................................................................................................................ - 59 -
5.2 ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS .................................................................................................................................................. - 60 -
5.3 PNEUMATIC HAND TOOLS .............................................................................................................................................. - 62 -
5.4: DEVICES UNDER HIGH PRESSURE ..................................................................................................................................... - 63 -
5.5 FIXED MACHINE TOOLS ................................................................................................................................................... - 63 -
5.6 WELDING AND CUTTING ................................................................................................................................................. - 65 -
5.7 ELECTRICITY ................................................................................................................................................................. - 68 -
5.8 PREVENTION IN ELECTRICITY ............................................................................................................................................ - 71 -
CHAPTER 6 – LIFTING, LIFTING AND RUNNING ........................................................................................................... - 75 -
6.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................. - 75 -
6.2 CRANE ........................................................................................................................................................................ - 75 -
6.3 SOUND CRANES ............................................................................................................................................................ - 76 -
6.4 HOISTING TOOLS........................................................................................................................................................... - 76 -
6.5 COMPOSITE HOISTING TOOLS .......................................................................................................................................... - 80 -
6.6 HOISTS ....................................................................................................................................................................... - 81 -
6.7 FORKLIFT TRUCK ........................................................................................................................................................... - 81 -
6.8 RISKS WHEN LIFTING ...................................................................................................................................................... - 82 -
6.9 RISKS WHEN RUNNING.................................................................................................................................................... - 82 -
CHAPTER 7 – WORKING AT HEIGHT ........................................................................................................................... - 85 -
7.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................. - 85 -
7.1 ROOFS AND DEEPENING FLOORS....................................................................................................................................... - 85 -
7.2 LADDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................... - 86 -
7.3 STEEL SCAFFOLDING ...................................................................................................................................................... - 87 -
7.4 HANGING SCAFFOLDING ................................................................................................................................................. - 87 -
7.5 ROLSTEIGERS ............................................................................................................................................................... - 88 -
7.6 AERIAL PLATFORMS....................................................................................................................................................... - 88 -
CHAPTER 8 – WORK PERMITS AND CLOSED SPACE .................................................................................................... - 92 -
8.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................. - 92 -
8.1 WORK PERMITS............................................................................................................................................................ - 92 -
8.2 APPLICATION FOR WORK PERMIT ..................................................................................................................................... - 93 -
CHAPTER 8-MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................ - 100 -
CHAPTER 9 – PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................. - 102 -
9.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................... - 102 -
9.1 WHEN DO WE USE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)? ........................................................................................... - 102 -
9.2 EYE PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................................................ - 102 -
9.3 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................................... - 103 -
9.4 HEARING PROTECTION ................................................................................................................................................. - 105 -
9.5 HEAD PROTECTION ..................................................................................................................................................... - 107 -
9.6 HAND AND ARMBESCHERMING...................................................................................................................................... - 107 -
9.7 FOOT PROTECTION ...................................................................................................................................................... - 108 -
9.8 BODY PROTECTION...................................................................................................................................................... - 108 -
9.9 FALL PROTECTION ....................................................................................................................................................... - 109 -
CHAPTER 9-MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................ - 110 -
CHAPTER 10-ERGONOMICS ...................................................................................................................................... - 112 -
10.1. WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? ........................................................................................................................................... - 112 -
10.2. MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................................... - 112 -
10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ......................................................................................................................................... - 113 -
10.4 MEASURES TO REDUCE NOISE NUISANCE ........................................................................................................................ - 115 -
10.5 MEASURES AGAINST EXPOSURE TO VIBRATION ................................................................................................................ - 117 -
10.6 PHYSICAL STRESS ...................................................................................................................................................... - 118 -
CHAPTER 10 – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................ - 120 -
CHAPTER 11 – JOB RISK ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... - 123 -
11.1 DIRECTIVE/METHODOLOGY TASK RISK ANALYSIS (TRA) ................................................................................................... - 123 -
11.2 SELECTING A TASK FOR AN ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. - 123 -
11.3 ATTENTION TO THE RISKS ............................................................................................................................................ - 124 -
11.4 TASKS & RESPONSIBILITIES WITHIN THE TRA PROCESS ..................................................................................................... - 125 -
11.5 REGISTRATION.......................................................................................................................................................... - 126 -
CHAPTER 12-COMPANY SHIPBOARD........................................................................................................................ - 130 -
12.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................................................................. - 130 -
12.2 CONTENTS OF THE BUSINESS SHIPBOARD ........................................................................................................................ - 130 -
12.3 OBJECTIVES AND FRAMEWORKS OF THE BUSINESS SHIPBOARD ............................................................................................ - 130 -
12.4 BUSINESS EMERGENCY ORGANIZATION ......................................................................................................................... - 130 -
12.5 THE PHASING ........................................................................................................................................................... - 132 -
12.6 AVAILABLE RESOURCES .............................................................................................................................................. - 132 -
12.8 BUSINESS ASSISTANCE (EMERGENCY RESPONSE).............................................................................................................. - 134 -
12.9 EVACUATION PLAN AND ESCAPE ROUTES ........................................................................................................................ - 135 -
CHAPTER 12 – COMPANY SHIPBOARD .................................................................................................................................. - 139 -
CHAPTER 13 – PROMOTING SAFE WORKING (VOL) .................................................................................................. - 141 -
13.1. THE BURKARDTTHEORIE ............................................................................................................................................ - 141 -
13.2. PROMOTION OF SAFETY BY EXECUTIVES ........................................................................................................................ - 144 -
13.3. SAFETY OBSERVATIONS.............................................................................................................................................. - 146 -
13.4. KEEPING A TOOLBOX OR LINE SAFETY MEETING............................................................................................................... - 147 -
13.5. AANNEMERVEILIGHEIDSGOEDKEURING ......................................................................................................................... - 149 -
CHAPTER 14 – INTERDENTE VCA (VIL) ...................................................................................................................... - 159 -
14.1. DUTIES, DUTIES OBLIGATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... - 159 -
14.1. DOSSIER FORMATION................................................................................................................................................ - 159 -
14.2 TEMPORARY WORKERS............................................................................................................................................... - 160 -
14.3 INSTRUCTION AGENCY WORKERS.................................................................................................................................. - 161 -
14.4 MONITORING/WORKING HOURS AND BREAKS................................................................................................................. - 162 -
14.5 BY CONDUCTION DUTY ............................................................................................................................................... - 163 -
SUMMARY CHAPTERS .............................................................................................................................................. - 164 -
THE EMERGENCE OF AN ACCIDENT ....................................................................................................................... - 186 -
TEST EXAM 1 B-VCA ................................................................................................................................................. - 187 -
TEST EXAM 2 VOL-VCA ............................................................................................................................................. - 191 -
ANSWERS OF TEST EXAMS ....................................................................................................................................... - 201 -
EXAMPLE WORK PERMIT ......................................................................................................................................... - 202 -
INSTRUCTION LAST MINUTE RISK ANALYSIS (LMRA) ................................................................................................ - 204 -
SECURITY ICONS ...................................................................................................................................................... - 206 -
VCA GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................................ - 207 -
ANNOTATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ - 216 -
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Chapter 1 – The ARBO-law
1.1 Arbeidsomstandighedenwet
The Arbo-law Or in full Arbeidsomstandighedenwet aims to ensure an acceptable

level of safety, health and well-being of workers. This means that the employer is
obliged to organize the work in such a way that it is not only healthy, but also safe
and that the employees feel comfortable (or at least as pleasant as possible). The
Arbo-law regulates what the employer and the employees have to do to ensure
good working conditions in their company.
It also urges Arbo-law To continual improvements in working conditions. Working

together is very important. Ensuring working conditions must be part of company
policy. The whole prevents accidents.
The Arbo-law Also stipulates that both the employer and the employee can get
fines when they violate this law and that they can be held responsible for the
consequences of these violations! (Economic offense)
So it is important that you know what is in the Arbo-law State. How else do you
know what you can and should not do. To get the Arbo-law Well understood, we
first go to the history of the Arbo-law Look.
1.2 The history of the Arbo-law
It took a long time before the Dutch government interfered with working
conditions. Working conditions were seen as a matter between employer and
employee.
Some employers have been seriously abused here for a long time. They let their
employees work hard and long for little money.
At the end of the nineteenth century, even small children worked in hazardous
and unhealthy factories.
Often they had to work 14 hours a day for a hunger wage.
The children's wet of van Houten Had to put an end to this in 1874.
The idea was good, but the implementation did not, because there was no control
on it. In 1919, there was a change. Then the Labour Code was introduced and a
year later the Labour Inspectorate (Inspection SZW) was established with three
inspectors. In addition to the ban on child labour, working and rest periods were
settled in the Labour Code. Nowadays these rules are in the working hours. In
1934, the safety law was created. This law was applied in particular to factories,
workshops, agriculture and horticulture and inland waterways. Rules were laid
down for the circumstances under which work could be done. The safety law
regulated matters related to safety, health and hygiene.
The Arbeidsomstandighedenwet (Arbo-law) of 1981 has come in the place of the

safety law.
The requirements of the current Arbo-law relate to the rights and obligations of
both the employer and the employee.
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1.3 The Arbo-law General
The Arbo-law Contains requirements for safety, health and well-being at work
that are only described globally. The requirements of the Arbo-law Be further
worked out in the Osh decision.
Where necessary, technical details and very specific regulations will be further
worked out in the Occupational Health and safety scheme.
The Arbo-law is therefore also called a framework law. This means that it only
mentions the general rules. To know the exact arrangement you have to look '
further ' and you will therefore come to the Arbo decision and the Arbo
regulations. Precisely because all these codes are very complicated, the Ministry
had developed several publications sheets (P-sheets) which in a comprehensible
language told what exactly had to be done.
The developed P-blades are, however, a mixture of laws and regulations and an
"own" interpretation of this. As a result, it was very unclear whether something
was obligatory or not.
Therefore, the P-sheets have been replaced by Arbo policies.

The health and safety policy rules are designed to provide a practical
interpretation of the health and safety legislation.
Finally, there are health and safety information sheets (AL-sheets). Al-Blades form
information material. They should therefore not be classified as a code.
Examples include:
• AL-1 Osh and absenteeism policy
• AL-3 Asbestos
• Al-4 noise at work
• Al-5 Private rooms
• Al-6 carcinogenic substances and processes
• Al-11 guards and machinery protections
• AL-14 premises equipment, transport and storage
• AL-15 safe working on roofs
• Al-16 protections of wall and floor openings
• Al-17 Lifting and accessory and safe hoisting
• Al-19 Paint processing
Improving working conditions can therefore generate money. You can see it as
an investment.
How can you see improvements?
• other machines or installations;
• Another layout of the workplace;
• Improving the working environment – E.g: less dust, less noise, less draught.
This improvement in working conditions will also benefit the quality of the
product or services. You probably have a lot more care for the product, if you
work in a pleasant environment. For example in a less noisy environment a
better concentration at work is possible; You make fewer mistakes.
This is also the case if the machines you are working with are safe. You can
then keep your attention at work rather than always having to watch that
unsafe machine. ensuring Good ArbeidsomstandighedeN is therefore investing
in people.
HER Training & Advies BV - 10 -

1.4 Time is Money
If the working conditions at work are poor, this will cost the company a lot of
money. If a colleague becomes ill by his/her work, the salary must be paid by
the employer. Colleagues should often simply take over the work of the
worker who has fallen out.
A replacement colleague must be first worked out.

You understand that takes time and therefore money!
Accidents canOther employees are And when accidents occur, this is

detrimental toEar:
• victims
• Colleagues
• Labour productivity Comes under pressure
• The good BusinessReputation can be negatively affected.
After an accident, the floor will need to be re-inspected, machinery and

installations will have to be checked.
In short, having an accident takes a lot of time and money.
1.5 VCA Certificate

The VCA certificate is a means of demonstrating that a company meets certain
safety requirements. In order to be eligible for a certificate, there should not be too
many accidents within a company. If there are too many accidents after obtaining
the certificate, the certificate may be withdrawn. Many companies and institutions
require their (sub-) contractor to have the VCA certificate to carry out work for
them.
In addition, a company needs to meet certain questions in order to be eligible for
a VCA certificate.
Examples of such questions are:

• The company has a Policy statement Safety and environment?
• Are the She-risks identified And Evaluated?
• takes place from Vakopleidings Requirements Employees (own and
Third parties), before employment?
• Is there a proprietary She-information at in Diensttreding?
• Have all Operational staff A Safety Training Followed?
• Be the correct Personal Protective Equipment Made available?
• Be She-meetings (Toolbox meetings) held with the Operational
Staff (incl. third parties)?
• Is there Regularly A Pago (Periodic Labour health research) To Work-related Risks
and professional or Functiegebonden Detecting complaints? This is carried out
under a certain group of workers on the basis of The RI&E by the Arbo service; For
example, work stress research or hearing research.
• Is there a system for the Periodic inspection of equipment and resources?
• The company has a Procedure For the Reporting and registering accidents?
Arbo Services have a Advisory Task and the inspection SZW has a Controlling
tBarge.
- 11 - LESBOEK VCA
1.6 The beginning of a good arbeidsomstandighedenwet: the RI&E
If we want to improve working conditions, we will first need to know what risks
exist or may arise during work. The safety of a company starts with a good RI&E.
As from 1 January 1994, all employers are obliged to chart all workplace risks.
This is also known as the risk assessment and evaluation (or in short: RI&E).
The employer may do this risk assessment and evaluation himself, but he must be
supported by an expert.
When all risks are mapped, the employer, together with the employees (or a
delegation thereof), must look at how these risks can be remedied. The outcome
of this discussion must be recorded in writing and called the Plan of Action.
(Action Plan)
The measures in the Plan of Action should, as far as possible, aim at preventing
risks. Only if that is not possible can we look at other solutions, such as
foreclosure of the danger, information and instruction or personal protective
equipment.
In order to ensure that all risks have been taken into account and that the
employer has made a good plan of action, the risk assessment and evaluation
must be monitored by an expert together with the Plan of Action. It is only
when satisfied that the employer has fulfilled his obligations regarding the
RI&E.
In addition, the plan of action must be evaluated annually for completeness

and topicality and If necessary Be adjusted. Every three years, an update or
updating of the RI&E is followed.
Actually, the story starts only now, because now the plan of Action has to be
implemented.

1.7 Obligations of the employer
Under the concept of employer we mean everyone who makes work for
themselves. Also when it comes to unpaid work, such as internships and
voluntary work. The employer is obliged to:
• To set up the work in such a way that it should not adversely affect the safety
and health of workers;
• To combat hazards at source, i.e. to avoid the dangers as much as possible;
• Replace hazardous machinery with safe machinery;
• ensure adequate flight routes;
• To provide a user-friendly (ergonomic) workplace;
• Adapting working methods to the capabilities of staff;
• Inform workers about the outcome of their work;
• Instruct workers on the activities to be carried out and the risks associated
with them; Business Hulpverlenersbureau
• Ensure adequate business Hulpverlenersbureau in the case of calamities and
accidents;
• To take care of alternating work, because monotonous work must be avoided;
• To set up the work in such a way that contact between colleagues is possible;
• To protect third parties (e.g. visitors);
• To provide personal protective equipment (PPE);
• To report serious accidents (or permanent injuries) to the Labour Inspectorate
(inspection SZW);
• Involve the workers and cooperate with them;
• Preventing and limiting disease in workers (sick leave policy);
• Protection against sexual harassment, against aggression and violence;
• Registration of accidents and incidents.
1.8 Obligations of the employee

The Arbo-law Does not only prescribe obligations to the employer but also the
employee has obligations:
• It is forbidden to endanger yourself or anyone else;
• Use machinery, tools, materials and hazardous substances in the proper
manner;
• Protections must operate on machinery and should never be removed or
"bridged";
• Use and maintain personal protective equipment in a proper manner;
• You must actively participate in information and education;
• Dangerous situations must be reported to the direct supervisor;
• You have to participate in research by health and safety experts;
• Cooperate with the employer in relation to working conditions;
• Report safety and health hazards directly to the supervisor.
- 13 - LESBOEK VCA
1.9 Rights of the employee
In addition to a number of obligations, the employee also determines the
rights.
For example, the right to work interruption.
The Arbo-law Provides that an employee is empowered to suspend work if,

according to his reasonable judgement, there is an acute, serious risk to
persons. This danger must be so threatened that it cannot be waited until the
Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW) intervenes. The work interruption must
be reported immediately to the management or employer. It is therefore
entitled to pay the salary.
When an agreement has been reached between the employer and employees
on the reason for the work interruption and the actions to be taken, the Labour
Inspectorate (inspection SZW) does not need to be informed.
This only happens if there is disagreement within the company about the
severity of the danger.
The Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW) may then be asked to assess the
situation.
There are two possibilities:
1. The work interruption must persist.
2. Work must be done again.
In The first case, the employer can then get a fine. If necessary, the Labour
Inspectorate (Inspection SZW) may also determine conditions under which work
may be carried out.
The interruption of the work goes very far, of course. So far it will not come
often. But what if the danger is less serious? Let's look again at the example we
started with. The employer asks you to carry out your work at height, while
people work or walk downstairs (for example, work on the roof of a busy
shopping street).
If the employer gives you the task of doing something dangerous which goes
against the law, then you have the right and even the duty to stop it. In fact, if
you do not, you are committing a criminal offence and you can be held
responsible for the consequences!
A violation of the Arbo-lawThe Arbo decision and the occupational health and
safety system is a criminal offence on which the Law on Economic Offences
(WED) applies. Can be held liable:
• the employer;
• The person who ordered the offence;
• The person who actually gave guidance to the prohibited Act;
• the employee;
• Third parties.
The fine that can be imposed depends on: the nature of the offense, who
commits the offense, a warning has been preceded and/or the offense has
been committed before.

The Labour Inspectorate (Inspection SZW) has set standard amounts for a
large number of offences.
Here are some examples:
Employer
No RI&E ............................................................................... €3,000,-
No Information & Instruction.............................................. €3,000,-
Do not report serious accident ........................................... €2,250,-
No supervision of young workers........................................ €4,500,-
Insufficient emergency responseErs ................................... €3,000,-
Do not prevent fall hazard .................................................. €9,000,-
Exposure to asbestos ..... .................................................... €4,500,-
No or incorrect PPE ........ .................................................... €1,800,-
Employee
Bridging protections ............................................................ €1,800,-
Do not participate in information & teaching ..................... €1,800,-
Use construction lift for passenger transport ..................... €900,-
Do not carry PPE.................................................................. €450,-
Uncertified Use Hefvoertuig ............................................... €450,-
1.10 The inspection SZW

The Inspection SZW (Formerly the Labour Inspectorate) Is Part of the Ministry
of Social Affairs and Employment, Which monitors compliance with the Arbo-
law and the working Hours. The inspection SZW can also carry out inspections
on its own initiative, except in the case of complaints, accidents or licence
applications.
The inspection SZW has the following rights in investigation of causes of an

accident and controls:
• Tests and measurements;
• Create photos and drawings;
• Take samples;
• Carry items or parts for examination.
As an inspection officer SSw Comes along should the Employees

and the Executives Provide all cooperation and Full Give
information In case of any questions from the Inspector.
The employer and the employees are obliged to provide all information and
information relevant to the investigation. The Inspection SZW Has the right to
enter any area where work is being done and to conduct research there. Of
course, the Inspection SZW A confidentiality obligation.
Otherwise they could play business secrets to a competitor!
In order to ensure compliance with the law, the Inspection SZW The following
measures shall be taken:
• require compliance;
• Keep the work quiet;
• Imposing a fine;
• Format a process verbally.
- 15 - LESBOEK VCA
Failure to comply with the law is seen as an economic offense, where fines can
be imposed. Since 1 November 1999, these fines can be Inspection SZW Self-
imposed, this is also called the "Lick on piece Policy". It should also U The
instructions and measures should be followed.
1.11 A Arbo Service

A Arbo service is an expert service in the field of safety, health and well-being
(OSH).
Each company should be connected to an external certified Arbo service, or
have its own internal certified Arbo service.
Tasks of an occupational health service may include:

• Make recommendations in the field of safe working;
• Support in the preparation of a risk assessment and evaluation and Plan
of action;
• Carrying out a function-oriented periodic occupational health
examination or preventive Health Research(PAGO or PMO);
• Working hours;
• Supervising absenteeism.
Arbo Services therefore have an advisory role in the field of working

conditions, while the Inspection SZW A controlling and maintaining Task.
1.11 The mining Code, Decree continental Shelf

The Arbo-law Applies to all employers and employees in the Netherlands.
Since 1 September 1999, the Arbo-law Also applies to work carried out in the
case of a reconnaissance or investigation investigation or in the extraction of
mineral resources as referred to in the Mining Code continental Shelf (art. 2 (a)
Arbo-law).
1.12 well-being
The concept of wellbeing is about the content and organisation of the work. For
example, the promotion of welfare is Employees the possibility To give To
develop in their work within the personal capacities. This May Realized By
training, giving a certain responsibility during work and independence When
performing work. For example, if you can decide for yourself what task you start
with, enrich your work and reduce that stress. It is also important that you get
clear information about the purpose and results. of your work. Because if you
do not know if you do the job well, you can not learn from your work. If you
know what your contribution to the operating result, you can also work more
pleasantly.
1.13 Certification
As well as A Person Such as A Vca Degree Or Can obtain an
emergency certificate, a company can also Certificate. The company
shows that it has sufficient knowledge to carry out certain assignments.
A certified company is tested every year to see if it is still Always
Operates following certificate procedures. In the construction world, the
best known is the VCA certification

VCA is distinguished in 5 categories:
1. VCA * This certification is for smaller Companies with less
than 35 Employees.
2. VCA * * for large (main) contractors with more than 35
Employees.
3. VCA petrochemicals. This certification is intended For
companies carrying out specific contracts (Petro) Chemical
Installations.
4. VCU stands for VGM-Health and environment CHecklist
UItzendorganisaties. This certification is intended for
Uitzendbureau's Who broadcast people in the construction or
petrochemical Industry.
5. VCO stands for VGM-Health and environment CHecklist
OPdrachtgevers. This certification is For large organizations
that run a construction project under their own management.
1.14 Security Passport

In many construction sites and industries, the employee is required to
have a "safety passport". In this pass port Is Indicated About Which
one (Security) Training the holder Features.
1.15 Guide Trainings Risky work

In petrochemicals It is not always sufficient that the employee only has
a VCA certificate but has to have followed additional training.
The risk-benefit Training (GORW) guide shows which courses the
employee is required to have.
- 17 - LESBOEK VCA
Chapter 1-MEerkeuze questions
1. Who is responsible for security in the company?
a. The employer and the employee

b. The Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW) and the Employer
c. The Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW), employer and employee
2. Measures taken by the Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW) May include:
a. Do a test on equipment
b. Format a process verbally, make a claim, shut down the work
c. Keep A periodic occupational health examination
3. What is the employee responsible for?
a. Ensuring safe working methods and machines

b. Organising Information and teaching
c. Proper use of the PPE provided's
4. According to the working hours, the following are prohibited:
a. Labor by women
b. Labor by children
c. Labor in the mines
5. What task does a Arbo Service?
a. Giving advice on safety, health and well-being

b. Drafting implementing decisions
c. The implementation of the Arbo-law Check
6. What is the first step in creating a Health and safety policy?
a. Perform a risk inventory

b. Writing a plan of approach
c. Consultation with a Arbo Service and the Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW)
7. What is the obligation on the employer to Arbo-law?
a. Tackling the dangers to safety or health at source

b. Ensure that employees can contact each other
c. A and B are good
8. When does an employee have the right to suspend work in accordance with the Arbo-law?
a. If ' in his reasonable judgement ' Accuut Serious danger for himself, his colleagues or for
example staff of clients and other contractors
b. If the direct chef is informed immediately
c. If all previous conditions are met

9. Which authority shall monitor compliance with the Arbo-law?
a. The municipality
b. The Inspection SZW
c. The fire
10. What is in the Arbo-law?
a. Fundamental principles for the occupational Safety, health and welfare policy of workers
b. Fundamental principles for occupational safety and health policy in their work
c. Specific rules for the safety, health and well-being of workers in their employment policy
- 19 - LESBOEK VCA
Chapter 2 – Accident theory
2.0 Introduction
"Where chopped, fall chips".
A well-known Dutch proverb, which once again clearly shows that where work
is being done, mistakes are made and unfortunately accidents happen. We are
so accustomed to this that we hardly stand still. It just belongs to it. Every time
we step into the car to make a ride, there is a chance that it goes wrong.
Leather day we go to work too.
Now imagine someone doing their utmost to work safely:
It shall observe all possible safety measures. Would he completely remove the
chance of an accident?
When you Think That 100% "Safe working" ,"Safe driving" or "safe flying" is
impossible, it should be as safe as possible! Working as safely as possible is
based on the principle of "taking an acceptable Assessed Risk where constant
Allertheid Hazards and risks.
2.1 What do we mean by risk?

The notion of risk is often associated with danger. The more dangerous a
situation the greater the risk.
Chance K Exposure B Effect (E)

10 To Expect 10 Constantly 100-catastrophic, many deaths
and/or extreme damage
6 Possible To Expect 6 Daily 40- Deadly Accident
3 UnusualBut Possible 3 Weekly / Occasional 15 Very Serious / Disabled
1 Unlikely, Can In Boundary case 2 Monthly 7 - Serious Injury / Long
Failure
0.5- ImaginableBut 1 Some Times Per Year 3 - Light Injury / Short Failure
Unlikely
0.2- Practical Impossible 0.5- Very Rarely, Sporadic 1 - Low / Injury Without
R: Risk: Action:
Greater than 200 Very high to high risk with a high - Work Stop
probability of accident, absenteeism - Direct Improvements Required
and/or health damage
70-199 Real chance of accident, - Measures TakeBecause
absenteeism and/or health damage Required
69 or less and/or low probability of accident, - Information Sure Make
absenteeism and/or - No Further Measures Required
Health damage
To describe the concept of risk well, we have to look at two things:
1. The Chance That an accident will take place.

2. The Effect This.
An exact definition of the concept of risk is:

risk = probability x effect (R = K x E)

Risk is the degree of probability that a particular ONgewenst effect will occur.
Often the effect of a risk will be immediately clear: a trap of a staircase yields a
sprained only, an airplane accident causes deaths and material damage.
Sometimes the effect of a risk is less clear:

Smoking can cause heart problems or lung cancer at a later age.
Asbestos can cause lung cancer or asbestosis. If we know all the risks, we can
take the management measures to reduce the risks.
The employer is obliged to set up the work so that risks to safety, health and
wellbeing are avoided. He must also give his employees information,
education and teaching about all risks in the workplace. It must also take
measures at the source.
Risk Factors He work

A painter or bricklayer is more dangerous than an administrative employee.
Therefore we distinguish the fullSources of Danger:
• type of work;
• Workplace
• Knowledge and skills Employee (intern or temporary Worker);
• Worker's mentality;
• Welfare worker;
• Use of work equipment.
Type of work: The workplace:

Risicoverhogende Conditions in the
Risicoverhogende Actions are for example: workplace may include:
• Working with hazardous substances • Fire hazard;
• WorkAnd with dangerous tools • Explosion Hazard;
• Working with high pressures • Radiation hazard;
• Working with radiation sources • Electricity
• Excavation and demolition work • Too hard soundproofed
• Working with electricity • Too few Light
• Working in cold • A messy Workplace
• Working in heat • Polluted Airport
• Working in noisy environment • Too high or too low Temperature.
• Working at Heightse • Too short of knowledge ,Competence and
ERvaring of the employee
2.2 Safety
As stated in the introduction, it is not possible to avoid all accidents. There are
situations where nothing can be done. Safety is a relative concept: the one
that is safe for the other is unsafe. That is why we are not talking about safe or
unsafe, but about whether there are any risks and whether these risks are
acceptable.
Definition of safety:
Safety is the conscious taking of an acceptable risk.
In other words: Assessing risks beforehand and making them manageable.
2.3 An accident
- 21 - LESBOEK VCA
Definition of accident:
An accident is an undesirable event, which results in damage and/or injuries.
From this definition a second definition can be derived:

An "almost accident" or "incident" is a usually sudden occurrence, which may
have practically no consequences, but which could have caused serious injury
and/or damage under slightly different circumstances.
Example: A mason Metselt on the 1st floor an exterior wall. He accidentally

drop a brick. The brick falls down and injures someone who comes along. We
are talking about an accident here. If the brick Had just not hit the passer-by,
we would have spoken of a near accident.
2.4 Cause and effect

The cause of an accident
Most accidents are caused by one or more causes.
Heinrich and Lateiner (a psychologist and a safety officer) have delved into the
possible causes of accidents. They developed the Domino theory Divided into
five pieces, namely:
1. Background.
2. Human failure.
3. Unsafe action or situation.
4. Accident.
5. Injury and/or damage.
Injury or damage
The consequence of an accident is often directly visible: material damage
and/or (physical or GeestDirected) injury. However, sometimes it takes longer
for all consequences to be visible. Consider, for example, the disaster at the
Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Some clear consequences were visible
immediately after the disaster, but the total number of victims who have
demanded this disaster is completely unclear.
Years after the disaster, villages had to be evacuated in white Russia and food
was rejected elsewhere in Europe.
In principle, accidents according to their severity of the effects are classified
into three classes:
1. Accidents with serious injuries (death/permanent injury) and/or major
damage.
2. Injuries (recovery) or minor damage.
3. Plaster accidents.
We speak of serious injuries when someone has to be included in the hospital

for treatment or observation in response to the accident.
Unsafe operation and/or situation

Man naturally has the instinct to self-preservation.
It is therefore not logical for someone to be in a dangerous situation. After all,
this goes against the natural instinct! There are several reasons why someone
is acting unsafe or creating an unsafe situation. Let us first clarify the
difference between an act and a situation with some examples.

Instinct to self-preservation
Examples of unsafe actions
• Walk over a jetty from which scaffolding boards have been removed;
• Hang the hunk;
• Do not use abrasive glasses during grinding work;
• Attaching a hoist to a Railing to hoist materials.
Examples of unsafe situations:

• Uneven pavement in the workplace;
• insufficient protections on machines;
• Lack of order and cleanliness;
• Gases, vapours or dust in the workspace;
• Insufficient lighting or ventilation.
An unsafe situation is something you can take.

An unsafe act is something you do or do not do.
Research shows that 80% of all accidents are due to unsafe operations and
only 20% to unsafe situations. As has been said, it is not logical that man
should be in a dangerous situation. However, research proves otherwise: in
80% of all accidents, human beings play the main role. To explain this, we have
to step back and see which points affect this human failure.
Human failure
Unsafe operations and unsafe situations are largely theOLG of human failure.
With AfterPressure should be pointed out that there can be no Be said that
the affected are always the cause of unsafe acts and situations. In many cases,
the victim of the Human failure of another.
The basis of this is the following three

points:
• Don't know
• Cannot
• Don't want to
Examples of human failure include:
• are not aware of the risks of the work; LMRA

• Do not possess the necessary expertise; Training
• Business blindness, by the danger To Underestimate
• Insufficient experience;
• Do not have the right resources;
• Insufficient time to do the work carefully;
• Know the safety rules, but find "exaggerated";
• Tough behavior;
• Habit, has been working so for years and always went well.
- 23 - LESBOEK VCA
This automatically arrives at the first step in the Ongevaltheorie Of LintelNer
and Heinrich: "Background".
Background
Also, human failure has several causes. With one word we call that:
background.
We can then distinguish four main categories:

1. Character and construction
• Some people are naturally lazy, they will do everything to make the work
as easy as possible. These people will often endanger themselves and
others;
• Others think it is important to behave toughly and take unnecessary risks;
• There are also people who are naturally very uncertain. This too may
endanger another.
2. Education and Training
• Someone is accustomed "from home" carelessness;
• A previous boss worked differently, but it was not so close;
• Someone did not have the right training for the work;
• It was never told that it was dangerous.
3. Organisational and Working conditions
• The right resources are not present;
• No protections have been made;
• There are no or insufficient good personal protective equipment;
• A bad atmosphere within the company, the handling of colleagues or the
way the chef gives guidance, makes for annoyance;
• No order and cleanliness within the company, which keeps clutter and
dangers not being discovered or too late.
4. Private circumstances
• Even if someone has problems on the home front, that may be a risk at
work. These people often "don't mind" and don't see the risks.
2.5 Accident Prevention

Now that we have deepened our efforts in the emergence of accidents and
their consequences, it is high time to look at what measures we can take to
prevent accidents.
In order to prevent an accident, we must ensure that there are no unsafe acts
and that no unsafe situations arise.
What happens when someone performs an unsafe operation or when you
encounter an unsafe situation?
1. Stop the unsafe operation and lift the unsafe situation.

If you see someone dangerously busy, warn him immediately. If you see an
unsafe situation try to eliminate it. If this is not possible, you must Turn on a
chef's help!
2. Examine the reason for the act or situation.

If you know the reason for the act or situation, you will find out whether it is a
mistake, that it is inattentive or that someone does not know how to Must
deal with. An unsafe situation can be shielded or secured.

3. Take measures.
When the cause is known, measures can be taken to prevent recurrence. This
can be for example:
• providing information,
• Providing the right resources,
• Give someone another job.
• It can even lead to the dismissal of someone!
• For a dangerous situation can be warned by means of ribbon, signs, or
streaks on the ground.
4. Check for result.

It is often necessary that someone then also checks whether the measures
taken are being adhered to.
2.6 Accident Prevention

Occurrences in unsafe operations and unsafe situations can prevent accidents.
Actually, it's already too late. That is why we can do something better
beforehand. This is called prevention. Prevention never ceases.
In the prevention we look at a number of key points:

A. People
B. Organisation
C. Technique
D. Environment
People
We have already seen that 80% of all accidents are caused by human action.
Within an organization we see a number of important points:
* Hasty urgency is seldom good! When people are in a hurry, they don't look
right where they run and they pay less attention to their environment.
In addition, more sloppy work is done and more mistakes are made.
* An uncleaned work environment can cause many accidents.

You can stumble and fall over tools, slip over oil or grease etc. It is therefore
important that the workplace is always cleaned up.
Moreover, untidy dust or sawdust can cause health damage in the longer
term. Many diseases are transmitted by dust particles that are in the air.
It is important to exchange the work. Often monotonous work can lead to a
concentration loss which can cause many mistakes.
The organization
Within the company there must be written regulations in which agreements
have been made about safe working. Despite that, Everyone should stay alert
and continue to think. VCA can play a role in this.
Technique
When buying new machines we have to dwell on the safety of the device.
What about the design? Where are the protections? Is the device easy to
handle? Where can we best put it, without it standing in the way?
- 25 - LESBOEK VCA
Safe machines are recognizable aCE marking. This marker Indicates that the
machine complies with the European Agreements on the minimum safety
requirements of the Product. So it says nothing about the quality. It is also
important to ensure that and ergonomic and that they are supplied with a
good user manual.
The area
Here we can think of two things:
1. The impact of the workplace on the people present at work.
2. The work can also cause damage to the environment.
There are risks to humans and the environment. We can devise measures to
protect them, such as:
• Stringent requirements for tools and machines (think of noise);
• Ensure that the minimum possible harmful emissions or waste is released
in different production processes;
• Reuse water instead of draining.
Even though measures have been taken, accidents can still happen. Then it is
important to protect the people from the consequences of the accident. This is
done with personal protective equipment, warnings and markings.
You can think of:

• The use of helmet, safety shoes and hearing protection;
• Use fences on the spot where you need to work;
• Placing warning signs;
• The use of test devices;
• Places of fire extinguishers and know how to use them.
This does not mean that complete safety is guaranteed.
Protective equipment only reduces the impact of an accident, so it does not

have to mean that nobody can be injured.
Example.
A carpenter lets his hammer of 8 meters height fall down.
The hammer falls on the head of a colleague. If the affected helmet is not
Had worn, then he could have been dead, but now there is "only"
A tear in his helmet and he has a slight concussion.
2.7 How to act in the case of accidents

Report the accident immediately so that the injuries are minimised.
Accidents with and without injuries should always be reported immediately.
The same applies to an almost accident. Injuries, however small, should be
treated.

Accident without serious injury
• Beware of danger to yourself;
• Make sure that no more people become victims;
• Change as little as possible to the location of the accident.
Each accident must be reported to the direct supervisor. Sometimes the

business assistance (emergency response) will have to be enabled. A business
settlement has learned to perform life-saving actions in the victims, to report
calamities, to clear a working environment and to communicate with internal
and/or external emergency services.
One in 50 attendees should be trained as an emergency-er.
Report
Also, almost accidents need to be reported. This to learn from the mistakes
made. This will prevent real accidents the next time.
Accident involving serious injuries (emergency number 112)

In the event of an accident involving serious injury, professional assistance
must be enabled. In addition, immediate management must be warned
immediately.
In any case, the following information must be given as clearly as possible:
• Your name and department;
• The location of the accident (as precisely as possible);
• nature of injuries;
• The number of victims;
• The place where the ambulance should come.
Wait until the ambulance has arrived or let someone else do it.
Accident Registration
After an accident or almost accident, it has to be registered. These are
standard forms (see example). This form makes the Mak-Easier To describe an
accident.
The form can also be used to describe environmental incidents.
The form is usually filled in by the chef or the Arbo Employee.

This will ask questions about the occurrence of the accident or incident.
Registering almost accidents can make an instructive contribution for the future.
2.8 Environmental Management Act
Before we start treating all categories, it is important to know how to identify

hazardous substances. Some substances are difficult to recognize. You can't always
see, smell, taste or feel or a substance is dangerous.
- 27 - LESBOEK VCA
This law is intended to
• Protect people and the environment from harmful effects of
BusinessActivities
• Emissions and waste streams. Limit
• Ensure efficient and correct disposal of
Waste.
This can be achieved by example:

• Production processes Fit
• Emissions to Limit
• Reduce waste streams and Separate
• Economical and efficient Energy
• Economical and efficient use of natural hUlpbronnen.
This law also states how the manufacturer for the user Identify
dangerous substances by means of a label.
In addition, the manufacturer is obliged to put all important information from a hazardous substance
on a safety information sheet and to provide it with the product.
Hazardous substances are therefore always recognisable by the packaging. The danger is always by means of a
Symbol.
A new appointment has been made to classify and label chemical substances in the same way. This appointment
will be Guid Harmonized System, abbreviated to GHS. With the GHS The well-known orange danger symbols
and the associated Gevaarszinnen (R-phrases) and safety recommendations (S-phrases).
These are replaced by new pictograms and new indications of danger (H-phrases) and precautionary measures
(P-phrases). The enforcement of GHS is regulated by the Environmental Management Act.
REACH is a European regulation on the production of and trade in chemical substances. It describes what
companies and governments have to adhere to. REACH stands for: registration, evaluation, authorisation and
restriction of chemical substances. This Regulation applies to all countries of the European Union.
Categories of substances under REACH
REACH may impose bans or restrictions on the production, use or importation of certain harmful
substances. All chemicals are covered by REACH, with a few exceptions such as radioactive substances, waste
and pesticides. This applies to other legislation. Substances incorporated in mixtures (paints and glues) are also
covered by REACH.
REACH also establishes rules for substances in articles, such as toys or household appliances. For example,
companies have to pass on to their customers when there are very worrying substances in their products.

Chapter 2- Multiple Choice questions
1. "The degree of WaarschijNlijkheid "in the concept of risk Means:
a. The extent of the consequences

b. The size of the probability that a certaine Unwantede HappenTenis Will occur
c. The longer-term effect, for example an occupational illness
2. The size of a risk depends inter alia on:
a. The Arbo Service and the Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW)

b. The type of work and the workplace
c. The remuneration and conditions of the insurance company
3. A scaffolding pipe falls and injures someone. We call this:
a. A risk
b. A confluence of circumstances
c. An accident
4. According to the Domino theory of Heinrich and Lateiner Is the result of an accident:
a. Injury
b. An unsafe act/situation
c. Injury and/or damage
5. Grinding without wearing a grinding glass is a:
a. An unsafe act
b. An unsafe situation
c. An acceptable risk
6. During a storm, insulation plates are loose on the Roof. We call this:
a. An unsafe situation
b. Force majeure
c. A confluence of circumstances
7. Events to be reported are:
a. (almost) accidents
b. Incidents
c. A and B are correct
8.80% of all accidents are caused by:
a. Human action
b. Force majeure
c. Technique
- 29 - LESBOEK VCA
9. According to the Domino theory of Heinrich and Lateiner is the direct cause of unsafe operations and
Situations:
a. The accident
b. The human failure
c. Injury and/or damage
10. Who's task is it to promote security?
a. The executives
b. The executive co-workers

Chapter 3-Hazardous substances
3.0 Introduction
Hazardous substances are in the spotlight. Everyone has read or heard
something about it. Newspapers, television and radio messages regularly
about events with dangerous substances. At work, we have a daily deal of
dangerous substances in almost every industry. Consider fuel for transport or
nicotine in the canteen. The next two chapters deal with what dangerous
substances are and what the risks of these substances are.
Appearances of substances
All existing substances can occur in three states,
namely:
• Solid:
Stone, wood, plastics, metals, asbestos, but also very small Dust
particles of wood or soot particles in smoke;
• Liquid:
Water, paint, spirit, gasoline, but also nebulae of liquids;
• Gas:
Natural gas, LPG, butane, methane, propane, acetylene, but also
vapours of liquids.
Depending on the circumstances and the way of use, it can be said that all
substances can be dangerous!
Take for example kitchen salt. Not in itself a hazardous substance, eChter
when someone is chasing a pound of salt onEat this can Health damage Cause.
Every SGreat, however innocent, Is Harmful to health, when the dose is high
enough.
However, we do not include common salt under the category of hazardous
substances. We Call a substance dangerous only if it produces damage to
humans, animals, plants, goods or materials in relatively small amounts.
3.1 Environmental lawManagement

Before we start treating all categories, it is of course important to know how
you can identify hazardous substances. Some substances are difficult to
recognize. You can not always see,
Smell, taste or feel or a substance is dangerous. The recognisability of
hazardous substances is governed by the law Environmental Management
(WM). It states how the manufacturer and the user must make dangerous
substances identifiable by means of a label. In addition, the manufacturer is
obliged to put all important information of a hazardous substance on a safety
data sheet and to provide it to the users.
Hazardous substances are therefore always recognisable by the packaging. The

danger is always indicated by means of a symbol. On the next page you can
see how you can identify dangerous substances to their symbols.
The label also contains the so-called R-and S-phrases. RIsico) phrases indicate
the particular hazards of the substance in question and the S (Afety)-Phrases
the safety recommendations against those dangers.
- 31 - LESBOEK VCA
All R and S phrases have a number. Sometimes only the numbers on the label
are listed. In the Chemistry card book and other manuals you can find the
corresponding phrases. Usually the phrases are listed behind the numbers.
R and S phrases have since been changed to H and P. (Hazard and

Precaution)
Examples From H-Phrases are: Examples of P-Phrases are:

R 7 can cause fire S 4 away from accommodation storage
R 20 Harmful by inhalation S 11 Avoid contact with air
R 24 PoisonGing in contact with skin S 21 Non Smoking during use
R 36 Irritating to eyes S 37 Wear suitable gloves
R 47 may cause birth defects S 50 not mix with... (To be given by the manufacturer)
Symbol Ghs Category Meaning

Old Symbol
Explosion An exploding bomb. The symbol for
explosive substances. These
substances can explode in contact with
a flame, when heated and at bumps or
friction. Examples are ammunition and
fireworks.
Oxidizing A flame above a circle. The symbol for
Oxidizing Substances.
The danger of these substances is that
they contain oxygen. They make sure
everything that is a bit flammable is
extremely bright going to burn.
Examples are peroxides and
hardeners.
Fire hazard a flame. The symbol for combustible
materials. Examples are gasoline,
natural gas and production blocks.
Toxic A skull above two bones. The symbol

for toxic substances. Toxic substances
can cause serious health damage when
ingested. Examples are pesticides and
rat poison.
Harmful and irritating The symbol for harmful and irritant

substances. These substances may
cause damage to inhalation, ingestion
or absorption by the skin. However,
there is more to be needed than in toxic
substances. Examples are paint
products and glue.

Corrosive or A drop on a hand and on a plate. The
corrosive symbol for corrosive substances. These
substances affect material. In some
cases, toxic or combustible gases may
be emitted. example is battery acid.
Environmentally A dead tree and fish. The symbol for

hazardous environmentally hazardous
substances. These substances
have a destructive influence on
plant and animal life. Examples are
fuel oil and solvents.
Long term Health Products containing substances that are

damage (suspected) carcinogenic or otherwise
harmful to health and reproduction.
There is no symbol in the current
system
For combustible gases it is red.

The marked symbols are transport labels
We can therefore distinguish the following hazard categories: Learn

• Toxic substances;
• Harmful and irritant substances;
• Radioactive substances;
• corrosive substances;
• Environmentally hazardous substances;
• Explosive substances;
• Flammable substances;
• Oxidising substances;
In This chapter we want to deal with the first five categories mentioned.
3.2 Toxic Substances

Gif is the name of a substance that already disrupts the normal functioning of
the (human) body in small amounts. There are large differences in toxicity
between different substances. There are substances of which a very small
dose is already lethal (think of the bite of a venomous snake).
Toxic substances can penetrate our bodies in different ways.
Recording by Mouth
Many toxic substances are swallowed. Sometimes consciously, (alcohol or
pills) sometimes unconsciously, for example by storing food in the vicinity of
chemicals or by eating and/or drinking with dirty hands or with dirty cutlery.
Washing hands for eating, drinking (or smoking) can then prevent poisoning.
Skin absorption
Some products are quickly absorbed through the skin, for example, solvent
and degreasing agents. Our skin is porous, it "breathes" and can sweat. Our
skin is not really "waterproof" or "airtight".
- 33 - LESBOEK VCA
Washing hands with solvents is therefore an example of an unsafe act,
because hazardous substances can easily penetrate through the skin. Not only
fluids that come into contact with the skin are absorbed by the skin.
Also spray, gas and vapour hanging in the ambient air can be absorbed by the
skin.
Absorption through the nose (respiratory organs)

Our inhalation air consists of 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen.
Hazardous substances can be prevented In ambient air.
When ingested through the respiratory organs, the hazardous substance can
enter the blood through the lungs. The nose is used as a filter, but only large
dust particles remain behind. Small particles penetrate further and may
eventually end up in the blood.
In addition to dust particles, poisoning can also occur by inhaling gas, smoke,
vapour or mist.
Direct absorption into the bloodstream

Dangerous substances can also be placed directly into the bloodstream via
wounds. Especially in abrasions, the skin is damaged over a long distance and
dangerous substances can be absorbed easily and quickly into the body. The
steps in a rusty nail or the bite of a venomous snake are also examples of
direct absorption of hazardous substances into your bloodstream.
Factors influencing poisoning

There are several factors influencing the "degree" of poisoning:
• The toxicity of the substance;
• The condition of the victim;
• The weight of the victim;
• The age of the victim;
• The amount of venom that is absorbed by the body.
How much toxic substance the body eventually absorbs also depends on a
number of factors:
• The concentration of the substance;
• The duration of the infection;
• The surface of the skin that has been in contact with the
Hazardous substance;
• The place of touch (thickness of the skin);
• Temperature (high temperature causes faster uptake
Through the skin, because the pores are further open);
• The gravity of the work (heavy work causes a faster and
Deeper breathing, allowing more venom to be inhaled).

Poisoning Symptoms
We know two types of poisoning:
1. Acute poisoning:
Poisoning after one-time exposure to a toxic substance. The
phenomena are then generally visible quickly. Quickly can vary from a
few seconds to several hours, for example chlorine gas.
2. Chronic poisoning:
Poisoning after prolonged and repeated exposure to a toxic substance.
The effects are noticeable only after years. Sometimes even at a later
age, for example lead and cigarette smoke.
In acute poisoning, someone can become unconscious and eventually die.

Before this happens, depending on the type of venom, one or more of the
following phenomena may occur:
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Equilibrium disorders;
• stomach cramps;
• Nausea
• vomiting tendencies;
• Palpitations
• tightness and blurred or double vision.
When a victim shows signs of poisoning, it is important that immediate

medical attention is invoked. Always indicate the name of the substance when
enabling assistance, so that good preparations can be made of the emergency
services.
On the safetyInformation Sheet (which in chapter 3.1 has already been

mentioned and is covered extensively in Chapter 4) are data that are
important when granting first aid. If you are not sure what to do, always
consult this information sheet first before taking action yourself.
3.3 Harmful and irritant substances

In the previous section we have seen that different substances have large
differences in toxicity. We call a substance harmful or irritating if the
substance only poses a risk of a limited nature.
Irritants can cause inflammation by prolonged or repeated contact. The effect

of an irritant is strongly dependent on the condition of the person working
with it.
- 35 - LESBOEK VCA
3.4 Radiation
It would go too far to explain exactly what radioactivity is.
That doesn't have to be the case, because so often you won't have to deal
with it.
Moreover, we know all about radiation:
Light is a form of radiation that we know. At first glance harmless, but.... do

not look directly into the sun, because then damage your eyes. Do not go too
long in the afternoon sun, because then you risk of skin cancer.
X-rays is another known form of radiation. Everyone has seen an X-ray. Maybe
you've been scrutinized yourself. You feel nothing, see nothing, while there
are rays pushing across your body! So, X-rays penetrate through material
without our human senses being able to perceive it.
Ionizing radiation of radioactive substances behaves like X-rays. After all, X-

rays are also ionizing. That is what makes ionizing radiation so dangerous: you
don't see it, it doesn't feel, but it goes right through your body and destroys
cells, causing a malignant tumour to develop.
Now ionizing radiation is not always dangerous. There are two ways to protect
ourselves very well:
1. When radioactive material is packaged properly, we do not have to worry

about anything. The packaging then stops the radiation.
2. Ensure that we stay as far away as possible. The strength of the radiation
decreases greatly when the distance is rising.
The most important rules for radioactive substances are, therefore, to

maintain distance and ensure that packaging of radioactive substances
remains undamaged.
3.5 Corrosive substances

Corrosive or corrosive substances may affect contact material.
They can, for example, corrode metal. Also, living tissue can be affected by a
corrosive substance so that it dies or even completely dissolves!
Corrosive substances affect the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Instead of
tarnishing, you could also say "Aanvreten", because that is what corrosive
substances actually do.
The label belonging to this category bears witness to it.
Corrosive substances differ quite in their corrosive properties.

Some fabrics do tissue die off, others irritate "just". In certain cases, the
corrosive substance goes right through your skin and destroys the tissue
underneath. Sometimes to the bone!
Some substances also have the peculiar characteristic that you do not feel a
severe pain immediately. Sometimes it only prikts or itches a bit. The pain then
comes later, if it is too late!
Caustic Soda is an example of such a substance.

Corrosive substances can be viewed in a variety of forms: as solids (granules,
flakes or powder), liquid (mist) or as gas (vapour).
Corrosive substances can be divided into two main categories: Acids and lied.
Both substances are equally dangerous. Acids and alkalis are each other's
opposites. When you mix an acid and a lye, it is accompanied by a violent
reaction (bubbling, splashing, heat development) and the development of
(hazardous) gases. When a corrosive substance comes into contact with
certain other substances, hazardous gases may arise. These gases can be toxic,
harmful, irritating, or even corrosive again.
An important difference between acids and alkalis is that an acid on the skin
prikts and thus gives a significant warning. A lye does not do that. That means
it can do its destructive work without you noticing it directly.
For the presence or absence of hazardous gases, our odour perception

is not a good indicator because many hazardous fumes or gases do not
smell or colour And the odour limit can be far above the permitted limit
value. also can The odour of a hazardous substance is masked by
other, non-hazardous Substances. Smell is a subjective perception and
is also strong person dependent.
Natural gas is naturally odorless. By adding a scent to it, we can

discover in time when gas escapes. However, we cannot always rely
on this because:
• Many hazardous fumes or gases have no Odour or colour

• Odour limit may exceed the permitted Limit value
• Odor of the hazardous substance may be masked by other,
Non-hazardous Substances
• Odour is subjective or Person dependent
Never rely on the olfactory organ. Measuring is knowing.
Cement
Cement Can At Inhalation Irritation Of The Respiratory tract Cause. Cement
may cause severe eye injury in contact with eyes; Once cement is mixed with
water, and during prolonged contact skin irritation may occur. In case of
repeated contact with the skin, a hypersensitivity (eczema) may occur;
- 37 - LESBOEK VCA
Additional protective measures must be taken when working with corrosive
substances:
• Wear good protective clothing: (rubber gloves, boots or acid-resistant
safety shoes, facial protection and an acid-resistant overall
• ensure good ventilation;
• Ensure separate processing of the residues in the appropriate vessels.
If something does go down, rinse immediately with plenty of water and warn a
doctor. In the latter case, always indicate the name of the material and include
the safety data sheet for any treatment.
3.6 Environmentally hazardous substances and infectious substances

Environmentally hazardous substances are substances which may cause
damage to the environment (major) in the case of discharge. Examples of
these substances are oil products, solvents and heavy metals.
Infectious substances are substances that can create diseases in humans and
animals. They are often substances that contain bacteria, fungi, viruses or
algae. Examples are polluted water, contaminated soil and waste from
slaughterhouses.
3.7 Maximum accepted concentration (Mac)

The maximum accepted concentration (short limit value) is the maximum
permitted average concentration of a gas, vapour, mist or dust in the air at the
workplace. The maximum accepted concentration of a substance is
determined by the Government, applies to everyone and is regularly adjusted.
If this value is not exceeded, there is no health risk to humans, as far as is
Mac View known. In determining this value, the position shall be taken as far as possible,
whereas this concentration should not be detrimental to the health of the
worker and its offspring, even in the case of repeated and long-term use.
Of some substances, the The Not known. That is not to say that these
substances are harmless.
It just wants to say that we do not yet know if, and how dangerous they are.
The two units in which the BorderValue is expressed are mg/m3 (milligrams
per 1000 litre) And Ppm (Parts Per Million) Ppm means: a particle of a
substance on a million particles of air.
The BorderValue is a "time weighted average" (TGG) This means that this
value only applies under the following conditions:
• An exposure of up to 8 hours per day and not more than 40 hours per
week;
• In the case of work under normal effort;
• For healthy adult people only;
• A working life long (30 years);
• As far as current knowledge reaches.
Besides the "ordinary" MAC value A MAC-C value is mentioned. C then stands
for the English word Ceiling that ceiling means. It is no longer a question of
maximum permitted average concentration, as in the case of normal MAC

value, but to make an absolutely Maximum. This concentration Should never
be exceeded (even for a very short period)!
Limit Value-C
At a MAC value are sometimes extra letters. For example, hydrochloric acid
has a MAG value of 5 Ppm C. This c means Ceiling, the English word for ceiling.
This means that the mag value of hydrochloric acid should never be exceeded
at any time of day.
Limit Value-H
Phenol has a MAC value of 5 Ppm H. This h is of skin. Phenol is also easily
absorbed by the skin. Substances that are also easily absorbed by the skin
often get an H at the MAC value. Beware: A substance without H can be
absorbed by the skin, only less easy than a substance with an H.
The MAC value Is the norm for the maximum accepted concentration of a gas
or vapor in the air. The MAC value Says something about the possible effect on
your health. The lower the MAC, the greater the damaging effect of the
substance.
Limit Value-TGG (MAC time Weighted average)

There is also another MAC-TGG-15 min value. i.e. up to 15 minutes exposure,
then 2 hours not, then again for up to 15 minutes, then again 2 hours not. The
15 minutes value can be reached up to 4 times a day. Measurement can only
be determined by GrEnsValue is reached.
The Limit value and the vapour pressure together determine the risk of a
hazardous substance.
Measurements must be carried out to determine the final concentration of a

substance in the workplace. This is done by specially trained staff that uses
special equipment. In Some companies, a limit value of 20% of the Limit Held.
This means that when observing hazardous substances you should not rely on
your nose, after all:
• Some hazardous substances smell good;
• Some hazardous substances are odourless (e.g. CO, carbon monoxide);
• Colds can cause worse smell;
• One smells better than the other;
• H2S (hydrogen sulphide dust) can turn off the olfactory nerve.
3.8 Measures against hazardous substances

It is clear that we need to do something to prevent contact with hazardous
substances. The Arbo-law Writes the following order of action:
1st measures at source (Source Control);
2nd ventilate;
3rd Separation of people and source;
4th Personal Protection.
Measures at source
Actually, we don't want to use toxic substances at all. We are also doing
everything we can to eradicate the hazardous substances.
If we really have no other choice and decide to use a hazardous substance, we
prefer to use the substance that is the least dangerous. To avoid exposure to
- 39 - LESBOEK VCA
solvents, you can think of water-based paint instead of paint based on
turpentine.
Organisational measures such as VEntilatie

Everyone knows that if you have used turpentine or paint, the whole house
smells like that. We often put windows and doors open during and after
painting to make the stench disappear. This is the easiest way of ventilating.
The best way to do a local contamination is to have an extraction directly
above the workplace (e.g. welding). Fans move and dilute the concentration
dangerouslyE dust in the air only.
Individual Measures such as: Separation from man and source

Sometimes measures may be taken to limit contact with the hazardous
substance. For example by placing a partition wall or fume cupboard, but also
by moving Work or by carrying out the work at a more favourable time. (File
cabinet outside painting instead of in a pressure occupied office)
Personal protection (by using PPE)

The use of personal protective equipment is the last resort to reduce risk. Only
when all other measures cannot be taken (adequately) do we use these
resources. In Lesson 9 We treat the PPE separately.
The above steps are the basis of Control measure and is very important for
VCA
3.9 Information on hazardous substances

Safety or data Sheet
A safety or product information sheet must be supplied by the supplier. The
safety Data sheet is very extensive. According to the ACT Environmentally
hazardous
Substances, the supplier of hazardous substances must provide the user with a
data sheet drawn up in Dutch.
Type of risk Color Risk

0 1 2 3 4
F Fire Red Non- Ignites when Ignites at light Ignites at normal Highly flammable
flammable preheatedng heat heat
H Health risk Blue No obligation May respiratory- Respiratory- Protection- Special
Protection bearing Protection Clothing protection-
required obligatory Clothing
vErplicht
R Reactivity Yellow Normally Not stable if Heavy chemical Can explode at Can explode in
stable heated changes bump or heat normal situation
? Specific hazard White Such as W (Do not extinguish with Water)

3.10 Ten Commandments for the user
1) Read the label and safety instructions for opening the packaging
2) If special security measures are recommended, please take them
before you work with them.
3) Avoid inhalation of dust or vapour as much as possible.
4) Use available ventilation or work outside. If there is an AFSuction,
use it as well.
5) Avoid contact with skin or eyes. Use suitable gloves. Remember that
not every glove is suitable for every fabric.
6) Always wear a wide view glass or face screen when working with
chemicals.
7) If you are in contact with chemicals, clean skin and work clothes.
8) Ensure that chemicals do not come into contact with food.
9) Do not eat, do not smoke and do not apply make-up when working
with chemicals.
10) Do not spill chemicals on the ground and do not dispose of them in
the sewer. Collect used chemicals in the appropriate barrels.
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Chapter 3 – Multiple Choice questions
1. Chemical substances may:
a. are toxic
b. Flammable
2. MAC stands for:
a. Maximum acceptable concentration

b. Possible acceptable concentration
c. Maximum accepted concentration
3. The air we breathe contains:
a. 15% Oxygen
b. 21% Oxygen
c. 25% Oxygen
4. Factors that poisoning while working in a VerontCleansed Promoting space include:
a. Heavy physical work

b. Duration of exposure
5. The spread of a gas or vapour in a room can be Take place:
a. If a liquid evaporates somewhere

b. If a tank or barrel is opened
6. To know whether the concentration of toxic substances in a Workspace under the MAC value , there must
be:
a. Be well ventilated
b. A filter mask are worn
c. Be measured by an expert with approved measuring equipment
7.What is the right FollowoMeasures?
1 = ventilation,
2 = Source Control,
3 = use of pressOonlijke Protection Equipment
4 = separation from man and source.
a. 2, 4, 1.3
b. 3, 1, 2, 4
c. 2, 1, 4, 3

8. Asbestosis is the result of a:
a. Chronic poisoning
b. Acute poisoning
c. Local poisoning
9. A label of a hazardous substance shall be subject to Other mentioned to be:
a. The name of the producer

b. The danger symbol
10. A difference between an acid and a lye is:
a. An acid prikt on the skin and a lye does not

b. An acid is stronger than a lye
c. An acid is etching and a lye is not
- 43 - LESBOEK VCA
Chapter 4 – Fire and explosion
4. Explosive substances
We all know a few examples of explosives called:
Dynamite, nitroglycerin, gunpowder. That gases can cause explosions will also
be known to us.
Maybe we've even experienced a dust explosion once. What is an explosion

right now?
The answer is as vague as simple: "An explosion is a fire that runs very fast".
Now we know what a fire is, but how can it be that a fire is going very fast? To
be able to understand this, we need to know exactly what a fire is. A fire is a
chemical reaction. A chemical reaction is best compared to mixing paint: you
stop two different colors of paint in a bus, mix it and get a new color with
another property (or in this case color).
In the case of a chemical reaction, you do not mix paint, but two or more
different substances which creates a new substance.
Now first a few examples to make it clear. In the previous chapter we have
seen that dangerous gases can occur when an acid with certain substances
comes into contact.
This is an example of a chemical reaction.
Chlorine gas is the new substance that arises and has different properties than
the acid. An acid is caustic and chlorine gas is toxic!
Another example that we know from practice. When iron comes into contact
with moisture and oxygen from the ambient air, rust is produced.
Iron + Moisture + Oxygen = Rust
Rust is a new substance that originates from the chemical reaction of iron with
oxygen. That rust has very different properties than iron, knows every car
owner.
Fire is a chemical reaction of fuel with oxygen. The origin of rust is also a
chemical reaction with oxygen. A car that is rusting is thus "more or less"
burning. Only the chemical process is so slow that it is not accompanied by
flames, heat or smoke. Hence we do not speak of a fire.
In the case of an explosion, the chemical reaction is much faster than a fire.
Very much heat is released in a very short time. Because of all this warmth the
air suddenly turns out enormously and a huge pressure wave is generated. We
hear this pressure wave as a bang and it blows away everything it encounters.
In principle, an explosion is nothing but a lot of air that is moved very quickly.
One more example to make it clear. Oxyhydrogen is a very explosive gas.
Oxyhydrogen consists of a mixture of hydrogen gas and oxygen.

When Oxyhydrogen explodes, water arises.
Hydrogen gas + oxygen — > Water
But that is not enough. A spark or fire is also needed to initiate the reaction.
Sometimes the heat that occurs during a stroke or bump is already sufficient.
If we set out everything, the following factors are necessary for a fire or
explosion:
1. A flammable or explosive substance.
2. Oxygen.
3. An ignition source or ignition temperature.
These three factors together form the fire triangle.
There are two other issues of concern for the course of a fire.
4. The mixing ratio.
5. A catalyst.
The mixing ratio

The ratio between the combustible dust and oxygen is also important for the
course of the fire.
If there is too little oxygen, there will not even be a fire. To speed up the fire,
the ratio between the amount of combustible dust and oxygen must be just
right. We call this the mix ratio.
The mixing ratio is therefore essential for the emergence of an explosion. A

minimum concentration of gas, vapour, mist or dust is required to cause an
explosion.
The minimum quantity required is called the "lower explosion limit", also
referred to as the abbreviation: LEL (Lower Explosion Limit).
In most cases there is also a maximum amount of gas, vapour, mist or dust in
the ambient air that can still cause an explosion. If that maximum quantity is
exceeded, there is too little oxygen present to allow an explosion. We call this
the "upper explosion limit".
Also indicated by the abbreviation: UEL ( Upper Explosion Limit). The UEL is
thus the maximum concentration that can still lead to an explosion.
The explosion limits of gases vary enormously. If the difference between the
lower and upper explosion limits is large, we are dealing with a large explosion
area and there is a lot of danger. If the lower and upper explosion limits are
closer to each other, the explosion area is smaller and there is less danger.
- 45 - LESBOEK VCA
With the difference Some examples:
between the LEL and UEL, Bottom Top
acetylene has the greatest Name Fabric Explosion limit Explosion limit
value and this makes this LEL UEL
substance very explosive. Natural gas 5.0% 15.8%
Butane 1.3% 8.5%
Propane 1.7% 9.5%
Hydrogen 4.0% 76.0%
Acetylene 2.3% 83.0%
The fire hazard of liquids depends on the flash point. The Flashpoint tells us at
what temperature a liquid gives enough vapor to be ignited. The format is as
follows:
Class Flashpoint Description Example

0 (K0) Flash point lower than 0 °c and Boiling -Extremely flammable Petrol
point Less than 35 °c
1 (K1) Flash point between 0 °c and 21 °c -Highly flammable Thinner
2 (K2) Flash point between 21 °c and 55 °c -Flammable Petroleum
3 (K3) Flash point higher than 55 °c -Flammable Diesel
Catalyst
A catalyst is a substance that influences the speed at which a reaction takes
place. A catalyst can process both the Accelerate If Slow down. In the flames
of a fire arise substances that work as a positive catalyst. If a substance
accelerates a reaction, we call it a positive catalyst. If a substance slows down
a reaction, we call it a negative catalyst. Extinguishing powder is a negative
catalyst.
The crazy thing about a catalyst is that it does affect the speed of the reaction,
but it is not consumed.
This will result in a total of five factors affecting a fire.
The Fire Vijfhoek:
4.2 Combustible Materials

In the previous paragraph we have already talked about combustible gases. In
This section flammable liquids and combustible solids will be treated.
Flammable liquids
The name combustible liquid is actually incorrect: a liquid itself does not burn!
It is the vapor that hangs above the liquid that burns.
But, because everyone is going to fool us if we continue to claim that gasoline

is an inflammable liquid, which releases flammable fumes, we like everyone to
call gasoline a combustible liquid.
The story about vapours remains important. Only by this can we explain the
large differences in the flammability of different liquids.
Example: At room temperature a spark is already sufficient to ignite cleaning

solvent, while turpentine at room temperature is not a flame barrel.

This has to do with differences in evaporation. Substances that evaporate
rapidly (which therefore have a low boiling point) cause a relatively large
amount of vapor at low temperatures, and therefore heat up, they will
become more vaporous, and in this way turpentine becomes flammable.
Whether a liquid is going to burn or not depends partly on its temperature.
The temperature at which a liquid is still Just enough vapor To be able to grasp
the flame, we call it Flashpoint. The lower the flash point, the easier the
ignition takes place.
Some examples:
Name Fabric Flashpoint
Ether -45 °c
Petrol -20 °c
Acetone -19 °c
Ethanol 12 °c
Diesel 55 °c
It is very important to know when something is burning or not.

Does it burn at room temperature and also when it freezes? Therefore, a
distinction is made between 4 classes of combustible liquids:
Flammable solids
What solids are burning, you know. Examples include:
Wood, cardboard, paper, flour, cotton and rubber. In General, it applies to
combustible solids: The finer the distributed, the better the combustion. Milk
powder on a dish does not want to burn, but when it is sprinkled in the air, it
can burn explosively with the help of a spark. A steel nail does not burn, but
steel wool does. When a combustible substance is divided finely, the mixing
ratio with air (and thus with oxygen) is favourable.
There are still some substances with special characteristics:
Self-ignition
Some substances can spontaneously fly on fire. Sometimes the spontaneous
fire-flying ambient air is the only thing needed. An example is phosphorus.
Dangerous for contact with water

Some substances release hazardous or combustible gases when they come
into contact with water. For example sodium. There are even substances that
start burning spontaneously, when they come into contact with water!
containing oxygen
Furthermore, there are combustible substances that contain a lot of oxygen.
Therefore, no outside oxygen is needed to ignite such a substance.
Example: Ethylene oxide.
4.3 Compressed gas

Apart from the gas they contain, gas bottles are a danger in themselves. The
pressure in some gas cylinders is 200 bar.
- 47 - LESBOEK VCA
Compare this with the air pressure in a tyre A truck that is about 8 Bar.
The danger with gas bottles arises especially when they are heated by, for
example, storage in the bright sun or in a fire.
During heating, the pressure may even become so high that the bottle
explodes. The force that is then released can be compared with a bomb from
the Second World War!
4.4 Oxidizing active substances

As shown in the previous paragraphs, oxygen is needed for a fire. However,
that is not the only function of oxygen. Oxygen is very important to humans.
Under normal conditions, the air we breathe contains 21% oxygen and 79%
nitrogen.
A person needs an oxygen rate of 21% in order to function normally. When the
oxygen percentage drops below 21%, many phenomena occur, such as
tightness, shortness of breath, fatigue, sleep, headache and dizziness.
If the Oxygen percentage Too far, it is even lethal to humans. A high oxygen
rate would be fine for us, but the risk of fire is increasing. In the case of an
increase in the normal oxygen rate, not only does the fire risk rise significantly,
the combustion process is therefore many times faster. The oxygen
percentage in the air can be determined by having measurements carried out.
This should only be done by specially trained personnel with calibrated
measuring material. 19% oxygen is at least WAArCan still be worked under.
When the oxygen level is too low, the room (mechanical) can be aerated
and/or independent respiratory protection applied. In order to avoid a high
oxygen percentage in space, you must apply hose break-protection and do not
place oxygen bottles in a closed space.
Substances contain oxygen that contains a lot of oxygen, for example

hydrogen peroxide.
When such a substance comes to a fire, it will issue oxygen, causing the
combustible dust to burn faster and brighter.
Brandbevorderende Substances therefore give off oxygen. Because the Latin

word for oxygen is "oxide", Brandbevorderende Substances also called
oxidising substances.
Oxidising substances should never be stored in combustible material.
The employer who has to deal with potentially explosive atmospheres

where workers are at risk of fatigueT organisational measures tReffen
and establish them in the risk inventory.
Explosive area must be indicated by a warning triangle with black the

text "Ex" on a yellow background..
Hazardous area may be classified in the following danger zones:

Zone Description

0 An explosive gas mixture is present continuously or for long periods of time
Gas 1 Probability of presence of an explosive gas mixture under normal operation is
large
2 The probability of the presence of an explosive gas mixture is low and only for
short Time
20 An explosion-hazardous dust cloud is present continuously or for long periods
Substance
of time
21 Chance of presence of an explosive dust cloud under normal operation is
great
22 Risk of presence of an explosive dust cloud is low and only for a short
period of time
BRANDGEVAAR REACTIVITEIT
4 Groot gevaar voor 4

detonatie-explosieve
3 ontleding of reactie
GEVAAR VOOR DE GEZONDHEID bij normale temperaturen
2 en drukken.
4 Uiterst gevaarlijk
1 Veiligheidszone vormen.
Elk contact met dampen of vloeistoffen
Bij brand bedreigd gebied direct ontruimen
zonder hiervoor speciaal ontworpen 0
bescherming vermijden.
Gevaar voor detonatie-explosieve ontleding 3
of reactie door ontstekingsbron of verhitting
3 Zeer gevaarlijk
of door contact met water.
Verblijf op gevaarlijke plaatsen uitsluitend met
Veiligheidszone vormen.
volledig beschermende kleding en ademhalings-
Blussen op afstand.
apparatuur.
2 Gevaarlijk
Gevaar voor heftige chemische reactie 2
bij verhoogde temperatuur en druk of
Verblijf op gevaarlijke plaatsen uitsluitend met
bij contact met water.
ademhalingsapparatuur en meervoudige
Verscherpte veiligheidsmaatregelen.
veiligheidskleding.
Blussen van afstand.
BIJZONDERE AANDUIDINGEN
1 Weinig gevaar
Wordt bij verhitting onstabiel of kan 1
Ademhalingsapparatuur Leeg vak: met water reageren.
wordt aanbevolen. Water als blusmiddel toegestaan. Veiligheidsmaatregelen treffen.
0 Zonder bijzonder Voor het blussen geen water Onder normale omstandig- 0
gevaar. gebruiken. heden stabiel, zelfs in
geval van brand.
Bij vrijkomen van stof
gevaar voor radioactieve atraling.
- 49 - LESBOEK VCA
4.4 What to do on fire
In case of a novice fire: always alarm strike. There are measures that you must
take in this order:
• Take care of your own safety first;
• Report the Fire;
• Warn colleagues and others around the area;
• Closing doors;
• Bring people into safety;
• Switching machines and electrical equipment;
• Close gas taps;
• Extinguish the fire if possible;
• Check if everyone is in safety;
• Report the extinguished fire.
Flights
If you are at risk in a burning environment, try to flee immediately. Follow the
given directions (emergency response, fire) and flight across the wind
direction. Do not use the lift in any case. In a burning environment there are
two dangers: smoke and heat.
Smoke works suffocating and from the heat scorch the lungs, causing you to
suffocate. Stay low to the ground, because there is most oxygen and the least
smoke.
Burns
You can start treating external burns yourself. You must at least 10 to 20
Minutes Cooling with clean water.
If this is not there, then it can also with ditch water. The skin must be cooled
as quickly as possible (watch out for hypothermia). Never use ointment or
anything like that, because it does not cool the skin and often has to be
removed later by the doctor to assess the wound.
That can be very painful!
Extinguishing
You can try to extinguish a novice fire. When extinguishing, make sure that you
choose the correct extinguishing agent and the back is in the Wind (upwind).
Depends on the extinguishing agent, on the burning object or on the flames.
Not every novice fire has the same risks. A burning trash or a flame from a
pipe in the process industry is a big difference. The latter is not allowed to
extinguish yourself.
Fire prevention
Prevention means preventing something by taking precautions. Fire
prevention wants to say:
Take measures to prevent fire.
If we look at this from the fire triangle, we will have to ensure that the three
elements are never present at the same time.

By keeping the work environment cleaned up, fire prevention can be
contributed. Sawdust, oil, wood and paper are fire-threatening.
Firefighting
In order to be able to use available fire extinguishers in a good way, it is
important to know what types of fires there are and what means such a fire
can be fought.
4.5 Fire extinguishing agents

The seals of extinguishing devices must be intact. If the seals are broken, the
extinguisher should be filled or replaced.
Extinguishing equipment must always be used for use, hang in the right place
and be present during work where it is prescribed to have a fire extinguisher
nearby (e.g. for roofing).
Fire extinguishers must always be accessible: no obstructions, not behind a

curtain or a jacket over it.
Extinguishing substances
The principle of extinguishing fires is as simple as said: remove one of the
three factors from the fire triangle and the fire goes off. The taking away of
The Flammable dust is often enough,
For example, sealing a leak or closing a gas.
We have three groups of extinguishing agents:

1. Wet extinguishing agents.
2. Dry extinguishing agents.
3. Gaseous extinguishing substances.
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Wet extinguishingOffen
Water is the most well known extinguishing agent. It cools, which reduces the
temperature. The steam release displaces oxygen. But extinguishing with
water also has disadvantages:
• The water damage may be greater than the fire damage;
• Water is electrically conductive;
• Water is frost-sensitive;
• Some substances react violently with water;
• Many flammable liquids continue to float on water, causing the fire to
expand correctly.
Foam forms a layer on the combustible material and ensures that the oxygen
supply is closed. Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) works on the basis of
oxygen closure and adhesion to the liquid surface, by forming a water-like
foam layer and by lowering the surface tension.
Dry extinguishing agents

Sand suffocates The fire: it closes oxygen. In addition, sand has a cooling
effect.
Extinguishing powder is a negative catalyst. This is a substance that slows
down the chemical reaction, which inhibits combustion.
Gaseous extinguishing substances

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is also called carbonic acid (gas). It also includes soft
drinks and beer. Carbon dioxide displaces the oxygen, causing the fire to
deteriorate. Because the compressed gas when leaving the
The extinguisher is very cool and forms a kind of snow, this extinguishing
matter is popularly called (carbonic acid) snow. Despite the low temperature
of the gas (circa-80 ° C) hardly any cooling takes place. Extinguishing a fire in a
small space with CO2 can displace so much oxygen that an oxygen deficiency is
produced for the extinguisher and other attendees. So ensure proper
ventilation after extinguishing.
4.6 What kind of fire do we have to make?

We divide fire into Five Classes:
• Class A Burning solids
• Class B burning of liquids
• Class C Burning of gases
• Class D Metal Burning
• Class F burning of fats and oils

Class A fires are burning substances such as wood and paper.
These solids are easy to light. These fires are extinguished with water or ABC-
extinguishing powder.
A dust explosion is an exceptional case of a Class A-fire.
Class B fires are fluid fires. These include solids that must first melt before
burning (e.g. asphalt or candle wax). These fires are extinguished with AFFF,
BC or ABC extinguishing powder or carbon dioxide.
Class C fires are gasbranden and are extinguished with BC or ABC extinguishing
powder (negative catalyst); Gas supply shutdown!
Class D fires are metal fires and are not common.

These fires are not easy to extinguish. There is Special extinguishing powder
Suitable for metal burning.
Class F fires are fat or oil fires these fires are extinguished with special F
extinguishing foam and Not with Water!
4.7 The Dangers

On large packs, such as tanks and barrels, the dangers diamond is used. The
dangers-Diamond has 4 faces, with different colors.
The number in the colored box indicates how big the danger is and varies from
0 to 4 (0 = no danger; 4 = very large danger).
The dangers diamonds are also often found on the information sheets (see
Chapter 3).
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Blue stands for health hazards:
0. No danger, not even on fire;
1. Low risk, but risk of irritation and very light, permanent injury;
2. Repeated exposure may cause permanent injury unless medical assistance is
provided immediately;
3. Short-term exposure may cause permanent injury even if medical assistance is
provided immediately;
4. Momentary exposure can cause death even if immediate medical attention is
given.
Red stands for fire hazard:

0. Inflammable substances;
1. flammable when heated;
2. Flammable in heating;
3. Highly flammable;
4. Extremely flammable.
Yellow stands for reactivity (chemically responsive):

0. Stable substances that do not react with water even in a fire;
1. Substances that are normally stable, but at elevated pressure or temperature
become unstable. Substances that are
2. Heating with water respond belong in this category;
3. Substances that are unstable and give easily severe chemical reactions. Also
substances that react violently with water or form an explosive mixture with
other substances belong in this category;
4. Substances which react with an ignition source or in sealed condition and
substances that react explosively with water;
5. Substances that can explode spontaneously
White stands for special designations, for example:

• Empty box: Can be extinguished with water;
• The letters OXY: Strong oxidation agent.
So there are no numbers In this area.

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Chapter 4-Multiple Choice questions
1. Fire damage shall consist of:
a. Direct Fire Damage

b. Economic consequences
2. Fire prevention is:
a. Placing sufficient extinguishing agents

b. The right alarm and notification procedures Fit
c. Take measures to prevent fire
3. From three products The flash points are:

Product 1: -20 °c
Product 2:28 °c
Product 3:58 °c
Which product is most flammable?
a. Product 3
b. Product 1
c. does not matter in liquid form
4. The Blussende effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) is based on:
a. Temperature reduction
b. Negative Katalysatie
c. Oxygen displacement
5. The explosion hazard of a gas shall be determined by:
a. The lower explosion limit

b. The lower and upper explosion limit
c. The flammability of a gas
6. What elements are at least needed to get a fire?
a. Oxygen, catalyst and fuel

b. Nitrogen, combustible dust and fire
c. Oxygen, flammable Dust and ignition temperature
7. Of four gases are the explosion limits:

Gas 1:1.5%-85% Gas 2:0.5%-11.5%
Gas 3:65%-75% Gas 4:70%-75%
Which of these gases is the least explosive?
a. Gas 1
b. Gas 2
c. Gas 4

8. The treatment of burns shall be:
a. 5 minutes rinse with water

b. Burn ointment to lubricate the burn
c. 15 minutes of cooling with water
9. In Case of fire, you must first:
a. Immediately extinguish
b. Open Gas Taps
c. Putting yourself in safety
10. Dangers Diamonds occur on:
a. Tin cans
b. Tanks and barrels
c. Aerosols
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Chapter 5 – Tools and machines
5.0 Introduction
"Good tools is half the work".
A truth like a cow. Everyone knows the advantages of good tools, but
unfortunately also the disadvantages. Tools and especially good tools is
expensive. Many accidents happen every year due to the misuse of tools and
the use of "wrong" tools. Even if you use good tools properly, it can be
dangerous. Personal protective equipment is often a last resort.
Arjan works in a workshop. An acquaintance asks him to sharpen as a friends

service the knife of a lawn mower. "No problem" says Arjan "I just placed a
new grinding stone on the grinding machine".
Arjan has placed a new stone, but it has not been tested, not balanced and the
shielding has not yet been restored. In addition, Arjan bears no eye protection.
When Arjan wants to put the knife against the grinding stone, the stone chops
in the knife.
First fly pieces of knife in it around, still no two counting later the grinding
stone tears through middle and flies the pieces through the workshop. Arjan is
brought to the hospital. He has become blind to an eye.
He's still lucky!
In this chapter we make a distinction in six types of tools:
5.1 (simple) hand tools;

5.2 Electric hand tools;
5.3 Pneumatic hand tools;
5.4 devices under high pressure;
5.5 Fixed machine machines;
5.6 Welding and cutting tools.
Of course every piece of equipment has its own dangers and risks. Especially
maintenance and improper use of tools are important causes of accidents.
Due to improper use and poor maintenance, many accidents occur every year.
The solution seems simple: when everyone takes care of their own tools, all
tools are automatically maintained properly. If you find that there is
something broken or worn out, you need to have it repaired or Replaced.
However, there are a number of reasons why this does not always happen:
• NOT everyone has their own tools. Often a part of the tool (especially
expensive tools) for joint use and then no one feels more responsible for
the maintenance;
Some companies provide a fee for tools.

Employees must then buy their own tools.
This fee is seen by some employees as "disguised" wages. The remuneration is

then put into its own pocket rather than issued for qualitatively good and
expensive tools.
The Arbo-law Obliges the employer to issue good and safe tools. By doing
good maintenance here, many accidents can be avoided. In The following
paragraphs, we will first talk about the risks, then about the requirements that
you need to put on tools and finally on the rules for use.
5.1 Easy Hand Tools

Under Hand tools we mean all the tools that do not have a fixed set-up and
Hand-operated.
Risks
• Injury by firing;
• Injury by cutting;
• Injury by ejecting parts;
• Wounding by planing or sanding;
• Hearing damage from noise.
Tools must be cool and clean. Wooden handles must not show cracks or cracks
and should not be painted. Furthermore, (stroke) tools must not show burrs
and the head of a hammer must be secured.
The requirements to be met by a hammer:

• The head must be tightly attached to the stem (the stem must be
secured);
• The stem must be smooth;
• The head must be cool (no burrs);
• Hammers do not beat each other.
Use the tools for which it is intended.

Wrenches must never be extended in order to be able to take more power.
This causes the beak to damage, which can lead to shooting the next time.
Furthermore, you have to cut off and bikken and need to be fixed to small
pieces. The two main causes of accidents with hand tools are poor
maintenance and improper use.
The requirements to be met when working with a wrench/key:

• The key must not be damaged (no burrs);
• The stalk must not be extended;
• The beak must fit exactly on the nut (there should be no shim washers
Used between beak and nut);
• Preferably use a ring-instead of a wrench.
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The requirements to be met when working with a file:
• A file must be fitted with a solid handle;
• The handle must be firmly fastened to the file; If it is unstuck it should
not be refixed with all kinds of tools.
Shooting Hammers (Tacker)

The packaging of Schiethamer patterns must indicate:
• The name of the manufacturer or factory mark;
• The caliber and a colour designation, such as:
Red: very strong load;

Yellow: Medium load;
Green: Weak load.
Risks
• Be affected by a shooting nail or road-jumping material;
• Hearing damage.
Requirements:
• Free-handed shooting must be impossible (without tools);
• The firing hammer only shoots if the loop with a force of at least
5 kg to shoot Surface is pressed;
• Firing hammers must be equipped with a splinterkap;
• On the firing hammer must be indicated:
-The name of the manufacturer or factory mark;
-type designation;
-Serial number and year of construction;
-Mark of approval (endorsement + Certificaatnr).
Use:
• The user must be at least 18 years of age and skilled;
• Use of hearing protection, safety helmet and goggles is
Required
• Operating, maintenance and safety requirements must be
Coffin) are present;
• Work environment must be shielded;
• If a pattern does not come into ignition, it must:
a) The hammer is held against the surface and again
be fired;
b) The hammer shall be kept for 15 seconds against the surface,
Wait 2 minutes before the pattern is removed.
5.2 Electric Hand Tools

220 volts can kill. We can reduce the risks by working with a safe tension
namely:
-Maximum 50 volts (alternating voltage)
-Up to 110/120 volts (DC)
This tension is used in for instance clammy, small rooms (like cellars and creep
rooms). In places where the risk is less large, it can Just be worked with 220
volts. The use of double insulated tools is then obligatory.

This tool has the advantage of having an extra insulation, which reduces the
risk of electrocution.
Double insulated tools should never be used in damp spaces. Double insulated
tools should not be grounded and tools of After 1995 must bear CE marking. It
is also recommended that you use only tools that have a vigilance button.
Vigilance button
This automatically turns the device off when it is released.
Power tools should not be used in rooms where explosion risk exists, unless
explosion proof tools are used.
Risks
• Fire or explosion by spark transhipment;
• Burns by short Circuit;
• Injuries by moving parts or ejecting particles;
• Health complaints by dust;
• Hearing damage.
In general, the following requirements must be met when working with

machines:
• A machine must be maintained and monitored on a regular basis;
• When servicing a machine, it must be switched off Lock
Out/Tag-out);
• A machine must have a Dutch-language use and maintenance
prescription;
• The operator of the machinery must have sufficient training and
experience;
• The operator of the machine must not wear dangling clothing,
jewellery or hair.
In the workplace:
• The floor is clean, flat, dry and rough;
• Sufficient walking and movement space to make the machines
available;
• Sufficient and appropriate means of protection are present;
• Sufficient light.
Cables and cords that are damaged may not be used because they can lead to
electrocution. Avoid that cables are unnecessarily lying on the ground, they
cause stumbling danger. Role CableReels when used completely to prevent the
insulation from melting.
If a cable reel is not completely uncoiled when used, it can become very hot as
a result of rinsing operation and cause fire.
For use, note the maximum permissible power of the reel in coiled and
unrolled condition, otherwise the danger is The use of power and extension
cables to overload them. It is therefore important to check that the power
supply and/or extension cable is suitable for the power of the connected
devices.
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Drills
Additional risk for a drilling machine is to catch the drill.
This allows the drilling machine to turn off the hands and break the drill. It is
recommended to use only a drilling machine with a variable speed. At low
speed, the machine will run away less quickly when turning on.
Hand Cirkelzagen
It is recommended to hang the cord when sawing over the shoulder. This
reduces the chance of sawing the cord. The blade protection must not be
removed. It also Spouwmes Recommended on a hand circular saw.
The angle Grinder

We can distinguish two types of discs: Grinding and burring discs. The
inscription of the grinding discs is subject to legal regulations.
The following should include:

• The name of the manufacturer;
• Maximum permissible speed;
• Type of binder;
• Particle size
• Structure
• Hardness
• Size of the disc;
• Application.
Risk
Risks when using the angle grinder are among others that you can be struck by
flying particles or a cut-out grinding wheel and there can be fire or an
explosion (ignition by heat and sparking rain). Furthermore, hearing damage
can occur and health problems can arise due to vapours and dust occurring
during grinding.
A hand grinding machine must have a vigilance button. The maximum speed of
the drive should never be exceeded.
The grinding machine must have a side handle. To the grinding wheel should
be a protective cap. The workpiece must be secured. The operator Must wear
abrasive goggles and hearing protection. The hand grinding machine should
not be placed until the grinding wheel is stopped.
By cut off wheels should not be used to burr. The use of a grinding glass and
hearing protection are obligatory and the workpiece must be secured. The
maximum permissible speed of the grinding wheel must never be less than the
speed of the slijptol.
5.3 Pneumatic Hand Tools

Pneumatic tools use compressed air to drive the tool. While working with
pneumatic tools, the body can be exposed to vibration.

Vibrations can give rise to severe joint and muscle pain. Vibrations can also
disrupt blood circulation. White Fingers is an example of this. This is due to
damage of the blood vessels in the hands and fingers and is permanent injury!
Furthermore, vibrations can cause disturbances of the nerves which can cause
a tingling sensation in the fingers and hands.
Body Vibration Cause fatigue. Many people sleep well in car or train. Fatigue
reduces performance and responsiveness and concentration.
Risks are physical symptoms due to vibration and hearing damage.

Injuries can also be caused by the loose of the air hose.
Pneumatic tools should also be well maintained and a vigilance button is
recommended.
Use hearing protection and safety goggles, dust glasses or face shield when
working on a machining work. To absorb the vibrations, wear zachtleren
gloves.
In case of strong vibrating work, you have to pause regularly and after using
the tool, close the air supply.
5.4: Devices under high pressure

The danger of high pressure is often underestimated. In some
hOgedrukreinigers can reach the exit speed of the water up to 1300 kilometers
per hour.
Risks
• Injury by ingress pressure jet;
• Be affected by removed tools or material particles;
• Exposure to toxic substances during façade cleaning.
With a working pressure of more than 100 bar, the most important rules are:
• The operator is 18 years old and has been trained for this purpose;
• The spray gun must have a vigilance button, it must be protected
against unintentional and may not be locked in the "on" position;
• The pump must have an emergency stop;
• The following PPE should be used: hearing protection, face shield,
Spuitpak, spray boots and
• Liquid-tight gloves.
Spraying on asbestos material is prohibited, as harmful asbestos dust can be

released.
Extra PPE is required when working with chemicals. Think of
Adembeschermende means.
5.5 Fixed machine tools
Under Fixed machine tools we mean:
Sawing machines, flat benches, column drilling machines, grinders and the like.
Working with these machines seems simple. However, proper training and
skills are required to be able to work safely with these machines.
Risks
• Injuries by moving parts and away flying material;
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• Hearing damage;
• Breathe Substance
• Accidentally turn on the machine.
The operator must be at least 18 years old and have sufficient training and
experience. There must be enough space around the machine and there must
be sufficient light. Walkways must be free and marked and the floor must be
flat and rough.
Use good closing clothing and do not remove sawdust and curl by hand, but
with a suitable brush or curling hook.
Hearing protection is imperative.
Never perform maintenance (or rebuild) on rotating machines, but turn off the
electrical tension. Do dangling ornaments and mountain long hair in a hair or
similar.
Machinery in a workshop must be provided with dust extraction and there

must be a use and maintenance prescription drawn up in the Dutch language.
The machines must be in good condition and when unwittingly enabling after
a power outage, a retentive switch must be used.
Circular Saw
Additional, Specific risks:
• Injury by touching the rotating circular saw;
• Injury from a scattered saw blade.
Requirements:
• Beschuttingskap (preferably translucent) on tripod over the saw;
• The right Spouwmessupport And Spouwmes;
• an adjustable auxiliary guide;
• Dust extraction in the workshop;
• A Duwhout With removable handle.
To be able to work safely, the blade must be set as high as possible to avoid
recoil of the workpiece. Place the Beschuttingskap in the lowest position and
use the right protection.

Drill column
Risks additional, specific risks:
• Injury by breaking the drill;
• Infection by splashing of cooling and cutting oil.
Requirements:
• Eye protection is obligatory and gloves are prohibited.
• Dangling clothing or ornamental boards and long hair can be seized by
the rotating drill, so take the necessary measures against it.
Use:
Properly securing workpieces to prevent them from flying away. It is
dangerous to hold the workpiece manually, because the drill could "happen"
in the past. Do not wear gloves, because the drill can grab the glove. Turn off
the machine before wiping the Boorsel. Do not do this by hand, but with a
curling hook or a brush.
Grinding machines, fixed

Additional, Specific risks:
• Jump apart from the grinding stone;
• Fire and explosion (ignition by heat and sparks rain);
Requirements:
A protective window must be placed and the distance between the handrail
and the grinding stone Up to 3 mm. The sides of the machine must be
shielded. The leaner should be adjusted regularly, because the grinding stone
wears and it must not be U-shaped.
Use:
Only expert personnel are allowed to assemble a grinding stone. Never work
with a damaged stone. Use hearing and eye protection.
5.6 Welding and cutting

There are different types of welding techniques. The best known are:
Electric welding with padded electrodes, MAG-and MIG welding, TIG welding
and car no welding. We do welding and cutting by heating metals locally and
making them liquid. This is done by using electricity or using gas, whether or
not under addition of additional welding material.
General risks in Welding:

• Fire and explosion hazard;
• exposure to harmful radiation;
• harmful sound;
• Exposure to harmful (toxic) flue gases and welding fumes;
• Heat.
There must always be a fire extinguisher in the work and the escape route
must be free.
Before starting, remove all the combustible material and when welding to
walls and pipes you have to convince yourself that on the other side no
Flammable material. Ensure adequate extraction and ventilation and remove
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protective layers before welding. If necessary, use good respiratory protection
and use hearing protection.
Car No welding and cutting

In the case of car no welding and cutting, there is obviously less danger for
electrocution. There is also less radiation hazard. In electric welding, both
ultraviolet and infrared radiation are released. At Auto No
Welding only the less damaging infrared radiation.
A number of additional hazards, namely:

• The use of a combustible gas (e.g. acetylene and propane);
• The use of oxygen;
• Hazards in the use, storage and transport of gas and oxygen bottles.
The use of combustible gases

Apart from the "normal" hazards that may arise during welding and cutting,
we should not be particularly suspicious of leakages at auto-welding. These
leakages can be caused by hose leakage or faulty valves. In general, and
certainly at welding jobs in a closed area, a hose break protection is used. If for
whatever reason a snake leaks, the gas supply closes immediately.
Properties of single gases

Acetylene is colorless, has a garlic-like scent and is lighter than air. Acetylene is
very explosive. Acetylene that is compressed can explode spontaneously.
Therefore, acetylene is always stored in
Bottles with an acetone solution. To prevent acetone loss, acetylene bottles
should never flattening.
Bottles should always be Minimum angle of 30 degrees or standing used. A

maximum of 1000 litres of acetylene may be poured In one hour and the
minimum pressure on the bottle must be 2 bar.
Acetylene bottles that have become hot should no longer be used. They must
first cool down and then be brought back to the supplier. Acetylene can
become warm by itself, so that the bottle eventually explodes. Cooling is then
the only solution.
Acetylene hoses must not be connected or renewed with a copper pipe.

Copper has a catalyst effect on the explosiveness of acetylene!
Propane is less explosive than acetylene.
Propane is heavier than air. The gas continues to hang above the ground and
runs in Wells. Storage in cellars and wells is therefore prohibited.
Oxygen is a color-and odorless gas that is heavier than air.

Because combustion of a gas with the ambient air is too slow, no welding and
burning oxygen is applied in pure form at the car. As previously described, the
fire hazard is increased in the presence of too much oxygen in the ambient air.
When oxygen comes into contact with oil or grease, it can Spontaneous
ignition occurs. Therefore, never use oil or grease for the maintenance of
threaded oxygen bottles.
Because oxygen is heavier than air, oxygen bottles must be stored in places
where proper ventilation is ensured.
Take the following measures for safe use of oxygen:

• Never use oxygen to replace compressed air or work air;
• Prevent leakage;
• Make sure that oxygen bottles can be removed quickly, if fire breaks
out;
• In the case of a fixed arrangement, the bottles must be at least 1
metre apart;
• Do not store propane and oxygen in basements;
• Do not use oxygen to ventilate, as that increases the fire hazard.
Electric welding
In the case of electric welding, the dangers of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) and
infrared (IR) radiation are greater than for automobile welding. Use a hotrod
and well-balanced clothing to prevent skin burning, skin cancer and eye
injuries. The assistant must wear at least one welding goggles.
UV radiation In unprotected eyes, after a few seconds, inflammation of the

binding membrane and thus the painful lasogen (ConjunctuvitisCause.
IR radiation blurs the eyepiece (grey cataracts) and can damage the cornea by
dehydration of the tear fluid.
With MIG, MAG and TIG welding a protection wall against radiation is
obligatory.
In addition to radiation hazard, electric welding also has a risk of electrocution.

Measures to prevent this include ensuring good equipment with a good
grounding, use an insulated electrode holder and ensure a good connection of
the workpiece with the workpiece clamp. Also dry learning Gloves and safety
footwear with an insulating sole can contribute to risk management. Clamp
the Electrode Holder Never under the armpit or between the legs!
Work in enclosed spaces only with a safe voltage and switch off the main
switch after the end of the work.
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5.7 Electricity
The phenomenon of electricity has been known for centuries. Only in the
nineteenth century did scholars discover ways to make practical use of it. And
that while a life without electricity in this modern society is hardly a way to
think.
However, electricity is the cause of many accidents and therefore remains a

source of risk that must be taken into account.
Many accidents are caused by:

• Broken machines and apparatus;
• Damage to wiring and piping; Improper construction or assembly;
• Errors made during maintenance and repair work;
• Insufficient security and shielding of under-voltage parts.
Electrical risks can be divided into the following categories.

1. Direct risks:
• Flow passage through the body;
• Combustion by arc.
2. Indirect risks:
• Fire
• Explosion
• Scare reactions;
• Damage caused by power loss.
Direct risks of electricity

When electric current passes through the human body, the effects can be
severe and even fatal. If a person is affected by electric current, the power
supply must be disconnected first of all. Disconnect will usually be done by
turning the switch or possibly the main switch or disconnect the power cord
from the wall socket. If that is not possible, try to loosen the victim of the flow
guide.
Be careful and care especially for your own safety!

If the power throughput cannot be disconnected in a normal way, follow these
steps:
• Go on a dry, insulating object (for example, a if you consider);
• Wrap your hands with a dry insulating substance (plastic, rubber or
leather);
• Then remove with a dry stick the flow wire or the device of the victim.
However, never do the above-mentioned operations with a broken power line,

tram and train lines. The danger to yourself is then too big. Call the fire
department or the police in such a case.

Whether electricity is fatal depends on a number of factors:
• Voltage
• Amperage
• The flow type (with alternating current also the frequency);
• The path that flows through the body;
• The resistance and condition of the victim;
• The size of the touch surface and the degree of "contact" that is made;
• The clothing with which the victim is dressed;
• The floor to be worked on;
• The operation of protections;
• Time span of the flow passage.
The risks of electricity depend on the voltage, current strength and current
type. The way the electric current passes through the body is also of great
importance.
The directive applies to:

0.2-2 MA Mildly stimulating sensation
2-10 MA Stronger muscle cramps
10-20 MA The boundary power: under voltage standing parts no longer
let go
20 MA Breathing is hampered with choke risk if help comes late
100 MA Heart fibrillation, leads to death (immediate electrocution)
Normally, electricity flows through the touch surface through the body to the
Earth. Both the contact made with the tension source and the earth and the
clothing worn is therefore of importance.
A floor of stone or concrete conducts so well that it hardly offers protection

from flow passage. Only limited protection may be expected from footwear.
Electricity that goes through the body can have the following effects:
• Cardiac arrhythmias, which may cause cardiac arrest;
• Burns at those places where the power the body has gone in and out.
These burns can sometimes be very deep with damage to blood
vessels and even with damage to the bone, while the burning of the
skin in these cases sometimes does not seem so serious;
• Brain damage, resulting in unconsciousness;
• Respiratory arrest, resulting in brain damage due to oxygen deficiency;
• Muscle cramping, this prevents the victim from releasing the voltage
source.
Combustion by a flame arc

In general, air is a good insulator. But if there is a small distance between two
conductors and the voltage difference between the conductors is high, then
the air will not isolate enough and a strong electric current, in the form of a
flame arc between the conductors Arise. A flame arc can also be created by
bad contact, and the interruption and closing of a circuit are examples of
this. The size of the arc depends on the tension between the conductors, the
amperage, the low voltage and the current type.
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Short-circuiting is caused when two under-voltage parts are accidentally
brought into contact with each other. An isolation defect, or another
conductive part between the conductors, can be the cause.
When the amperage is large enough it can even evaporate metal. Many
accidents with Burns are caused by dropping a metal object into a tension
cabinet.
This can cause such a stinging flame that someone third Degree Burns up! How
dangerous a flame arc can be becomes apparent when we study the effects of
a lightning strike. For Lightning is also an example of an arc.
Fire and explosion

When a spark or arc is formed, a large amount of energy is released.
Sufficient to ignite a combustible gas. Therefore, In areas where combustible

materials are used, additional requirements must be imposed on the electrical
installation. Ordinary switches, the use of which is accompanied by Sparks, are
out of the question here. The materials and tools used must also be given
special attention in such situations.
Scare reactions
Many accidents are caused by scar reactions after touching a voltage source.
In particular when working at altitude traps, such a scare reaction can result in
a fall. But it can also be thought of the shedding of objects, which causes
damage (just think of hot liquids or
Chemicals).
Damage caused by power failure

In particular, short-circuiting may result in power loss.
When it takes a long time before the power is turned back on (can be) indirect
damage can be caused. Hospitals do not have an emergency generator for
nothing.
Static electricity
Static electricity is a form of electricity that occurs in insulating substances.
Because these substances cannot conduct power, they can be recharged
slowly (as if it were pumped full with electricity). Lightning is a well-known
example of static electricity. By moving water particles a cloud is charged.
Until this load becomes so large that a discharge takes place via lightning. In
the industry, static electricity mainly plays a role in pipelines, tanks and
barrels.

The effects of static electricity can be limited in the following ways:
• Good grounding of tanks and pipelines;
• Adding antistatic Dope to prevent charge;
• limiting the flow rate;
• Limiting the drop height of liquid or dust, by applying a Tube Which is
close to the
• soil;
• Apply inert gas (nitrogen) when pumping tanks, barrels and the like.
A ' layman ' is someone who is not an electrical expert. In the context of
working on or in the handling of electrical installations under voltage, a layman
has no competence whatsoever.
This in contrast to a ' sufficient teaching person '. This is someone who has
been adequately instructed by skilled persons, thereby enabling him or her to
avoid dangers that may be caused by electricity. A ' VOP ' may only perform
carefully defined activities under regular supervision for which it is
demonstrably instructed. More extensive competences are required for
electrotechnical work with more depth. These should then be performed by a
skilled person.
5.8 Prevention in electricity

To protect human beings from the dangers of electricity, a number of
preventive measures are called, such as:
• Physical Shielding
By applying a shield or casing, the parts under tension are unattainable
Made e.g. a switchgear cabinet and the casing of a washing machine.
• Insulation
There is a case of isolating Spanningsvoerende Parts are made unreachable.
This can be surrounded by
With non-conductive material (e.g. rubber, plastics and ceramics), which can
be removed only by this
Material.
• Double Insulation
• Earth Leakage Security

The earth Leakage switch signals (and works on) Earth leakage. With a Earth
Leakage is meant an electric current that does not run in the installation wires,
but in some way finds its way to Earth.
The earth leakage switch compares the went hanged and the return current.
When a difference occurs above a certain value (for example, 30 MA), the
earth leakage switch disables the voltage. The earth leakage switch does not
provide absolute safety, but works Increasing the. The earth leakage switch,
which is Bouwstroomaansluitkast Must be added for extra security works on
30 Ma.
• Use of very low or safe voltages
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• grounding
A safety grounding is a connection of the external metal parts of electrical
appliances with the earth. In the case of a defect in an electrical appliance, the
safety grounding prevents the external metal parts from being under tension.
Grounding of scaffolding is obligatory when there are electrical cables, piping
and/or electrical equipment (such as hand tools) in the vicinity that are under
an unsafe voltage. It is also necessary to connect the workshop and storage
containers according to the regulations, including earthen.

1. A Fix-mounted Grinding stone must be the distance between the leaning and grinding stone:
a. At least 3 mm
b. Up to 3 mm are
c. Exactly 3 mm are
2. The main risks associated with a drilling column are:
a. Drill breaking
b. Striking off the workpiece
c. Both A and B are correct
3. What dangers can lead to accidents in the case of electric welding?
a. Fire hazard, noise and material change

b. Explosion hazard, noise and material change
c. Harmful gases and vapours, fire hazard and hazardous electrical tension
4. In order to be well protected from harmful radiation in electrical welding we use:
a. A good hotrod with Lasruit

b. Well-balanced workwear
5. When storing acetylene and oxygen bottles in a storage area, we must ensure that:
a. There is good ventilation

b. We have full and empty bottles alternating side by side Put
c. The acetylene and oxygen bottles are stored in one room
6. The ExplosiegevaaR of acetylene is so great, toThat:
a. Acetylene is combustible
b. The explosion area is very large
c. Acetylene in all proportions with air is combustible
7. How can the danger of electrocution in electrical welding be limited?
a. by Good grounding
b. by safety Clothing
8. Electricity accidents are usually caused by:
a. Missing Earth connections;

b. Incorrect connections;
c. Both A and B are correct.
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9. The boundary surge varies between:
a. 10 and 20 MA;
b. 20 and 25 MA;
c. 25 and 30 Ma.
10. A safe voltage is maximum:
a. 50 volts and 120 volts

b. 50 V DC and 120 Volt AC voltage
c. 50 V AC voltage and 120 Volt DC

Chapter 6 – Lifting, lifting and running
6.1 Introduction
Often heavy materials are used. Whether it's building material, large barrels, a
silo or machinery, it's all too heavy to hand-lift. For this we need tools such as
trolleys, forklifts, hoisting cranes and hoisting tools.
The dangers of working with a lifting machine are:

• Charge falling;
• The fall of the crane with load and all;
• Hitting equipment (various materials and machines)
The crane within the turning circle. Hit.
6.2 Crane
Hoisting cranes are tools that are designed and equipped for Free hanging
Charges moving Free hanging Loads there are different types of faucets:
• Mobile cranes;
• Overhead cranes and gantry cranes;
• Car cranes;
• Construction cranes.
In addition, a load can be levied using a hoist.
It is forbidden to hoist with something that is not specially made for it.
The crane operator and the man who catches and accompanies the burden
(Rigger) must be able to communicate well with each other. They do this by
giving characters or by speaking to each other through a patented many.
It should be stopped lifting from Wind Force 6.
The machinery directive applies within the European Community.

The purpose of this is to put safe working machines on the market. In the
Netherlands, these European requirements for machinery are incorporated
into the Dangerous Tools Act.
A device is covered by the Machinery directive when it meets the following

three characteristics:
1. It has at least one moving part.
2. It has a drive mechanism (motor).
3. It has a control or power switch (on//off button).
Because all cranes comply with this, they fall under the Machinery directive
and thus under the:
Dangerous Tools Act.
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6.3 Sound Cranes
One way to check if a crane meets all the requirements is an inspection. Not
only the crane, but also all hoists, winches, hoisting tyres and other fittings
must be approved every year.
These requirements are set out in:
• The Arbo decision;
• The NEN Standards;
• The Al-sheet 17.
Mobile cranes have support either stamps. The aim of the stamping is to
spread the weight of the crane over a larger plane and to keep the crane more
stable and balanced.
These stamps can sink into the ground. We can avoid this by laying wooden
beams or plates underneath.
A certificate of inspection must be present for all lifting equipment used.

Despite this, the Machinist and the Rigger Check the hoisting equipment to
ensure safe use.
The following documents shall be included in cranes with a duty of inspection:

• A crane book;
• Hoisting tables or graphs or heitabellen;
• Certificates of hoisting tools.
In The Crane Book we can find the past of the crane (inspections, repairs, etc.).
In the hoisting tables, the load can be safely hoisted over which distance.
Certificates must be available for winches, hoists, chains, yokes, and slings.
The hoisting certificate is the "driver's license" of the crane operator. A lifting
proof is on all large cranes with a capacity of more than 10 tonmeter Required.
The driver's registration booklet contains the training and experience he has.
6.4 Hoisting tools

Under Hoisting tools we mean all the interchangeable material that is not
fitted to the crane by default. Such as:
• Chain work,
• Cables
• Slings
• Slings
• Lifting Tapes,
• hIjsjukken.
It is important to know what requirements are put on the hoisting tools.

Chain work
Under chain work we mean:
• Chains
• Skiving
• Hooks
• Swivels
• Reservations
• Closures
• Eyebolts.
They can be used separately, but also Composed. Chain work is available in
various types of steel. The strongest (and most expensive) are the glorified
steels.
The maximum load must be indicated on the chain work. Sometimes it is in the
chain, but a metal plate can also be attached to it. Each chain must have a
certificate stating:
• The safe working load;
• The test load;
• The registration number;
• The test date;
• The light load.
All chain work must be inspected by a special inspection company at least

every year. Chains become brittle by use over time. The only way to
counteract this is to glow the chain so that it softens again. After glowing, the
chain must always be tested.
Imagine that it was made too soft! If the chain work becomes frowned upon
after testing (and glowing), it must be destroyed.
Chain work must be tested at least every four years.

The workload on a chain is only valid when the chain is taxed. When you hit
the chain around it, it is taxed sideways and the forces on the chain increase
considerably.
It is therefore dangerous to make a loop in a chain by means of a hook. This
can damage both the hook and the shackles. Knots of chains are of course also
forbidden.
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For lifting chains The following applies:
• Turn bolts completely on;
• Never charge the tip of the hook;
• Check the load on the hook;
• Do not use chains with damage or severe rust formation;
• Do not use a hammer to store chain work in place;
• Protect the necklace with shelves or similar against a load with sharp
corners;
• When extending a chain, use only a coupling link that is as strong or
stronger than the chain itself.
Cables, slings and lingers

Certification certificates are also included in cables. Good maintenance is
important for steel cables. Therefore, the following rules apply:
• Storing cables only in dry areas associated with rust formation;
• Do not store near acids and alkalis because they may impair the steel;
• At a temperature above 100 degrees the strength of the cable decreases;
• Lubrication should be taken away regularly, so that the cable can be
checked for rust.
Then grease again with acid-free fat;

• Do not put knots in steel cables.
Steel cables must be disapproved in the following cases:

• with frayed splitting;
• "Meat hooks" over a larger length;
• In one place multiple wire fractures (fracture nest);
• A severely bent or buckled cable;
• Lots of rust or wear.
Slings and Lingen

These are pieces of cable, rope or chain that have a loop at both ends. In a
sling, the loop is large enough to pass through the other end. The eye is too
small to be slinged or threaded.
Lifting Belts
Lifting ties look like slings, but they are flat. They must be at least 5 cm wide
and the loops are at least 20 cm long. The inside of the loops is protected
with leather.

Of course, lifting tyres must be sufficiently strong to lift a load. This is to be
determined using the obligatory Vastgenaaide label on the lifting tape, which
indicates the maximum permissible safe workload.
In addition, the following information is on the label of the lifting tape:

• Lifting tape material;
• The date of inspection;
• The approval authority.
Rules for the use of lifting belts:

• Beware of sharp corners, protect the strap with special guards or with a
car tyre;
• Look on the label whether the lifting belt is strong enough;
• The lifting belt is made of plastic. By sunlight the tire ages;
• Check for damage on a regular basis.
Hoisting tapes are disapproved when they have the following defects:
• If they are worn;
• If there are cracks in it;
• If there is oil or chemicals on it;
• If there are clearly visible damage;
• If the label is unreadable or absent Is
• If there is something wrong with the metal parts.
All the disapproved hoisting tools must be destroyed.
Rope
There are two different types of rope:
• Natural fiber rope;
• Fibre rope.
When using rope, we must ensure that it is not affected by:

• Aggressive substances and chemicals;
• Oil and Grease;
Stainless
Moisture
• Hot objects;
• Direct sunlight.
For a lifting job you can use the best steel cable. If there are special heavy
loads then you can use the best chains, because chains are the strongest.
The use of rope is not allowed. We use rope only for special jobs and when
cables or chains cannot be used. For example when lifting aggressive
substances. The rope must be destroyed after use!
A maximum of 1000 kg of rope can be hoisted safely.
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6.5 Composite Hoisting tools
To carry a lifting load, we can combine a number of hoisting tools (assemblies).

For example, you can think of a Lifting Beam With a number of chains or to an
eye with two chains or with three chains (two-or three-jump).
A Lifting Beam Must of course be in good condition. It is used to distribute the

charge over different chains. If one chain is not good, the whole Lifting Beam
No more.
A situation in which a Lifting Beam Used is for example in low space above the
load or at frequent moving of similar loads. The advantage of using a Lifting
Beam is, that there is no chance that the cables will move over the load to
each other because they are hanging straight.
If you have to lift a load of 1000 kg, you can divide the weight over two cables
with an equator. In The two cables comes a force, equal to the weight of 500
kg. If the same load is lifted with an eye and two cables (two jumps), the
cables are spread in a corner and the power is increased by cable.
The further the Cables are spread, the greater the power becomes.
The legal maximum is at 120 degrees.
The forces in the cables under the influence of the angle when hoisting a
charge of 1000 kg in a two-jump are at:
30 ° = 52% of the Load = 520 kg per cable
45 ° = 55% of the charge = 550 kg per cable
When enlarging the angle of the cables in a double jump, the forces on the
load become larger, causing them to break and fall.

6.6 Hoists
Hoists are used in places where we cannot get a crane or when there is no
need for a crane.
The biggest danger is that the hoist is broken during the take-off.
This is usually due to overload of the hoist. The maximum permissible load is
indicated on the hoist.
Another danger is the confirmation of a hoist. Perhaps the hoist can hoist 500
kg, but it does not hold the attachment. It is therefore dangerous to attach
hoists to handrails, piping and scaffolding.
You can't tell a hoist if it's okay. Therefore he must at least Agree be inspected
annually.
Usage rules:
• Inspect for damage before use;
• Do not load hooks on the point to avoid openbending;
• Do not overload;
• The lever of a hoist Not Lengthen with a piece of pipe, because then you
are probably already overloading the hoist;
• After overload have the hoist repaired.
Lateral load of a hoist is life-threatening. This increases the power many times
more than the hoist can do. Because of the enormous force, the hoist or the
cable can shoot like a projectile. You get lateral loads by pushing or pulling on
a tensioned cable.
6.7 Forklift Truck

Forklift truck drivers must have demonstrable training or expertise.
The rules to be observed when using a forklift are:

• Without a Special Seat is driving Not Allowed
• The counterweight May Never be weighted;
• Persons may use a forklift Never be moved unless a special werkbak is used
and the safety conditions are met;
• The visibility of the forklift driver Must Always be optimal, persons who
walk in places where forklifts drive must be aware of the driving
movements;
• A forklift can Not Be hoisted, Unless a special lifting device is fitted and a
Associated LAstdiagram This On the forklift Is.
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6.8 Risks when lifting
Lifting is a separate box. If you apply the right tilhouding, lifting is less
burdensome for your body and you are less likely to experience back pain.
If you tilt with a bent back, you can overload back muscles and/or between
discs. If there is insufficient grip, the load can fall on the feet and the fingers
can be pinched when the load is dropped. This allows even nerves to get
pinched, causing your hernia to accumulate. The best way to lift is with a
straight back and with bent knees.
The employer is obliged to reduce the dangers of lifting.
If the safe lifting and moving rules do not reduce the risk enough, the
employer is obliged to give and use appropriate tools. Tools for lifting and
moving are e.g. pliers (e.g. for bricks), magnets (e.g. for steel plates), suction
cups For example for glass) and for heavy loads there are, for example,
trolleys, Palletdragertjes or shopping carts. If the work cannot be carried out
safely in any way, the employer has to apply another way of working.
6.9 risks when running

Besides lifting can also involve risks. Walking on a non-uniform surface is the
main cause of stumbling and falling. An increase of 1 cm is already sufficient to
stumble over.
Safety shoes protect against slipping.
The safety of a building begins with the architect. He must bear in mind that
there are no dangerous steps or thresholds in the design.
It is a small effort to remove small obstacles yourself.
Just think of nail, pieces of pallet. Furthermore, it is important to keep the

work floor free from filth. This is also called: Good House keeping.
If the danger is not to be taken away, we must place fences or fencing or mark
the danger.
The requirements that a marking must meet are:

• Completeness (The marking must be visible from all sides of the dangerous
situation);
• functionality (It should fit the type of danger);
• Systems (there must be a system in the markings)

1. Who can operate a crane?
a. The foreman
b. Only trained personnel with a certificate
c. Someone who has sometimes operated a crane
2. It should be stopped lifting from:
a. Wind Force 6
b. Wind Force 7
c. Wind Force 8
3. The following shall apply to lifting chains:
a. A load with sharp angles can damage the chain

b. Do not use a hammer to store chain work in place
4. A cable must be disapproved if:
a. There are bad splitting

b. Fracture nests are
5. The fibre rope can best be used as:
a. We have special jobs near aggressive substances

b. We need to start lifting something heavy
c. Something Rusty to hang on
6. Rejected hoisting tools we must:
a. Self repair
b. Destroy
7. A rule when using a hoist are:
a. Don't load hooks

b. The lever must not be extended
c. An overloaded hoist must be annealed
8. The correct tilhouding is:

a. Using Good PPE
b. With bent knees and a straight back
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9. For lifting a glass plate we can best:
a. Using pliers
b. Use suction cup
c. Use hoist.
10. The dangers of walking we take away by:
a. Address the source

b. markings to be affixed

Chapter 7 – Working at height
7.0 Introduction
How many of the following situations do you recognize?
1. As you climb a ladder, you feel this shifting slightly. You scare and think,
"There I Go".
2. You walk on a construction site and see an open stairwell. You think:
"You must not fall into it, I may think about it".
3. You are concentrated on the work and scares suddenly: not even a
meter next to you falls a heavy object. You think: "That saved little".
About one-third of all construction accidents are due to the fall of altitude or
the consequence of a falling object!
According to the Arbo-law Worked at height as soon as there is a fall hazard of

2.5 meters And the minimum age to be able to work at Heights is 18 years old.
If this Is the case, the Health and safety legislation That precautions are taken.
Working at height is linked to a number of risks:
• The risk of falling out of a eaves or deepening;
• The risk of falling through a floor opening;
• The risk that others are affected by a falling
Object.
If there is fall hazard, we must take measures such as:

• A safe scaffolding, racking, landing or work floor
Make
• Effective fencing, handrails or other similar
provisions;
• Floor openings;
• Use personal protective equipment such as:
1) Safety helmet,
2) Safety Shoes,
3) Fall Protection
4) Safety nets.
7.1 Roofs and deepening floors

On a roof or deepening floor we are usually on a solid surface. That gives us a
safe feeling, which is not always right. In the case of work on flat roofs, there is
a danger of falling off. An edge protection is necessary if the fall hazard is 2.5
meters or more. In addition, a
Edge protection is placed if the risk exists to fall on/along protruding parts, in
the water or in the vicinity of traffic.
Within 4 Meter of the eaves is a safety device Required. If there are seating
possibilities for this one applies a eaves protection or safety nets, otherwise
one must wear a harness belt. Of course, the obligation remains to close all
openings in floors.
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These measures should also be taken if the edge security can only be partially
placed or if the affixing of the edge security entails more danger than the work
to be done.
In order to have sufficient grip on a sloping roof or when a roof is not

sufficiently powerful, running boards must be used. This makes your weight
better distributed over the roof. They must be long enough and supported by
the beams in the roof.
The running boards on slanted roofs must be at least 40 cm with transverse

slats to prevent slippage. In addition, the same rules apply to sloped roofs for
fall protection as for flat roofs and deepening floors.
7.2 Ladders
Since July 2006, the rules for the use of the ladder have been tightened. The
ladder will still exist as a means of access, but for carrying out works at height,
a safer work equipment than a ladder should be used (if possible). Think of a
(roller) scaffold or aerial platform.
If it is necessary to work from a ladder, it must be short-lived and low-risk.
The guiding principle is:

• Headroom lower than 7.5 meters.
• Maximum Statijd For the whole job less than 4 hours.
• Exert less power than 100N (10kg).
• Working area within the arm length with both feet on the sport.
Other rules for use are:

• It is not allowed to use a damaged or broken charger.
• Therefore, check the ladder before using it.
• Allow repairs to be performed only by an expert.
• The ladder and ladder shoes must be free of paint, mud, snow or oil.
• The ladder must be on a stable surface with enough space around it.
• Set it stable at an angle of 70-75 degrees And not upside down or rear
front.
• Never leave a ladder unattended.
• Avoid slipping by placing a stability bar at the bottom and securing it at
the top.
• Fasten movable ladders anyway.
• Keep to the manufacturer's minimum lap length for any part of the
ladder.
• Keep access to the ladder free from obstacles or affix a marker.
• Never place a ladder directly against a window, use a cross bracket.
• When stepping out of the ladder at altitude, there must be proper
support, therefore a ladder must at least 1 meter protruding The place
to which it gives access.
• Enter the ladder with the face towards the ladder, hold it with 2 hands
and make sure that both feet are always on the sports.
• Taking tools/materials can, but cannot hinder the grip. It is better to
bring this up with a rope

7.3 Steel Scaffolding
Steel scaffolding is used for construction work and cleaning and overhaul
work. A scaffold to which a lifting or hoisting equipment may be connected is a
special jetty: the special jetty.
A scaffold that is well built and maintained is a safe working place. However,
building and maintaining the scaffolding continues to work for specialists. Only
they are allowed to do this work.
Scaffold Builders guarantee that a scaffold is well built. They show through
scaffolding cards whether a scaffold can be accessed or not. There is a map or
label on the scaffold that describes the condition of the scaffolding.
This means that when a scaffold is no longer safe for any reason, you must
remove the scaffolding card from the cover and give it to the scaffolding
builder or performer.
Furthermore, the following rules apply when working on and with scaffolding:
• Changing something on a scaffold is not allowed.
• If you see something wrong with the scaffolding, immediately
remove the scaffolding card and deliver it to your direct manager or
scaffold Builder.
• Do not let loose parts on the scaffold swing (tools, bricks or other
material).
• A smooth scaffolding floor is dangerous. Make the scaffold frost free
or sprinkle sand on the scaffolding floor.
• It is not allowed to work from stairs or ladders on a scaffold. If you
still want to work higher, use a auxiliary scaffold of up to 50 cm
height and apply an extra handrail.
• Consider the supply of materials to the maximum load on the
scaffold. For a normal (light) scaffold, the floor load is not more than
150 kg/m2. A special (Heavy) jetty is 300 kg/m2.
• Scaffolding must be reconstructed once every three months and
after a storm (wind Force 9 or higher) Checked.
7.4 Hanging Scaffolding

Everyone has seen a hanging jetty on a facade of a large building. They are
used for maintenance and cleaning work. Of course it is placing a suspension
scaffold Work for specialists. They must also test the suspension scaffold,
before being put into service, with at least 1.25 times the maximum operating
load. The people who work with the hanging scaffold must have had good
instructions on how to handle them.
A suspension scaffold must clearly indicate the following information:

• The name of the manufacturer;
• The date on which the suspension jetty was made;
• the type number;
• The maximum load;
• A CE mark for hanging scaffolding after 1996.
There is always a risk that the hanging scaffold is going awry. Therefore it is
obligatory to wear a harness belt. Furthermore, you have to make sure that
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the hanging jetty can be safely accessed and abandoned. The ground
underneath the suspension scaffold must be deposited. This prevents
someone from being injured by a falling object.
It also includes:
• From wind force 6, in the case of thunderstorms and for smoothness,
no more work can be done on the hanging scaffold;
• As long as work is carried out in the scaffolding, the control Panel must
remain manned;
• You may never leave a suspension scaffold unattended;
• For persons under the 18 years old It is forbidden to work in a
suspension scaffold;
• If you work at an altitude above 25 meters, a means of communication
must be used (Patented many);
• A supervisor must give the operators the correct instruction.
7.5 Rolsteigers
Rolsteigers have some advantages over ordinary steel standing scaffolding.
They are a lot lighter and easier to move. However, they also have
disadvantages. Because they are lighter and narrower, they are less stable
than a regular scaffolding. It is important that before you start building a
rolling scaffold, you check that all components are present.
There are some rules for working on a rolling scaffold:

• The wheels must be blocked before the rolling scaffold is climbed;
• Climb the rolling scaffold on the inside;
• Hoist all equipment and tools with a rope upwards;
• Keep the scaffold clean and sprinkle at sand smoothness;
• The bracing of a scaffold is meant for the firmness, not to climb the
jetty;
• From Wind force 6 you can no longer be on the jetty;
• A rolling scaffold should never be left unattended;
• Inside a rolling scaffold can be used up to a working height of 12
meters
And outside to a working height of up to 8 meters. Higher may also
sometimes, but then additional provisions should be made
Moving a rolling scaffold is also bound to rules:

• The scaffolding must not be moved if someone is still present;
• Make sure that no tools or material is left on the scaffolding during the
ride;
• The floor on which the scaffolding is driven must be flat and weary. If
this is not the case, use
• than rails or U-profiles;
• In order to avoid falling over, a high rolling scaffold must be phased out
up to 8 metres.
7.6 Aerial Platforms

If setting up a scaffold is not possible or too expensive, we use an aerial
platform. The two main types are:
• Mobile aerial platforms;
• Fixed aerial platforms.

Mobile can always drive, even if someone in the Werkbak is present.
Fixed Aerial platforms are mounted at a fixed location.
Also, aerial platforms that can drive, but during use are fixed by stamps on the
ground, fall under the fixed aerial platforms. There is another format, namely:
• Aerial platforms with a retractable arm;
• Aerial platforms with a Articulated;
• Aerial platforms with a scissor construction.
Aerial platforms can be secured against falling over by means of stamps.

A scissor construction must be placed around a fence of at least 1.5 meters
high, if one can get closer than half a metre to the scissor construction. The
aim of the fence is to protect people from the bottleneck of the scissors
construction. Chain Mail.
Aerial platforms must be positioned horizontally on a flat surface.
If the persons in the container are above 25 metres above ground, they must
have a Patented many Use.
If an aerial platform is used in a factory that is in operation or in a place where

there are many people or traffic, then there must be an assistant on the
ground.
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Chapter 7- Multiple Choice questions
1. Working at height is working above the:
a. 2 meters
b. 2.5 meters
c. 3 metres
2. You are going to work on a ladder. Then:
a. You may not use the last 3 steps

b. The ladder must be positioned at an angle of 60 degrees
c. The ladder must protrude at least 1 metre above the floor
3. Ladders and scaffolding must not exceed be accessed from:
a. Wind Force 6
b. Wind Force 5
c. Wind Force 4
4. A red scaffolding card may mean:
a. Steiger is unsafe
b. Steiger Not enter
5. If you still want to work higher on a scaffold, Use:
a. A wooden crate or something like that

b. A auxiliary scaffold of up to 50 cm height
c. Its own construction of scaffolding boards and pipes
6. A hanging scaffold is tested by:
a. With a hammer to test the construction on cracks

b. Increase the maximum load by 50%
c. Increase the maximum load by 25%
7. In order to safely drive a rolling scaffold, this Be broken down to:
a. 7 meter
b. 8 metres
c. 9 metres
8. Leaving work bins at height, may only be if:
a. The Machinist and crew of the Werkbak eye contact have

b. The crew wears a harness belt
c. There is a waiver of the Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW)

9. When walking on sloping roofs we should use Making:
a. Walking boards and harness belts

b. Safety nets when large slots are in the roof
10. Holes in deepening floors we must:
a. Cover with a sturdy material, and possibly mark

b. Security by putting a watch on it
c. Cover with a canvas
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Chapter 8 – Work permits and closed space
8.0 Introduction
Suppose you are a cleaner at a company that specialises in And you are asked
for a storage tank from a milk factory Clean up. You report in the morning at
the Milk Factory and One designates the conscious storage tank. At that time
there is also A maintenance technician to work on the drive motor of the
Rudder mechanism to repair. You enter the tank via a manhole and begins to
remove the milk residue.
You use a Degreasing chemical that quickly release the milk residue The wall of
the tank. After a few minutes you start Get dizziness and start tearing your
eyes. Strong stuff,
that cleaning fluid. You get a strong cough attack and you know Still just in
time to run the manhole, behind you suddenly begins The great stirrer to turn.
That also had No 10 seconds before
Must be done! Without knowledge of things, you had a big risk.
8.1 Work Permits

If you need to work with others at the same time, Good consultation. Good
agreements have to be made and the conditions under which work is to be
carried out, should be recorded. These cases can be recorded In a work
permit.
The purpose of the work permit is:

• Consult with everyone involved in the work;
• Making binding agreements with all those involved in the work;
• Establishing the conditions under which work must be carried out;
• Authorising the commencement of work.
The work permit is particularly important in Outside-Just Complex work, when

working with hazardous substances and work with multiple contractors in one
place. If there is a Work permit, it means that there is a need for a Increased
risk.
In The (Petro-) Chemical industry applies: without work permit Not work.
Examples of situations in which a work permit To be worked are:

• Hazardous activities, such as in confined spaces;
• Work with hazardous substances;
• Work in which one or more contractors are involved.
There are different types of work permits. Examples include:

• Hot License;
• Backhoe Permit;
• Lifting licence;
• Entrance permit private room.

Whatever kind of work permit it is, it should be Laid down
The work
It describes what the work entails, how and how Where to work.
Measures
This describes the measures to be taken to To work as safely as possible. You
can think of Placing shielding, cleaning tanks and carrying out of
measurements.
All prescribed personal protective equipment shall also be Listed here.
Signing
All parties involved sign the work permit. This explains To work according to
the prescribed procedures. It is intended that work permits are clearly defined.
Do not understand something, do not sign and ask for a Clear explanations.
In General, work within an organisation is Be carried out only if the employee:

• Has the required level of training;
• Has followed the required safety instruction (s);
• has received formal consent.
In their own employees, this formal consent is often included in the In the job
description. For all other staff To carry out a risky work, the (Petro-) Chemical
industry a licensing system which can be formally authorised in the form of a
Granted.
Poor work preparation and poor information can Incidents and accidents. A
work permit Provides clear consultations and binding agreements between all
Concerned about the work to be carried out. also be The conditions under
which it is necessary to work.
Work permits are required when working conditions Require extra attention.
There are a number of aspects that May entail:
• The work, tools and materials used;
• The processes themselves (type of plant to be worked on/in);
• The complexity (the order in which different persons have to carry out
work);
• The number of people present at the workplace at the same time.
8.2 Application for Work permit

The applicant
A work permit is requested by the Department that Work carried out.
The application is submitted to the provider: the manager, head of tEchnical
Service, Produktiemanager or the landlord. In any case The person who
Building or installations and monitoring Implementation of the work.
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The applicant shall give:
• A description of the command (for example, removing an intermediate
wall and creating a 2-metre build-up);
• A list of all activities to be carried out (for example: support ceiling,
chopping between wall, welding skid, dyeing, bricking, etc.);
• A list of all the tools needed (struts, Kangoo, Auto no welding machine,
etc.);
• The start and end dates;
• The number of performers;
• any particulars.
The far-reaching department

In the far-reaching section, all information about the Materials and processes
in this section. Also the risks In relation to the specific department are here
well-known. The Provider knows:
• Whether chemicals are being worked on and what dangers are attached
to it;
• Whether special requirements are imposed with regard to the machines
present (shielding, freeze, Harmful vibrations, noise);
• Whether specific measures should be taken to avoid disrupting critical
processes (important critical measurements carried out).
The provider must then arrange a number of things:

• Take measures to ensure a safe working environment;
• providing safety information;
• Indicating points of interest related to the process and the machinery;
• (let) perform necessary measurements before commencement and
during work;
• Specifying the PPE to be used's;
• Requirements relating to tools and work to be carried out;
The holder
The contractor who will perform the work is the Holder. He shall indicate what
measures he considers necessary For the VEilig Perform the workPresent (for
example Remove all flammable material, cover wells, eaves protection Places).
He also indicates which personal Protective equipment he considers necessary
(safety shoes, Fall protection).
The holder signs the work permit and thus gives To that:
• He has understood what is in it;
• He will work in accordance with the agreements;
• Ensure that the executors are aware of the permit conditions;
• The performers are present during work at the workplace;
• The authorisation shall be surrendered after the work is completed.
The provider
The provider is the one who ultimately ensures that the license Enters into
force. He draws the authorisation as the last and Hand it over to the holder.
The work permit is Rule for the duration of the work with a Maximum of one
day. Thereafter, the authorisation must Extended Be. This means that the
supplier and the holder Should review and draw every day.

The provider is also the lead for the content of the work permit.
If the activities specified in the authorisation are Particular risks may entail a
complementary Authorisation are necessary. For example, Activities of a
temporary nature, using a single Potential sources of ignition are carried out,
the An additional permit for open fire work Required.
The work permit must, after termination of the work, Be surrendered to the
provider and it is prudent to Work permit at least one month. After an incident
Is it advisable to have a retention period of at least three months and add a
copy to the iNcidentendossier.
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8.3 BClosed rooms
Features of a private space are:
• A small workplace where you can easily move around;
• Limited ventilation;
• Difficult accessibility: flights are difficult and the contact with the
outside is poor;
• No daylight.
Not all features need to be present to be able to speak of a private room.

Examples of enclosed spaces are:
• Storage tanks and reservoirs;
• Cellars, crawl spaces and engine rooms;
• sewers and ducts;
• Lift shafts;
• Wells and trenches, deeper than 1.5 meters.
Dangers in enclosed spaces are:

• Suffocation Hazard;
• intoxicating and poisoning hazard;
• Electrocution
• Falling and slipping;
• Moving parts;
• Falling objects.
Fire and explosion hazard

The danger of fire and explosion within a closed area is Bigger than there
outside. There may be a oPéénhoping of gases or Vapours are created because
there is little or no ventilation. De LEL is reached very quickly. In A storage
tank, residues can still Are present in flammable substances. By movement can
Certain liquids evaporate faster. by welding jobs Flammable substances can be
displaced in a private area.
Think of leakage of gas bottles or hoses. Extra Oxygen by leakage to hoses

from oxygen bottles can be Increased fire and explosion hazard. If you are in a
private Should be welded, make sure that all combustible materials are
(Polish-lapping, oil, etc.) removed. When painting in A tank can release
solvents, which quickly reach high can cause combustible dust concentration.
Choking hazard
Because oxygen is consumed or expelled, it can be used in a closed Space in a
short time a dangerous situation arises. Consumption As a result of, for
example, combustion, welding, Inhalation, hardening of paint or glue.

IntoxicateIngand poisoning Hazard
Toxic substances can be in a private area in a variety of ways Come:
• In sewers caused by rotting processes methane (CH4) and Hydrogen
sulfide (H2S);
• It sometimes seems that tanks are clean, but from the pores of the walls
are still often toxic and combustible substances (stored in rust);
• Toxic stoFfen can be created in a private area by activities such as
paints, syringes (solvents) or welding (vapours) or from outside the
enclosed space.
Filter masks must not be used, because they do not protect against oxygen
deficiency.
Dangers of electricity
The probability of electrocution in a closed space is greater than Normally
because:
• The temperatureR in a close space is high.
• Closed spaces are often damp;
• Many enclosed spaces of metal are and well-guided.
In a closed area, therefore, only work can be done with A safe voltage: up to
50 volts AC or 120 volts dc.
Falling and slipping

Private spaces are often small and there are often cables and Pipes.
The chance of falling, tripping and getting trapped is So great. Good lighting
can help prevent this.
Caution and cleanliness are a requirement.
Measures in private spaces

In a private room (for example, a pit, tank, or silo) Often are supply lines. As in
such a closed space Should be worked on, all piping must be first Closed. To
prevent accidental opening Liquid or gas, we close the supply Off with
Stitching Flanges. This is a round plate that is placed Between two main parts.
With a stitching flange should be Close to the enclosed space.
The placing of gas bottles in a closed area is prohibited. In A closed area may
be gas sUsed by Langen. The Gas bottles remain outside. During pauses, the
burners must and hoses are brought out and the gas cylinders are Turned up.
When it is not prevented that combustible gases are in a Space, it must be

ventilated and measured with a Explosion meter. The best can be measured at
different places Because the concentration varies by location. Explosion
gauges give alarm at 10% of the lower explosion limit (10% LEL).
In this way, there is enough time to leave the room and To take measures.
Above 10% LEL, it is prohibited to To enter a private area.
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There is special tools for working in enclosed spaces, as The risk of fire is not
completely avoidable anyway. We can For example pneumatic equipmentUse
Dschap, tight Lamps and spark-free tools. Welding and grinding is not Possible.
The concentration of a certain toxic substance may be in a closed Space

quickly. If the Border-WaaRde becomes bEnaderd, then will Measures must be
taken.
Measures may include:
• Ventilation
• Measure
• Special tight suits;
• Breathing air mask;
• Verseluchtkap.
Before the work takes place in a closed area, the Measures are well discussed.
It is important that everyone The (alarm) procedures know, that everyone
knows what risks There are and how to work. This can all be Work permit.
Working In a private space means that at least two People are enabled:
• The person who is in the work;
• One person as security guard (manhole guard);
The safety guard may place at the entrance of the Do not leave the room as
long as staff are present in The enclosed space. The only thing he needs to do
is staff Observe in space. He must strike alarm if, despite all Precautions,
something goes wrong.
He may himself Niet inward. He must be in contact With the staff in the room
via an intercom or other Communications. If there is a chance of a shortage of
oxygen or an excessively high Concentrations of hazardous substances, it is
necessary to measure:
• The oxygen percentage of 21%;
• The concentration of combustible gases must be less than 10% of the
LEL;
• The concentration of toxic substances present must be lower than the
MAC value.
All measurements must be carried out by expert Staff. If errors are made in
the measurements, this can Life-threatening.
Further The following measures must be taken:

• Persons under the age of eighteen may decide not to enter private
spaces;
• Deep wells or trenches must be fitted with 2 ladders;
• Exits must always be kept, so that staff in the closed area and
emergency services Easy access.
Measures when working with fire in a private area are:
• Remove flammable substances;
• Keep fire extinguishers within reach;
• Keep gas bottles out of space;
• Apply hose break protections;

• During breaks, turn the bottles close and bring all the hoses and burners
out of the room;
• Suction of welding fumes.
Large surfaces are often treated with a paint sprayer. Here Additional
measures apply:
• Independent Breath protection (breath-air mask or fresh-air cap) is
obligatory;
• To stay below 10% LEL, ventilation of the whole space is obligatory;
• All equipment must be grounded in connection with static electricity;
• Ventilation must take place until a few days after dyeing, because paint
will harden for a few more days.
For activities in enclosed spaces, the general The following PPE:

• Protective clothing;
• Eye protection
• Gloves
• Safety Shoes/boots;
• Safety helmet at risk of falling objects;
• If necessary, independent respiratory protection.
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1. The purpose of the work permit is:
a. Make good appointments and define conditions

b. Capturing safe working measures
2. If a work permit is not clear to you, then You must:
a. Ask for clear explanations and then only draw

b. The work just does not perform
c. Discard the work permit
3. Separating piping is done by:
a. Stopping one supply line in a tray

b. To place a stitch flange between the pipes
c. A guard to place at the supply line, which checks if anything passes through
4. Dangers in a private area may include:
a. Fire and explosion hazard

b. Lack of oxygen
5. The LEL is very fast in a closed area Reached. This is due to:
a. The difficult ventilation in a small room

b. Incorrect handling of the MAC values
c. Do not use a retentive switch
6. Often it seems that tanks are clean, But there are still toxic and combustible substances Release.
This is because:
a. Wrong soap is used

b. Still fabrics can sit in rust layers
c. Little oxygen in it
7. In the case of welding jobs in closed space, Flammable substances are also available by:
a. Leaking gas hoses

b. Extra oxygen by leaking oxygen bottles
8. When working in enclosed spaces, the Breaks:
a. Burners and hoses are deposited outside the enclosed space

b. Gas cylinders will be restored in the enclosed space
c. The extinguishing agents are taken to the location

9. In the case of work in a closed area We must at least with:
a. 1 person are
b. 2 people are
c. 3 people are
10. To protect without respiratory protection in a closed To be able to work in space, the Oxygen percentage:
a. 10% are
b. 17% are
c. 20% are
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Chapter 9 – Personal Protective equipment
9.0 Introduction
You know it, just save a piece of a sidewalk tile and.... there is a piece of
pebble in your eye.
Briefly sand the doors and posts before you paint them and.... in the evening
your nose is full of paint powder.
Just unclog the toilet with chemicals and.... a drop is splashing in your eye.
Just with old and new a few flares and... a stray fire arrow shoots brushed past
your eye.
All nasty things that could easily have been avoided by using personal
protective equipment: PPE.
9.1 When do we use Personal Protective equipment (PPE)?

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are intended as a last resort. Ideally, we
would only do work where no PPE was necessary, but unfortunately it does
not succeed.
Personal protective equipment, PPE, does not prevent accidents.

They prevent or reduce injuries only in the case of accidents.
The employer is responsible for providing the right PPE and giving instructions
for their proper use!
Moreover, the Arbo-law Of the employer who supervises the use. The
employee is obliged to use and maintain them in the right way!
Also, the employee must check whether a CE marking is present and whether
the PPE is still in good condition wrong. After use, the PPE should be properly
stored or saved.
As mentioned above, PPE ensures that the consequences of an accident
remain within limits. In order to do this, strict requirements must be imposed
on PPE. Safe PPE can be identified by a CE mark. These are European
agreements on minimum safety requirements. It is also important that they
are efficient and ergonomic and that they are supplied with a good user
manual.
Effective means of ensuring adequate protection in the case of possible

accidents. Ergonomic means: As comfortable as possible in use.
9.2 Eye Protection

Goggles
Safety goggles Protect the eyes.
The glasses of these glasses are usually of tempered glass or plastic. Tempered
glass is much stronger than ordinary glass. In addition, it does not break, but
kibble it. As plastic, polycarbonate is the most used, which can also not
shatter. The downside is that these glasses are more sensitive to scratches,
which can cause the quality to deteriorate. The frame of safety glasses is made
of incombustible material.
Today, many safety goggles are equipped with flaps that protect the eyes on
the side against splashing particles.
Contact lenses do not give any protection.
Wide View Glasses
A wide viewing glass can best be compared with a Ski goggles. It is also
suitable for working over the head and for work with chemicals. Because these
glasses connect to the face, dust, splinters and chemicals cannot be seen in
the eyes.
The diamond is made of plastic and is therefore virtually unbreakable, but is
scratched. Over-sighted glasses are used for grinding, chopping and drilling.
Face screens
Face shields not only protect the eyes, but the whole sight. These are also
usually made of plastic. They are suitable for working over head and work with
high pressure and chemicals. Because they do not fully connect to the face,
they cover less quickly than a wide sight glasses.
• The air (compressor) for fresh air caps must always be filtered;
• Masks must be well maintained and regularly cleaned;
• Check whether the filter is suitable for gas or dust to be filtered out;
• Verify that the mask is properly fit.
Lasbrillen and Laskappen

Both Lasbrillen and laskappen usually consist of two panes. Under the window
of tempered glass there is a dark window. The Diamond of tempered glass
protects against metal splinters, snails and glowing splashes. The dark glass
protects against radiation.
Laskappen protect the whole face.
This is necessary, because in electric welding ultraviolet radiation is released.

Ultraviolet radiation burns the skin and can cause skin cancer.
In the case of electric welding, it is not possible to use a welding goggles, in car
no welding.
9.3 Respiratory Protection

There are two types of respiratory protection:
• dependent respiratory protection;
• Independent respiratory protection.
In the case of dependent respiratory protection, the air present is filtered only.
We therefore also speak of a gas or dust filter mask.
In the case of independent respiratory protection, the ambient air is not used.
You take your own air with you in a Ademluchtcylinder Or clean air is
transported through a hose. Because you are no longer dependent on the
ambient air, this type of mask is called independent respiratory protection.
The rules to be observed in the use of respiratory protection are:

• When working with respiratory protection, ask for an instruction and
practice first in an environment without Hazardous substances;
• Full face masks. are usually used in the same way as Half Mask
respirators. The window also protects the eyes. Masks fitted with a
screw rim can also be used with a gas/dampfilter;
- 103 - LESBOEK VCA

• Air caps. Are put over the head and tied to the chest air. The air is blown
into the hood by the filter.
Independent respiratory protection

Independent respiratory protection is used in highly toxic substances, at high
concentrations of hazardous substances and in a low-oxygen environment. In
Breath air masks we use compressed air from bottles, which are worn on the
back. Only those who are medically approved and trained are allowed to work
with a breath-air mask. A misuse may have fatal consequences.
At Verseluchtmaskers Air is used from outside via a pump, by a hose.
Verseluchtkappen Be overheaded. A pump provides an overpressure to fresh

air in the hood. If such a hood is used, the wearer is usually difficult to
understand and measures must be taken to enable communication.
The rules of use for the respiratory protection are:

• When working with respiratory protection, ask for an instruction and
exercise first in an environment without hazardous substances;
• The air (compressor) for fresh air caps must always be filtered;
• Masks must be well maintained and regularly cleaned;
• Check whether the filter is suitable for gas or dust to be filtered out;
• Verify that the mask is properly fit.

Dust Filters
Dust filters are distinguished in type 1, 2 or 3. The higher the number, the
better the dust is stopped. Type 3 therefore keeps dust best.
Known dust filters are the P1, P2 and P3 filters. These are used only as a
removable filter in masks. So, depending on the type of substance, the user
can choose the type of filter he wants to put in the mask.
• P1 Dust Filter
The removable P1 dust filter is not suitable for construction. The fine dust
passes through the dust filter. The P1 filters offer only a protection factor of 2
(see table 2 in Chapter 6). Therefore use an ABM/filter with a protection factor
of 5 or higher, for example a P2 quality filter.
• P2 Dust Filter
The interchangeable P2 dust filter is intended for coarse dust and also
prevents a large part of the fine dust. They offer good protection
• P3 Dust Filter
The interchangeable P3 dust filter stops almost all dust. A disadvantage of this
type of filter is that it is often more difficult to breathe the air through the
filter. This causes more vacuum when inhaling in the mask.
AbduslTers Are in Drie klAxes iNgedeeld:

P1 = HinderlIjk Substance P2 = Harmful Substance And P3 = Toxic
Substance.
9.4 Hearing Protection

People who have to work in damaging noise can arm themselves against it
with hearing protectors. But they only help if they are worn. Therefore,
wearing comfort is of great importance.
Hearing protectors must of course be adequately dampened, they must also
sit well and should not irritate. Because the opinion differs per person, users
should be involved in the choice of the type of hearing protection.
Types of hearing protection

Personal Protective equipment is available in many types and sizes. Also the
operation by species varies considerably:
Ear swabs give a sound attenuation of 5-10 DB (a). They are made of glass
down and are for single use.
Foam wads give a sound attenuation of 10-15 DB (a). These are cylindrical
pieces of impregnated plastic foam that are compressed between thumb and
index finger into a roll and inserted into the ear. Foam wads can be cleaned
and reused.
Earphones give a sound attenuation of 10-15 DB (a). Earphones are made of

silicone rubber or soft plastic and can have the form of cones, rods or air-filled
pads. They can be used multiple times.
Otoplastics Give a sound attenuation of 15-20 DB (a).
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Otoplastics are based on a wax mould of the ear, individually measured. They
are plastic and close the ear canal without exerting pressure on the wall of the
ear canal. They are comfortable, very durable and costly when purchased. The
filter in the Otoplastics Adapted to the situation.
Exposure duration without hearing impairment

8 hours work Maximum 80 dB (A)
4 hours Work maximum 83 DB (A)
Booked 1 hour Work maximum 89 DB (A)
15 minutes Work maximum 95 DB (A)
56 sec. Work maximum 107 DB (A)
< 1 sec. Work maximum 125 DB (A)
Earmuffs Give a sound attenuation of up to 15-25 DB (a).
Earmuffs Have the best damping properties of all Noise attentuating

Resources. They consist of two hard plastic shells that are coated on the inside
with Absorbing Material and they are provided with soft plastic sealing rings.
Legal rules for hearing protection

The main points of the Arbo-law Are:
• (harmful) sound must be measured and mapped regularly and in any
case when the circumstances have changed;
• At noise levels from 80 DB (A), the employer must inform his employees
of the dangers and make available hearing protection and provide
information on their use. In addition, the employer should be able to
allow his employees to check their hearing on a regular basis;
• At noise levels from 85 DB (A), the employer must also take measures to
reduce noise down to this limit and the worker is obliged to wear the
hearing protection provided.

Because the sound in a workplace can only be measured with special tools, we
use the following rule of thumb. When you have to raise your voice to make
you understandable on normal call distance of about 1 meter, you can assume
that ambient noise is harmful. So more than 80 DB (A).
9.5 Head Protection

The safety helmet is the only protective device for a good protection of the
head against bumps and falling objects.
The inner part of the helmet divides the force of a hit or from a falling object
over the whole head.
If a helmet is damaged or has had a blow, it must be replaced.

Helmets also have a Maximum useful life:
• Polytea helmets must be replaced after 3 years;
• Helmets, polycarbonate, after 5 years;
• Helmets, textile phenol and fiberglass reinforced polyester after 10
years.
Usage rules:
• Check the helmet's internals regularly. That must be well adjusted;
• After a fall or a hefty blow, the helmet must be replaced;
• Stickers and paints can damage the helmet and make damage invisible;
• Sunlight ages a helmet. So don't put it in a place where the sun is shining;
• Metal helmets should not be used in the industry, because they lead to
electricity.
9.6 Hand and Armbescherming

There are various gloves that protect against all kinds of different situations:
cold, heat, radiation, depeeling by sharp objects, liquids and chemicals.
Wearing gloves is very important, because in everything we do, we use our
hands.
Gloves are made for every type of work. It is important to know which type of
glove you should wear in a chore.
Gloves can be made from very different fabrics, for example: rubber, leather,
PVC, neoprene, vinyl or even lead!
Wear Never Gloves in the vicinity of rotating parts, because the gloves can
therefore be seized.
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9.7 Foot Protection
Here too we have a different kind of protection for every chore.
We know safety shoes and boots.
Good safety footwear has the following characteristics:

• A steel nose, to protect the toes;
• A steel midsole, to protect the feet against, for example, nails;
• An anti-skid sole, to protect against slipping.
The rules for safe use of safety shoes and safety boots are: regular
maintenance (shoes grease, if they remain waterproof), wet shoes should not
be dried in the heating (otherwise they will burst), worn out Shoes and shoes
(also boots) that have been in contact with toxins must be replaced.
9.8 Body Protection

The overall is most used as body protection. For hot work, the overalls must be
made of inflammable or fire retardant material.
The overalls should fit well (no dangling parts, like frays and wide sleeves).
Sometimes we use plastic disposable clothing for certain work. Because of the
low ventilation, it becomes too hot in the disposable overall.
For the winter there are special wraps and insulating underwear.
The rules for the safe use of body protection are:

• Do not blow clothes clean with breath air;
• Clean or exchange contaminated clothing directly;
• Wear clothing always closed (tightly closing) when moving or rotating
parts;
• Repair or replace broken clothing directly.

9.9 Fall Protection
First of all, we need to avoid working at heights. For this we use fall brackets.
The Valbeschermingsmiddelen should be used when working at heights of

more than 2.5 meters and no other protections are possible or provide
adequate protection.
There are different types of fall protection.

A harness belt is used for all species.
This is a composition of belts that sit around the upper legs, abdomen, chest
and shoulders. On the back is a ring to which a catch line has to be coupled.
Other species, such as the hip belt, may not be used as a fall protection, but as
a distance protection. A belt that has broken a trap must be destroyed. Also
the Catch line
Must be destroyed.
Only a catch belt is of course insufficient.
The catch belt must be attached to it.

There is a choice of different devices:
Remchute
The Remchute is a descent device. This allows you to descend slowly
downwards and when you climb up the line automatically rolls back on. If you
fall, he brakes the trap and pockets you quietly to a safe place.
When using it, always keep the right underneath the device's attachment,
otherwise you'll be swayed after a fall. Because a remchute slowly drops, it
should never be used above water or above (railway) roads.
Non-Chute
This is not a descent device. This device keeps the line tight while you walking
around. When you make a sudden move, the device blocks. The operation is
the same as that of a seatbelt.
The rules for the safe use of fall protection are:
• A fall protection, which has taken care of a trap, must be monitored;
• Fall protection devices and harness belts must be checked at least once
a year;
• Fall protection equipment must be checked after a fall;
• Catch lines must not be contaminated;
• Remchute, non-chute and harness belts must be stored in a dry and
clean place;
• Harness belts must fit well and be tuned to the wearer.
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1. PPE's We use:
a. Because they have a CE mark

b. If source control is not sufficient
c. If there is a lot of noise: 65 DB (A)
2. After use, a PPE must:
a. Be destroyed
b. Safe to be stowed
c. Check whether the number of DB (A) is still correct
3. Wide sight glasses are used in:
a. Grinding, chopping or drilling

b. Dust and chemicals
4. Independent respiratory protection is used In:
a. An environment where there is too little oxygen

b. An environment where hazardous substances are
5. Breathing air masks may only be Gebruiktdoor:
a. Someone who understands

b. Specially trained and medically approved personnel
c. The foreman
6. A dust mask ("muzzle") may only be Used:
a. For toxic substance

b. For fumes and gases
c. For cumbersome coarse dust
7 The limit that we are legally obliged to To wear hearing protection is:
a. 80 DB (A)
b. 85 DB (A)
c. 90 DB (A)
8. A safety helmet shall be replaced by the:
a. He has had a big blow

b. The useful life has expired

9. For Fall brackets:
a. All ropes must be as long

b. They may only be used up to a height of 20 metres
c. The harness belt is the only right PPE
10. A Remchute is:
a. A descent device
b. A energy absorber
c. A catch Belt
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Chapter 10-Ergonomics
10.1. What is Ergonomics?
In many places people have to adapt to difficult work situations, because they
often do not realize that the work situation can also be adapted to humans.
How often does it not occur that the height of the work is too high without the
use of a scaffold or border. You will be able to carry a large number of
examples. For example, you have done work and have not had the right,
appropriate tools available, so you have to develop yourself into a snake man,
which can turn into all bends. This often does not take into account the
consequences for the body, for example: muscle complaints, fatigue, absence
due to permanent health problems or accidents that may arise.
The profession that deals with the research into the organisation of the
workplace is the ergonomics.
Ergonomics is the science that focuses on designing systems, so that:
• Protection of human health;
• Efficient functioning of human beings.
The ergonomics was originally aimed at making human labor as efficient as

possible.
However, the Safety Ordinance emphasises the Protection of human health
(well-being).
Ergonomics is to design or adapt machines that involve people without risk,
and can work in it.
The safety Ordinance is very pronounced at the point of ergonomics of the

workplace; The employment situation and
-Task must be adapted to the characteristics of the employees and not the
other way around!
10.2. Man-Machine system

A work place is basically a combination of two things:
Machines (or tools and utensils)

This may include:
• A milling machine (literally a machine);
• A place where new lighting fixtures are hung (not literally a machine,
but a place where work is carried out);
• A pneumatic hammer (tool);
• A chair or a car (utensil);
• A computer with associated software (can also be seen as a tool).

Determining the conditions around the machine, tools and Use objects Are the
four environmental factors:
• Lighting
• soundproofed
• Climate
• Vibrations.
Man
With this we mean the employee who needs to get the job done and
specifically the physical (but also the mental) load that this employee is
experiencing.
The three factors determining human physical stress are:

• Effort (how much force should be exerted at work);
• Movement (mode of lifting);
• Work posture (STA or sitting position).
Machinery, tools and utensils must be tailored to the worker. At the Designs
should be taken into account that they must be able to be operated By people
of different sizes.
In This lesson, we will address the above mentioned seven factors that the
ergonomics of a Workplace.
10.3 Environmental factors

You know you will sweat faster if you need to carry out work under warm
conditions. You Therefore you feel less pleasant than when you have to
perform the same work under ' normal '
Temperatures.
Now it is true that one person can work better if it is hot than another. This
example indicates that talking about ' optimal ' conditions is a very difficult
matter. What One person is optimal, seems disturbing for the other person.
However, there are a number of general guidelines that indicate whether a

workstation is more or less optimal. In This section we address these general
guidelines for:
• Lighting
• soundproofed
• Climate
• Vibrations.
Lighting
In many workplaces the lighting is not optimal. We have quite a tendency to
say, ' I see it anyway ', and our eyes then pinch something close. Often, lighting
fixtures are distributed evenly across the space and an equal illumination level
is used throughout the space. However, the smaller the detail that someone
has to perceive, the greater the illuminance should be.
If a road builder is digging a trench through an excavator, then sufficient light

is important.
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Even more important is sufficient light if someone has to visually check the
quality of products.
Also a surgeon can not perform an operation in a dim lit room properly.
A very critical task, for example the reading of meters, requires the correct
luminous intensity.
Also the age of the person plays a large role; Older people need more light
than younger ones People.
Furthermore the difference between light and dark (contrasts) in a room plays
a large role. These contrasts Should not be too large, because the eye adjusts
to the brightness of a plane. When The differences are too large, the eye
becomes fatigued quickly, making it more difficult to get details
Distinguish. Dark, unlit walls give too much contrast to the light Window. Glare
through windows is avoided by good awnings, non-translucent Blinds or
Dichtgeschoven curtains. Tinted glass hardly helps.
Just as there is a size for the distance (meter) and for electrical voltage (volts),
there is also a Measure indicating the luminous intensity (lux).
There are measuring instruments in the trade with which the luminosity can
be measured. The luminous intensity is directly determined by the wattage of
the lamps that illuminate the workplace. When a working area is fitted with
lamps, account must be taken of the fact that the light output is reduced by
aging. This is caused by pollution. Immediately after installation, the lamps
give more light.
The illuminance in Lux as a function of task and/or Space is listed in the table
below
Sound
Sound has different effects on humans. Sound, certainly loud sound, can be
harmful to humans. High noise levels are harmful to the hearing and may even
cause damage.
Noise deafness often occurs in practice. With noise deafness meant of
humans Which are often and long-term exposed to loud noise, the hearing is
always damaged a little, which means that one hears less and more. In The
course of time one becomes deaf very slowly.
In addition to the risk of deafness, loud noise is also an interfering factor in the
conduct of conversations.
Also it can distract people if they want or need to focus. Promoting good
speech intelligibility prevents unnecessary effort and mistakes. Especially
when the information is complicated and unknown, it must be possible to
speak without a vote.
Too much noise reduces concentration. This means Fatigue, headache and
reduction of Vigilance.
The noise there is the cause of that ear other sounds, such as the human
voice, warning signs (for example, an alarm signal) can no longer register. This
significantly increases the likelihood of an accident.

The main effect of noise is that the hearing can be damaged (noise deafness).
This can be done acutely by sounds of a very high sound intensity, such as an
explosion. However, it can also be gradual as a result of long-term exposure to
excessive noise levels, as can be achieved in industry.
Continuous exposure may also include other bodily effects, such as increased
blood pressure, Vestoorde Breathing and disturbed metabolic functions. Blood
circulation and digestion are slowing down. This can lead to headaches,
nausea, tense muscles, fatigue, nervousness and reduced vigilance.
The size of permanent hearing loss depends, among other things, on the
following factors:
• The total exposure time;
• The duration of exposure at a time (the longer the noise incurred, the
greater the hearing loss);
• The duration of the rest period between each exposure (in the
beginning the damage is reversible and can sometimes disappear
through rest, vacations or work breaks. It is assumed that permanent
hearing damage
• Occurs when the ear is recharged each time, before the damage of the
previous exposure is fully recovered.);
• Noise noise (the higher the noise level is, the earlier hearing loss will
occur and the more severe it will be);
• Noise frequency spectrum (at equal sound pressure high tones prove
more harmful than low);
• The continuity of the sound (for the harmfulness of the sound makes it
matter whether the noise is continuous or intermittent. By contraction
of the middle ear muscles the ear can be partially protected from the
damaging influence of strong sound.
10.4 Measures to reduce noise nuisance

Industry noises are fairly easy to combat, because as a rule the noise source is
automatically Can locate.
The noise control usually comes down to taking the following measures:
• Good maintenance (timely lubrication and replacement of worn parts
immediately);
• Modifying parts of the installation (stiffness of shaking plates);
• Placing Machines on Trillingsisolatoren;
• Shielding certain machines; Especially those with high rpm (this does not
reduce the noise, but it remains within the shielding);
• Choosing low speeds in gas pipelines, which prevents ' whistling ';
• Replacing air coolers by water coolers (unlike water coolers, air coolers
contain large fans that cause a lot of noise);
• The application of so-called 'Silencers' (silencers) in systems of
expanding gases and steam (Silencers are comparable to the silencer of
a car).
Despite all the measures that can reasonably be taken, there is still a level of
noise that the staff should not be exposed to. It is then possible to use
personal protective equipment as a last resort.
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Of course it is of the utmost importance that Staff members which are
regularly exposed to high noise levels, are periodically examined for possible
deterioration of their hearing. This is best done by making a so-called audio
gram on a regular basis.
In this way, it is prevented that people with a great personal sensitivity to the
Sound, unnoticed and in a relatively short time a reduction of hearing occurs.
Climate
With climate we mean the indoor or outdoor climate. We try to control this
climate in such a way that we feel comfortable and can therefore deliver an
optimal performance. The environmental climate has a great influence on the
working of people. An extremely warm or extremely cold environment creates
extra difficult working conditions. In a comfortable climate, without sweating
or shivering, the Body temperature Constant and the limbs are not cooled. In
such circumstances, we feel like people most comfortable.
Three factors play a role.

• Clothing.
Clothing works as insulation and offers the possibility to maintain a
comfortable climate under certain conditions (winter) and in a certain
effort (walking).
• Effort.
When exerted, heat is released that must be discharged or used as a
supplement for lost heat.
• Climate.
In the ' climate ' we distinguish: humidity, temperature and air velocity.

Air Velocity
As a starting point for a snug climate, the relative humidity between the 40-
60% And that the air speed in winter is not higher than 0.15 m/s And in the
summer no higher than 0.25 m/s.
Vibrations
Vibrations cause shocking movements of the whole body or of body parts. The
size of the displacement, the acceleration and the frequency (expressed in
Hertz (HZ): The number of movements per second) determine the effects.
These effects can be caused by extreme vibrations of damage to joints and

organs. At a lower intensity, vibrations influence the performance and can
lead to extra fatigue.
As the duration of exposure increases, the risk of damage and fatigue
increases. Vibrations can be divided into hand-/armtrillingen and body
vibrations. The human body is most susceptible to vibrations between 2 and
10Hz.
Hand/Arm Vibration
Regular use of hand tools such as motor saws, drills and pneumatic hammers
can have disastrous consequences for health. Electric or pneumatic hand tools
causes vibrations in hand, arm and the rest of the body.
Intensive vibrations in hand and arm cause damage to blood vessels and joints
in fingers and in the hand. White fingers and touchless fingertips often
indicate temporary or permanent damage.
Body Vibration
When worked on a large plant, itself the whole body can be brought into
vibration.
For example a driver on a heavy vehicle, especially when it is on unpaved or
badly hardened Terrain.
The movements can lead to stomach and back pain for longer exposures.
Especially vibrations in the area of 4-8 Hz. may be harmful. Fatigue occurs at
lower frequencies.
The muscles must absorb the shocks and the visual perception becomes extra
tiring. The result is additional coordination of eye movements and a load of
neck and shoulder muscles. This can again lead to headaches and muscle
complaints.
The following frequencies are known to affect humans:

• 4-9 Hz: probability of General unwell;
• 13-20 Hz: headache;
• 4-14 Hz: abdominal pain.
Absorbing the vibrations is possible with a good chair, for example. It is

important to set the damping so that the correct frequencies are reduced.
10.5 Measures against exposure to vibration

Vibrations and shocks, like noise, must be tackled at source. The design and/or
purchase of machinery must be taken into account.
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Points:
- Avoid imbalance;
- bumps or shocks;
- No back-and-forth movements;
- Beveled or V-shaped gears;
- Good maintenance;
- Lubrication of smooth contact surfaces;
- Hydraulic instead of mechanical transmission.
• Damping/Insulation: When source control has insufficient effect, the

application of the Absorbing Materials the source are isolated (well
periodic maintenance).
• Hand tools can be fitted with a muted handle, or there may be
Absorbing Gloves are worn.
• Renewal of Trillingsweg By a greater distance between the source and
the human.
• Apply alternative techniques, for example the pile cracker instead of
breakers.
• Limitation of exposure by alternation with Flicker Work.
10.6 Physical Stress

Work is a combination of mental (thinking) and physical (bodily) labor. If there
is physical work there is therefore a real load. In other words, the body is now
taxed by carrying out work.
That work can be tough, we all know. Work is perceived as heavy when people
need (too) much force for it. However, it may also be the case that some tasks
are summed up too large a burden.
When a particular work of body strength comes into being, the employer must
look carefully at whether the tasks in themselves are not too heavy: the
weight to be lifted, or the ' roughness ' of a lever or steering wheel. But there
may also be a wrong body load due to an awkwardly arranged work place.
In some cases, tools, appliances or furniture may be adapted or replaced to

prevent health problems. In the prevention of excessive physical stress, the
employer will initially have to look for tools to alleviate the work. The different
aspects of physical stress are: effort, lifting and sitting/standing.
Women are not allowed to lift in the last 3 months of pregnancy.

Effort
Working always means effort. This effort can be physical or mental. This is
regularly Need a period of rest. These rest periods should be spread over the
day as well.
In a resting period, the muscles recover and the circulatory rests again.
Regularly short Rest periods prevents long-term overload that leads to a
deterioration of capacities.
Also during the operations, people have needs for variation in the tax to reach
the maximum capacity to recover.
Static load is caused by the continuous tightening of the muscles, for example
Holding a knob or pedal with force. blood flow is hindered And muscle
capacity decreases rapidly. Long-term static overload leads to injuries and the
Lasting injury.
Dynamic overload is first and foremost in general physical fatigue. The result is
That besides the work little more can be done. In the longer term, heart, blood
vessels and The musculoskeletal system is so heavily charged for rapid ageing.
In a dynamic
Load muscles are regularly strained and relaxed. That requires energy.
Lifting
The lifting of objects and people is the most burdensome factor in many
professions. The least load occurs when the back is straight and the mass is
above the back (i.e. carrying something on the head or shoulders). In practice,
however, people usually have to lift and bend over before their bodies.
This causes large body complaints.
The loadability of the muscle/skeleton system is individually very different.

This is related to age, gender, building and Getraindheid. Unfortunately, it is
difficult to indicate which weight is still safe for someone to handle and where
the maximum limit is harmful. The factors that determine the degree of risk in
lifting are indicated in the following illustration. By raising awareness of the
taxes, with a good til instruction the load of the back can be reduced. The
following illustration shows how to properly lift.
In legal terms, weights heavier than 40 kg should be avoided. In frequent

lifting, the border is 25 kg. At Lifting Is The Recommended Maximum Weight So
25 kg.
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An optimal sitting position is obtained by a good support of the legs, a good
Position of the back and stool of the shoulders. In addition, the optimal
posture must Possibility to choose different postures.
The position of the pelvis is central to sitting. The pelvis should not tilt too
much The spinal column. For that, it is necessary for someone to have good
support with his feet And that the seat is not too deep for smaller people, so
that one can sit well against the backrest.
Then the pelvis must be pushed forward through the handrail. This can be
Back support. A slightly forward inclined seat tends to tilt the pelvis Reduced.
A good support from the feet and a rough surface of the seat
necessary, because otherwise the pelvis is tilted to the front. The shoulders
can Be By using armrests. These should be short, so they don't get in the way
When it is pushed.
are
Work is recommended for the following conditions:
• If there is insufficient legroom to be able to sit;
• If forces larger than 45 N (4.5 kg) are to be used;
• Reach low, high or far from the body;
• If the workstations are separated and often have to be walked back and
forth;
• Be exerted as downward forces, such as wrapping material.
In order to cope with the extra load of standing work, the support Developed.
The support of the stand captures a large part (approximately 60%) of the
body joint, so that legs and feet are significantly relieved.
1. What does the safety Ordinance demand in terms of ergonomics?
a. The workers must adapt to the working conditions.

b. The working conditions must be adapted to the workers.
c. The employer and the workers must work together to ensure a good working
environment.
2. Which two aspects determine the workplace?
a. Human and machine/environmental aspects.

b. Light and climate.
c. Sound and vibration.
3. What measures should be taken to ensure that the tax is greater than the load-
carrying capacity?
a. The effort.
b. The movement.
c. The effort, the movement and the work posture.
4. Among other safety ordinance, the concept of wellbeing is understood as
a. Safe Working with hazardous Substances

b. Ergonomic adjustment of the design of the workplace
c. Wearing the right personal Beschermingsmiddelen.
5. Good lighting means?
a. Lighting that fits the rest of the establishment.

b. As much light as possible in the workplace.
c. The difference between light and dark should not be too big.
6. What is a measure To Reduce noise in the workplace?
a. To wear hearing protection.

b. Use pneumatic tools instead of power tools.
c. Well-maintained and lubricating machinery and tools.
7. What does static tax mean?
a. Hold the same muscles permanently.

b. Regularly tighten and relax the same muscles.
c. Load of the legs and the back at long standing and walking.
8. How is a good sitting position obtained among others?
a. Keeping the legs free from the ground.

b. By the correct position of the back and shoulders do not load
c. By a well-adjustable chair.
9. When can a better standing work be done?
a. When the workplace has to be worked out often.

b. If there Stasteunen have been purchased.
c. If there OnEnough leg room is to sit.
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10. What is the function of a Stasteun?
a. A Stasteun Relieve the legs and feet.

b. A Stasteun Captures 40% of body weight.
c. A Stasteun Reduces the dynamic load.

Chapter 11 – Job Risk analysis
11.1 Directive/Methodology Task Risk analysis (TRA)
Introduction
In the daily task execution, as a company, you are constantly faced with
dangers associated with this task execution. The extent of these dangers, the
possible consequences and their frequency determine the risks of the tasks
that are carried out.
Your company's policy must be designed to identify, eliminate or minimise

risks associated with activities. There are a large number of methodologies to
identify risks and evaluate measures to eliminate or control these risks. One of
these methodologies is the risk analysis task whose scope and implementation
are described in more detail in this chapter.
Advantages of the TRA methodology

The TRA is an effective tool in identifying workplace risks. They also offer
Gaastra The staff's ability to analyze the dangers of new, non-routine tasks or
work.
The preparation of a task risk analysis

offers, among other things, the
advantage of capturing risky parts of a
task, identifying the existing or
potential employment risks (e.g. safety,
health and environment) and The best
way to perform the task so that
dangers are reduced or eliminated.
This proactive approach does not need
to be improvised in the workplace and
will not expose your employees to
unexpected potential risks. As a result,
the task is likely to be implemented
more effectively and is also able to
recognize deviations from the plan
earlier.
11.2 Selecting a task for an analysis

A task risk analysis can be performed on any job in the workplace. Even a task,
which can be realised in a jiffy, can entail risks from the surrounding working
conditions.
Gaastra Should be developed in the preparation phase. Obviously, it is not

always clear which tasks should be subjected to a task risk analysis. Therefore,
the "decision diagram" and "Memory support" if an employee concludes that
there are no appropriate procedures available to ensure that the task is safely
, a TRA will be set up to develop the appropriate management measures
(procedures). If the risks of a task are already established and governed by
existing directives and procedures, a TRA is not necessary.
Before using new equipment or applying new procedures for existing

equipment, a TRA could be made. This analysis could simply be a formal
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evaluation of factory procedures to ensure that these procedures are safe to
operate
Equipment. You should ensure that your employees can carry out their work in
a safe, healthy manner and without the environment.
TRA-Team
Those who Gaastra Execution should be familiar with the process and
understand the basic techniques of risk analysis. Where possible, those who
actually carry out the tasks must also participate in the TRA.
The number of people involved in the TRA development depends on the

complexity of the task. The team can, for example, Consisting of the
performers, the manager (s) and the safety officer. The main thing, however, is
that the TRA team is directly involved in the entire process. It is important that
the team members are trained and that they understand how and why
Gaastra Be performed. The
members of the TRA team must be
familiar with the analytical
technique and are trained in
performing Gaastra. Several TRA
training courses are offered by
training agencies.
Implementation of the Risk

analysis task
As a basis for the analysis, once a
task is selected, the TRA team must
advance to the work location in
order to get a good impression of
the working conditions. If the
executive cannot be involved in the
implementation of the TRA, it is
necessary to define in the TRA how
the communication to the
employees is realised and who is responsible for it.
11.3 Attention to the risks

It is the responsibility of the TRA team to continue to focus on identified risks
during this process and not to be tempted to take a too detailed approach.
The TRA should focus on the risky task steps and not on all kinds of additional
activities.
Size TRA
Another important factor in the development of a TRA is the final format.
If you are going to get very detailed, this will quickly lead to a TRA consisting of
a large number of pages. It is the responsibility of the TRA team to summarize
the information in a TRA of one or two pages.
Approval TRA
The TRA team will deliver the final version of the procedure, which covers one
or two pages, to the Executive (Where And if it has not been involved in the
preparation of the TRA.

The managerial officer will assess the quality of the TRA process and ultimately
approve the conduct of the relevant activity in accordance with the
established and approved TRA.
11.4 Tasks & Responsibilities within the TRA process

General
The TRA process is not a means that can cope with the lack of knowledge and
skills of man. It is, however, a means of getting the knowledge and skills that
are present structured on paper. The group process ensures that this is also
done as widely as possible.
This automatically means that a TRA can never be executed by one person, but
that there are at least two people in the TRA-team session. In the final
approval, it is necessary to determine whether sufficient persons and/or the
appropriate disciplines participated in the preparation of the TRA.
Initiator
When assessing the job to be carried out by a company, a step will be built
somewhere, where it is determined whether or not a TRA is necessary for the
relevant job.
This will often be in the preparatory or Planning phase Are.
The work Preparer/planner will in many cases be the initiator, who can or does
not start the TRA process.
After following the steps as described in the decision diagram, the decision is
taken or no TRA is carried out. The initiator is responsible for carrying out a
check on the workplace. Decision on TRA is now fixed and can only be changed
by interested parties if working conditions change.
TRA-Team
The initiator is responsible for compiling a TRA-team. The TRA team performs
the TRA according to the guidelines described in this chapter. The team sets up
a clear and as complete as possible tra form and initial this to indicate that
they were present at this TRA and agree With its contents.
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Executive Manager
It evaluates the TRA on three main points, namely:
• Is the TRA performed by the right and required disciplines.
• The management measures are sufficient to eliminate or control the
identified risks.
• Are the people who are going to carry out the task informed of the
results of the TRA or is determined how that communication is going to
take place and who is responsible for it.
Instructs his/her Fiat to carry out the task in accordance with the established
TRA. It is emphasized that the TRA is not approved with regard to
completeness.
Performers
Inform themselves of the contents of the content and verify that all the
required actions have been carried out. Carry out the task in accordance with
the rules set out in the TRA.
Stopping work as a performance in accordance with TRA is not possible and
will report this to the executive manager, after which an evaluation and
possible adaptation of the TRA takes place.
If an incident occurs during the execution of a particular task, the work must
also be stopped and this should be reported to the Executive supervisor.
Before the work is resumed, the TRA must be evaluated and zonnodig
adjusted.
Evaluation
After completion of the job, an evaluation with the performers and the
function that the TRA has released for execution follows.
This discussion will determine whether the task has been carried out as
planned. If this was not the case, then what was changed, and what
improvements should be made to the TRA.
11.5 Registration
In order to maintain the knowledge and experience that has been processed in
the final TRA and to make it available to the entire organisation, it is advisable
to keep the TRA after evaluation, e.g. In a database.
A task risk analysis can mean much in preventing incidents of work execution,
but is effective only if the TRA process is carried out again, possibly revised
and re-ratified by means of a repetition of the activity. Signature of the
Executive supervisor. Therefore, the database can be accessed to use the data
already available.

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1. What is a risk;
a. Risk is the effect plus the opportunity.

b. An investigation into the causes of an accident
c. The probability of an unwanted event times its effect
2. What is technical work preparation?;
a. Identify the most appropriate and safe working method

b. Taking into account the personal factors of the employees
c. Choosing the right machines and tools
3. When should a task risk analysis be made?;
a. In all chores.
b. While giving information and teaching.
c. In complex and risky projects
4. What do you mean by security?;
a. Work as quickly as possible under extreme conditions.

b. Monitoring the welfare level of staff
c. Preventing unsafe situations and actions
5. What is the purpose of a task risk analysis?;
a. That the tasks are directly linked to the work of the

b. Prevent work from running
c. Getting a total picture of all risks and dangers
6. The risk analysis task is carried out by;
a. Leading
b. Multiple persons
c. Expert
7. Communication is intended to;
a. instruction to give
b. Mutual exchange of information
c. Maintaining knowledge transfer
8. The purpose of communicating is;
a. To be accountable to the police

b. Capturing information
c. To describe high risk work
9. Risks at work are determined by;

a. The work environment
b. The Working Conditions
10. What is a kick or meeting?;
a. A meeting of all those involved in the work at the start of the work
b. A brief informal meeting on security
c. A meeting to be able to communicate and give everyone the right tasks.
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Chapter 12-Company Shipboard
12.1 General
Certain companies have an obligation to establish a business shipboard to
manage disaster situations or effects. In addition, every company has the
obligation to organise business assistance:
In a business shipboard is defined:

• Organisational structure and responsibilities;
• communication;
• the procedures;
• The alignment (and possible integration) with assisting external
(PublicServices.
These descriptions serve to support the officials who have to fight incidents.
A business shipboard must be sufficiently flexible, because each incident keeps
recurring unforeseen, will require appropriate measures.
The company shipboard, as well as a business aid plan, must be concise and
legible and implemented in such a way that it can be used both in real
incidents and in exercises and training.
12.2 contents of the business shipboard

A business shipboard is a description of measures and provisions that a
company has prepared to minimise and combat the effects of calamities or
undesirable events.
Before a company shipboard finally takes shape, the company should consider
credible scenarios that might arise and should be consulted in detail with the
local competent authority (usually the municipality, fire Department) .
Company plans can vary widely, depending on the environment, installation,

company organisation, implementation of the Business Emergency
organization, available tools, etc.
12.3 Objectives and frameworks of the business shipboard

The business shipboard should include a statement on the objectives and
frameworks of the of the business shipboard. The main features indicate the
type of incidents (scenario, type, Substance) has been taken into account in
the preparation of the business shipboard and where further information can
be found.
A business shipboard is based on the following general objectives:

• Protecting people, both inside and outside the premises and rescuing
people within the field;
• Minimising damage to the environment and economic damage;
• Containment and control (including combat) of the consequences
(effects) of the incident.
12.4 Business Emergency Organization

The company shipboard contains a chapter describing the company
organisation. Herein are The requirements imposed on the organisation and
its construction. Starting point is the staff present and the coordination of the
municipal Emergency response organisation.
A complete and proper understanding of the responsibilities of each function

is essential for the effective functioning of the emergency organisation. To this
end, at least the following must be included in the business shipboard:
• A description of the business emergency Organisation with a statement
of the role and responsibilities of the principal officials therein;
• An overview diagram of the command structure of the business
emergency Organization;
• The way in which substitutions of the important functions in the
Business emergency organisation are regulated;
• A reference to, or the relationship with, the municipal disaster and/or
Disaster control plan;
• Definitions of responsibilities and tasks in cooperation between the
Business emergency organisation and the municipal Disaster control
organisation.
Business Shipboard provides a description of the establishment and

establishment of the various centres that may be needed during an incident.
For example:
• command post;
• Policy Centre;
• Medical Assistance Centre.
The business shipboard must contain all the warning and alert procedures,
including the Following:
• The summoning or alerting of personnel present on the holding;
• The way in which public administrations can be alerted or informed;
• The call of absent staff;
• The appeal of specialised personnel, such as maintenance personnel and
safety specialists;
• Call for assistance, such as assistance from companies with which
agreements have been made.
Alert lists must be kept up to date

The plan contains a section on the alarm and communication systems to be
used. An important, An integral part of the business shipboard is the plan for
medical care during incidents.
This plan shall include:
• organisation and personnel;
• The medical (emergency) centres and facilities;
• The Safe collection sites present for victims;
• Available ambulances;
• Hospitals.
The company shipboard must indicate how third parties outside the company
organization will be communicated or acted, such as:
• The holding of telephone lines for emergency response;
• Procedures for adequately absorbing calls for staff, public and
emergency services;
• How and by whom contact with relatives/acquaintances of affected
workers;
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• Giving information to the media.
12.5 The phasing

The company shipboard describes the different phases of the control and
control of incidents can be distinguished.
Stage 1
The first notification of an incident should be indicated within the company, as
well as the The immediate answer to this. Think about giving alarm.
Incidents are usually classified into two or three classes, depending on the
severity of the situation.
It is clearly indicated how the classification of the incident is published and
how the classification can be changed. Definitions and criteria for classifying
incidents should be included in this section.
Phase 2
The business shipboard describes the planned actions on measures to be
carried out depending on the nature and extent of the incident.
As a manager you need to be aware of the alarm phone numbers (112) and
the alarm signals.
You also need to know what is expected of you and your employees in an
alarm emergency, such as:
• Stopping work (all licenses become invalid);
• disabling equipment;
• Go to the Assembly site (evacuate);
• Reporting to the Verzamelplaatscoördinator;
• Do not use the phone.
Phase 3
The business shipboard must determine the criteria by which an incident can
be declared as terminated.
It is necessary to indicate how this decision is made known, for example by a
sound signal, a light signal or combinations of both.
Clear
The ' normal ' business organization then reappears in office.
Before this can be done, appropriate measures must be taken to ensure that
the traces of the cause and the like are ensured. This is necessary in order not
to complicate the subsequent investigation. In case of doubt, the
competentPublic) authorities to be consulted.
12.6 Available Resources
The Coordination Centre should be able to provide overviews of all available
emergency services,
Emergency facilities and available human power. This list includes both those
of the company itself and those of other organisations, such as municipal and
relevant private services.
The way in which specific accident situations should occur, the company in
general will have established in attack plans, to which the company shipboard
only refers. They are usually managed by the company fire Brigade and are, if
necessary, discussed with the Municipal fire brigade.

Facilities in the company
The company shipboard where the following information is found, possibly
supplemented by a summary:
• Availability of trained fire-fighting personnel;
• A list of firefighting equipment (fire engines, foam systems, special '
monitors ', etc.);
• A list of bluswater pumps, capacities and spare systems;
• Availability and location of emergency equipment, including respiratory
protection equipment, protective clothing for fire control and exposure
to chemicals, portable detection equipment for flammable and toxic
gases, mobile Sprayers against the spread of gas clouds, traffic signs and
fences to turn roads off;
• A list of facilities for medical treatment, equipment included, and
availability of medically qualified personnel.
External emergency Services

As a result of the consultation with the municipality on reconciliation of the
disaster or emergency response plan, the following may be included:
• A summary of municipal fire-fighting equipment available on the first
alarm;
• Fire-fighting equipment which can then be called;
• Availability of ambulance transport, doctors and designated hospitals.
This inventory also includes regional basic health services, if necessary,
for ambulance transport central reporting rooms.
Mutual assistance
In a number of areas there are mutual assistance organisations or agreements
between companies on mutual aid for incidents. Assistance from other
(neighbouring) companies will usually only be provided upon request. The
business shipboard should include a summary of the possibilities and
agreements, as well as the warning and alert procedures associated with
them.
12.7 training, exercises and repetition
No company shipboard is complete without facilities for training, exercises and
repetition exercises.
The purpose of this is to test the plan and to provide certainty as to the extent
to which the personnel concerned are prepared for the implementation of the
plan.
It is important (and requires) that business plans, as well as municipal
RampbestrijdingsPlans Practice and that these exercises are regularly repeated
(separately and in combination).
The aim is to:

• Gaining experience and building trust among team members;
• Adapting the plan on the basis of experience gained;
• The familiarisation of business personnel with their role, their
equipment and the details of the business shipboard;
• Enable the external assistance organisation to know their share of the
business shipboard;
• To practise coordination between the various organisations that are
related to each other and to familiarise them with specific dangers.
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12.8 Business Assistance (emergency response)
On the basis of the Safety Ordinance, an employer is obliged to appoint
employees who have a business assistance
(Emergency response). Detailed rules have been laid down in the Health and
Safety decree.
The employees designated by the Employer for business assistance shall have
the following tasks:
• The granting of first aid in the case of accidents (emergency aid);
• Fighting fire;
• Alerting and evacuating workers;
• Providing communication with external services such as fire Department
and GGD (Ambulance).
The company assistance shall be subject to rules concerning:

A. the organization;
B. The crew;
C. the equipment;
D. the training;
E. The practice.
These concepts are explained in more detail below:

A. Organisation
• The emergencyErs Must be able to provide effective assistance in the
event of an accident or start extinguishing fire until the professional
assistance arrives.
• After that, they are made available for assistance;
• BHVErs Must be directly accessible and available;
• The employer must provide timetables so that the aid is always
guaranteed. One also makes known who has service and where one can
be reached;
• At any time, the minimum number of emergencyErs are present;
• It ensures good communication with external hulpverlenersbureau
organisations;
• If the employer can foresee that other companies may be endangered in
the event of an accident or a fire, he must, together with the employers
of those companies, make arrangements to achieve good cooperation
between the various emergency response organisations;
• The manner in which the emergency response is organised must be
made known to the employees.
B. Crew
• Up to 250 employees (inclusions third parties) must have at least one
emergency response-there per 50 employees or part thereof. In the
case of companies with fewer than 15 employees, the employer may
perform the emergency-response task itself if he has sufficient
experience and equipment expertise;
• Above 250 employees, there must be at least five emergencyErs are
present. For a good task exercise this will have to be more. As a rule of
thumb one can say that the number of BHVers 2% of the number of
employees present must be. Above 1000 employees one can think of 1%
Number of employees.

C. Equipment
• Equipment and equipment must be such that the emergency
responseErs can act effectively. For example, first aid and fire
extinguishing agents. The numbers depend on the nature and location
of the company and how cooperation with other employers (from
neighbouring companies) is regulated;
• Notes on which the employees are informed of how to act in the event
of accident, fire and evacuation must be suspended in the company or
establishment
D. Training
• BHVErs have been trained in such a way as to ensure that aid is
provided. This means that they are capable of providing life-saving first
aid and fire-fighting;
• The minister can make higher demands on expertise, experience and
training in certain companies.
E. Practice
The emergency response-takes part in refresher lessons and exercises to
maintain the knowledge and skill level. The frequency of the repetition classes
and exercises is determined by the required knowledge and skill.
The employer must base the business assistance and the emergency response
organisation on an inventory and evaluation of the risks. The Health and Safety
Department advises the company about company assistance.
The business assistance, the emergency response organisation and the

training requirements depend on:
• The nature, size and location of the holding or establishment;
• The nature and extent of the risks in the company;
• The expected number of workers and third parties present;
• The attendance time and opportunities of external aid organisations,
such as Fire and GGD.
Measures
The measures to be taken are intended to act swiftly and effectively from the
moment of an accident or calamity until the time the aid is provided, Where
Necessary, is taken over by external professional aid workers, such as fire and
GGD.
12.9 evacuation plan and escape routes

by both Inteme If Extreme Renewing Incidents can allow companies and
institutions (hospitals, nursing homes, department stores, schools and
buildings with many employees) to clear the location in whole or in part. In
order to ensure the clearance of buildings, installations and terrains, a
evacuation plan has to be made. For companies that do not have business
shipboard, a number of things, such as alerting and gathering places, will come
back to this plan.
Leather building or location is different, making it impossible to make a
standard business emergency plan, while in other situations it involves a much
more elaborate plan.
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Concepts
• Escape routes
Roads that enable the personnel present in a building to be able to reach a
gathering place in a fire or calamity.
• opportunity to Ontkoming
A flight possibility intended for normal use to a safe place, such as a flight door
with panic closure, window, hatch or fire ladder.
• Gathering Places
Places where one meets after an incident with clearance.
• icons
For example, indicate an alarm procedure, emergency exit or flight device.
Risks
For incidents such as fire, gasontsnapping and bomb alert, locations or parts of
them will need to be evacuated. Panic can arise and one can walk under the
foot. One can even jump out of windows from floors down.
Standards and guidelines
The location and the passability of escape routes is essential. There must be
sufficient, well-marked escape routes to avoid flights in a wrong direction.
In the case of new buildings or renovations, the necessary facilities for safe
clearing must be included in the programme of requirements.
Assembly sites must be easily accessible. In order to avoid unnecessary

searching for people, an inventory of the people at the Assembly site is
required.
Fixed points for the evacuation plan

The fixed points of most evacuation plans include the following components.
Description of the alarm procedure. What signals and how should it be
responded to?
• Who decides and orders to clear?
• Who accompanies the eviction? In order to manage the clearance, there
is often a role for business assistance.
Description of the collection sites and how to get there. It should also be
thought of wind bags that indicate the wind direction.
• A map indicating the safety and health signs.
• From which is the coordination of the clearance takes place
(coordination center)?
• How does the communication take place (resources and people)?
Who registers at the meeting place or everyone is present? Who checks if

nobody is left behind? Also think of visitors and others,
• High-rise buildings are mostly evacuated per floor. Think of collecting
places per floor.
• Indicate whether the lifts may be used and if so, which. It is common to
not use the lifts when fired.

Ensure that escape routes are properly marked with pictograms and
emergency lighting transparencies.
Provisions for the purposes of the disflight of persons

• Spaces in which persons are to reside must be provided with two exits
as far as possible.
• If there are separators in a space that divides the space into different
compartments, each compartment is considered as a separate space.
• Exits should preferably give direct access to the outside air.
• Doors, windows, shutters, fences and other closures of passageways in
escape routes must be turned into the flight system.
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Information on evacuation plan
• Which roads?
• What warning devices?
• How the alarm?
• Do you have to participate in exercises?
Information regarding E. H. B. O
• How to report accidents and to whom?

Chapter 12 – Company Shipboard
1. What leads to unsafe situations??
a. Supervision by a supervisor.
b. Allowing violations
c. The use of a sanction and remuneration policy.
2. What clothing can we make more available to prevent people from getting a traffic accident during
work?
a. Protective clothing.
b. Rain Clothing.
c. Signal clothing.
3. The company shipboard contains?
a. All warning and alarm procedures.

b. All risks and actions.
c. A and B are both correct.
4. Having an emergency response is according to the safety ordinance?
a. Required.
b. Not obligatory.
c. Obligatory only in case of an accident.
5. Which tasks should a company settlement meet?
a. Coordinate the fire.

b. Maintain contact only with fire and other auxiliary agencies .
c. First aid, small fire fighting, alarming and evacuation
6. Business assistance, the emergency response organisation and training requirements depend on;
a. The nature, size and location of the company.

b. The expertise of the BHV'ers
c. Warning and alarm procedures.
7. What is the purpose of a business shipboard;
a. Ensure the correct BHV'ers.

b. Protecting people, both inside and outside the terrain.
c. That the welfare of the employees remains guaranteed.
8. The purpose of a clearance exercise is;
a. To surprise the workforce for risks.

b. Stay sharp in quick clearing.
c. Check whether the evacuation plan is still up to date.
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9. What to do with an evacuation signal;
a. Bring your elevator to safety as soon as possible.

b. Stop working.
c. Proceed as quickly as possible against the wind direction to the evacuation site.
10. What is the task of the aid provider in an emergency situation?
a. Fighting a novice fire.

b. Wounds connect and fractures splints.
c. Testing whether lifts also work in emergency situations.

Chapter 13 – Promoting Safe working Full
13.1. The Burkardttheorie
Leather man is different and every person behaves differently in certain

situations. It is therefore Never to estimate in advance how people's
behaviour will be. It is a given that 80% of accidents are caused by people. This
is the basis for an act of these people. These operations generally deviate from
the methods or procedures drawn up.
If we can now motivate people to carry out the work according to pre-
established and agreed methods, it is possible to avoid or prevent workplace
risks as much as possible. It is necessary to stimulate people over and over
again.
In the Burkardttheorie It is assumed that the number of accidents can be

reduced by stimulating safe behaviour and inhibiting unsafe behaviour. This is
done in the following way:
Promote safe behaviour:

• Emphasize the success of safe working;
• Reduce the disadvantages of working safely.
To decrease unsafe behavior:

• Clarify the consequences of unsafe working;
• Complicate the possibilities of unsafe behaviour.
This does not go without saying. Energy will need to be put into these points
to adjust or change the behaviour and habits of the people. It is so that man
easily learns or takes on certain habits and then continues to act accordingly.
But what a man is taught or what it takes can also be altered in behavior that
is desired. This change costs energy.
When we look at the practice, we see that there is always a certain amount of
time to perform work.
The work must be ready for a certain time. Now it is often the case that safety
is compromised when the end of a project comes into view and the work is not
finished yet. Once at this point, the rules that have been used have been made
more flexible to get the work done on time.
This is of course strange to people who are accustomed to working in a safe

way. But often, after the insistence of a manager, the work is done in the
other way anyway.
The ' reward ' in this case is, then, that time and money have been saved at
the expense of a piece of security, so that the risk for the occurrence of
accidents increases dramatically. If this behaviour is requested more often
from an employee, the once safe way of working will be exchanged for the
unsafe way of working.
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The unsafe method has become a habit that can only be changed with a great
deal of effort and energy. A part of a safe working method is the application
and use of personal protective equipment.
The application of these resources makes it often easier for the employee,
who should use these resources, to carry out his work, so that there can be a
resistance to the use of personal protective equipment.
And when this resistance turns into a habit, another piece of insecurity is
added to the work.
In addition, as long as unsafe habits do not lead to accidents, the benefit of

safe Work is very difficult to demonstrate.
The foregoing therefore shows that if we can stimulate safe behaviour and
prevent unsafe behaviour, This will have a positive effect on the number of
accidents. This has Burkardt A Number of strategies developed.
Strategy 1: Highlight the success of safe trading.

Strategy 2: Reduce the disadvantages of safe behaviour.
Strategy 3: Making the consequences of unsafe work clear.
Strategy 4: Making the possibilities of unsafe behaviour difficult.
Strategy 1-emphasize the success of safe acting.
1. Discuss safety issues on a regular basis.

1.1 Provide information about safety.
1.2 to discuss accidents and near-accidents in order to prevent them in the
future.
1.3 Comment on comments.
2. Give instructions.
2.1 Give the employees good information.
2.2 Safety devices (let) test.
2.3 Training (e.g. fire extinguishers).
2.4 Giving opportunities for training.
2.5 new colleagues to work well and accompany them.
3. Improve safe behavior.

3.1 People appreciate being shown as safe behavior.
3.2 Encourage/encourage safe behaviour.
4. See safe working as craftsmanship.

4.1 To give a good example.
4.2 Security does not sacrifice to speed.
4.3 Craftsmanship appreciate.
5. Get everyone's cooperation.

5.1 Good arguments for safe behavior.
5.2 Wrong arguments replaced by good arguments.
5.3 Itself a positive outProvide radiation on safety.

Strategy 2 The ' disadvantages ' of safe reducing.
1. Provide clear safety rules for everyone to work with.

2. The safety features that should be used to make it accessible to everyone.
3. Ensure adequate personal protective equipment. Let people decide when to
buy.
4. Ensure good access to the workplace.
4.1 Provide sufficient tools (e.g. right tools).
4.2 Provide good climbing materials and workstations.
5. Ensure good communication with the people.
6. Make sure that the planning is correct so that it is avoided in a hurry.
7. Make work alternately so that routine actions are avoided as much as
possible.
Strategy 1 and 2 assume that work can be done safely and that the above
points are part of the employer's policy. That this is not yet optimal in every
company will be clear. As a result, there may be an accident or almost
accident. At that point, everyone's eyes are opened again and the unsafe
behavior can be influenced to make it turn into safe behavior. If this cover is
successful and no more accidents occur, this will be an incentive to continue in
this way. Working safely must become a habit and no exception.
Strategy 3- Clarifying the consequences of unsafe work
1 provide information about possible dangers.

1.1 What injuries may occur in the case of accidents.
1.2 What effects occur in unsafe behaviour.
2 accidents and its consequences demonstrate
2.1 Discuss the consequences of an accident with the workers.
3 give instructions to prevent unsafe actions and situations.
4 insecure workers confront with their behavior.
4.1 Giving arguments for safe working.
4.2 If necessary, take disciplinary action.
5 to show the consequences of an accident.
5.1 Show a dented helmet, explain the consequences.
5.2 Explain the consequences for NABEstaanden of an accident.
Strategy 4-making the possibilities for unsafe behaviour more

difficult.
1. Take precautionary measures.

1.1 The application of guards, handrails or fences.
1.2 Icons.
1.3 Mandatory prescribing safety features.
1.4 Working according to regulations, procedures and agreements.
2. Create thresholds to prevent unsafe behaviour.
2.1 Walking routes in safe places.
2.2 Alarming equipment.
3. Use only equipment that is approved and equipped with the safety. 3.1
Remove unapproved equipment immediately.
4. Do not allow unsafe action.
4.1 Give arguments to not work in the unsafe way.
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The above strategies must be implemented and carried out in the company's
policy By the supervisor. If this happens consistently then the mentality that
works unsafe can work in hand to be converted to a mindset to work safely.
13.2. Promotion of safety by executives

The fact that safety in the workplace is a matter for everyone will be clear.
From the management to the work floor, the concept of safety must become a
second nature of the people. However, the person who can exert the most
influence on safety is the direct manager.
The supervisor will generally classify the work, determine how the work should
be done and what tools should be used. From this position, he/she can also
give control to the
Workplace safety awareness. For it will be clear that no sane man will want to
get a (labor) accident or cause one to produce himself. But it is unfortunately
true that if you are going to see how certain activities or actions are carried
out that are not safe
and (un) consciously taking very large risks.
In every well-managed company there are safety advisers who, through their
safety advice, assist the management of the production hall and also the
means to operate safely are present.
But are the possibilities there too and is there willingness to work safely?
Resources-possibilities-mentality (3xM)
Resources
This includes all available safety equipment, security services, health and
safety services and their officials.
Possibilities
This includes the opportunity offered by the Executive Board to the lowest
executive at the Employee is given to be able to use the resources in the most
space sense of the word.
Mentality
Below we understand the real willingness of the employees to listen and
cooperate Security thinking in their company.

Opportunities to promote safety
Within the style of leadership, supervisors have daily numerous opportunities
to Good mentality of the employees, and thus to promote security, such as:
• Let no one be able to work above, but also be unable to do so;
• In both cases, frustrations are being encouraged, which can influence
the safety mindset and thereby increase the risk of accidents;
• Take into account opinions, proposals, wishes and advice from your
employees;
• Let your employees know how you think about them, as well as their
performance in terms of safety;
• Assess your employees as objectively as possible;
• If corrective action is necessary, make sure that your employee is not
affected in his value as a professional and as a human being;
• As a supervisor, you have to dare to have the necessary self-knowledge.
How else could you understand the peculiarities of others? You see the
others, but they do not;
• prevent emotional situations;
• A good chef has a healthy dose of self-criticism;
• A skilled chef explains to his people not only how they have to do
something, but also why.
As a supervisor, you supervise the execution of Eiligheidsmaatregelen. You

have to conform To the policy outlined and the Executive must encourage the
work to be carried out safely. You have an important example and must act
consistently with it.
Some important issues for executives are:

• They must monitor compliance with rules and regulations;
• They must be the executive who act insecure to indicate the safe
working posture by:
o Point out the disadvantages;
o Correct the behavior;
o Rewarding safe conduct;
• They should be careful not to prevent unsafe situations;
• They must carry out periodic inspections and discuss the results with
those concerned;
• They must be with the executive acting as a team;
• Help each other in choices and prioritising;
• preventing conflict choices;
• Support and respect decisions;
• adhere to agreements and standards;
• Where a derogation is detected during the implementation of a plan,
the persons concerned must suspend the work in order to solve the
problem. After that, one can continue with the relevant plan.
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13.3. Safety observations
Safety observations take an important place in combating unsafe operations
and unsafe situations. Thus they increase the safety awareness of the group.
When we involve executives in these observations, they are regularly in the
workplace.
It is important to involve them in these observations, because they also have a
good understanding of the situations in the workplace. For these inspections it
is useful to make an annual plan.
We will deal with one particular observation method in this paragraph.
The following points indicate how to observe.

• Take your time (approx. 30 minutes) and look at safety aspects while
working.
• Observe preferably with Two persons, but up to three.
• Stop and look consciously around and look where you see human
movement.
• Observe the work and pay particular attention to the safety aspects that
are related to risks and (un) safe execution. Ask the executors why
certain practices are being followed.
• Discuss together what you have found.
• Determine what should be noted for third parties. Also determine which
appointments should be made among themselves.
• Inform the data subject (s) about positive and negative safety aspects of
the detected.
• Your presence leads to reactions. If this is counterproductive, you have
to take ' distance ' and discuss it later with the person concerned.
Where your presence changes the working approach, or if a discussion is
initiated by the person concerned, please go to this. This is true: looking
together is learning together.
When observing you have to pay attention to the following points.

• Please note that your presence affects the behaviour of the employees.
This should lead to consultations between the workers;
• Observe the actions/movements of the employees, one by one. Look at
the individual and not the whole group, so speak with each other. Focus
first on the one who performs primary activities.
Watch physical exertion!

• What efforts (for example, Hellen, reach, lifting, climbing, bending) in
relation to work, lead
• TOT risks or are dangerous? Will, if the ' unexpected ' happens, the
employee fall, grabbing, stepping, bumping? are work done in
accordance with your standards?
• Observe setup/Use materials and resources. are materials and resources
designed to create risks for workers?
• What dangers/influences from the environment threaten workers?
• Observe what is going on in the environment (besides, above and below
the work location) and estimate what could possibly go wrong and what
influence the employees have. Think of: Hoisting, Welding, scaffolding,
jet work, hot pipes, silencers, etc.

• Do you adhere to the business rules, procedures, working methods and
work agreements?
Of course this is important; However, do not let your observation be limited.

Important points in the fight against unsafe operations and the improvement
of unsafe Situations are the following.
Personal Protective Equipment

• Eyes/face/ears/head;
• Hands/arms;
• Feet/legs;
• Breathing
• Body.
Establishment of people
• Bumps against, hit by. ,
• be stressed;
• Fall
• Extreme temperatures;
• Electricity
• Inhaling/absorbing/swallowing;
• Overload.
Acts of humans
• adapting personal protective equipment;
• Change of Setup;
• Modification of the work.
Tools and equipment

• suitable for work;
• proper use;
• in safe condition.
Order and Cleanliness

• Sufficient
• sufficient periodically;
• Recorded (in order).
This observation method is accompanied by a safe observation report, on

which the deficiencies detected Or errors are noted. It also mentions the
actions to be taken and who Does. Of course it checks whether the actions
have been performed.
13.4. Keeping a toolbox or a line Safety Meeting

As a manager you are responsible for the safety and well-being of many. It is
an essential, Never a relentless part of your position as a manager. Although
you cannot get rid of this task, you can make it lighter by communicating well
with your employees. This is mostly Toolboxmeeting. A Toolboxmeeting is a
brief meeting on security in informal atmosphere.
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By keeping a Toolboxmeeting, talk to your employees and motivate them to
avoid unsafe actions and related risks. The better your story and the way in
which these consultations take place, the easier you can achieve the goals.
Below is a proven method to Toolboxmeeting To keep. It is simple, efficient
And it works.
The so-called 5-V method is often used.

• Prepare.
• Simplify.
• Personalize.
• Exhibit.
• Prescribe.
When you take these points into account in your Toolbox meetings, these will
be smooth and effective Expired. We will look at the 5-V method further.
Prepare
People, who can keep a good introduction or lecture without preparation, are
rare.
For most, a solid preparation is needed to have a good chance of success.
The most important ways to prepare are:
• Think of your own experiences, the company and the educational level
of your employees;
• Delve into the subject by reading about it;
• Listen to your employees to find out where the problems lie;
• Organize a meeting carefully draw enough time for it. By doing it often,
you will gain practical experience with it, making it easier for you to go.
Simplify
We are often inclined to nominate or Toolboxmeeting Far too complicated to
make. Concentrate Therefore on treating not too many subjects at the same
time. Better one topic is thoroughly To treat, then multiple half.
Therefore choose:
• One security rule or;
• One accident or near-accident with all its causes or;
• One security aspect.
By dealing with one main point, the message will be better and the
information will continue to hang.
We can better apply the so-called bow and arrow method, whereby with one
arrow the Rose Is hit. A bad method is when with one shot hail is tried the
whole Goal without looking at what score is necessary.
Personalize
Personalizing means having to find a common basis with your audience To
address their interest. Therefore, keep the subject as close as possible to their
workplace with Things they know.
Make sure that the subject you are dealing with is important to your
employees and put bandages With what your employees know and keep in
mind their capacities, wishes, desires and interest.

As for the subject of security, you are in a good position, because many
feelings
Of people are dealing with safety and preventing injuries and unnecessary
suffering.
Exhibit
Exhibit is what you do to create a clear picture of what you want to convey to
your Employees. Showing examples supports your consultation. Of
instructions memorize people Only 10% when it is only told. If you only exhibit
something, 20% will be remembered.
When you show something and tell about it, the result that is being
remembered increases to 65%. The However, best results are obtained when
you tell people something, let them do it, and then Learned test. Use a video
or a piece of equipment in your visual support of your story.
Prescribe
Prevent employees at the end of your speech from lagging behind with the
question ' what now? '
Set at the end of a Toolboxmeeting A measure, make an appointment about
the application of a protective device. Make this appointment in writing with
the minutes of the meeting.
13.5. Aannemerveiligheidsgoedkeuring
In many large (Petro ) Chemical companies will only outsource work to
contractors who meet certain requirements. The Contractor must:
• Have a VCA * or VCA * * properly;
• Have a good assessment of the work carried out;
• Prepare a safety plan for large projects;
• Have all staff trained in an accredited safety training.
Certification distinguishes two levels.
VCA * (Limited certification)

This assessment is aimed at the direct safety control of the work-floor
activities.
This certificate is intended in principle for small businesses (less than 35
employees, including borrowing forces, in the total company), who do not act
as principal contractor.
VCA * * (General certification)

In addition to the assessment referred to in the VCA *, the safety structures
within the Company assessed. This certificate is intended in principle for
companies with 35 or more employees,
Including borrowing forces, and for smaller companies acting as main
contractor.
How does a contractor receive a VCA * * or VCA * approval?

The contractor is supervised by an external agency on the functioning of the
safety management systems in the company. If the result is sufficient, the
Office shall provide a VCA * * or VCA * certificate.
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The basis for this control is the Security Checklist Contractors. This checklist is
compiled by The central College of Experts VCA, which is under the Foundation
working together for Security.
VCA * (Limited certification)

To obtain this certificate, all subsequent Mustvragen Of the VCA questionnaire
are evaluated positively. If a Mustvraag is not declared applicable, it should be
judged negative and therefore no certificate can be issued.
VCA * * (General certification)

To obtain this certificate, the following requirements must be met.
Positively Assess VCA Mustvragen: All VCA * conditions plus:
Question and short description

1.2.1 Tasks supervisors;
1.3.1 She workplace inspections;
1.5.1 presence She action plan;
1.5.2 Review She action plan;
5.2 She consultations at all levels;
6.1 She rules and regulations;
6.3.3 starts work meetings with subcontractors.
If a Mustvraag Not be declared applicable, it should be assessed in a negative

and Cannot therefore be awarded a certificate.
Besides this Mustvragen In the other questions, a scoring score of 110 must be
obtained.
During the inspection, the documentation of the contractor in the field of
safety is examined. and effective application of rules and procedures, which
the contractor has in the field of security.
The external audit by a certifying body has advantages over a control by the
client because:
• The results of the control by many clients are accepted;
• The control is independent of the relationship with the client;
• The requirements are not principal-dependent.
If the temporary employment agency sends an employee to a VCA certified

company, it must Employee in possession of a VCA certificate.
Toolboxmeeting
Reporting of accidents and hazardous situations.
What are accidents and what is danger?
In practice It appears that people think about it quite differently;
-A cut in your finger? Or no accident?

Answer: Yes, so; Report.
-A broken piece of a machine? Dangerous situation?

Answer: Yes, so; Report.
All events with any bodily injuries (including a cut in the finger), and also if
only products or tools are damaged; Report.

Also accidents that happen outside of working hours, at home or on the road
to work.
Why Accidents and danger Girls?

Report is Including Required for the accident insurance, which your company
has closed.
for reporting accidents and hazardous situations at work, this is a requirement
regarding the VCA certificate. With which the aim is to learn from the
situations and to avoid them next time by means of improvements and
research. As an example, the ' simple ' incision in the finger; If more people cut
themselves but do not report this, there will be no investigation into e.g.
Better gloves or a better grinding method.
How to report?
There are two forms, one for accidents and one for dangerous situations.
These forms must Be filled in by yourself or you report the telephone at the
office. Immediately the form for You entered. It is to be imagined that at small
accidents like e.g. That slic forget this instantly Please do so later.
What happens to a notification?

First of all, we will look at whether the problem is directly soluble. On the
Notification form is also being blurred here or what has been done about the
problem. The form is submitted to P&O, which ensures that this form is
registered and also discussed with the Arbo group. In This Arbo group there is
a safety officer of the Arbo service to give advice.
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What happens to the report depends on the type of situation:
• In the case of a dangerous situation, the safety officer may be asked to
review the situation and come up with an opinion;
• For example, if you have gloves that are not strong enough, the
purchasing department can start looking for stronger gloves for sale;
• Often it leads also to an instruction, in order to prevent the situation for
a next time. It may also be that nothing happens for the time being,
because it seems more or less a coincidence. But later it appears that
these reports are more likely to come in, on which action is still being
taken.
In the case of acute dangerous situations, there will be no wait until the next
consultation of the Group, but will have to take immediate action. However, it
is always the intention that you Will be notified later about the result of the
notification. Even if there is a time Go over a few months.
What happens to the guilty?

It is not a question of debt, but of ultimately creating the safest possible work
situation.
And if I do not report now?

Of course it can, but.
• First of all, you harm yourself and your colleagues; You are depriving the
company of the opportunity to see if there may be any need for action.
In extreme terms, this can lead to an accident occurring, which could
have been avoided, if it had been reported that such things were
happening;
• Secondly, it is required by law. Every employee in the Netherlands is
legally obliged to report danger to his employer.
What to report?
What to report?
• Cut into finger;
• Damaged pallet; I get my hands open or I keep hanging with my clothes;
• Machine/tool; If I get a shock or lack the security that can cause my
clothes or my fingers to come in between, there is a tear in my staircase
or a popnagel loose;
• Improper movement; No fall protection around a hole, no good lighting,
no cleaned environment;
• Carpentry at home, injury;
• Sports Vishaakje in your finger, bruised only;
Why report?
Why you should report:
• Insurance
• VCA
• Learn lessons;
• Solve problem;
• Required by law.
How to report?
How and where you report:
• In the case of a performer or;

• at the office or;
• Fill out your own form.
What forms are there?

• Accident reporting form;
• Notification form of dangerous situation.
Example Toolboxmeeting
Subject: Personal Protective equipment
The supervisor discusses with the operational staff which personal protective
equipment are included, where they should be worn and when they must be
worn.
Explanation use of personal protective equipment

Safety Helmet
The wearing of head protection is obligatory:
• Where there is a chance of being hit by flying or falling objects;
• Where there is an increased probability of bumping or pinching the
head;
• Where this is indicated by means of a blue with a white sign.
The following points are important when using a safety helmet:

• Safety helmets must bear a CE mark;
• On the inside of the helmet the date of manufacture must be indicated;
• Never put a safety helmet on your car's hat shelf. This promotes the
ageing process of the helmet. In addition, when making an emergency
stop the helmet will fly forward and can cause serious injuries.
Check before using

• The helmet scale to damage;
• The correct adjustment of the internals;
• If the helmet loses in the bending, the internals must be tightened;
• Make sure there is enough free space between the helmet scale and
your head.
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Hearing protection
At 80 DB (A), noise can be harmful if it has to work for a long time. This is
scientifically demonstrated. The employer is therefore obliged to give hearing
protection as from that volume.
The employee is advised to wear the hearing protection.
From 85 DB (A), the employer is not only obliged to give hearing protection,
but must take source-oriented actions to reduce the noise level. The employee
is obliged to wear the hearing protection. From 90 DB (A) These previous
obligations remain, but the employer must define and mark the places.
Considerations for the use of hearing protection

• Apply the hearing protection before entering the room or before the
noise is produced;
• Create Earmuffs, Earphones and Otoplastics After use clean;
• Make sure the fingers you Noise attentuating Substances in the ear are
clean;
• Regularly control the closing edges of the Earmuffs. Replace if they
become hard and stiff, or if they are torn or damaged.
Safety Goggles
Wearing goggles is necessary for work involving dust or flying material at risk
of eyes. Goggles have hardened glass or plastic glasses specially made and
tested for stopping flying material particles.
Safety goggles should in any case be used for grinding, machining and
chopping. Colleagues in the area should be warned when flying particles can
enter their range.
In this case too, they must protect their eyes, or a proper shielding must be
ensured. Safety goggles with side caps give better protection.
Safety Shoes
You must always wear your safety shoes when carrying out the work.
Wet shoes should not be dried when heating: This will cause the leather to
burst.
Worn shoes and shoes that have been in contact with toxins must be replaced.
Toolbox: Stairs and Rolsteigers

Accidents with stairs are the order of the day. Not only on construction, but
also at home, gardens Kitchen use. Sometimes the cause lies with the climbing
material, but usually the way of working, or improper use is the culprit. By far
the most accidents occur due to lack of knowledge about the characteristics of
the climbing material and the unfamiliarity with the safe working methods.
Points of interest when using climbing material.

• Check portable climbing material upon receipt and for any use on
defects, condition and operation.
• Never use damaged or broken climbing material.
• Do not bring any temporary repairs, leave this to an expert.
• Make sure that portable climbing material remains free of paint, mud,
snow oil.

Application and Placement
Use portable climbing material only for the purpose for which it is intended,
do not create improper Use your stairs. Carefully set up climbing material,
proceed with consultations. So don't put a staircase on a table or on a scaffold
because you can make it easier. Make sure you take measures as you work out
behind a door. Make sure the staircase is on a solid surface, wobbles it is likely
that you will lose your balance and fall from the stairs. Climb portable climbing
material always with your face towards it. Make sure you always have two feet
on the stairs, so never with a foot e.g. on the window sill or on a table. Never
lean too far aside, the chances of losing your balance will only increase. Also
the shifting of a staircase while someone is on it is out of the question.
Maintenance and storage

Maintenance of portable climbing material in accordance with the regulations,
inspect this material on a regular basis Defects, such as deformation and wear.
Leave any damage Relevant Expert repair.
At least 1x per year, portable climbing equipment should be approved by an
expert.
Rolsteigers
For most of us, using a rolling scaffold is not a problem, but have you ever
thought that working with scaffolding is not without dangers. There are a
number of things to look out for! has approved materials been used for the
construction of the rolling scaffold?
There is often a manual available. Did you know that working from a staircase
or auxiliary scaffold drawn on the auxiliary floor is forbidden, and that you
should never climb the scaffold from the outside?
Moving the Rolling scaffold

You can only move a rolling scaffold with the hang and your grab point should
be as low as possible. Also, no persons and/or material can be present on the
scaffold during the move.
And the supporters and maintainers must be kept as low as possible to the
ground. Prevent them from shifting while driving.
Use of the rolling scaffold

Get your materials and tools up with the help of a lifting ropes no tools, etc. in
your pocket. Prevent the scaffolding of tools or materials and make sure your
scaffold is also equipped with a side shelf. Never throw with scaffolding parts
and keep the scaffold clean and never go on the chimney. You should also
avoid Unauthorised persons on the scaffold can climb. Take into account the
danger of collisions, therefore place signs, fences and or markings, even if you
have placed the scaffold for a doorway. You also have to prevent the scaffold
from driving while you are at work.
Additional Information
At rolsteigers other than the one you are probably accustomed to in the
company where you work, for example The scaffolds that are hired for work
that exceeds a height of 3 metres are further regulations. An expert person
must be present when building and dismantling the scaffolding. The rolling
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scaffold must be at least 1 metre above the floor and equipped with a
handrail. The work floor must be fitted with a side shelf that connects to the
work floor.
Halfway the top of the side board and the handrail must be fitted with a
handrail.
The floor opening must be fitted with a hatch (the size of this is
minimaal40x60 cm).
Rolsteigers higher than 8 metres must be phased out before they can be
moved. At A surface that is uneven, you use U-profiles or shelves to make the
substrate wear powerful and face up. The length of these profiles or shelves
must be at least 2x the scaffolding length.
Note
Think carefully at everything you do and use the PPE provided to you. Take
care of your own safety and that of others, that is in everyone's interest.

1. A goal of the theory of Professor Burkhart is;
a. Promote safe behaviour in the work environment.

b. To register unsafe actions and situations.
c. To stimulate the Plan of action.
2. Disadvantages of safe behavior can be reduced by;
a. Sufficient time for a project to calculate.

b. To show the consequences of accidents.
c. Making sneak roads impossible.
3. The number of accidents can be reduced by;
a. To have the management inspected at the company site.

b. Promote safe behaviour and inhibit unsafe behaviour.
c. To reward unsafe behaviour and to inhibit safe behavior.
4. What is meant by mentality at 3 X M?
a. That employees have the inner willingness to work with the security within the
company,
b. That there is a need to work on the mentality of the employees on a regular
basis,
c. That regular mentality training should be done.
5. What is the purpose of a safety observation?
a. Raising the group's safety awareness.

b. Combating unsafe acts and situations.
c. A and B are correct.
6. When observing you must;
a. Take the time and watch for acts.

b. If it can be two and take notes.
7. A toolbox-meeting is A;
a. Control of tools.
b. Brief, informal meeting on security.
c. Meeting of all safety officers in a company.
8. A method To To hold toolbox meetings is the so-called 5- V method, this means;
a. For reading, simplifying, personalizing, exhibiting, security.

b. Safety observation Report, VCA, exhibit, prescribing, personalization.
c. Preparing, simplifying, Personalize, exhibitPrescribe.
9. What is important To At the end of a toolbox-meeting to do?

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a. To record a measure in writing.
b. Take an employee as an example of unsafe action.
c. The audience tests on their knowledge of the subject.
10. To obtain the VCA ** Certificate should include:
a. All Mustvragen Can be answered with "yes".

b. A number of supplementary questions with "yes" can be answered.

Chapter 14 – InterCeDente VCA (VIL)
The following points are additional considerations for a VIL VCA. Besides the
basic information from the VCA full, Intercedenten should study these
subjects.
14.1. Duties, duties obligations

The tasks of the intercedent for promoting safe working and improving the
mentality of temporary workers are:
• A proper selection depending on: the question of the borrower, the
task content and the capacities and experiences of the temporary
Worker
• Verification of the safety and health basic knowledge of the temporary
worker (e.g. basic safety VCA)
• Evaluation of the temporary Worker after completion of the contract
• Information to the temporary worker on the necessity, benefits and
importance of safe working
The ways in which the mentality of the temporary worker can be improved
are:
• seeks to gain as much insight as possible into the background,
orientation and capacities of the temporary Worker
• Do not give the temporary Worker commands, which are below or
above their capacities
• Consider opinions, proposals, wishes and opinions of the Temporary
Worker
• Wrist to any negative work experiences
• Let the temporary worker know how you and the borrower think about
him, including the performance in terms of safety
• Assess the temporary worker as objectively as possible
• In corrective action, ensure that the temporary worker is not affected by
its value as a professional and/or as a human being
• Ensure a healthy dose of self-criticism
• Avoid as many emotional situations as possible
• Be as intercedent not "bossy
• Try to listen carefully to what another you have to say "
14.1. Dossier formation

The temporary Worker's dossier must include:
• Personal data, social data, a copy of a valid identification document and
work permit
• Copies of relevant vocational training, follow-up training, training of
risky tasks, copies or evidence of required valid certificates, attestations
and diplomas
• Evaluations, notes related to broadcast, incidents, etc.
• Work experience, but also feature-oriented constraints
• Languages
• Supporting documents of medical fitness (if applicable)
• Copy of valid driving licence (if applicable)
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Points of interest to be recorded with the application by the borrower are:
• Functionname
• Location, department and work environment
• Work to be carried out, risky tasks and management of the task and
workplace
• Required medical fitness from the client (where the medical
examination may not be abused to select the healthiest candidate)
• Risks present (hazardous substances, machinery, situations, processes)
• Which PPE are applied to control these risks and who cares for the PPE?
The employment organisation or the borrower?
• Vocational training/education level and experience
• Languages
• Holding a valid diploma "Basic safety VCA ", Unless stated in the
application and motivated by the borrower that basic safety VCA is not
obligatory
• Requirements regarding risky tasks and other relevant training
In the case of broadcast, there is a love triangle between the agency, the
borrower and the temporary worker. The temporary agency shall be liable in
connection with the obligation of conduct, while the borrower is liable as a
material employer for the working conditions of the temporary worker.
The legal liabilities relating to safety and health are as follows:

• The inborrower is in favour of applying the safety and health legislation
• The Agency shall provide information to the temporary worker and shall
supervise medical
• The agency is responsible for the occupational accident insurance
The difference between the formal and the material employer is that the
formal employer actually employs the employee and the material employer is
the one under whose authority the Temporary worker works.
14.2 Temporary workers

The material employer, thus the borrower, is responsible for the working
conditions.
Consider V&G aspects, which are important before the employment of a
temporary worker. These include the V&G risks and management measures of
temporary workers. But also the procedure to be followed when applying for
temporary workers and recording agreements on V&G aspects (instruction,
information, PPE, training, experience).
Request the necessary V&G documents in time and ensure the correct
interpretation of, for example, the results of a risk analysis, V&G rules, other
regulations and professional competence. Select temporary workers carefully.
Provide information to the temporary staff on V&G aspects, agreements made
with the borrower and also on the procedure (s) to be followed in a serious
accident involving temporary workers.
Furthermore, when selecting the temporary worker, it is necessary to examine

whether the selection procedure of the temporary worker satisfies the
requirements of the application. A derogation or exception in respect of the
requirements laid down in the application shall be submitted to the borrower

before the final selection takes place. Any additional precautions or
statements are recorded on the selection or application documents.
14.3 Instruction Agency workers

When there is a variance between the case and the selection, a note is created
by the broadcast organization (date, name, function). The borrower can then
accept the different selection.
The temporary worker must be instructed by the borrower on the specific
V&G risks and V&G rules and regulations of his workplace. This instruction
should include the broadcast, the risks and management measures of the
position in which it is placed, such as the V&G rules and regulations in the
sector industry, the PPE prescribed by the borrower with the instructions on
the Proper use.
The reporting procedure in case of accidents involving

absenteeism/work/Verlet is also part of this.
Report a medical examination, if necessary.
When the temporary worker is placed, it is necessary to check the
arrangements made. This control concerns the reception in the company;
• The introduction to the chef,

• The person to whom he must report for instructions on workplace, task,
and circumstances.
It is also necessary to take into account the provision and the proper use of
PPE. Finally, there must be control over the competence and medical fitness
for carrying out risky tasks.
For accidents involving absenteeism/work verlet of temporary workers, there

must be a procedure for notification of registration and communication of the
procedure to temporary workers.
The registration of all accidents and the correct and complete implementation
of an accident form must be recorded. An accident statistics (IF) must be
drawn up every year. In the context of medical examinations, consultations
must be conducted with the borrower on the following matters:
• for which functions or specific work locations in the case of insurers a
medical examination is required? Do periodic inspections require a line?
(Medical examination by authorised persons or approved medical
services for occupational health care)
• Information on the above point should be made available to temporary
workers
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Within the agency, it is important that both management and management
are involved in the consultation on safety and health. The temporary Worker is
informed by the intercedent of the existence and purpose of the She meetings
(tool box meetings). The temporary worker must therefore participate in the
she meetings organised by the borrower.
Training requirements are imposed on temporary workers and employees of

the agency organisation:
• For temporary workers, employed by a VCA Certified Borrower: Diploma
"Basic safety VCA (B-VCA)
• For temporary workers, employed as managers of a VCA
Borrower: Diploma "Safety for Operational Supervisors VCA" (VOL-VCA)
• For the intercedent and manager of a VCU certified broadcasting
Organisation: Diploma "safety for Intercedenten and executives VCU"
(VIL-VCU)
In the evaluation by the borrower of (or together with) the temporary worker,
attention should be paid to his professional competence, theoretical
knowledge, autonomy and safe execution of tasks, working hours, work
tempo, rigour and commitment. Also, his motivation, attitude, follow-up she
rules and regulations, fulfil agreements and adhere to work permits are part of
the evaluation. Further assess whether he is correctly dealing with tools, takes
care of tools, uses PPE properly. Care for maintenance/keeping of PPE.
Finally: How is his language proficiency and understanding instructions

(language skills).
The latter also related to asking questions in case of ambiguity, reporting of

anomalies and reporting unsafe situations.
The following aspects should be taken into account when evaluating work with
the Temporary Worker:
• Introduction and received instruction regarding regulations and rules
(she)
• Provision of PPE and workwear
• Communication with contact person and/or direct management
• Work situation and working conditions related to safety and health
• Work carried out, working tempo, circumstances,
14.4 Monitoring/working hours and breaks

• Facilities such as dressing room, canteen and sanitary ware
• Attention and supervision of safe working conditions
• Involvement in She-instructions/meetings (Toolbox meetings and start-
work instruction)

14.5 by conduction duty
For temporary employment agencies a so isName "by conduction duty", This
includes:
• The borrower and the temporary agency have a shared duty in relation
to the information of the Temporary Worker
• The temporary agency shall provide the temporary worker with
information on the workplace and on the requirements linked to the
function and work (this information must be provided by the borrower)
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Summary Chapters
Pay attention to the Working conditions
Accuracy in labourcircumstances. Why?
• There is A better environment For workers who can work safely.
• The risk of accidents is smaller.
• The Chance of failure and SickTo Of the work is smaller.
• Employees work with more fun and pay more attention to safety
Four main Pillars of the Arbo-law

Care for good working conditions means, according to the Arbo-law Promoting:
• safety;
• Health;
• The well-being;
• The environment.
History legislation
How has arbo legislation been established?
The first social law was in 1874. This was the so-called. Children's Wetje of Of Wooden. This Law regulated
That children under 12 years of age are not allowed to perform industrial work.
• In 1919 came the Labour Code;
• In 1934, the safety law was set. This was a precursor to the current Arbo-law.
Health
With healthy work we mean the prevention of illness as a result of the work.
You can split this into situations:
• Leading directly to disease; Acute
• which lead indirectly (in the longer term) to illness; Chronic.
The main points

The Arbo-law Provides rules on:
• Safety
• Health
• Well-being of work.
Principles of legislation
The starting points for the Health and safety policy Of the employer are listed in article 3 of the Arbo-law.
What does this mean in key points?
1. Working methods that are safe and good for health and well-being;
2. The employer must address hazards at source;
3. Adapt work to humans, not the other way around;
4. Craftsmanship, experience, age, physical and mentality must fit in with the work;
5. Work must promote the welfare of the employee.
The employer
Obligations of the Employer:
• Ri&e;
• Sick leave policy;
• Reporting accidents;
• information;
• Caring for third parties
The employee
Obligations of the employee:
• Avoid hazards;
• Use the tools and materials in the right way;
• Do not change or remove the machines that have been applied, they must use these protections in
the correct way;
• Wear and maintain personal protective equipment;
To participate in the information and education organised for them in the field of safety, health and well-
being; Immediately report dangerous situations to the supervisor.
Monitoring and support

Support of the employer through supervision by the Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW).
Work permit
The purpose of a work permit is to ensure that all necessary safety equipment is
Be taken in the performance of risky work.
Where should the company that issues the work permit take care of?
• Whereas all necessary measures have been taken;
• All the necessary measures are in the work permit;
• That the persons responsible sign the work permit if the measures have been taken.
The work permit is thus signed by several persons, for example by:
• The head of the department where the work is carried out;
• The foreman of the cleaning team carrying out the chore;
• The foreman of the technical service carrying out the job;
• The safety officer if he has advised or carried out measurements;
• The people who are going to do the work.
In practice, work permits are used in the following situations:

• In the case of work assignments of non-routine work;
• When working in confined spaces;
• In the case of fire or fire hazardous activities;
• in excavation work;
• In work where several contractors are involved;
• When working with hazardous substances.
The following information is in the license:

• The period of validity of the authorisation;
• Which activities may be carried out;
• Which measures should be taken;
• Who signs the work permit (that is, the department that gives the assignment);
• Who requests the permit (that is the department that performs the work);
• Who should take the measures;
• Who should carry out any measurements;
• Who keeps control and supervision during work;
• Who receives a copy of the work permit;
• To whom the original work permit must be returned when the work is done.
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The period of validity of a closed space permit is a maximum of one day.
In the case of continuous service, the licence must be renewed or renewed when changing the teams.
Risk
These chemicals are useful, but also have dangerous properties. Chemicals
These dangerous properties are therefore called dangerous substances.
Information about a hazardous substance:
Hazardous substances are substances which, due to their specific properties or the conditions under which
they occur, may cause danger, damage or serious nuisance to humans, animals or the environment
• The technical name of the substance or the name of the mixture. In the case of mixtures, the technical
name of the hazardous constituents must also be mentioned;
• The name and address of the supplier of the substance;
• The Danger with the corresponding symbol;
• H-and PPhrases (Risk phrases and safety recommendations).
More information on the health effects of a hazardous substance: Safety Data Sheet (VIB).
Dangerous substances Within:
• swallowing by mouth;
• Breathing through the nose or mouth;
• Absorption through the skin or eye;
• Recording by a wound.
Drops and dust

Can end up in the lungs through breathing.
Skin and eyes

In addition to inhaling, a substance can also enter the body through the skin. So they come into the blood
Rightly. The eyes are particularly susceptible to hazardous substances.
Eyes
One of the most common accidents of hazardous substances is a drop of liquid in the Eyes. prevented by
safety goggles.
Damage
A sweaty or damaged skin is more vulnerable to contact with hazardous substances.
Mouth
A hazardous substance can also be swallowed. Prevented by:
• Do not eat, drink and smoke while working;
• Before taking breaks or washing the toilet visits hands.
Acute effect
When a hazardous substance enters the body, it can immediately trigger an effect.
Corrosive and irritant substances: usually cause acute effects.
Chronic effect

Noticeable on longer term. Example Asbestos!
The following substances are Including Harmful/Lethal to the body:
• Carbon monoxide;
• organic solvents;
• Paints and lacquers;
• Some metals;
• Asbestos Benzene.
The aforementioned substances can cause cancer, this can only become noticeable in the longer term.
• MAC value: Standard for the maximum accepted concentration of a gas or vapour in the air.
The Mac Value says something about the possible effect on health. The lower the MacHow
greater the harmful effect of the substance.
• MAC C Value: This c is can Ceiling. This means that the Mac-Value Should never be exceeded,
At No Time of day.
• MAC H: This H is of skin. Phenol is also easily absorbed by the skin. Substances
Which are also easily absorbed by the skin often get an H at the Mac-Value.
• Mac TGG (Mac time weighted average): Up to 15 minutes exposure, then 2 hours
Not, then again up to 15 minutes, then again 2 hours not. The 15 minutes value may not exceed 4
Be reached once a day.
The Mac-Value and vapour pressure together determine the risk of a hazardous substance:
Nose
The nose is very sensitive to many substances, the nose is not accurate enough. So you are not
Warned of exceeding the Mac-Value.
Odour limit
Also, all fabrics have a olfactory limit. Under that boundary you don't smell the dust. For a number of
substances, the odour limit is higher than the Mac-Value. It is not wise to go off your nose.
The Chemistry map and Chemistry card Book

On the chemical map of a substance are those Hazardous properties Brought together. You can also
Protection measures on the chemistry card. of about 1100 substances, chemical cards have been prepared.
They are bundled in the Chemistry card book.
Prevention
The middle part of the chemical map gives clues as to how to handle a hazardous substance. How you can
prevent dangerous situations, but also what to do in case of calamities.
Clearance/Storage
On the chemical map there is a lot of information about the coding of a substance. This information can be
your company
Use for the registration of substances
Dangers Diamond
The dangers diamond gives information at a glance about the danger of a
substance. There is a number In three boxes. It can range from 0 to 4. If there
is no risk there is a 0, while 4 means a very big risk.
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Prohibited
Companies must use the least hazardous substances. Substances such as benzene, asbestos (since 1993) and
Tetra chlorine dioxide are even completely banned because these substances are carcinogenic. Except these
substances can be used.
Space ventilation
If you are working in a space with a gas or a volatile liquid, there should be ventilation in the room Are. If the
ventilation is good, the air is refreshed 4 to 10 times per hour.
Point extraction, fume cupboards

It is even better to suck at the source, by means of point extraction and a fume cupboard.
Point extraction is an extraction near the source where the vapour or gas is released. A fume cupboard is a
Special cabinet with suction for work with hazardous materials.
Special Rooms
There are special safety rules In this area. For example: the Special Space is well ventilated or Other workwear.
Icons
Recognize the space by icons on the access doors.
Personal Protective Equipment

Only if no other safety measures are possible.
The best measure

In Schedule the four levels:
• approach at source;
• Ventilation and suction:
• Separating human and hazardous material:
• Personal Protective equipment.
Genesis Fire
A fire is a reaction of a combustible substance with oxygen from the air. This reaction will
So much heat free that the reaction can sustain itself.
For the emergence of fire always three factors are needed:

• a combustible substance;
• Oxygen;
• Source of ignition.
The combustible material consists of:

• Solid substances;
• liquids;
• Gases.
Oxygen is Flammable, It maintains the burning of dust, shortage of oxygen will extinguish the fire.
Oxidizing
The following items are absolutely forbidden:
• Use oxygen to blow off the dirt and dust of the coveralls. This must be with the hands or possibly with
compressed air, but with a safety valve;
• With oxygen tool power, for example a pneumatic slijptol;
• with oxygen spray paint;
• Pumping the tyres with oxygen;

• Rinse with oxygen barrels or tanks.
Ignition source
Besides the combustible dust and oxygen there is at least one factor necessary for the origin of the fire.
This is the ignition energy.
The most common sources of ignition are:
• Open Fire: Pilot flame, burning cigarette;
• Glowing or warm surfaces: furnace wall, hob, steam pipe;
• Electric sparks: Short circuit, switching on and off of engines, machines, refrigerators;
• Spark transhipment by static loading: when flowing liquids through piping;
• Spark caused by friction: for example during grinding;
• Lightning.
A fire only arises if the combustible dust and the oxygen are well mixed together.
A catalyst is a substance that accelerates the reaction (positive catalyst) or slows down (negative catalyst).
Flammable substances
BFlammable substances, you can use four Hazard Categories:
• Extremely flammable;
• Highly flammable;
• Flammable
• Flammable
These hazard categories are associated with symbols. The layout of the symbols on the Gevaarsetiket of a
hazardous substance gives information about the flash point.
In gases we use the notion of explosion.
• Lower explosion limit: LEL
• Upper explosion limit: UEL
Oxidising substances: are substances that have sufficient oxygen in their ability to react with combustible
substances and lead to fire.
Extinguishing
Four extinguishing methods can be distinguished:
• removing the combustible material;
• removing oxygen;
• lowering temperature;
• adding negative catalysts.
Extinguishing substances
• Wet extinguishing agents, such as water, foam, AFFF (light water);
• Dry extinguishing agents, such as powder, sand, fire blanket;
• Gaseous extinguishing agents, such as carbon dioxide (C02).
The enclosed space

A private space is a space with the following properties:
• difficult to access;
• Poor air refreshment;
• The worker can be difficult to move;
• Poorly lit, often no light.
The risks of enclosed spaces are:
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• Suffocation Hazard;
• risk of poisoning;
• Entrapment danger;
• Electrocution danger;
• Moving parts.
Preparation
Work permits are required for working in enclosed spaces. If you are going to work in a private
Space must always be a supervisor.
In case of emergency, the security guard must be able to warn the supervisor.
The supervisor can then come to help or he can warn someone else. The second person should never enter
the space to assist you in the work. He is there for safety, so there are always 3 people involved.
Inspection
For working in a private room you have to be approved.
In a private area there is often a danger of fire and explosion.
Before opening that space, these substances must be pumped away as far as possible. Afterwards the
remainders in the room can be rinsed away as much as possible with warm water and with soap.
Measurements
Before you can enter the enclosed space, it must first be measured:
Three types of measurements are thus carried out:
• A measurement whether sufficient oxygen is present (20-21 vol%);
• The measurement of the concentration of explosive gases and vapours (below 10% lel);
• The measurement of the concentration of toxic gases and vapours (well below the Mac).
Before you can start work, the supervisor will first check all the measures of the work permit. After that,
everyone involved in the work signs the license.
While you are at work, the security guard will keep you up to the eye. The safety guard warns, for example if
the concentration of a dangerous gas becomes too high.
Tools
Must be in good working condition and should be worked on in all situations.
Because the oxygen content in a closed area can be below 20%, you may like respiratory protection Against
hazardous gases and vapours do not use a filter mask.
The following PPE should be worn by default:

• Overall
• Safety spectacles;
• Gloves;
• Helmet
• Safety shoes.
The following rules apply to welding and cutting work.

• Safe voltage;
• Ventilation
• Gas cylinders
• Hose breakage protection.
Especially in the Gush of paint these solvents come into the air. In a private area, Therefore be constantly
ventilated, to reduce the concentration of flammable vapours below 10% LEL to Keep.

Insert flanges are as extra safety: In addition to the existing valves in the pipes. You must have the
Insert flanges as close as possible to the closed area where work is done.
Surface
If the substrate on which you walk is not even or if there are obstructions than Verstappen, slip or
Stumble possible. This often runs well, but sometimes not.
How can you avoid risks when walking?

As with all security measures, you can best combat the risk at the source. Therefore, make sure
That there are as few obstacles as possible on the floor where you walk.
The work floor can be made safe in the following ways:

• Clean working environment;
• Repair
• Marking.
There are two types of marking:

• Color marker;
• Deposition.
There is a fixed sequence of complaints that you get in the wrong load:
• Fatigue symptoms;
• Muscular pain, stiffness;
• Back pain, damage or wear joints (wrist, shoulder, Elbow and knees).
These complaints may eventually lead to incapacity for work.

Whether the load of your muscles and joints is wrong depends on:
• The heaviness of the burden;
• The posture of your body during lifting;
• How often you tilt;
• The frequency of lifting (e.g. 1 time per minute or 1 time per hour).
When these things increase, the body reacts accordingly. You'll notice that by:
• A greater need for oxygen;
• a higher body temperature;
• Increased energy consumption;
• A higher muscle load.
There is a rule of thumb: Lifting 25 kg is the maximum

A lot of work has been made lighter by mechanization or automation. Is the Tilprobleem not at the Source can
be addressed, then you will have to lift. The company can then purchase lifting aids.
Lifting Aids
• Pliers: for example Bricks
• Magnet: for steel pallets;
• Suction Cup: for glass;
• Forklifts, trolley, electric pallet truck or shopping trolleys.
Lifting: As much as possible with a straight back, pocket through the knees and use your leg muscles. Keep the
weight as close to your body as possible.
Risks
Machines and tools can have different risks:
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• bottleneck;
• Cutting Hazard;
• Danger of flying off parts;
• Electrocution danger;
• The risk of falling objects.
Dangers
Hazards in drilling machines:
• Seize danger;
• (Long hair or loose clothing can be seized by the turning drill.
So make sure that your workwear fits well and that long hairs are tied together);
• Breaking drill;
• Remove curls;
• Not distracting;
• Safety screen and goggles.
Hazards on grinding machines

• High speed;
• Seize danger;
• Control Grinding stone.
Between sharpening, you have to keep checking the space between the leaning and the stone. The
adjustments should only be allowed on a stationary machine. The following protection is important:
• Safety screen;
• Safety spectacles;
• Hearing protection.
Dangers at Woodworking machines

• rotating parts;
• Wood dust;
• Noise.
Bouwcircelzaag has another extra Risco: Cut hazard.
Measures
Measures to prevent hazards:
• proper training;
• Saw Blade;
• Protective cover
• Spouwmes;
• Auxiliary Guide;
• Duwhout;
• Dust extraction;
• retentive switch;
• Emergency stop;
Dangers in Metal saws
• Cutting Hazard;
• Manual switch;

• Refrigeration and cutting fluids;
The following points should be given to hammers

• Shooting Hamerkop;
• Good shank.
The safe voltage is for alternating voltage 50 volts and for DC 120 Volt. Electrical
tool that works at 220 volts, must be double-insulated. That is visible to a symbol
of two squares placed in each other.
Electric Hand Grinding Machine

In the case of electric hand grinding machine, consider:
• by grinding or deburring;
• The wrong grinding wheel;
• Flying particles and sparks;
• Noise
• correct grinding wheel;
• Vigilance button;
• Abrasive goggles and hearing protection;
• Ventilation.
Pneumatic tools
Pneumatic tools take into account:
• Noise
• White fingers;
• Maintenance
• Silencer;
• Leather gloves;
• Pause.
Dangers
To deal with electricity, a distinction must be made between the persons and their powers.
A person who is sufficiently instructed by skilled persons and is therefore able to
Dangers, which may be associated with working with electricity, we call a
sufficient teaching person;
The greatest danger of working with electricity is electrocution. Therefore, many devices are grounded
and grounding is applied in various activities.
How does short circuit arise?

If two parts are connected directly to each other under different voltages.
VEiligheid
Grounding ensures that, in the case of a malfunction in an electrical appliance, the external
Parts are under tension. Not only devices are equipped with grounding.
Grounding is also applied when draining power in static electricity, for example:
• Loading and unloading of powders and combustible liquids by means of friction;
- 173 - LESBOEK VCA

• Walking over nylon floor coverings.
Static electricity can be limited by:

• Add from Anti-static Dope
• Limiting the flow rate of the substance;
• Drop height limit and of course earthen;
• In the case of earthen, the existing piping is connected as much as possible.
With a Earth Leakage is meant an electric current not running in the installation wires, but in some way finds
its way to the Earth.
Physical shielding means that someone is not just at eg. Electrical wiring can come, for example, the plating to
a washing machine or switchgear cabinets whose doors are locked.
Isolation means that the Spanningsvoerende Parts are made unreachable. Surrounded by non-conductive
material such as rubber, plastics or ceramics.
When in the vicinity of the scaffolding electrical cables, piping and/or ElectrIsch Material Hand Tools Which
are under an unsafe tension, this scaffold must be grounded; This also applies to workshop and storage
containers.
Vertical transport: Transport of materials from bottom to top.

The crane operator must have a lifting certificate and are properly instructed.
Dangers
The crane can tilt If:
• It is not properly secured;
• When the wind is too strong during hoisting.
With a wind force higher Then 6 should not be hoisted.

If a crane is not properly maintained, the construction can be affected. The crane can then
Break or collapse.
Rules when using cranes

• cranes must be approved;
• Comply with a number of legal standards.
Documents
An approved crane has at least four documents. The following documents must show that the crane operator
is expert and that it works with a safe crane:
• Crane Book;
• Lifting tables and graphs;
• Registration booklet;
• Lifting proof.
You may only work with an approved faucet. An independent body must carry out that inspection.
The crane book is a kind of diary in which the history of the crane stands. With the hoisting tables and graphs
that need to be in the crane, the crane operator can calculate how safe hoisting in the registration booklet
stands for how long the crane operator already works with this crane or with another type of crane.
There is also the type of crane the crane operator has a lifting proof. The lifting certificate is the obligatory '
driver's license ' of the crane operator.
Hoists

The greatest risk when working with a hoist consists of succumbing. By too heavy a load the hoist can fall or
break. To avoid overload, you should not take more than the workload.
The workload is on the hoist.
To detect errors or flaws in a hoist, a hoist must be checked once a year and
Be tested. You use chain work when lifting heavy loads. RtdeR chain work we mean both The chains like all
parts that are stuck to it:
• Links
• Hooks
• EyeBolts
• Swivels
• Reservations
• Closures.
Overload
Breaking the chain work is a great risk. A chain can break when hoisting too heavy objects. Chain work can also
break if you choose the wrong chain. A chain must be suitable for the Working temperature.
You have to inspect chains regularly and check for damage. You must also chain work be approved
periodically. If a chain is approved, it gets a chain certificate.
Working Load Steel Cables

The maximum working load depends on the tensile strength and is determined by:
• The composition of the steel cable. A steel cable consists of a lot of steel wires;
• Cable diameter;
• Steel wire quality;
• The core of the cable.
Storing and using steel cables:

• Keep dry so that they do not rust;
• Ensure that there are no aggressive substances in the steel cables;
• Because the strength of the KABEl greatly reduces above 100 C®, that is the maximum temperature;
• Regularly the Smeerlaag and remove the contaminants. Then you can inspect the cable for abrasion
and rust. Then you have to relubricate the cable with acid-free oil or grease.
Do not use
Finally! Do not use cables with too many broken wires. Buckled cables and rusty cables should not be used
either.
Lifting Belts
A lifting belt is a flat woven band of plastic fibres and steel wire. Lifting straps resemble
Slings, but they are flat.
- 175 - LESBOEK VCA

Use Lifting Tapes:
• Pay attention to overload;
• The lifting belt can be damaged by the sharp edges of a load;
• Damage can also occur by gradual wear and tear due to the abrasive effect of the load;
• If you are using a lifting tape, you should check the maximum workload. The workload is in a sewn
label.
The label also includes the date of inspection;

• Plastic is very sensitive to sunlight. In order not to impair the strength of the plastic lifting tape, you
should not expose it to excessive sunlight.
Slings
A sling is a piece of cable, chain or rope with a loop on both sides. With a sling, the tip can be taken through
the other.
Ling
A ling is a rope, chain or rope but the difference With A sling is that one end cannot be reached by the other.
Assembly
An aggregation is a combination of a number of hoisting tools that are used to hoist one load.
Reach and Forklifts

In order to be able to drive with Reach and forklifts, general rules must be observed, in addition there are the
specific rules per company. Some rules are:
• Passengers should not be taken into account if there is no additional seat;
• If a load is too heavy you should not increase the counterweight; Do not fall behind either;
• If persons are to be lifted, this may only be with a specific werkbak which, according to the Guidelines
of the ARBO-law is drawn up.
Safety conditions are used;

• Hoisting objects should be done only if a special lifting system has been fitted. visibility must be
optimal; High loads must be driven backwards;
• Also pay attention to people in your area or if you are at the workplace KOMT of the driver, please let
ZEleven, look at the rijbeweging. The driver is admittedly HOOFDVErantwoordelijke but you are
ZEleven also responsible.
"Working at height" If the height difference amounts to more than 2.50 m.
Risks working at Heights

• Fall tools;
Tilt
pentaxuser.co.uk.
Risks working with the ladder

• Fall Hazard
• Continue to crochet.
The simplest ladder is the single ladder. A single ladder consists of one part. Ladder, you can adjust the ladder
length. A rearing ladder consists of two or three parts. The lower part is the fixed part.
There are one or two sliding parts. The sliding parts have a stitching hook.
A reform ladder can consist of two, three or sometimes four parts.
Wooden Ladder

Features:
• This is generally heavier than other types of ladders;
• With a painted ladder you cannot see if the ladder is damaged;
• Keep dry;
• If you use a wooden ladder that is oiled with linseed oil, you will prevent the wood from drying out
and thereby breaking it;
• In FabShould ladders not be higher than 10 metres.
Wooden and aluminium ladders must be checked regularly.

You have to pay special attention to cracks in a tree or in a sport.
Safe climbing
You have to draw a ladder at an angle of 75 degrees on a flat and hard surface. The ladder must be sufficiently
long. Please note:
• Place the ladder with the front towards you;
• If you use a rearing ladder, you must have the sliding parts on the front;
• Climb the ladder with the face towards it;
• You should not climb higher than the fourth sport from above;
• The scope is limited to 1 meter.
Prevent electrocution Danger

Aluminum ladders conducting electricity. You may not use a metal ladder near open electrical wires. You must
place them at least 2.5 meters from the non-insulated, under-voltage electrical parts.
Standing Steel Scaffolding

Steel scaffolding consists of steel pipes connected together by couplings;
There is a risk that the tool falls down;
If a scaffold is not properly solid, it may fall over;
By overloading a scaffold can succumb;
If the pipes are damaged or there are cracks in, those parts must be disapproved;
If the scaffolding is approved, a scaffolding card will be released;
The work floor must be made of thick scaffolding boards and there should be no cracks in it;
Around the work floor there is a double handrail to prevent you falling down.
Scaffolding must be checked once every three months and after each storm.
Hanging Scaffolding
In A suspension scaffold it is obligatory to wear a harness belt. You must also be 18 years of age or older.
When You are working above 25 metres, a Patented many Used, OP The hoisting device or also called hoist
Are some data such as:
• Manufacturer
• When the hoist is built;
• Factory number;
• Maximum lifting capacity.
Use
You may only work with a suspension scaffold if you have permission from someone who is an expert in the
Use of hanging scaffolding;
You get a special instruction from that person;
You may not use the suspension scaffold in dangerous weather, such as wind force 6 or thunderstorms;
If you are working on a suspension scaffold, you must wear a good seat belt.
Rolsteigers
• A rolling scaffold is a scaffold on wheels, Inside, the rolling scaffold can be 12 meters and outside up to
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8 meters.
• Materials and tools must be hoisted up with a rope.
• You can only build a rolling scaffold if you have enough experience.
• Important that all components are used. Check this by using the vendor's materials list.
Stable Drafting
• sufficiently stable state;
• The floor is not flat or insufficiently powerful, use rails, U-profiles or leave ripe;
• On a rolling scaffold, a picture or a sticker must be on the following:
Manufacturer
-Maximum load on the work floor and the entire scaffold;
-Maximum height.
Double Handrail
The Bovenleuning Sits 1 metre above the work floor. Between the work floor and the Bovenleuning Sits an
intermediate handrail. Also a rolling scaffold has a side shelf around the work floor.
Stairs or ladders
• To get on the work floor, you use special staircases or ladders;
• If the wind is louder than wind Force 6, no more work can be done;
• If you are going to drive the jetty to another place you should pay close attention; The ground
sufficiently flat and firm;
• If you ride the jetty, people should never sit on it;
• You also need to remove the tools and the materials.
Work platforms
There are fixed aerial platforms and there are mobile aerial platforms.
Points:
• An aerial platform can tilt if the protections are not good;
• Only trained personnel may work with an aerial platform;
• An aerial platform is a tool that needs to be regularly approved. A log must be present;
o Wear Fall Protection
o On an aerial platform an inspection sticker must be seated.
Gently place
During the ride of the aerial platform there must be a supervisor on the ground. The container must be in
neutral position. No aerial platform can be used above wind force 6.
Work Bins
Sometimes it is allowed to work at heights with a crane with a werkbak hanging. This should only be in
exceptional cases. Above wind force 6 it is forbidden to work in a werkbak on height.

Contact
The crane driver and the people in the Werkbak must be able to see each other. There must be eye contact.
There must be voice contact between them. If the crane driver gets clues, only one person can give it.
Harness Belt
Everyone in the Werkbak must wear a harness belt, which is attached to the Werkbak.
Safe working on sloping and flat roofs

Maintenance work on roofs is also regularly performed. Risks are:
• covered by the roof;
• Through the roof pockets;
• Falling tools.
VeiIigheidsmaatregelen
• On a sloping roof, applying running boards;
• If there are large openings in the roof, you must apply the safety nets;
• On a flat roof you can apply a eaves protection;
• If a eaves security or a safety net cannot, you must wear personal protective equipment
Dangers must be fought as far as possible at source. However, in certain situations you will
Personal protectionResourcesPpe) should use.
Approach at the source

Risks you fight at the source. So work with good and secure machines and with harmless substances, choose
the right materials and ensure safe and responsible working methods. However, the risk cannot always be
fought at the source.
CE Mark
Since July 1995, it is obligatory that all personal protective equipment placed on the market must bear a CE
mark. The CE mark means that the PPE complies with statutory minimum requirements, as stated in European
regulations.
Information and Instruction

The company extends the personal protective equipment. When issuing the resources you hear an instruction
to get.
Replacement
The employer is obliged to make sufficient and appropriate personal protective equipment available. This also
means that worn-out or damaged resources must be replaced free of charge.
As an employee, you also have a certain responsibility. In addition to careful use of the protective device, you
make sure that the medium is kept clean and that it is stored in the right place.
Protective equipment
Overall
The everywhere must fit well, should not be too tight or too wide. The length of trouser legs and sleeves
should be good. Also note that the clothing is clean and very good.
Gloves
A lot of work is done with your hands. By falling, cutting, bumping, lifting of workpieces and tools and OR
Working with aggressive chemicals is the risk of hand or finger injuries. Gloves can Prevent. Each type of
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efficacy requires its own type of protective glove. A universal glove that offers protection against all possible
substances does not exist.
Disposable glove
Working with hazardous substances often means that the best glove is the way to-is a throwing glove. With an
icon on the glove and on the packaging of the glove, the nature and degree of protection are indicated.
Goggles
The goggles have safety glasses of hardened material or of plastic lenses. Also there are transfer glasses, which
consist of a window in a frame, which is pressed with an elastic band against the face. If you are a glass carrier,
in some cases you can use your own glasses.
Wide View Glasses

The wide view glasses provide good protection for the eyes, because these goggles enclose the eyes on all
sides. Often these goggles are provided with a so-called anti fog coating, which makes them less easily on the
inside. The diamond is made of synthetic material virtually unbreakable, but can be damaged.
Welding: Hood
In the case of car no welding, one often uses the folding welding goggles with folding dark glasses with
toughened glasses underneath Bikruit. These goggles can be attached to a helmet with special clips.
Hotrod and Lasschild

With other welding processes you use a hotrod or lasschild instead of glasses. The Hotrod is widely used in
electric welding. Please note that if the Hotrod Lasruit is folded, underneath it a safety goggles must be worn.
Face Shield
When pouring strong acids and when working with a high pressure syringe, a face shield must be worn.
Hearing protection
When does your hearing protection wear?
• At too much noise;
• You get permanent hearing damage;
• Do you suffer from stress.
Hearing impairment
Those who work day in and day out for too high levels of noise will end up hearing loss in the long term: noise
deafness. This is not curable. Someone who is noise is deaf Cannot hear high tones or soft sound.
Sound is measured in decibel dB (A). The A stands for a-filter and means that the measured noise level is
corrected for human hearing.
With regular exposure to noise levels above 80 DB (A), people are likely to suffer hearing damage. Just above
the 80 DB (A) This is slow and creepy. It takes years before anyone's noise is deaf Is. At higher noise levels, the
hearing loss can occur in a very short time.
Resources for multiple use

Earbuds
Earbuds are made of soft plastic and available in sizes large, medium and small. It offers good damping in low
noise frequencies. To keep them well on the spot there are also earphones with a bracket.
Otoplastics

A Otoplasty is made to measure for everyone's ear canal. There is a special filter in it. This filter offers
damping, but at the same time ensures that you can continue to understand your colleagues. A selective filter,
which offers damping and in addition speech "by late".
Earmuffs
Earmuffs His hard plastic shells with absorbing material in it. There are several
Types of caps with different damping value. The sealing rings of a gehoorkap must be be replaced every six
months to ensure a good connection to the face. The Earmuffs Offer the possibility to build a receiver so you
can talk to colleagues.
Use
When using hearing protection, you have to take care of how important it is to also have the
Colleagues to communicate. If you want to do this, go out of the noise area. or care for a medium
With a built-in transmitter and receiver.
The hearing protectors must be easily available and can be stored. also have to The ear protectors are kept
clean.
Safety Helmets
Safety helmets consist of a hard helmet scale and a spring-loaded interior. This internal
Catches up to about 70% of a blow, otherwise captured by the cervical vertebrae. Make sure
That the internals are not damaged. If you are doing the inside well, the helmet will be more pleasant
and protects the helmet better.
Assessment and use; What are you watching?

Safety helmets are made from various plastics. These substances will eventually become brittle, Which
prevents the helmet from providing adequate protection. The sun accelerates this process by the ultraviolet
Radiation. Do not leave the helmet on the Hat board in the car. Metal is prohibited because of Conduction
electricity.
Life
Different plastics have a different life span. So if you use a helmet then
You should know when it was created. This is in the flap of each helmet. The helmet must be
Replaced if the service life has elapsed. This is determined by the type of plastic.
Below is the life span of the various plastics:

Of course you have to replace your helmet earlier, because while wearing wear can occur. The helmet In any
case, you should replace it with fractions in the internals, if the helmet scale is damaged by A blow or is
affected by a solvent (this is also the case if the helmet is decorated with stickers Or with felt Tip pen).
When do you wear safety shoes?

Sturdy safety shoes can prevent injury to accidents, falling objects, bumps or stairs in sharp objects, climbing,
crushing hazards or slipping on wet QLurk.
Besides the more standard safety shoe with steel nose, there are many more types of safety shoes. For
example, there are safety shoes that offer specific protection against Electrocution hazard, safety shoes that
protect against sPatten of strong acids or alkalis and safety shoes with a steel midsole to provide protection
when pedaling in a sharp object.
Assessment and use; What are you watching?

Safety shoes for construction meet specific safety requirements:
• A built-in corrosion resistant steel nose, which protects the toes to a load of 2000 kg;
• A corrosion-resistant steel midsole that protects the entire foot against, among other things, in nails
stairs;
- 181 - LESBOEK VCA

• An anti-slip sole, with a prescribed minimum depth and resistant to oils and chemicals;
• A single protection on the shaft of the shoe (at high models).
Safety boots are also available in various versions:

Plastic, rubber or leather. The label must also be affixed to the boot. When buying, pay attention to the fit:
You can get them in all sizes and widths.
Working at height mainly arises in construction. Just think about scaffolding and building construction.
Steel construction construction and maintenance of masts.
But also in the case of glass washing and painting work, you risk.
You Life hangs Sometimes Of the use of protective equipment.
If you work above 2.50 meters and there is a risk of attack, then effective protection must be
such as fencing or parapet. If this is not possible, you must fall protection resources Use.
Waist Belt
A waist belt is only to prevent a fall. The catch line must be shortened and at a confirmation point That is
lower than attaching hip height.
Trouser Belt
If you want to move vertically, use a trouser belt.
This happens for example when working in a private room, on high altitudes or along walls.
Harness Belt
If the chances of you falling are present, you should try to avoid injury. This can be with a harness belt.
The harness belt consists of shoulder, leg and zitbanden and must be used with a catch system.
The harness belt is actually the real catch belt. Only these can still be used as seatbelts! The Harness belt
prevents you from shooting loose from the belt.
In addition, the harness belt distributes the acting shock well over the body and keep the shoulder straps on
the correct carrying height.
The catch system may consist of:

• An anchored catch point with a catch line; Or
• A line clamping system with fixed or flexible line; Or
• A fall protection system with automatic line tensioner.
To steer the fall or descent different devices can be used. There are descending Or Locking devices that are or
are not rewinding.
Remchute
The Remchute is a descent device that reduces the speed of a trap. The Remchute is a cable
of 15-40 meters, which rolls out during a fall or flight. This inhibits speed. Because the line remains tense
You may only use the device vertically. Otherwise, by hurling danger of injury.
As soon as the belt is released, the cable goes back into the device quite quickly. The Remchute is
Combined with a catch belt.
Non-Chute
The non-chute is not a descent device. The trap is blocked after a maximum of thirty centimetres. A
Spring in the unit ensures that the cable is re-inserted into the home as soon as the user
The distance is reduced. Especially at low altitude the non-chute offers good security. The non-chute
is used with a trouser belt.
Respiratory protection

A separate category of protective equipment is the respiratory preservatives. Respiratory protection protects
against gases and vapours.
Oxygen
The amount of gas or vapor can become so high that the oxygen is supplanted. That is dangerous
Because you can choke if the inhaled air is less than 20 Volume percent (vol%) contains oxygen.
MAC value
Respiratory protection is required if the MAC value of a gas, vapour, mist or dust is exceeded.
Independent
In the case of independent respiratory preservatives, the fresh air via a hose or an air bottle To the mask or
hood. You are therefore independent of the ambient air.
Depends on
Is there enough oxygen present and there is not a large amount of hazardous substances in the air,
Dependent respiratory protection can then be used.
Working with Dust

When working in a dusty environment you can use dust filters. We know three categories of dust filters,
namely
Depending on the type of fabric you are able to contact, use a P1, P2 or P3 filter.
The code P1, P2 or P3 is indicated on the dust filter.
Masks
The respiratory protection in the categories P2 and P3 is always a mask. The dust filter, also called
Filterbus Or filter pattern is associated with the mask. The mask can be recreated
Use. The associated dust filter throws you away after use. For the P2 category,
A Half sufficient. For category P3 you always have to wear a full face mask.
Mohamud
The muzzle is the most well-known dust filter. It is a gauze-cotton wool filter that provides protection against
Coarse and harmless dust. After use you throw the whole muzzle away.
Dust filters do not provide protection against gases and vapours.
Gases and vapours
For working with gases and vapours there are special filters (inlay filter or Schroeffilterbus). These bear You in
combination with a half-or full face mask. Filters are organized by oPnamevermogen.
There are also combination filters. Protect them against more than one type of contamination.
Fresh Air Masks

A fresh air mask is an example of independent respiratory protection. This mask
Consists of a hood with a window, a chest and a back piece. The fresh air becomes with some overpressure
Through a hose. The overpressure prevents the window from covering the mask. Disadvantage Is that the
snake hinders freedom of movement.
- 183 - LESBOEK VCA

Icons
The icons can relate to the following types of risks:
• Mechanical risks;
• Chemicals and micro-organisms;
• Heat and fire;
• Cold:
• Ionizing radiation and radioactive radiation.
Answers multiple Choice questions
Chapter Question Question Question Question Question Question Question Question Question Question
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 A B C B A A C C B A
2 B B C C A A C A B C
3 C C B C C C C A C A
4 C C B C B C C C C B
5 B C C C A B C C A C
6 B A C C A B B B B C
7 B C A C B C B C C A
8 C A B C A B A A B C
9 B B C C B C B C C A
10 C A C B C C A C C A
11 C A C C C A B B C A
12 B C C A C A B C B A
13 A B B A C C B C C A

Àdembescherming Ear protection Face screen Required Harness obligatory Safety Harness Ear and eye
Required Required Required protection required
Safety Hand-Shoes Ear and helmet Safety Helmet Safety Shoes Overall obligatory Independent
obligatory obligatory Required obligatory respiratory protection
required
Banned for GSM Max 15 km/h Ban Transporting Ban Touch Forbidden under load Not enter
persons on the Concerning Electrical running
forklift hazard
Do not step on pallet Forbidden to smoke Prohibited for Prohibited for Ban for open fire and Do not touch
truck unauthorized persons internal transport flame
Anchor point Gas cylinders Danger before and Beware of hot liquids Adjust electricity Adjust acid
behind the forklift
Beware of Beware of hanging Laser radiation Radioactivity Beware Explosive

smoothness loads atmosphere
Fire extinguisher Fire Blanket Fire Long Emergency ladder Emergency phone Alarm button
- 185 - LESBOEK VCA

First Aid Emergency exit Eye Wash Output Aed Gathering Place
The emergence of an accident
Background examples Examples of human failure

1. Domestic conditions or private difficulties • Someone does not have the necessary knowledge
If someone has problems at home, and he or competence to be able to work safely.
takes his problems to work, he is not there • Someone knows the risks or not enough
with his head. As a result, such a person sees • Someone knows the safety rules, but finds it
the risks as less good and can easily forget exaggerated and prefers to do it in his own way.
security measures and will rather commit an • Someone wants to demonstrate the so-called
unsafe act or cause an unsafe situation. benefits of unsafe working and scoring with
colleagues.
2. Former orbit • Someone wants to hang the hero by taking risks.
If someone had previously worked for a • Someone sees that the chef or colleague is also
company where safety was not so important, working in an unsafe way and wants to be no
he could take the old habits to his new boss. exception.
This increases the can on accidents.
Examples unsafe actions
3. Character Cause: Work with a grinding wheel without a
Some people are now naturally lazy or lazy. Wear abrasive glasses.
Often the simplest way is the best, but still Consequence: Splinters in the eye, blindness
safety sometimes requires a different way of
working. Such people will do everything to Cause: A Railing or use handrail to
circumvent that other way. They endanger Hoist to attach
themselves and their colleagues. Consequence: Hoist and load deposit, risk of injury and
Handrail is damaged.
4. Training
If someone does not have the right training Cause: Jump over somewhere in place shelves
for the work that he has to do, that may be a or use a bridge.
risk. So someone works Inexpert e that also Consequence: A sprained just to lethal tAnd Result.
means unsafe. Also if in the company lacking
instruction or training can lead to dangerous Cause: The security of a device
situation. Disable.
Consequence: Depends on the device, can be lethal.
5. Conditions IN The Company
In part these are things that have to do with Examples of unsafe situations
the atmosphere, the mutual understanding; Cause: Pavement tiles are skewed
Working atmosphere, team spirit, collegiality Consequence: Fall or stumble
and the style of leadership. On the other hand
it has to do with order and cleanliness Cause: A manhole cover is loose
(cleanup) and the ergonomics (you can be Consequence: Falling into the pit
good at everywhere, there is enough space
and such) Cause: The trip is too high
Consequence: Fall or stumble
Cause: Glowing hot pipe looks just like a

Handrail
Result: serious burns going on

Test Exam 1 B-VCA
1. What is the purpose of environmental legislation?
a. Protecting human beings and the environment from hazardous substances.
b. Regulating the production of hazardous substances.
c. Indicate the way in which hazardous substances may be stored.
2. What is the task of the Labour inspectorate?

a. Consult with employers on high-risk activities and advise on the measures to be taken.
b. Compliance with the CAO and the agreements in the plan of Action.
c. Compliance with the V&G legislation and the working hours.
3. Which factor determines the risks of the work?

a. Workplace.
b. The health and safety plan.
c. Supervision by the client.
4. What is the purpose of the risk Analysis (TRA) task?

a. Preparing a GoeThe execution of the work.
b. Disabling all Risks
c. Controlling the risks of the work.
5. Where do you almost report accidents?

a. At the direct manager.
b. At the safety coordinator.
c. In the Human resources department.
6. What is an example of safe behaviour in the workplace?

a. Always wear hearing protection.
b. Never use hazardous substances.
c. Engage others in unsafe operations.
7. What is a major measure to prevent Verstappen?

a. A discharge shall have a CE marking.
b. The workplace must be tidy and tidy.
c. The work floor should not be cleaned too often.
8. What does an employee need to do if a security affects the work tempo?

a. Do not remove and use the protection properly.
b. Temporarily suspend the security itself.
c. Allow the technical service to remove security.
9. What colors are used on signs for firefighting equipment?

a. Black icon on a yellow background.
b. White icon on a red background.
c. White icon on a green background.
10. What is the most important measure to prevent accidents with electricity?
a. To make known to colleagues where you are going to work.
b. The electrical power supply.
c. Carry out the work with two.
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11. What is one of the goals of a work permit?
a. The Arbo service can determine whether the employees concerned should be approved.
b. The Labour Inspectorate may monitor the activities carried out.
c. All involved in the work must consult on a safe implementation.
12. What should you do if you see this symbol on a blue sign?
a. Keep the fall protection ready.
b. The fall protection obliged to carry.
c. Beware of falling objects.
13. What is mentioned in the company shipboard?

a. Which substances and processes in the field can provide an emergency situation.
b. The phasing in combating emergency situations.
c. When the evacuation exercise is held.
14. Hazardous substances are classified in categories. Which categories are these among others?
a. Explosive – Light/highly flammable – harmful.
b. Harmful – carcinogenic – suffocating.
c. Combustible – corrosive – harmless.
15. How can exposure to toxic substances be restricted?

a. By using another non-toxic substance.
b. By training the employees in working with toxic substances.
c. By always letting the same person work with the toxic substance.
16. This picture is on the label of a substance.

What does this picture mean?
a. Explosive substances.
b. Unstable substances.
c. Flammable substances.
17. A pipe leaks. What is the consequence as a substance

Released with this icon?
a. Suffocation Hazard.
b. Fire.
c. Environmental hazard.
18. What extinguishing matter do you use in a gas fire?

a. Extinguishing powder.
b. Water.
c. Extinguishing foam.
19. What is an important disadvantage of extinguishing with gaseous extinguishing agents, such as carbon
dioxide?
a. The Unconsumed Extinguishing gases are harmful to the environment.
b. The oxygen displacement can also work suffocating for the people in the immediate vicinity.
c. By extinguishing the ambient air cools down very strongly.
20. What is the warning sign?

a. For an explosive mixture.
b. Explosive substance.
c. Hazardous area.
21. What is the risk when working with fixed grinding machines?
a. The low speed allows the stone to hit the shaft.
b. The grinding stone can fly apart.
c. The grinding stone can happen in the material.
22. Can double insulated hand tools be grounded?

a. Yes, this mag.
b. No, this is not allowed.
c. This may only be with the permission of the employer.
23. What is the rule for a crane?

a. A crane must be equipped with KEMA-keur.
b. A crane must not exceed 23 metres.
c. A crane must bear CE marking.
24. What weather conditions can have a big impact on working with a crane?
a. High humidity.
b. High temperature.
c. High wind speed.
25. What is the rule when using a hoist?

a. A hoist should never be overloaded.
b. A hoist may only be taxed in a vertical position.
c. The hook must always be taxed on the point.
26. What is a risk when using a forklift?

a. Riding people.
b. Pollution of the load.
c. Hearing damage for the bystanders.
27. How should an acetylene bottle be placed during welding?

a. The bottle must be at least at an angle of 30graden with the floor.
b. The bottle may be placed on the ground.
c. The bottle should always stand upright.
28. Asbestos is found during demolition work. The asbestos should only be removed itself if it can with
simple acts. No dust or fibre can be discharged. What specific safety measures should be taken, among
others?
a. Using a P1 dust filter.
b. Using a landfill.
c. Wearing a disposable coverall.
29. What is the best safety device for a floor opening?

a. Sufficient warning signs must be placed around the floor opening.
b. The floor opening must be covered with material that can carry heavy loads.
c. The floor opening must be well lit.
30. You are doing digging work. When do you dig carefully?
a. When you dig trial slots.
b. If you use a toothed bucket.
c. If you dig on instructions from the Labour Inspectorate.
- 189 - LESBOEK VCA
31. What is required when working with a werkbak?
a. Everyone in the Werkbak must be in possession of a patented many.
b. Everyone in the Werkbak must wear a harness belt attached to the Werkbak.
c. The Werkbak must be suspended from a chain or steel cable.
32. What extra measure should you take in enclosed spaces when you are going to use oxygen and gas
bottles?
a. Check the gas hoses for leakage beforehand.
b. The gas cylinders in the enclosed room guarantee a break.
c. The Gasdrukreduceer Lower than usual.
33. The skin has an electrical resistance. What makes this electrical resistance less?
a. By the skin color.
b. by perspiration.
c. By age.
34. Why is insulation used in electrical conductors?

a. To prevent damage.
b. To reduce the impact of short-circuits.
c. To avoid contact with electricity.
35. What is the risk of static electricity?

a. Static electricity has virtually no risks.
b. Static electricity can lead to a spark transhipment and could possibly cause an explosion.
c. Static electricity can ignite non-conductive material.
36. What is important when lifting an object that is on the ground?

a. That after picking up you can rotate the object sideways.
b. That your feet are spread as much as possible.
c. That you tilt with straight back and bent knees.
37. What should you do with your Personal protective device (PPE)?
a. Have your name put on it.
b. Be checked by an expert after each use.
c. After use save neatly.
38. When should you wear a wide view glasses?

a. When grinding, chopping and drilling.
b. When car no welding.
c. When connecting product hoses.
39. Against which gloves can No Provide protection?

a. Cold or heat.
b. Rotating parts.
c. Hazardous substances.
40. What is a use rule for protective clothing?

a. Dress One Once a year.
b. Replace broken clothing directly at your own expense.
c. Repair or replace broken clothing directly.

Test Exam 2 Vol-VCA
Question 1 Working in a confined space may only be under strict conditions. Where are these conditions
listed?
A. These can be found in the company's environmental licence.
B. These are laid down in the company's work permit.
C. These are in the user manual of the tank or installation.
Question 2 What should you do if excavation is the location of a pipe and a half-metre deviation from the
requested drawing?
A. Report the variance to KLlCLand Registry.
B. Nothing, this falls within the standard error margin of the drawing.
C. If it is possible to move the pipe as shown in the drawing.
Question 3 How can you reduce the chance of electrocution?

A. By standing on a rubber mat.
B. You cannot reduce the chance of electrocution.
C. By working with moist hands.
Question 4 What is the purpose of a earth leakage switch?

A. This increases safety.
B. This prevents touch of stress-feeding parts.
C. This offers 100% safety.
Question 5 In A Bouwstroomaansluitkast A earth leakage switch is applied as an extra security. What value
should this earth leakage switch have?
A. 30 MA Earth Leakage switch (per outgoing power supply).
B. 70 MA Earth Leakage switch (per outgoing power supply).
C. 50 MA Earth Leakage switch (per outgoing power supply).
Question 6 What maximum DC do we call a safe voltage under dry conditions?

A. 50 Volt
B. 120 Volt
C. 12 Volt
Question 7 How should you deal with the measures in a work permit?
A. They must be respected, except if the supervisor decides otherwise.
B. They must always be respected.
C. They only apply as a guideline for the user.
Question 8 What does this board mean?

(white symbol on blue background)
A. Attention, wearing gloves can be dangerous here.
B. Safety gloves required.
C. Safety gloves are recommended.
Question 9 What should be a good signaling of a danger?

A. The signaling must be legible at 5 meters distance.
B. The signaling is the same everywhere and is always indicated in the same way.
C. The signaling is clearly legible.
- 191 - LESBOEK VCA

Question 10 An employee has checked and signed the work permit. What does this mean?
A. The employee indicates that he is the only one to perform the work.
B. The employee has signed the work permit only for receipt.
C. The employee agrees with the content of the work permit.
Question 11 What do you have to do with an evacuation signal?

A. Waiting for instructions from company assistance.
B. Bring your elevator to safety as soon as possible.
C. Flee across the wind direction and away from the source.
Question 12 You've got a hot work permit. Which task is mentioned for the Hot work awaits?
A. Sufficient extinguishing agents staging.
B. Can show the hot work permit on request.
C. Ensure compliance with the requirements of the hot work permit.
Question 13 What is an important focus when entering an explosive atmosphere?

A. Always keep the explosion meter within reach.
B. Use custom tools as stated in the work permit.
C. Slow work tempo and movements to avoid sparks.
Question 14 What safety measure should be taken when working with a fixed grinding machine?
A. Adjust the handrail (the distance from the workpiece support to the grinding stone) regularly during
the spinning of the discs.
B. The operator of the machine wears gloves.
C. The protective diamond should always be used.
Question 15 What is a safety requirement if you are working with a wrench?

A. The key must have a CE mark.
B. The key must be approved.
C. The beak must fit exactly on the nut.
Question 16 What is an example of lifting accessories?

A. Control switches.
B. Eyebolts.
C. Hoisting masts.
Question 17 What is a use rule for steel cables?

A. Protect the steel cables from oil and grease.
B. Sticky tape over ragged patches.
C. Knot the steel cables not to each other.
Question 18 What is a danger when using a hand hoist?

A. The hoist can strike too far at a heavy load.
B. The attachment point may abort.
C. The hoist cable can get into the knot.
Question 19 How to use a pallet truck to move pallets?

A. Uphill pulling, pushing downhill.
B. Pull.
C. Push.

Question 20 Demolition work can have many different dangers. So what security measure should always be
taken?
A. Request information from the Land Registry office about the location data of cables and pipes.
B. Use Personal Protective equipment (PPE), depending on the type of demolition work.
C. For the start of the demolition work sufficient fire-extinguishing agents staging.
Question 21 What prevents fall hazard?

A. Place a warning sign at a distance from the floor opening.
B. Apply a handrail and a landing at the floor opening.
C. Always carry out the work in the vicinity of the floor opening.
Question 22 What is an example of an aerial platform?

A. A rolling scaffold.
B. A scissor lift
C. A hanging jetty.
Question 23 How should a deep excavation be defined?

A. With a signaling ribbon.
B. With a fencing.
C. With a rope.
Question 24 What is the purpose of a scaffolding card or theorem card?

A. to indicate whether the builder has trained.
B. To indicate when the scaffold or position has to be approved.
C. To indicate whether the scaffolding or position can be entered.
Question 25 What is the purpose of a company (internal) emergency plan?

A. Restricting the consequences of possible emergencies.
B. Inform the Government of the possible dangers in the company.
C. Inform residents of an emergency situation.
Question 26 What is a characteristic of a lightly flammable substance?

A. The substance responds very violently with other substances.
B. The fabric flies easily into fire.
C. The substance gives burns on the skin.
Question 27 What is a source measure to prevent exposure to a hazardous substance?

A. By using the hazardous substance only in very small quantities.
B. By replacing the hazardous substance with a harmless substance.
C. By mixing the hazardous substance first with a harmless substance.
Question 28 On the packaging of a fabric is the icon below. What is a property of this
substance? (black symbol on white background with red border)
A. Corrosive.
B. Oxidizing.
C. Highly flammable.
Question 29 What prevention measure do you apply if your hands come into contact with biological
substances?
A. You always wash your hands after all the work.
B. You wash your hands well in the break.
C. You use hand cream, because this provides adequate protection.
- 193 - LESBOEK VCA

Question 30 How do we call a poisoning that is already occurring during exposure to a toxic substance?
A. Toxic poisoning.
B. Chronic poisoning.
C. Acute poisoning.
Question 31 What should you be able Aflezen of a safety data sheet?

A. The application of the substance.
B. Chemical formula of the fabric.
C. The immediate dangers of the substance.
Question 32 What is a possible consequence of exposure to asbestos?

A. Lung cancer.
B. An acute poisoning.
C. Itching and allergy.
Question 33 What is LEL?

A. This is the minimum amount of gas that must sit in the air to cause an explosion.
B. This is the lowest temperature, where the vapor above a liquid can burn.
C. This is the Gas concentration in a room Where you can enter the room.
Question 34 Your colleague has burned during extinguishing work. What should you do?
A. Sterile bandage.
B. Find a doctor.
C. Cooling with water.
Question 35 What is an extinguishing method for a metal fire?

A. Extinguish with carbon dioxide.
B. Extinguish with special powders.
C. Extinguish with foam.
Question 36 What does a catalyst influence in a fire?

A. The smoke development of a fire.
B. The flash point of a liquid.
C. The speed of the combustion process.
Question 37 What do you certainly do when you interview witnesses in an accident?

A. During the interview, search for the culprits of the accident.
B. Capture the statements as you interpret them.
C. Lay down the statements and ask whether they are correct.
Question 38 What is an example of safe behaviour in the workplace?

A. Always wear hearing protection.
B. Never use hazardous substances.
C. Engage others in unsafe operations.
Question 39 What are the safety risks when walking over a non-uniform or smooth surface?
A. Fatigue and Verstappen.
B. Time loss and annoyance.
C. Tripping and slipping.
Question 40 What is a good behavioral rule for safe working?

A. Speed of work for safe working.
B. You safely behave when there is supervision.
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C. You adhere to the safety regulations.
Question 41 How can you make unsafe behaviour more difficult as a manager?
A. By scheduling the work differently.
B. By imposing sanctions on unsafe behaviour.
C. By giving employees a quicker sense.
Question 42 Who has the task of performing a workplace inspection on a regular basis?
A. Public inspectiedienst safety and health.
B. The operational executives.
C. The operational staff.
Question 43 What is work consultation according to the VeiIigheids— and health legislation (V&G legislation)?
A. Consultation between management and executives.
B. Between the supervisor and the employees.
C. Consultation between the works council and the Executive Board.
Question 44 What regulates the safety ordinance?

A. Clearly demarcated safety areas for workers.
B. Participation in the company organization by means of works councils.
C. Good working conditions for workers.
Question 45 What should you do if the government inspectiedienst safety and health puts the work quiet?
A. Consult with your colleagues or you stop working.
B. Let the manager decide what to do.
C. Follow the indications of public inspectiedienst safety and health.
Question 46 What is the general purpose of V&G legislation?

A. That the employer pursues the best possible health and safety policy.
B. That the employer pursues a working time policy.
C. That the employer has a good Ondememingsbeleid Enter.
Question 47 An employee of a supplier is present in the company of a customer. Who is responsible for this
employee?
A. The employer of the supplier.
B. The employee himself.
C. The customer's employer.
Question 48 When is it necessary to take account of the recording of working time?

A. The size of the risk to which the worker will be exposed.
B. Weather conditions.
C. Personal situation of the employee.
Question 49 Bĳ WelAct is the risk of an accident the greatest?

A. Use a angle grinding machine to edit the steel.
B. Edit swatch with a file.
C. Edit steel with a hammer.
Question 50 WaT is a task risk analysis (TRA)?

A. An analysis of the risks associated with the execution of work.
B. An overview of the tasks that can cause risks within a company.
C. An evaluation of the tasks mentioned in the risk Inventory and evaluation (RI&E).

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Question 51 How can you estimate that hearing protection should be worn?
A. When you have a fluittoon Hear in your ears.
B. When your colleagues wear hearing protection.
C. When you have to raise your stern on a normal call distance to make you understand.
Question 52 Which factor influences climatic conditions in the workplace?

A. Work tempo.
B. Clothing.
C. Air temperature.
Question 53 There is a special measure for women who are in the last three months of pregnancy. What
measure is that?
A. They must not carry out a standing work.
B. They must not lift charges.
C. They must not work outside.
Question 54 What should you do with your personal protective equipment (PPE)?
A. Be checked by an expert after each use.
B. Have your name put on it.
C. Take good care of it.
Question 55 What can you use as a hearing protection?

A. MP3 player.
B. Oorpluggen.
C. Headphones.
Question 56 How does the protection work filtermasker?

A. The breathable air is blown into the mask.
B. The air to be breathed is compressed.
C. The breathable air is cleaned.
Question 57 What is important in the safe use of trapping lines in a safety harness?
A. Catch lines should not pollute sense.
B. Trapping lines must have a company logo.
C. Catch lines must be tuned to the length of the user.
Question 58 The management must draw up a written risk assessment and evaluation (RI&E). Which
companies are affected?
A. All enterprises with personnel.
B. Companies working with hazardous substances.
C. Companies with more than 50 employees.
Question 59 As a manager, how can you improve the mentality of your employees in order to contribute to
safe working?
A. Tell your employees not only how to do something but also why.
B. Keep to the project plan and don't Let Afleiden By the opinion of your employees.
C. In the observations, you are especially concerned with the difficult staff.
Question 60 What does the participants in a Toolboxmeeting Asked?

A. The participants must listen in particular.
B. The participants take part outside the normal working time in the Toolboxmeeting.
C. The participants contribute actively by letting them do something themselves.

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Question 61 What does the abbreviation VCU mean?
A. Safety and Health checklist temps.

B. Health and Safety Checklist Executive contractors.
C. Safety and Health checklist broadcasters.
Question 62 For whom are the general safety rules intended?

A. For all employees.
B. Only for unskilled workers.
C. Only for older workers.
Question 63 What does this board mean?

(black symbol on yellow background with black border)
A. Danger of laser beam.
B. Danger of smoothness.
C. Low temperature hazard.
Question 64 What determines the size of a risk?

A. The number of persons involved and the size of the possible damage.
B. The probability of an accident occurring and the number of persons involved.
C. The probability of an accident occurring and the extent of the possible damage.
Question 65 What should be in a safety and health Jaarplan (V&G-annual plan)?

A. Concrete preventive measures.
B. The name of the author.
C. The name of the employer.
Question 66 What should a supervisor do during the execution of high-risk work?

A. Extending the work permit, if the work is likely to run out.
B. Regularly check that the work is done according to the appointments made.
C. Add a task Risk analysis (TRA) to the work permit, if there are other risks than was previously assessed.
Question 67 What should an employee do in case of an accident involving serious injuries?

A. Ensure that the accident is recorded.
B. Report the accident to the supervisor.
C. The Health and Safety Service warns against investigation.
Question 68 What is an example of a Taakgebonden Factor, which can lead to an accident?

A. Insufficient time for the work.
B. Insufficient stress resistance.
C. Insufficient motivation
Question 69 What is a preventive measure that focuses on the "human" aspect?

A. Well-maintained tools.
B. Following a training.
C. organizing the work well.
Question 70 What is important in an accident investigation?

A. Clear the location of the accident as soon as possible to prevent new accidents.
B. Only interview the victim.
C. Collect all facts and data at the scene of the accident.

Answers of test Exams
Question number Exam Base
1 A 21 B
2 C 22 B
3 A 23 C
4 C 24 C
5 A 25 A
6 C 26 A
7 B 27 A
8 A 28 C
9 B 29 B
10 B 30 A
11 C 31 B
12 B 32 A
13 B 33 B
14 A 34 C
15 A 35 B
16 A 36 C
17 C 37 C
18 A 38 A
19 B 39 B
20 C 40 C
Question number Exam Vol

1 B 26 B 51 B
2 A 27 B 52 C
3 A 28 B 53 B
4 A 29 B 54 C
5 A 30 A 55 B
6 B 31 C 56 C
7 B 32 A 57 C
8 B 33 A 58 A
9 B 34 C 59 A
10 A 35 B 60 A
11 C 36 C 61 C
12 A 37 C 62 A
13 A 38 C 63 C
14 A 39 C 64 C
15 C 40 C 65 A
16 B 41 A 66 B
17 C 42 B 67 B
18 B 43 B 68 A
19 B 44 C 69 B
20 B 45 C 70 C
21 B 46 A
22 B 47 C
23 B 48 C
24 C 49 A
25 A 50 A
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Example work permit

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Instruction last minute risk analysis (LMRA)
You don't want an accident and you want to return home safely after your work!
You are trained, you have enough experience and your possible foreman/supervisor is present.
The work, the instructions, the possible task risk analysis and the work permit has been discussed with you and you have
Everything understood.
You have the right tools and personal protective equipment available.
You know where the emergency facilities are located, how the wind direction is, where the escape routes are located and
Where the collecting places are.
Everything seems OK! So what can you do now?

However, there may be situations where you are confronted with dangers arising in the preparation Overlooked.
Sometimes the dangers are only visible in the workplace or in the immediate environment.
Therefore, we appeal to your own knowledge, experience and craftsmanship.
Perform a "Last Minute risk analysis" yourself!

When?
At any time of Each Day, on Your Workplace and directly Before Commencement of All Work. Not only After The standard
precautions have been taken, but On change of working conditions and In routine Work.
How?
By asking three questions!
Assess the risk!

1. What do you think can go wrong/what dangers do you see?
Think!
2. What is the cause of this?
Take action!
3. What are you going to do to avoid the dangers?
When in doubt, you consult with your colleagues and executives about additional measures to be taken.
Instructive lessons take you for a next job and discuss with colleagues and in the work consultation.
Are you a supervisor?

Of course, as a manager you give a good example by yourself each time the "last Minute risk analysis" To implement. You
also carry out the LMRA principle with colleagues and supervise their compliance. You provide a Effective communication
with your employees about the findings.
You can also apply this method very well outside of the work. Think of traffic and chores in and around the house

- 205 - LESBOEK VCA
Security icons

VCA Glossary
Glossary Pages Glossary Pages Glossary Pages
A 206 JKL 208 T You 209
Applicant Work Permit Catalyst Teratogenic Fabrics
Arbeidshygienische Strategy Ling Toolbox Meeting
Safety Ordinance Lel Toxicology
Health and safety policy Injury UEL
Arbobeleids rules
Arbo decision MNO 208 V 210
Arbo Catalogue MAC value V&G
Arbo expert MAC-C Vca
Arbo scheme MAC-H Vco
Arbo Information Sheets MAC-TGG VCU
Dependent respiratory Mutagenic substances Security
protection Independent respiratory Safety grounding
207 protection Choking
B Accident Provider Work Permit
B-VCA 208 Hse
Private area P Osh
Fire Pago Flashpoint
Fire classes Ppe VOL-VCA
Almost accident Pmo Information
207 Pneumatic tools VOP-ER
C Prevention Officer
Carcinogenic substances Pva WXYZ 211
CE Marking 209 Work permit
207 QR Ac
DEF R-Phrases Self-ignition temperature
Eaves security Register Sick leave policy
Electrocution RI & E
ExOxTox Measurement Risk
Frequency 209
208 S
GHI S-Phrases
dc Assembly
Hazardous substances Damage
Toxic substances SSVV
Hoisting tools Static Electricity
Crane Noose
Holder work Permit
Hydraulic Tools
- 207 - LESBOEK VCA

A
Applicant Work Permit
Those who want to do business in a high-risk area will require a work permit. It may also be that the work Risicoverhogend Are. Here
too, a work permit has to be made. This is set by the client if it considers a work permit desirable.
Arbeidshygienische Strategy
Strategy aimed at making a specific order of risk management. This sequence is as follows:
• source control; Where the risk arises to remove or reduce this
• Collective protection; The risk of protecting people from being discontinued by the
Risk can be addressed
• Separating human and risk sources; Protecting persons from the risk source
• Personal Protective Equipment
Safety Ordinance
Abbreviation for working conditions law. The Safety Ordinance contains provisions relating to the safety, health and well-being
associated with work.
Health and safety policy

Policy in the field of working conditions. The OSH policy consists of the following components:
• RI & E (Risk Assessment and evaluation)
• Sick leave policy
• Prevention Officer
• Arbo expert
• PAGO (Periodic Labour health research) or PMO
• Information
• Business assistance
Arbobeleids rules
Guidelines of the policies used in practice by the labour Inspectorate to see whether the employer is conducting a good or better
health and safety policy.
Arbo decision
Detailed Elaboration of the Rules of the Safety Ordinance.
Arbo Catalogue
The agreements that employers and employees make about safe and healthy work. A Arbo Catalogue can apply to one company, but
also to an entire sector.
Arbo expert
Workers must have access to a Arbo expert. This can be for example a company physician, a work hygienist or a prevention worker.
Arbo scheme
Requirements of certain parts of the Safety Ordinance and the Working Conditions decision
Arbo Information Sheets

Sheets intended for background information and education with certain subjects.
Dependent respiratory protection

The oxygen from the surrounding air is used to breathe in which dangerous vapours are first filtered out of the air.

B
B-VCA
B-VCA stands for basic safety VCA.
Private area
Features:
• Close space
• Cables and pipes may be in the way
• Hardly any natural ventilation
• Difficult to access
• Poor lighting, often no daylight
Fire
A chemical reaction of a combustible substance with oxygen.
Fire classes
Here we distinguish the classes A, B, C, D:
• Fire class A: Solids fire
• Fire class B: Liquid Fire
• Brand class C: Gas fire
• Fire class D: Metal Fire (only to extinguish with a special powder extinguisher)
Almost accident Incident

The same as an accident, however, without injury or damage as a result.
C
Carcinogenic substances
Carcinogenic substances are carcinogenic.
CE Marking
European characteristic which may be assumed to be of minimum safety. Articles with this marking may be within the Member States
of the European Freely traded in the community.
DEF
Eaves security
Fencing at the edge of a roof which offers protection against falling. This is a collective protection because everyone who works on the
roof uses this.
Electrocution
The lesion due to flow passage through the body.
ExOxTox Measurement
A measurement that is first measured at the risk of explosion, then on the presence of sufficient oxygen and finally on the presence of
toxic substances.
Frequency
Number of vibrations per second which is given in Hertz.
GHI
dc
Tension between 2 conductors where the difference is constant.
Hazardous substances
Substances that are hazardous to health.
Toxic substances
Substances that already have a small influence on the functioning of the body.
Hoisting tools
- 209 - LESBOEK VCA
Tools used to connect loads with the hook of the crane.

Crane
Tool which is made to Free hanging To move loads.
Holder work Permit

Ensure that he/she or his executive adhere to the conditions and arrangements in the work permit.
Hydraulic Tools
Tool which is driven by fluid (usually oil).
JKL
Catalyst
A substance that affects the rate at which a reaction takes place between different substances.
Ling
A hoisting tool in which the loops at both ends cannot be confused.
Lel
Lowest Explosion Level Lower explosion limit; Mixing ratio between flammable vapour and oxygen where there is no explosion under
this limit because too much oxygen and too little flammable vapour is present.
Injury
Damage to the Gezondhied By accident.
MNO
MAC value (Limit value)
Maximum acceptable concentration of a toxic substance in the ambient air.
MAC-C
C behind MAC is Ceiling. This indicates the ceiling value of the MAC value, it should never exceed.
MAC-H
Permeability of the substance throughout the skin.
MAC-TGG
Time weighted average of a maximum acceptable substance.
Mutagenic substances
Substances that can alter the DNA.
Independent respiratory protection

The oxygen from the air that a person uses comes from somewhere else. This can be by compressed air (bottle) or a compressor with a
long hose that Leeflucht to the person.
Accident
An undesirable event that happens suddenly with damage or injury as a result.
P
Pago
PAGO stands for Periodic Labour health research, an investigation to Work-related Risks and professional or Functiegebonden to
detect complaints; This is carried out under a certain group of workers on the basis of risk assessment and evaluation by the ARBO
service; For example, work stress research or hearing research.
Ppe
PPE stands for Personal Protection: any equipment intended to be worn or detained by the worker in order to protect it from one or
more risks that may threaten his safety or health at work, as well as Any additions or accessories that may contribute to this.
Pmo
Preventive medical examination, see PAGO
Pneumatic tools
- 211 - LESBOEK VCA

Tools Powered by Compressed air

Prevention Officer
At least one prevention officer must be present within each company.
Pva
Plan of action based on the RI&E (Risk Assessment and evaluation), setting priorities to devise solutions that can counteract or reduce
risks
QR
R-Phrases
Risk phrases (in English Risk phrases). These reflect the risks of a hazardous substance.
Register
Record data from, for example, accidents, diseases and general abnormalities of material and equipment. Registration is used to learn
from the registration data in order to avoid the same anomalies in the future.
RI & E
RI & E means risk assessment and evaluation. A risk assessment and evaluation is a means of promoting safe and healthy working in
the Dutch Arbeidsomstandighedenwet. From the RI&E, the risks within a company can be known and addressed through a plan of
action.
Risk
The probability of an adverse effect occurring (accident). Chance of an unwanted event
S
S-Phrases
Safety phrases (in Dutch Safety phrases. These indicate what you should do in order not to be affected by the risks of a hazardous
substance.
Assembly
The whole of hoisting tools that are located between the hook of the crane and the load.
Damage
Material loss due to accident.
SSVV
SSVV stands for Foundation for Security, a foundation which aims to promote safety and improve working conditions, the environment
and the quality of members of the SSVV affiliated (branch-) Organisations.
Static Electricity
Electricity that arises when 2 different substances are affected by friction.
Noose
A hoisting tool where the loops can be pulled together at both ends.
T You
Teratogenic Fabrics
Substances that are Embrio May cause abnormalities.
Toolbox Meeting
A toolbox meeting is a meeting that deals with a subject that concerns safety, health or the environment.
Toxicology
The doctrine of the action of toxic substances.
UEL
Upper Explosion Level Upper explosion limit: mixing ratio between flammable vapour and oxygen in which no explosion is possible
above this limit because there is too little oxygen and too much flammable vapour present.
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V
V&G
A V&G plan stands for Safety and health plan, and is widely used on projects of a larger nature.
Vca
The abbreviation VCA stands for Safety, Health and Environment checklist contractors, and is a guideline that allows service companies
to be assessed and certified on their she management system (she is VEiligheid, GEzondheid, MIlieu).
Vco
The abbreviation VCO stands for Security, Health and Environment check list clients. VCO is intended for clients who carry out (risky)
activities by third parties.
VCU
VCU stands for Security Checklist broadcasters, a system derived from and based on VCA. VCU is a procedure for the certification of
the safety management system of broadcasting organisations and is intended for the transmission of personnel to clients who impose
VCA and to companies with a VCA certificate.
Security
Consciously taking an acceptable risk.
Safety grounding
Connection of external metal parts with Earth to ensure that the equipment is not under voltage, but the tension can flow to Earth.
Choking
Shortage of oxygen.
Provider Work Permit

The client or his representative who completes and provides the work permit. He must convince himself that all risks are known and
addressed before the work commences.
Hse
She stands for safety, health and environment.
Osh
OSH stands for safety, health and well-being
Flashpoint
The temperature at which a substance produces sufficient vapour so that a fire can occur during ignition.
VOL-VCA
Full VCA is VCA for operational executives. The aim of the training is to enhance safety awareness and awareness by learning how to
identify hazards and risks in the organization. Tasks and responsibilities in the field of safety, health and wellbeing are addressed or not
imposed from the Safety ordinance.
Information
Workers must be given information and instruction on safe and healthy work. They should also be informed of the measures taken.
VOP-ER
Someone who is sufficiently instructed by an electrotechnical skilled person and thus can carry out carefully defined work and identify
risks in the implementation of this Wekzaamheden.

WXYZ
Work permit
A permit in which the purpose is to have been communication between the parties in order to combat hazards arising from (high) risks.
It is therefore a matter of consultation in which the conditions and arrangements for carrying out work are recorded in writing. Anyone
involved should take note of this and put his signature.
Ac
Voltage between at least 2 conductors where the difference varies with a certain frequency.
Self-ignition temperature
Lowest temperature at which substances start to burn themselves without aids such as inflammation.
Sick leave policy

You are required to have sick leave guidance performed by a company doctor or not affiliated with a Arbo service.
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HER

Opleidingen & Advies

Basic Safety & Safety for

-1- LESBOEK VCA

The content of this bundle is intended for study purposes only.

HER Training & Advies BV -2-

The substance to be studied is divided into 14 chapters, namely:

Risks and dangers

We therefore wish all participants every success,

-3- LESBOEK VCA

-7- LESBOEK VCA

The Arbo-law Or in full Arbeidsomstandighedenwet aims to ensure an acceptable

It also urges Arbo-law To continual improvements in working conditions. Working

1.2 The history of the Arbo-law

The Arbeidsomstandighedenwet (Arbo-law) of 1981 has come in the place of the

-9- LESBOEK VCA

Therefore, the P-sheets have been replaced by Arbo policies.

HER Training & Advies BV - 10 -

A replacement colleague must be first worked out.

Accidents canOther employees are And when accidents occur, this is

After an accident, the floor will need to be re-inspected, machinery and

1.5 VCA Certificate

Examples of such questions are:

In addition, the plan of action must be evaluated annually for completeness

HER Training & Advies BV - 12 -

1.8 Obligations of the employee

The Arbo-law Provides that an employee is empowered to suspend work if,

HER Training & Advies BV - 14 -

Here are some examples:

1.10 The inspection SZW

The inspection SZW has the following rights in investigation of causes of an

As an inspection officer SSw Comes along should the Employees

1.11 A Arbo Service

Tasks of an occupational health service may include:

Arbo Services therefore have an advisory role in the field of working

1.11 The mining Code, Decree continental Shelf

HER Training & Advies BV - 16 -

1.14 Security Passport

1.15 Guide Trainings Risky work

1. Who is responsible for security in the company?

a. The employer and the employee

2. Measures taken by the Labour Inspectorate (inspection SZW) May include:

3. What is the employee responsible for?

a. Ensuring safe working methods and machines

4. According to the working hours, the following are prohibited:

5. What task does a Arbo Service?

a. Giving advice on safety, health and well-being

6. What is the first step in creating a Health and safety policy?

a. Perform a risk inventory

7. What is the obligation on the employer to Arbo-law?

a. Tackling the dangers to safety or health at source

HER Training & Advies BV - 18 -

10. What is in the Arbo-law?

2.1 What do we mean by risk?

Chance K Exposure B Effect (E)

To describe the concept of risk well, we have to look at two things:

1. The Chance That an accident will take place.

An exact definition of the concept of risk is:

HER Training & Advies BV - 20 -

Sometimes the effect of a risk is less clear:

Risk Factors He work

Type of work: The workplace:

From this definition a second definition can be derived: