DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING

GE 137 FUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR ENGINEERS
Laboratory Report

Name/s: Jel Andree K. Tutor Section: CRS1

Laboratory Exercise 2

A. Introduction

In Laboratory Exercise 2, you will be trained how to prepare (or “pre-process”)

satellite makethem useable for information extraction such as in deriving land cover
maps. You will be working on a dataset of raw Landsat image of Caraga Region that
are in GeoTIFF format.
Before being used for model training and inference, pictures must first undergo
image preprocessing. This includes, but is not limited to, adjustments to the size,
orientation, and color. Remote sensing image pre-processing typically consists of two
independent steps: atmospheric correction and image enhancement, often known as
radiometric correction. To increase the accuracy of the brightness value magnitudes,
radiometric correction of remotely sensed data often entails the processing of digital
photographs. While atmospheric correction is taking away the atmosphere's impacts on
the reflectance values of images captured by satellite or airborne sensors.

B. Objectives
The goal of this exercise is orient the participants with the functions and tools of
ENVI software as applied in satellite image pre-processing.
At the end of this exercise, the participants are expected to:
• Perform basic image pre-processing steps such as radiometric calibration and
atmospheric correction.
• Perform various image enhancement techniques.
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C. Results and Discussions

I. Loading of the Raw Landsat Image
With the help of this procedure, we will be able to create and load bands in the Available Band
Lists. The multispectral Landsat image of the Caraga Region has six bands, which correspond to the
visible to near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7).

Figure1. Steps for Loading the Raw Landsat Image

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The procedure for loading the raw Landsat image was shown in Figure 1. The possibilities for
getting to the GeoTIFF were displayed in the first panel. An image file can contain georeferencing data
thanks to the public domain metadata standard known as GeoTIFF. For usage in GIS applications, the
GeoTIFF format incorporates geospatial metadata into image files such as aerial photography, satellite
imaging, and digital maps (Mahammad & Ramaakrishnan, 2005). The navigation for adding the bands 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 to the Available Band Lists was displayed on the second panel (showed in the third panel).
By selecting the RGB color from this section's Available Band List Window, the RGB will be filled with
Bands 3, 2, and 1, accordingly.
II. Radiometric Calibration of the Landsat Image
Figure 2. Steps for the Radiometric Calibration of the Landsat Image
After preparing the necessary file and data which are the MTL File and the Available Band Lists,
Figure 2 showed the steps for the radiometric calibration of the Landsat image. The TM Calibration
Parameters Window comes after selecting the band 1 raw image. Using the data from the MTL file that
was opened in the first part, the missing data are then filled in as showed in panel 4. Up until the raw
image has band 7, this procedure is repeated. After filling in all the data needed, the image is then saved
as CalRef_Band#_Landsat.img.
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Based on the process, radiometric calibration refers to the ability to convert the digital numbers recorded
by satellite imaging systems into physical units. The primary objective of radiometric calibration is to
make up for the effects of the wavelength dependence of solar radiation (used as the source of
illumination during image acquisition) in order to make the relative brightness distribution over an image
in a given band as similar to that of the ground as is physically possible. The influences of the atmosphere
are not taken into account in this calibration.

III. Layerstacking of Calibrated Landsat Image Bands

Figure3. Steps for the Layerstacking of Calibrated Landsat Image Bands

Figure 3 illustrated the steps for the layerstacking of calibrated Landsat image bands. As showed in panel
1, by clicking Basic Tools then Layer Stacking, Layer Stacking Parameters Window will appear, then
by clicking import file and selecting all the 6 images that are calibrated the bands will appear in the Layer
Stacking Parameters. The 3rd panel illustrated the reordering (from lowest to highest) of the band list. All
imported and arranged files are then saved and given a file name of
CalRef_Layerstacked_Landsat.img. Lastly, the stack of calibrated images will then show up in the
Available Band List Window.
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Figure 3.1. Steps to Edit Header

Figure 3 showed the steps to edit the header file of the atmospherically corrected reflectance
image. Header consists of Atmospherically-corrected Reflectance Image of Caraga Region; Image
acquired by the Landsat sensor; Image Acquired on December 3, 2002; Sun Elevation angle during image
acquisition =
52.026 degrees; Calibrated using the TM Calibration function of ENVI 4.3; Atmospherically corrected
using ENVI Dark Subtract; Calibrated and atmospherically corrected by me, and; Date pre-processed.
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IV. Atmospheric Correction of Landsat Image

Figure 4. Steps for Atmospheric Correction of the Exoatmospheric Reflectance

The procedures for atmospheric adjustment of the exoatmospheric reflectance of the Landsat
picture were shown in Figure 4. Navigate to the Dark Substract from the ENVI Main Menu Bar by
selecting Basic Tools>Preprocessing>General Purpose Utilities as seen in the first panel. The file window
of Dark Subtract appears after opening it. After that, simply click OK after clicking the layer stacked
image. Click "Choose" once the Dark Subtraction Parameters Window appears. As soon as the file window
displays on the screen, AtCor CalRef Layerstacked Landsat.img is entered as the file name. It then returns
to the Dark Subtraction Parameters Window and clicks OK after selecting a file name. The
atmospherically corrected photos are already present in the Available Band List Window following those
procedures.
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Figure 4.1. Steps to Edit Header

As shown in figure 4.1 Editing the header is important for us to identify what changes you have
made in the data and also to indicate the information need to process images.
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V. Image Subsetting
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Figure5. Image Subsetting

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In the Image Subsetting, Click the “Overlay” in the image window and click the Vectors. The Vector
Parameters dialog will display once you click “vector” and then you may click the open Vector File button.
This file will be found in the Datasets folder > Shapefiles. Since the project boundary is in shapefile
format, change the file type to “Shapefile (.shp)” and select the ProjectArea_Boundary.shp , then click
open. The Import Vector Files Parameters dialog will appear after clicking “Open”. Click the file in the
selected input files and click “OK”. The polygon will be overlaid in the displayed image and the shapefile
will be listed in the Vector
Parameters dialog. In the ENVI Main Menu bar, click Basic Tools and then the Resize Data
(Spatial/Spectral), this will load the Resize Data Input File. In the Resize Data Input File dialog click the
“AtCor_CalRef_Layerstacked_Landsat.img” and change its spatial Subset. After clicking the special
subset this dialog will appear. Click the “open” button in the SelectSpatial Subset, the Subset Image dialog
will appear and click the file under the Select regions, and click “OK”. After clicking OK it will display the
Resize Data Parameters dialog. Enter an output filename byclicking Choose. And save the file by naming it
“AtCor_CalRef_Layerstacked_Landsat_TaguiboWatershed.img”.
Click the “AtCor_CalRef_Layerstacked_Landsat_TaguiboWatershed.img”; in the Available Band
List and you may display an RGB combination of the subsetted image by Loading the RGB clicking the
Band 1, Band 2, and Band 3 in the Resize data.

VI. Editing Band Names

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Figure 6.1 Editing Band Names for Layerstackin

Editing Band names is need for us to identify easily the bands that are being used and processed.
Also for the simplicity of the data.

Figure 6.1 Editing Band Names for Atmospheric Correction

Editing Band names is need for us to identify easily the bands that are being used and processed.
Also for the simplicity of the data.
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C. Conclusion
The factor standard for image processing and analysis software is ENVI. It is used
by scientists, image analyzers, and GIS professionals to extract up-to-date, dependable,
and accurate information from geographic imagery. ENVI image analysis software has
been at the vanguard of innovation for more than three decades, in part because it
supports all types of data, including multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal, LiDAR, and
SAR. ENVI makes deep learning accessible to everyone with user-friendly tools and non-
programming processes (Harris, 2020).
As a future agricultural and biosystems engineer, we should be able to recognize,
evaluate, and create solutions for problems relating to land development, irrigation, and
drainage, including dams, farm roads, and bridges, agricultural and biosystems
engineering production equipment, new and renewable energy sources, agricultural and
biosystems engineering buildings and structures, postharvest and processing
technologies, climate change, and natural resources, environmental and social issues,
and more. By comparing current data to historical data, the condition of the vegetation,
and extreme weather occurrences, one of the key tools used today to study past natural
catastrophes is ENVI Software.

D. References
The importance of calibrating your remote sensing imagery - Materials Talks. (2020, September 9).
https://www.materials-talks.com/the-importance-of-calibrating-your-remote-sensing-imagery/

Team, G. L. (2020, August 17). What is Image Pre-processing Tool and how its work? GreatLearning
Blog: Free Resources What Matters to Shape Your Career!
https://www.mygreatlearning.com/blog/introduction-to-image-pre-processing/