The Effects of Procrastination in Academic Performance of Grade 11

Students in Universidad de Manila

A Research

Presented to

Universidad de Manila

In Partial Fulfillment 

Of the Requirements to

 Practical Research 1

HE 11-A

by

Chloe T. Ocampo

November 12, 2022

 CHAPTER 1 

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

      As the pandemic slowly alleviates, the students are now slowly going

back to the normal process of learning. Even though this has a good

outcome to almost everyone, of course we also stumble upon hindrances

regarding the overall academic performance of students. One of them being

the foremost reason is procrastination.

Procrastination is a very troublesome obstacle every student experiences. As

a student who always lacks motivation to do a certain task, dissatisfaction

with work can be a possible outcome in this drawback. Having the lack of

time management as we undergo through this is also the main basis of

procrastination. This is because of experiencing having many tasks to do

within a given deadline and being disconcerted for the reason of having too

much information to tackle, resulting in an inaccuracy of handling time. The

mainstream understanding of procrastination is that it’s a matter of

managing your schedule. “Procrastination manifests itself in how we manage

time, but it is not primarily about how we manage time.” (Dr. Alex Abdel-

Malek 2021). Perfectionism and fear of failure can also cause this

impediment. As a perfectionist too, it is very difficult to manage the time

when one’s expectation of a certain requirement is high as it results to doing

a different or a new process to achieve one’s high anticipated outcome of

their work,

As a researcher who experiences this obstacle, this study aims to further

know the students’ way of undergoing the ways of coping with

procrastination, especially the impact of one's academic performance. This

allows the researcher to further observe and apprehend the information

regarding the topic as this can be beneficial to all people who are undergoing

academic stress and it allows us to know the practicability of the study to

succor the students to resolve their own struggles in their process of

learning.
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

      Every day, regardless of their circumstances, everyone engages in

procrastination. Everyone is welcome, from adults who have not attended

school in a while to junior high pupils. Join in on the procrastinating.

(Adewale, 2019) Students frequently delay academically, with many of them

doing so frequently and to a significant extent. For instance, studies on

college students reveal that between 80% and 95% of them postpone to

some extent, with about 75% of them self-identifying as procrastinators and

about 50% reporting that their procrastination is persistent and serious.

      According to further studies, procrastination has also been discovered in

several other student categories, including those in elementary school,

middle school, high school, and graduate school. In fact, students are

notorious for procrastinating to the point where the propensity to put off

chores until the last minute is frequently referred to as the "student

syndrome." (Academic Procrastination: Examples, Consequences, Causes,

and Solutions – Solving Procrastination, n.d.) Academic procrastination,

which is primarily done by senior high school students, is procrastination

that takes place in the academic realm. Chu and Choi (2005) Procrastination

are defined as the behavioral tendency to put off doing what is necessary to

achieve a goal and the absence of self-regulated performance. Academic

procrastination is a severe problem that has repercussions for individuals

who engage in it. Procrastination can have both positive and negative

consequences for the individual. Conditions of the student's mind and body

can have a positive or negative effect on the assignment delay. There are

numerous drawbacks because of Solomon and Rothblum (1984).

Additionally, procrastinators are challenging to control because of them.

SETTING OF THE STUDY

      The study will take place in Universidad de Manila, Cecilia Muñoz St,

Ermita, Manila Philippines under the supervision of worry. to learn, to be

unmotivated, and to lack confidence. Surijah (2007)

of Mayor Honey Lacuna-Pangan.

      Universidad de Manila, also referred to by its acronym UDM, is a public

coeducational city government funded higher education institution in Manila,

Philippines. It was founded on April 26, 1995, with the approval by Mayor

Alfredo Lim of Manila City Ordinance (MCO)

      Moreover, the researcher decided upon conducting the research in

Universidad de Manila, Cecilia Muñoz St, Ermita, Manila Philippines to further

investigate the effects of procrastination in academic performance of grade

11 students in Universidad de Manila.

 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

People procrastinate because they are inexplicably more motivated to

postpone than to act. This occurs when factors like fatigue decrease their

self-control and motivation and when factors like fear oppose them. (Solving

Procrastination, 2019)
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The effects of procrastination on grade 11 students in Universidad de Manila

can be far-reaching and detrimental to their academic success.

Procrastination can lead to increased stress levels, a decrease in grades, and

overall lack of motivation in the classroom. It can also lead to social

isolation, emotional instability, and difficulty concentrating.

1. What measures can be implemented to prevent students from

procrastinating?

2. What are the factors that affect academic procrastination of the students?

3. What can we improve to lessen the liability of academic procrastination of

students?

4. What are the techniques that we can use to lessen the procrastination of

the students?

5. What are the different basis of academic procrastination of students?3

 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between

procrastination and academic performance among Universidad de Manila

Grade 11 students. Based on the questions and the general tendency of

procrastination in most research, the current work would generally expect:

H1: Procrastination would motivate students to be more productive and

innovative since they would be forced to complete an assignment under

pressure, hence improving their academic achievement.

H2: Procrastination in starting tasks or writing papers would result in poor

work, which would negatively affect academic performance.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is expected to provide useful information about academic

performance among Universidad de Manila grade 11 students. They can

determine what factors have been causing them to neglect lessons. As a

matter of fact, they must be able to avoid things or factors that influence

academic procrastination. It is also beneficial for the Grade 11 students to

understand the factors that contribute to their academic procrastination to

assist them in minimizing procrastination behavior in their own way. As a

result, their students' graduation rate is increasing, and for future

researchers, the findings of this study can be used as references for other

researchers who are interested in conducting similar studies.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The main goal of this study is to determine how procrastination affects the

academic performance of at least 50 senior high school students at the

Universidad de Manila.

In addition, each respondent will fill out Google Forms questions to share

their insights with the researcher. To prevent biases from a single strand

and section and to acquire factual answers from the students who may or

may not be engaged in procrastination, the students were picked from a

variety of strands and sections in grade 11. To protect their privacy and

security, personal information like name, age, section, and others were

requested but kept from the other respondents. The researchers will

maintain the confidentiality of a respondent's information.

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Procrastination – the act of delaying the completion of an immediate task.

Academic Performance – measures a student's success in achieving both

short- and long-term educational objectives.

Productive - refers to the student’s ability to produce a product.

Innovative - the learner's ability to create something new.

References:

https://students.ubc.ca/ubclife/procrastination-its-not-what-you-think-it

https://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Impact-of-

Procrastination-on-Students-Academic-Performance-in-Secondary-

Schools.pdf

https://solvingprocrastination.com/academic-procrastination/

https://solvingprocrastination.com/why-people-procrastinate/

https://www.scribd.com/document/257003979/Procrastination-Among-High-
School-Students-docx

https://www.verywellmind.com/the-psychology-of-procrastination-2795944

https://medium.com/the-mission/this-is-how-procrastinating-can-boost-
your-creativity-according-to-research-84380e512353

http://www.isca.in/IJSS/Archive/v4/i1/6.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-271.pdf
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

      This section contains significant related literature and studies. Their

statements, findings, and conclusions demonstrate their impact and
relevance to this study.

Foreign Literature

      Procrastinate means "delay" in this context.Procrastination is the act of

delaying something that you do not want to do.Procrastinating is also the
avoidance of doing a task that is needed to be accomplished. It is also the
practice of prioritizing enjoyable activities over important or urgent tasks, or
deferring important tasks until later.Procrastination takes time or takes place
until the "last minute" before the given deadline. People procrastinate
because of personal issues, health issues, home issues, academic problems,
or other obligations. Procrastination can also lead to feelings of guilt,
inadequacy, depression, and self-doubt. Hooda, M. (2016) "Academic
Procrastination: A Critical Issue for Consideration"

      An increasing number of studies are focusing on the reasons or causes

of procrastination.Lack of guidance, laziness, lack of motivation, irrational
time management, social problems, family issues, and influence from peers
may also contribute to or be reasons for procrastinating behaviors. (Daz-
Morales, J.F., et al. 2008). He, S. (2017). "A Multivariate Investigation into
Academic Procrastination of University Students."

      Individuals or students who have an attachment to anxiety tend to have

a negative view of themselves, therefore questioning their own capabilities,
abilities, and actions. This dilemma may cause some people to delay or
procrastinate on any decisions they make for fear of making the wrong
choice.thus isolating themselves from others, thinking that they cannot fit in.
Kurland, R.M., and Siegel, H.I. (2016). "Attachment and Academic
Classroom Behavior: Self-Efficacy and Procrastination as Moderators on the
Influence of Attachment on Academic Success."

      Academic procrastination has always been considered a reason for poor

academic performance, especially among students who are academically
capable, as shown in a study done by Onwuegbuzie and Jiao (2000).
Although students know that procrastination could lead to poorer academic
performance, they rarely try to at least overcome procrastination and
instead claim that pressure to perform enables them to complete the
assignments. As a result, procrastination is defined as delaying action
because of indecision or for no good reason (Oxford English dictionary).
("Academic Procrastination and Academic Achievement," 2017)

      Students often assume that projects or certain tasks won't take as long
to finish as they really will, which can lead to a false sense of security when
they think that they still have plenty of time to complete these tasks. One of
the biggest factors that contributes to procrastination is the idea that we
have to feel inspired or motivated to work on a task at a particular moment.
Cherry, K. (2019). "The Psychology of Procrastination."

Local Literature
      Procrastination is the human behavior of delaying tasks, jobs, and/or
actions for whatever reason for a later time. Apparently, it is a way of
concealing the anxiety connected with starting or finishing the task. It is the
practice of delaying tasks despite knowing that the delay will have a
negative impact. (Olea, M.T., and Olea, A.N., (2014), "Perceptiveness and
Sense Impression of Procrastination across Correlates").

      A recent study states that procrastination can be considered behavioral,

affective, and cognitive, which could be caused by an individual’s fear of
failure and averseness (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984). It was found that some
individuals may procrastinate for various reasons. It was observed that
individuals tend to encounter issues with motivation and time management
when attempting to complete a task or concentrate on work. These problems
can hinder a person from achieving their academic goals. (Mandap, C.M.,
(2016), "Examining the Differences in Procrastination Tendencies Among
University Students,"

      A possible factor that may affect students’ academic performance is the
Filipino Maana Habit, or what is commonly known as procrastination. One of
the most disturbing and cancerous phenomena in the academic setting is
procrastination. Academic procrastinators are infamous for self-handicapping
(Brownlow & Reasinger, 2000), in which students may attribute their failures
in their tasks to their lack of studying rather than their own intellectual
capacity. Procrastination is commonly envisioned as maladaptive because of
its connection to failure to accomplish one’s goal. Tarin, C.A., and Rio, M.C.
(2015). "Academic Procrastination and Goal Orientation as Predictors of
Academic Performance in Selected College Students."

      Procrastination is done by people who have problems with motivation,

avoiding their tasks or projects, and cramming at the last minute.
Procrastinators prefer to do enjoyable things that suit their moods, such as
surfing the web, playing video games, or doing something they believe is
important or necessary. ("Do It Now, Not Later: How to Overcome
Procrastination," 2016) Procrastination is an excuse to put things off. It is
the reason why an idea doesn’t just come as freely as it did before. As we
procrastinate, we tend to think of other things instead of focusing on a task
that is needed to be done. Some associate it with laziness, yet it is a choice.
The more you procrastinate, the harder it is to control yourself. As the
deadline comes nearer, the quality of the work lessens, and stress devours
you. (P.J. Gocotano, "Procrastination at its Peak," 2018).

Foreign Studies

      Every day, people put off tasks or assignments that they should do.
Although this is often very stressful, delaying a given course of action will
result in major psychological suffering. However, for some individuals,
postponing what needs to be done can be a very big problem, especially for
students, and it is a persistent behavioral pattern that interferes with their
daily lives. Rozental, A., and Carlbring, P. (2014). "Understanding and
Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure."

      Procrastination is the act of carrying out an intention that frustrates an

individual or group until the deadline or when it arrives nearly too late. A
high threshold for certainty needed before acting on a choice leads to taking
longer to complete the task and seeking more information about
alternatives. Langton, B. (2016), "Hypnotherapy for Procrastination."

      Procrastination often leads to distraction, poor time management,

laziness, pressure to succeed, or too many obligations. This influences many
students to not prioritize their work or some important matter that needs to
be done, thus affecting their education. They ignore certain tasks that are
important or urgent. Social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram,
may also disrupt their studies. YouTube, which is often used to pass time.
Kumar, T. (2017). "The Issue of Procrastination Among High School
Students"

      Procrastination is the practice of putting off work that must be

completed by a specific deadline or delaying matters, as well as the
tendency to avoid making a task or decision. Procrastination has two parts:
"situational procrastination" and "chronic procrastination." Chronic
procrastination is defined as the inability to complete a task, whereas
situational procrastination occurs at specific times and is less common than
dispositional procrastination. (Abu, N.K., and D.G. Saral, 2016, "The Causes
of Academic Procrastination in Education Faculty Students").

      Procrastination has a bad reputation. Everyone is familiar with this kind

of phenomenon since they have already encountered it. This often leads to
disappointment, shame, and anxiety. It is negative for everyone, but
sometimes it can favor you. There are people called "active procrastinators,"
and these kinds of procrastinators work better under pressure. They are
almost comfortable with fear and feel challenged by approaching deadlines
as they deliberately delay their tasks. However, this method doesn’t apply to
what we call passive procrastinators. These kinds of procrastinators are the
exact opposite; they easily get anxious, which results in overthinking and
not getting a job done. T. Oppong (2017) According to research,
procrastinating can boost your creativity.

Local Studies

      The students are the main character in the plot of an educational

institution; without them, the school, teachers, and facilities would be
worthless. Educators, trainers, and researchers have been exploring factors
that contribute to effectively addressing the performance of learners. Many
factors, both inside and outside the school's grounds, can have an impact on
a student's academic achievement. An example of this factor is a
phenomenon we call procrastination. (Junio, J.J., and Liwag, J.A., (2016).
"Factors Affecting Students’ Performance in Physical Education Class in the
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna").
      There are many things or consequences in our daily lives, especially for
students. Despite having an excessive number of projects, papers, or
activities, students often show struggles toward self-regulatory failure that
are not entirely understood. Students also misunderstood some things they
needed to do and ended up laying their hands down when it came to doing a
task or project. Some students prioritize what they think is easier or
something they just want. Initially, this is laziness and cramming in every
way possible. Revilla, J. (2017), "Effects of Procrastination on Cramming on
the Senior High Students of STI College of Santa Rosa"

      Procrastination is a student syndrome. It is a habit well known among

the students; it has been common that the students are not aware that they
are procrastinating. A factor that may contribute to procrastination is the
environment. The environment they are in can easily influence students.
They tend to adapt to what their fellow students do. As the other students
prioritized other things, they would easily think that the task was not that
important and therefore procrastinate. A. Bagnes (2015)"Procrastination
Among High School Students."

      Another factor of procrastination is the attitude of the student towards

the requirement. A high percentage of the students would complete their
requirements at the last minute or near the given deadline. A few studies
also found that procrastination improved a student’s creativity and
innovation under pressure. Delgado, C. (2014). "A Study of the Impact That
Cramming and Procrastination Have on the Academic Lives of Grade 10
Students at Holy Trinity"

      Procrastination is the tendency of someone who does not feel like doing
his or her work until the deadline. It is very alarming; it can be their habit
throughout their college life or college days or even in their work
mannerisms, which is going to be very difficult. Procrastination has negative
effects on every student, especially when they practice it. Other students are
looking for something more interesting to do than what they believe will be
more productive or like the task assigned to them by their teacher. With this
kind of situation, the procrastinator will tend to rush things, which makes his
or her work more inefficient and ineffective and thus leads to receiving a low
mark. Procrastination makes someone a procrastinator, especially for
difficult and easy tasks, but he or she does not procrastinate in either
situation. S. Valerio (2017), "A Filipino Habit: A Culture of Procrastination"

SYNTHESIS AND RELEVANCE OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES

      The research and articles from both foreign and local sources that have
been studied have the same ideas and give us more information about the
current study. Their differences were also investigated and evaluated.
Various respondents may be included in the current study, which will mostly
concentrate on how procrastination affects students' academic performance.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
      In this chapter, the research methodology used in the study is
described. The geographical area where the study was conducted, the
population, and the instrument used to collect the data and sample are
described. Specifically, this research will cover the research method,
research sample, research instrument, and data processing method.

RESEARCH METHOD

      The researcher used a quantitative approach. A formal, objective, and

systematic procedure is used in quantitative research studies to describe and
test correlations and look at cause-and-effect interactions between variables
(Burns and Grove 1993). A quantitative approach is also appropriate for the
study because it makes it possible to solve the research problem in very
definite and defined terms (Cooper & Schindler, 1998).

      It was conducted using a descriptive research design, which depicts the

current situation and may lead to the discovery of new information.
Descriptive research aims to observe, describe, and record the specifics of
an event as it happens (Polit & Hungler 1999). This entails gathering
information that will serve as a profile or account of specific people.
Information for this study was gathered by the researcher personally
distributing questionnaires to the participants. In contrast to an
experimental study, the researcher did not try any experimental
modifications or even random group selection.
RESEARCH LOCALE

   

      The researcher conducted the study at the Universidad de Manila School,

which is under the supervision of Mayor Honey Lacuna-Pangan. The school’s
population consists of 2,924 students in total, 647 students from college
department and 299 students from the senior high department. It has 4
heterogeneous sections per year level since it has 5 heterogeneous sections.
The school is offering four academic strands (STEM, ABM, HUMSS, and GAS)
for the senior high students, which has seven sections. The researcher chose
this place since it is ideal for the said study. The study was conducted at the
school, so the researcher will have no problems with the research method
itself.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING    

According to Burns and Grove (1993), a population is defined as all elements

(people, things, and events) that satisfy the sample requirements for
research inclusion. 151 senior high school students made up the study's
population. The questionnaire was sent out at random to students in each
grade level and their groups. The easy-to-handle 151-person sample came
from the Universidad de Manila. Subjects enrolled in the study because they
were in the right place at the right time constitute a convenient sample (Polit
& Hungler 1993).

DESCRIPTION OF RESPONDENTS

      A total of one hundred five (105) Facebook users answered the survey,
and to assess their perspective towards the influence of personal factors in
their purchasing behavior of apparel online, variables are presented in
fifteen (15) questions. Data was acquired from primary sources via
questionnaires and secondary sources via publications, journals, and
websites. The survey of 105 Facebook users was conducted to gain insight
into their perspectives on the influence of personal factors on their
purchasing behavior for apparel online. The data was collected through 15
questions in both primary sources (questionnaires) and secondary sources
(publications, journals, and websites). The results of this survey and the
data collected will help us better understand the personal factors that
influence online apparel purchases.

INSTRUMENTATION

      The main instrument used in this study was the questionnaire. For
gathering quantitative data, the researcher developed a self-administered
questionnaire that was designed to be simple for respondents to complete.
The nominal scale and the Likert scale were therefore used to structure the
collection of surveys. Most of the study claims that a nominal scale is
nothing more than a simple categorization of data into groups without any
kind of order or organization. In research activities, a yes-or-no scale is
nominal. It has no order, and there is no distance between "yes" and "no."
As stated, the study will also be using a Likert scale. Likert-type or
frequency scales use fixed-choice response formats and are designed to
measure attitudes or opinions (Bowling, 1997; Burns & Grove, 1997). In this
type of questionnaire, the respondents were given response choices.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

      The following were the steps followed to finish the research paper:
Step 1: Selection of the topic After the research paper was introduced,
the researcher was told to come up with a topic wherein they could identify
the issues or different problems that they had encountered while studying.
In that way, the researcher could learn about the problem, have
opportunities for collecting data, and decide what next steps to take.

Step 2: Approval of the topic After formulating the topic of the study, it
underwent the process of checking and revising a few times before it was
finally approved.

Step 3: Formulation of the Chapters After having the topic approved, the
researcher moved on to formulating the first chapter. wherein the researcher
introduced the problem and its settings. It underwent a few revisions before
moving on to the second chapter. Then, the researcher started working on
the second chapter after a few weeks of finishing the first one.

Step 4: Formulation of the Research Instrument After finishing the

second chapter, the researcher formulated the questionnaires that are to be
given to the subject; this is where the data will be collected. It took time to
prepare and revise the questionnaire. After being approved, the researcher
then moved on to the next step.

Step 5: Selection of Subjects Universidad de Manila has 7 sections in the

senior high department. The population of the study is 151. The subjects
were chosen at random by the researcher from each grade level and strand
to represent the population equally.

Step 6: Formulation of Chapter 3 After collecting data from the subjects

using the research instrument, the researcher moved on to the next step.
This chapter presents the research method used, the research sample, the
research instrument, the formula the researcher will be using to compute the
given data, and the data gathering method.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

      The data taken from the questionnaire will be analyzed using simple
percentages. Using the formula below:
P= f/n x 100

Where:
P = Percentage of interest and expectation

F = The frequency with which the respondent answered.

N = The number of respondents.