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 ASME B31E-2008

Standard for the

Seismic Design
and Retrofit
of Above-Ground
Piping Systems
ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31

A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D
 Date of Issuance: July 14, 2008

The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2011. There will be no addenda
issued to this edition.

ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this
Standard. Interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at
http://cstools.asme.org as they are issued and will also be published within the next edition of this
Standard.

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Copyright © 2008 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
 CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Correspondence With the B31 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4 Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Tables
1 Seismic Design Requirements, Applicable Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Maximum Span, ft (m), Between Lateral Seismic Restraints for Steel Pipe With
a Yield Stress of 35 ksi (238 MPa), in Water Service at 70°F (21°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

iii
 FOREWORD

Seismic design of critical piping systems is often required by Building Codes or by regulation,
or it may be voluntarily instituted for loss prevention and worker and public safety.
While seismic loads are mentioned in the various sections of the ASME B31 Pressure Piping
Code, and allowable stresses are provided for occasional loads, there has been a need to provide
more explicit and structured guidance for seismic design of new piping systems, as well as retrofit
of existing systems. In order to respond to this need, this Standard was prepared by the ASME B31
Mechanical Design Technical Committee.
This 2008 edition was approved by the American National Standards Institute on April 21, 2008
and designated as ASME B31E-2008.

iv
 ASME B31 COMMITTEE
Code for Pressure Piping
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

COMMITTEE OFFICERS
M. L. Nayyar, Chair
K. C. Bodenhamer, Vice Chair
N. Lobo, Secretary

COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
H. A. Ainsworth, Consultant R. P. Merrill, Evapco, Inc.
R. J. T. Appleby, ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co. J. E. Meyer, Louis Perry & Associates, Inc.
C. Becht IV, Becht Engineering Co. E. Michalopoulos, Ministry of Economics of Greece
A. E. Beyer, Fluor Daniel M. L. Nayyar, Bechtel Power Corp.
K. C. Bodenhamer, Enterprise Products Co. T. J. O’Grady II, BP Exploration (Alaska)
J. S. Chin, TransCanada Pipeline US R. G. Payne, Alstom Power, Inc.
D. L. Coym, Worley Parsons J. T. Powers, Worley Parsons
E. H. Rinaca, Dominion Resources, Inc.
J. A. Drake, Spectra Energy Transmission
M. J. Rosenfeld, Kiefner & Associates, Inc.
D. M. Fox, Atmos Energy
R. J. Silvia, Process Engineers and Constructors, Inc.
J. W. Frey, Stress Engineering Service, Inc. W. J. Sperko, Sperko Engineering Services, Inc.
D. R. Frikken, Becht Engineering Co. G. W. Spohn III, Coleman Spohn Corp.
R. A. Grichuk, Fluor Corp. K. A. Vilminot, Black & Veatch
L. E. Hayden, Jr., Consultant A. L. Watkins, The Perry Nuclear Power Plant
G. A. Jolly, Vogt Valves Flowserve Corp. P. D. Flenner, Ex-Officio Member, Flenner Engineering Services
W. J. Koves, UOP LLC R. W. Haupt, Ex-Officio Member, Pressure Piping Engineering
N. Lobo, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Associates, Inc.

B31 MECHANICAL DESIGN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

W. J. Koves, Chair, UOP LLC G. D. Mayers, Alion Science & Technology
G. A. Antaki, Vice Chair, Becht Nuclear Services T. Q. McCawley, TQM Engineering, PC
T. Lazar, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers R. J. Medvick, Swagelok
C. Becht IV, Becht Engineering Co. J. C. Minichiello, Areva NP
J. P. Breen, Becht Engineering Co. T. J. O’Grady II, BP Exploration (Alaska)
J. P. Ellenberger, Consultant A. W. Paulin, Paulin Research Group
D. J. Fetzner, BP Exploration Alaska, Inc. R. A. Robleto, Consultant
J. A. Graziano, Tennessee Valley Authority E. C. Rodabaugh, Honorary Member, Consultant
J. D. Hart, SSD, Inc. M. J. Rosenfeld, Kiefner & Associates, Inc.
R. W. Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc. G. Stevick, Berkeley Engineering & Research, Inc.
B. P. Holbrook, Babcock Power, Inc. E. A. Wais, Wais and Associates, Inc.

v
 CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B31 COMMITTEE

General. ASME Standards are developed and maintained with the intent to represent the
consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Standard may interact with the Committee
by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending Committee meetings. Corre-
spondence should be addressed to:
Secretary, B31 Standards Committee
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5990

Proposing Revisions. Revisions are made periodically to the Standard to incorporate changes
that appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from the application
of the Standard. Approved revisions will be published periodically.
The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Standard. Such proposals should be
as specific as possible, citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a detailed
description of the reasons for the proposal, including any pertinent documentation.
Interpretations. Upon request, the B31 Mechanical Design Technical Committee will render an
interpretation of any requirement of the Standard. Interpretations can only be rendered in response
to a written request sent to the Secretary of the B31 Standards Committee.
The request for interpretation should be clear and unambiguous. It is further recommended
that the inquirer submit his/her request in the following format:
Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) and the topic of inquiry.
Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the Standard for which the interpretation is
being requested.
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an interpretation of a specific requirement
suitable for general understanding and use, not as a request for an approval
of a proprietary design or situation. The inquirer may also include any plans
or drawings that are necessary to explain the question; however, they should
not contain proprietary names or information.
Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten in this format by the Committee prior
to being answered, which may inadvertently change the intent of the original request.
ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional
information that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by an
interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Committee or Subcommittee. ASME does not
“approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
Attending Committee Meetings. The B31 Standards Committee regularly holds meetings, which
are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact the Secretary of
the B31 Standards Committee.

vi
 INTRODUCTION

The ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping consists of a number of individually published
Sections and Standards, each an American National Standard, under the direction of the ASME
Committee B31, Code for Pressure Piping.
Rules for each Standard provide standardized guidance for a specific task found in one or
more B31 Section publications, as follows:
(a) B31E, Standard for the Seismic Design and Retrofit of Above-Ground Piping Systems,
establishes a method for the seismic design of above-ground piping systems in the scope of the
ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping.
(b) B31G, Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines, provides a
simplified procedure to determine the effect of wall loss due to corrosion or corrosion-like defects
on pressure integrity in pipeline systems.
(c) B31J, Standard Test Method for Determining Stress Intensification Factors (i-Factors) for
Metallic Piping Components, provides a standardized method to develop the stress intensification
factors used in B31 piping analysis.
This is B31E, Standard for the Seismic Design and Retrofit of Above-Ground Piping Systems.
Hereafter, in this Introduction and in the text of this B31 Standard, where the word “Standard”
is used without specific identification, it means this B31 Standard. It is expected that this Standard
will be incorporated by reference into the appropriate sections of B31.

vii
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

viii
 ASME B31E-2008
STANDARD FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN AND RETROFIT OF
ABOVE-GROUND PIPING SYSTEMS
1 PURPOSE
This Standard establishes a method for the seismic
design of above-ground piping systems in the scope of
the ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping.
1.1 Scope
This Standard applies to above-ground, metallic pip-
ing systems in the scope of the ASME B31 Code for
Pressure Piping (B31.1, B31.3, B31.4, B31.5, B31.8, B31.9,
B31.11). The requirements described in this Standard
are valid when the piping system complies with the
materials, design, fabrication, examination, testing, and
inspection requirements of the applicable ASME B31
Code section.
1.2 Terms and Definitions
active components: components that must perform an
active function, involving moving parts or controls dur-
ing or following the earthquake (e.g., valves, valve actua-
tors, pumps, compressors, and fans that must operate
during or following the design earthquake).
axial seismic restraint: seismic restraint that acts along the
pipe axis.
critical piping: piping system that must remain leak tight
or operable (see definitions) during or following the
earthquake.
design earthquake: the level of earthquake for which the
piping system is to be designed for to perform a seismic
function (position retention, leak tightness, or
operability).
ductile piping system: in the context of this Standard for
seismic qualification, ductile piping system refers to a
piping system where the piping, fitting, and components
are made of material with a minimum elongation at
rupture of 15% at the temperature concurrent with the
seismic load.
free-field seismic input: the ground seismic input at the
facility location.
in-structure seismic input: the seismic excitation within a
building or structure, at the elevation of the piping sys-
tem attachments to the building or structure.
lateral seismic restraints: seismic restraints that act in a
direction perpendicular to the pipe axis.
1
leak tightness: the ability of a piping system to prevent
leakage to the environment during or following the
earthquake.
noncritical piping: piping system other than critical pip-
ing that nevertheless must meet the requirements for
position retention.
operability: the ability of a piping system to deliver, con-
trol (throttle), or shut off flow during or after the design
earthquake.
position retention: the ability of a piping system not to
fall or collapse in case of design earthquake.
seismic design: the activities necessary to demonstrate
that a piping system can perform its intended function
(position retention, leak tightness, operability, or a com-
bination) in case of design earthquake.
seismic function: a function to be specified by the engi-
neering design either as position retention, leak tight-
ness, or operability.
seismic interactions: spatial or system interactions with
other structures, systems, or components that may affect
the function of the piping system.
seismic response spectra: a plot or table of accelerations,
velocities, or displacements versus frequencies or
periods.
seismic restraint: a device intended to limit seismic move-
ment of the piping system.
seismic retrofit: the activities involved in evaluating the
seismic adequacy of an existing piping system and iden-
tifying the changes or upgrades required for the piping
system to perform its seismic function.
seismic static coefficient: acceleration or force statically
applied to the piping system to simulate the effect of
the earthquake.
1.3 Required Input
(a) The scope and boundaries of piping systems to
be seismically designed or retrofitted.
(b) The applicable ASME B31 Code section.
(c) The classification of piping as critical or noncriti-
cal, and the corresponding seismic function (position
retention for noncritical systems; degree of leak tight-
ness, operability, or both for critical systems).
 ASME B31E-2008
(d) The free-field seismic input (commonly in the
form of accelerations) for the design earthquake.
(e) The responsibility for developing the in-structure
seismic response spectra, where required.
(f) The operating conditions concurrent with the seis-
mic load.
(g) The responsibility for qualification of the operabil-
ity of active components, where required.
(h) The responsibility for the evaluation of seismic
interactions.
(i) The responsibility for as-built reconciliation of con-
struction deviations from the design documents.
2 MATERIALS
2.1 Applicability
This Standard applies to metallic ductile piping sys-
tems, listed in the applicable ASME B31 Code section.
2.2 Retrofit
The seismic retrofit of existing piping systems shall
take into account the condition of the system and its
restraints. As part of the seismic retrofit, the piping sys-
tem shall be inspected to identify defects in the piping
or its supports and current and anticipated degradation
that could prevent the system from performing its seis-
mic function.
3 DESIGN
3.1 Seismic Loading
The seismic loading to be applied may be in the form
of horizontal and vertical seismic static coefficients, or
horizontal and vertical seismic response spectra. The
seismic input is to be specified by the engineering design
in accordance with the applicable standard (such as
ASCE 7) or site-specific seismic loading (para. 1.3).
The seismic loading shall be specified for each of three
orthogonal directions (typically plant east–west,
north–south, and vertical). The seismic design should be
based on either a three-directional excitation, east–west
plus north–south plus vertical, combined by square-root
sum of the squares (SRSS), or a two-directional design
approach based on the envelope of the SRSS of the
east–west plus vertical and north–south plus vertical
seismic loading.
The seismic loading applied to piping systems inside
buildings or structures shall account for the in-structure
amplification of the free-field accelerations by the struc-
ture. The in-structure amplification may be determined
based on applicable standards (such as the in-structure
seismic coefficient in ASCE 7) or by a facility-specific
dynamic evaluation.
The damping for design earthquake response spec-
trum evaluation of piping system shall be 5% of critical
damping.
2
3.2 Design Method
The method of seismic design is given in Table 1, and
depends on
(a) the classification of the piping system (critical or
noncritical)
(b) the magnitude of the seismic input
(c) the pipe size
In all cases, the designer may elect to seismically
design the pipe by analysis, in accordance with para. 3.4.
3.3 Design By Rule
3.3.1 Where design by rule is permitted in Table 1,
the seismic qualification of piping systems may be estab-
lished by providing lateral seismic restraints at a maxi-
mum spacing given by the following:
(a) For U.S. Customary units
冪a
LT Sy
Lmax p the smaller of 1.94 ⴛ 0.25
and 0.01 ⴛ LT ⴛ
a
a p peak spectral acceleration, largest in any of
the three directions, including in-structure
amplification, g
Lmax p maximum permitted pipe span between lat-
eral seismic restraints, ft
LT p reference span, the recommended span
between weight supports, from ASME B31.1,
Table 121.5 (reproduced in Table 2), ft
SY p material yield stress at operating tempera-
ture, psi
(b) For SI units
冪a
LT Sy
Lmax p the smaller of 1.94 ⴛ 0.25
and 3.33 ⴛ LT ⴛ
a
a p peak spectral acceleration, largest in any of
the three directions, including in-structure
amplification, g
Lmax p maximum permitted pipe span between lat-
eral seismic restraints, m
LT p reference span, the recommended span
between weight supports, from ASME B31.1,
Table 121.5 (reproduced in Table 2), m
SY p material yield stress at operating tempera-
ture, MPa
The maximum span L max between lateral seismic
restraints for steel pipe with a yield stress SY p 35 ksi
(238 MPa), in water service, for several values of lateral
seismic acceleration a, is provided in Table 2. Longer
spans can be developed for gas and vapor service.
3.3.2 The maximum permitted span length Lmax
should be reduced by a factor of 1.7 for threaded, brazed,
and soldered pipe.
 ASME B31E-2008

Table 1 Seismic Design Requirements, Applicable Sections

Noncritical Piping Critical Piping
Acceleration NPS (DN) ≤ 4 (100) NPS (DN) > 4 (100) NPS (DN) ≤ 4 (100) NPS (DN) > 4 (100)

a ≤ 0.3 g NR NR
section 4 (interactions) section 4 (interactions)
a > 0.3 g NR DR
section 4 (interactions) para. 3.3 (rule)
para. 3.6 (mech. joints)
para. 3.7 (restraints)
section 4 (interactions)
DR
para. 3.3 (rule)
para. 3.6 (mech. joints)
para. 3.7 (restraints)
section 4 (interactions)
DA
para. 3.4/3.5 (analysis)
para. 3.6 (mech. joints)
para. 3.7 (restraints)
para. 3.8 (components)
section 4 (interactions)
DA
para. 3.4/3.5 (analysis)
para. 3.6 (mech. joints)
para. 3.7 (restraints)
para. 3.8 (components)
section 4 (interactions)
DA
para. 3.4/3.5 (analysis)
para. 3.6 (mech. joints)
para. 3.7 (restraints)
para. 3.8 (components)
section 4 (interactions)

a p peak spectral acceleration, largest in any of the three directions, including in-structure amplification, g
DA p design by analysis
DR p design by rule
NPS p nominal pipe size, in.
NR p explicit seismic analysis is not required, provided the piping system complies with the provisions of the applicable
ASME B31 Code section, including design for loading other than seismic

Table 2 Maximum Span, ft (m), Between Lateral Seismic Restraints for Steel Pipe With a Yield Stress of
35 ksi (238 MPa), in Water Service at 70°F (21°C)
Maximum Span, ft (m)
NPS (DN) LT, ft (m) 0.1 g 0.3 g 1.0 g 2.0 g 3.0 g

1 (25) 7 (2.1) 24 (7.2) 18 (5.4) 13 (3.9) 11 (3.3) 9 (2.7)

2 (50) 10 (3) 34 (10.2) 26 (7.8) 19 (5.7) 16 (4.8) 13 (3.9)
3 (80) 12 (3.6) 41 (12.3) 31 (9.3) 23 (6.9) 19 (5.7) 15 (4.5)
4 (100) 14 (4.2) 48 (14.4) 37 (11.1) 27 (8.1) 22 (6.6) 18 (5.4)
6 (150) 17 (5.1) 58 (17.4) 44 (13.2) 32 (9.6) 27 (8.1) 22 (6.6)
8 (200) 19 (5.7) 65 (19.5) 50 (15) 36 (10.8) 30 (9) 25 (7.5)
12 (300) 23 (6.9) 79 (23.7) 60 (18) 44 (13.2) 37 (11.1) 30 (9)
16 (400) 27 (8.1) 93 (27.9) 70 (21) 52 (15.6) 44 (13.2) 35 (10.5)
20 (500) 30 (9) 103 (30.9) 78 (23.4) 58 (17.4) 48 (14.4) 39 (11.7)
24 (600) 32 (9.6) 110 (33) 84 (25.2) 62 (18.6) 52 (15.6) 42 (12.6)

3.3.3 Straight pipe runs longer than three times
the span of Table 2 should be restrained longitudinally.
3.3.4 The piping system should be evaluated to
be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the differential
movement of attachment points to the structure or the
movement of equipment or headers to which the piping
is attached. This evaluation may be achieved by calculat-
ing the predicted seismic plus concurrent loads move-
ment of the structure, equipment, or header to which
the pipe is connected, and verifying that the pipe spans
have sufficient flexibility to sustain these movements.
3.3.5 The distance between seismic restraints
should be reduced for pipe spans that contain heavy
in-line components.
3.3.6 Unrestrained cantilevered pipe shall be eval-
uated on a case-by-case basis.
3.3.7 The effect of seismic restraints on the expan-
sion and contraction flexibility of the piping system shall
be verified in accordance with the design rules of the
applicable ASME B31 Code section.
3.3.8 The designer shall identify degradation in
the piping or its supports and current and anticipated
degradation that could prevent the system from per-
forming its seismic function.
3.4 Design by Analysis
Where design by analysis is required in Table 1, or
where it is applied by the designer as an alternative to
the rules of para. 3.3, the elastically calculated longitudi-
nal stresses due to the design earthquake (calculated

3
 ASME B31E-2008
by static or dynamic analysis) shall comply with the
following equations:
PD M + Mseismic
+ 0.75i sustained
4t Z shall be determined on the basis of vendor catalogs, and
≤ min [2.4S; 1.5SY; 60 ksi (408 MPa)]
FSAM
≤ SY
A
A p pipe cross-sectional area, deducting
corrosion/erosion allowance but not
mill tolerance
D p outside pipe diameter
FSAM p resultant force (tension plus shear) due
to seismic anchor motion
i p stress intensification factor, from the
applicable ASME B31 Code section,
0.75i cannot be less than 1
Mseismic p elastically calculated resultant moment
amplitude due to seismic load, includ-
ing inertia and relative anchor motion
Msustained p elastically calculated resultant moment
amplitude due to sustained loads con-
current with the seismic load
P p system operating pressure
S p ASME B31 allowable stress, at the nor-
mal operating temperature; for
ASME B31.4, use 0.80 S Y, for
ASME B31.8, use FTSY where F p loca-
tion factor, T p temperature derating
factor, as defined in B31.8
SY p specified minimum yield stress of the
material (SMYS) at the normal
operating temperature
t p pipe wall thickness, deducting corro-
sion allowance but not mill tolerance
Z p pipe section modulus, deducting corro-
sion/erosion allowance but not mill tol-
erance, in.3
3.5 Alternative Design Methods
The piping system may be qualified by more detailed
analysis techniques, including fatigue, plastic, or limit
load analysis.
3.6 Mechanical Joints
For critical piping systems, the movements (rotations,
displacements) and loads (forces, moments) at mechani-
cal joints (nonwelded, nonbrazed, and nonsoldered
joints) shall remain within the failure limits (for position
retention) or leak tightness limits (for leak tightness and
operability) specified by the owner.
3.7 Seismic Restraints
3.7.1 The seismic load on seismic restraints and
their attachment to building structures or anchorage to
4
concrete, shall be calculated by static or dynamic analy-
sis, and added to concurrent operating loads.
3.7.2 The seismic adequacy of seismic restraints
the applicable design method and standard, such as
MSS SP-58 or MSS SP-69 for standard support compo-
nents, AISC or AISI for steel members, and ACI for
concrete anchor bolts. The qualification of seismic
restraints shall also address the prevention of buckling.
3.7.3 The seismic adequacy of nonseismic
restraints shall also be verified if they are expected to
perform a function after the earthquake. For example,
spring hangers should not be permitted to pull off the
wall if they are necessary to support the pipe weight
after the earthquake.
3.7.4 For lateral seismic restraints, a total diametric
gap equal to 1⁄2 in. (12 mm) is acceptable. A gap up to
0.1D or 2 in. (50 mm), whichever is smaller, is permitted,
provided the seismic load, calculated on the basis of
zero gap, is multiplied by an impact factor of 2. Larger
gaps or smaller impact factors may be justified by analy-
sis or test.
3.7.5 Short rod hangers [typically less than 12 in.
(300 mm) long] may provide a restoring force that tends
to limit side-sway of hung pipe, and may be considered
as seismic restraints, provided they are designed to sus-
tain the seismic loads and movements.
3.8 Equipment and Components
The seismic and concurrent loads applied by the pipe
at equipment and component nozzles shall be qualified
as part of the seismic design or retrofit of the piping
system, to a degree commensurate with the required
system function, as specified in para. 1.3.
For position retention, it is usually sufficient to show
that the piping loads on equipment and components
will not cause rupture. For leak tightness, the stress shall
be maintained within yield or shown not to cause fatigue
ruptures. For operability, the piping loads shall be kept
within operability limits established by detailed analy-
sis, testing, or similarity to seismically qualified equip-
ment or components.
Components with unsupported extended structures,
such as valves with heavy motor operators, shall be
evaluated to insure that the extended structure does
not fail during a seismic event. For components with
unsupported extended structures, a natural frequency
check shall be performed and shall be greater than
33 cps. When the natural frequency is less than 33 Hz,
the component extended structure shall be stiffened as
recommended by the component manufacturer.
 ASME B31E-2008
4 INTERACTIONS
Piping systems shall be evaluated for seismic interac-
tions. Credible and significant interactions shall be iden-
tified and resolved by analysis, testing, or hardware
modification.
5 DOCUMENTATION
The engineering design shall specify the documenta-
tion to be submitted by the designer.
6 MAINTENANCE
The piping system shall be maintained in a condition
that meets the seismic design requirements for the
operating life of the system. In particular, changes to
layout, supports, components, or function, as well as
material degradation in service shall be evaluated to
verify the continued seismic adequacy of the system.
7 REFERENCES
The following is a list of publications referenced in
this Standard. The latest edition shall apply.
ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete
Publisher: American Concrete Institute (ACI),
38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI
48331
AISC, Manual of Steel Construction
Publisher: American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC), One East Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL
60601-1802
AISI, Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members
5
Publisher: American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI),
1140 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20036
ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
Other Structures
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE),
1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191
ASME B31.1, Power Piping
ASME B31.3, Process Piping
ASME B31.4, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid
Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
ASME B31.5, Refrigerant Piping and Heat Transfer
Components
ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
Systems
ASME B31.9, Building Services Piping
ASME B31.11, Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York,
NY 10016; Order Department: 22 Law Drive,
P.O. Box 2300, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300
ICBO AC156, Acceptance Criteria for the Seismic
Qualification Testing of Nonstructural Components
Publisher: International Conference of Building Officials
(ICBO), ICC Evaluation Service, 5360 Workman Mill
Road, Whittier, CA 90601
MSS SP-58, Pipe Hangers and Supports—Materials,
Design, and Manufacture
MSS SP-69, Pipe Hangers and Supports—Selection and
Application
Publisher: Manufacturers Standardization Society of the
Valves and Fittings Industry, Inc. (MSS), 127 Park
Street NE, Vienna, VA 22180
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

6
 ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING, B31

Power Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31.1-2007

Fuel Gas Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31.21-1968
Process Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31.3-2006
Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31.4-2006
Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31.5-2006
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31.8-2007
Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31.8S-2004
Building Services Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31.9-2004
Slurry Transportation Piping Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31.11-2002
Standard for the Seismic Design and Retrofit of Above-Ground Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31E-2008
Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines: A Supplement to ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping . . . B31G-1991
Standard Test Method for Determining Stress Intensification Factors (i-Factors) for Metallic Piping Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31J-2008
Pipeline Personnel Qualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B31Q-2006

NOTE:
(1) USAS B31.2-1968 was withdrawn as an American National Standard on February 18, 1988. ASME will continue to make available USAS
B31.2-1968 as a historical document for a period of time.

The ASME Publications Catalog shows a complete list of all the Standards published by the Society. For a complimentary catalog, or the latest
information about our publications, call 1-800-THE-ASME (1-800-843-2763).
 ASME Services

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"4.&
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 ASM
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Addendato
ASM EB31E
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StandardfortheSe i
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AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

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 ASM
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 CON
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 FOR
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ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.
 CORR
ESPOND
ENC
EWI
THTH
EB31COMM
ITT
EE

Genera
l. ASMES tanda
rdsa redevelopedand ma in
tained w
iththeinten
ttor epre
sentthe
consensusofcon
cernedinte
rests
.Assu ch
,u s
ersofth
isS
tandard mayin
tera
ctwiththeComm i
tte
e
byr eque
stingin
terpre
tat
ions,propo
singr evi
sions
,anda t
tend
ing Comm i
tte
em ee
ting
s. Co
rre
-
spond en
ceshouldb eaddress
edto:
Sec
reta
ry,B31S tandards Comm i
ttee
The Am e
ricanSocie
tyo fM echanica
lEng
ine
ers
Thre
ePa rk Avenue
NewY ork
, NY10016 -5990

ProposingR ev
ision s
.R evis
ion sare mad epe r
iod ica
llytoth eStanda rdtoin corporatechang es
thatapp ea rn ecessaryo rd esi
rab le
,a sdemon s
tratedbyth eexp eriencegain edf romth eappl
i ca
tion
oftheS tanda rd. App rovedr evisionsw i
llb epub lishedp er
iodically
.
The Comm itteew elcom esp roposalsfo rrevision stothisS tanda rd.Su chp roposalsshou ldb e
assp eci
fica spo ssible,citingth epa ragraphnumb er(s)
,th ep ropo sed wo rding,andad etailed
descr
iptiono fth er easonsfo rth ep roposal,includ inganyp ertinentdo cum entat
ion.
Interpretation s
.Uponr equest,theB31 M echan icalD es
ignT e
chn icalComm i
tteew il
lrend eran
interpretationo fanyr equirem entofth eStanda rd.Interpretat
ion scanon lyb er ender
ed inrespon s
e
toa w rittenr equests enttoth eS ecretaryo fth eB31S tandard s Comm i
ttee.
Ther equ estfo rin terpretat
ionshou ldb eclearandunamb iguou s.Itisfu rtherrecomm ended
thatth einqu i rersubm i
th is/h errequ es
tinth efo l
low ingfo rma t
:
Sub
j e
ct: Ci
teth eapp l
icableparagraphnumb e
r(s)andth etopicofinquiry
.
Edi
tion: Ci
teth eapp l
icableed i
tiono ftheS tandardfo r whichtheinterpreta
tioni s
beingr eques
ted.
Qu
est
ion
: Phrasethequ es
tionasar equestforaninterpre
tat
iono faspec
ificrequirem ent
suitableforgen e
ralund er
standingandu se,notasar eques
tfo ranapp rov a
l
ofap roprie
taryd es
igno rsituat
ion.Th einquire
r maya l
soinclud eanyp lans
ord rawingsthataren eces
sarytoexp la
inth equ e
stion;however,theyshou ld
notcon ta
inp roprie
tarynam esorinforma t
ion.
Requ e
ststhatareno t
inth isformatw i
llb erew ri
ttenintheapp rop r
iateforma tbytheComm ittee
pr
iortob eingansw ered, which mayinadv er
ten t
lychang eth eintento ftheo rig
inalrequest.
ASME p roc
edure sp rovideforr econsiderationo fanyin terpretation wh eno rifadd it
iona l
informationtha tm igh taffec
tanin te
rp r
etationi savai
lable
.Fu rther,person saggrievedbyan
interpre
tation mayapp ealtothecogn izant ASMEComm it
teeo rSub comm it
te e
. ASMEdo esnot
“app rove
,”“ ce
rti
fy,”“ra te
,”o r“endo r
se”anyi tem,construct
ion,p rop r
ietaryd evi
ce,ora c
tivity
.
At
t end
ingC omm ittee Meetings
. Th eB31S tanda rdsComm itteer egular
lyho ldsm eet
ings, which
areop entoth epub lic
.P er
son swishingtoa ttendany m eet
ingshou ldconta c
ttheS ec
r e
taryo f
theB31S tandards Comm it
tee.

v
i
Copyr
ight c 2010bytheAmeri
canSo c
ietyofM e
chanic
alEng
ine
ers
.
Nor
epr
oduct
ionmayb emadeofth
ism a
ter
ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.
 IN
TRODUC
TION

Th e ASME B31 Cod efo rP r essureP ipingcon si

stsofa numb e
ro find ividua lly published
SectionsandS tanda rd s
,ea chan Am er
ican Na t
ionalStanda rd,und erthed irect
iono fth e ASME
Comm itte eB31, Cod efo rP re ssur ePiping.
Ru lesfo rea chS tanda rdp rov id estanda rd
izedgu idancefo rasp ec
ifi
cta skfoundinon eo r
moreB31S ectionpub lication s,a sfo l
low s:
(a)B31E ,S tanda rdfo rth eS e
i smicD es
ignand R e
trofi
to f Abov e
-Ground P ip ingSy stem s
,
establish esa m ethodfo rth es eism icdesigno fabov e
-groundp ipingsystem sinth es cop eofth e
ASMEB31 Cod eforP ressu reP ip ing.
(b)B31G , Manua lfo rD eterm in ingtheR emainingStrengtho f CorrodedP ip e
lin es,prov idesa
simp l
ifiedp rocedu retod eterm in eth eeffectofw a
lllossdu etoco rros
iono rcorro s
ion -l
iked e
f e
cts
onp r
e ssu r
ein tegr
ityinp ip elinesy s
tem s.
(c)B31 J
,S tanda rdT estM ethodfo rD eterminingS t
ressIn tensif
icat
ionFa c
tor s(i -Factors
)fo r
Metall
icP ipingCompon ents,p rov idesastanda rdized me
thodtod eve
lopth estressin tens
ificat
ion
factorsu sedinB31p ipingana lysis.
Th i
si sB31E ,Standa rdfo rth eS e
ismicD es
ignandR et
rofito f Above-GroundP ip ingSy stem s
.
Hereafter,inth isIntrodu ctionandinth etex tofthisB31S tanda rd, whereth e wo rd“S tanda rd”
isu sed w ithou tspecificid entification,itm eansthisB31Standa rd.Itisexp ec
tedtha tthisStanda rd
wi
llb ein corporatedbyr ef erenc eintoth eapp ropria
tes ec
tion sofB31 .

v
ii
Copyr
ight c 2010bytheAmeri
canSo c
ietyofM e
chanic
alEng
ine
ers
.
Nor
epr
oduct
ionmayb emadeofth
ism a
ter
ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.
 IN
TEN
TIONA
LLYLE
FTB
LANK

v
ii
i
Copyr
ight c 2010bytheAmeri
canSo c
ietyofM e
chanic
alEng
ine
ers
.
Nor
epr
oduct
ionmayb emadeofth
ism a
ter
ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.
 ASM
EB31
Ea-2010

S
TANDARDFORTHESEISM
ICD ES
IGNANDRETRO
FITO
F
ABOV
E-GROUNDPIP
INGSYSTEMS

1 PURPOS
E lea
ktigh
tnes
s:th
eabi
li
tyofapip
ingsy
stemtoprev
ent
leakagetotheenv
ironmen
tduringo
rfol
lowingthe
Th
isStanda
rde s
tabl
ishe
sa m e
thodforthese
ismi
c
ear
thquake
.
de
signofabove
-groundpipingsystemsinth
escopeo
f
the ASMEB31 CodeforPressu
reP ip
ing. non
cri
tic
alpip
ing:pip
ingsy
stemoth
erthancr
it
ica
lp ip
-
ingthatn ev
erthe
les
s mus
tm ee
ttherequi
rementsfor
1
.1 S
cope pos
it
ionr e
tent
ion.
Thi sStandardapp l
iestoabov e
-g round,m e
tall
icpip- ope
rabi
li
ty:theabi
li
tyo
fapip
ingsys
temtodel
ive
r,con-
ingsy stemsinth es copeo fthe ASME B31 Cod efor tro
l(thro
ttle
),o
rshuto
fff
lowdur
ingora
fte
rthedesign
PressureP ip
ing(B31.1,B31.3,B31
.4,B31 .5
,B31.8,B31
.9, ear
thquak e
.
B31.11). Ther equ
irem en
tsd escr
ibedinth i
sS tandard
po
sit
ionr
eten
tion
:theab
il
ityofapipingsy
stemno
tto
arev a
lid wh enth epipingsy s
temcomp l
iesw iththe
fa
llorco
llapseinca
seo
fd es
ignea
rthquak
e.
material
s,d e
sign,fabr
icat
ion,exam ination
,test
ing,and
insp ect
ionr equirementso ftheapp l
icab
le ASME B31 sei
smicd e
sign:th ea
ctivi
tiesn e
cessaryto demons
trate
Cod es ect
ion. thatap ip
ingsy stemcanp e
rformitsintendedfun
ction
(posi
tionretent
ion,l
eakt igh
tness
,op erabi
li
ty,o
racom -
1
.2 T
erm
sandD
efin
it
ion
s binat
ion)inca s
eo fdesignearthquak e
.
ac
tivecomponents
:componen tsthat mustperforman s
eismicfun
cti
on:afunc
tiontobespec
if
iedbytheeng
i-
ac
tivefunct
ion,invo
lving movingpa r
tsorcontro
lsdur- n
eeringd e
signeith
erasposi
tionr
etent
ion
,leakt
igh
t-
ingorfo
llowingtheearthquake(e
.g.,va
lves
,valveac
tua- n
ess,o rope
rabi
li
ty.
tors
,pump s,comp re
ssors
,andfan sthat mus
top e
rate
sei
sm i
cinter
act
ions
:spatia
lorsysteminte
ract
ionsw i
th
dur
ingo rfol
lowingth edesignearthquake
).
otherstru
cture
s,sys
tems,orcomponen
tsthat maya
ffe
ct
axi
alse
ismi
cre
str
ain
t:s
eism
icr
est
rain
ttha
tac
tsa
longth
e thefun ct
ionofthep ip
ingsys
tem.
pipeaxi
s.
se
ismi
crespon
sespe
ctr
a:aplo
tortabl
eofacce
lerat
ion
s,
cr
it
ica
lpip
ing:p
ipingsys
temthat mus
trema
inleakt
igh
t ve
locit
ies,ordisplacemen
tsversusf
requenciesor
oroperab
le( s
eed ef
ini
tion
s) du
ringorfo
llowingth
e pe
riods
.
ear
thquake
.
s
eism
icr
est
rain
t:adev
icein
tend
edtol
imi
tse
ism
ic mov
e-
de
signear
thqua
ke:thelevelo
fea r
thquakefor wh
ichthe m
entofthepipingsy
stem.
p
ipingsystemistobed e
signedfortope
rformaseismi
c
se
ismicre
tro
fi
t:theact
ivi
tie
sinvolv edinev a
lua
tingthe
function(po si
tion reten
tion,leakt ightness
,o r
se
ism i
cadequacyofanexis
tingpipingsystemandiden-
operab
il
ity)
.
ti
fyingthechange
so rupgradesrequiredforth
epiping
duct
il
epip
ingsys
tem :inthecon tex
tofthisStandardfor sys
temtop e
rformit
ss e
ismicfunction
.
sei
sm i
cqual
if
ication,duc
tilep ip
ingsystemr e
ferstoa
pip
ingsys
temwh erethep
iping,fi
tt
ing,andcompon en
ts se
ismicsta
ticco
ef
fi
cien
t:a
c c
ele
rat
ionorfo r
cesta
tica
lly
are madeof materia
lw i
tha m inimume longa
tionat appl
iedtoth epip
ingsystemtos imu
latetheef
fectof
ruptureo
f15%a tth etemp e
ratureconcurren
tw i
ththe theearthquak
e.
sei
sm i
cload
.
1
.3 R
equ
iredInpu
t
fr
ee-
fie
ldse
ismicinpu
t:th
egrounds
eism
icinpu
tatth
e
(a
)Th es copeandbounda r
i eso fpipingsy stemsto
fac
il
itylo
cation
.
beseismica
llyd esign edo rretrof
itted.
in
-st
ructur
ese
ismicinpu
t:thesei
sm i
cexci
tat
ion wi
thina (b
)Th eapp li
cabl e ASMEB31 Cod ese c
tion
.
bu
ild
ingo rst
ructure
,attheeleva
tionofthepip
ingsys- (c
)Th eclassi
ficationo fpipinga scr
it
i calornoncr
it
i-
temattachment
stoth ebuild
ingo rst
ructu
re. ca
l,andth eco r
r espondings ei
sm icfun ction(pos
it
ion
l
ate
ralse
ism
icres
traint
s:s
eism
icres
tra
int
stha
tac
tina re
tentionfo rnon crit
icalsystem s
;d egreeo fleakt
ight
-
d
ire
ctionpe
rpendicula
rtothepip
eaxis
. nes
s,op e
rab i
li
ty,o rbo thforc ri
ticalsystem s)
.

1
Copyr
ight c 2010bytheAmeri
canSo c
ietyofM e
chanic
alEng
ine
ers
.
Nor
epr
oduct
ionmayb emadeofth
ism a
ter
ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.
 ASM
EB31
Ea-2010

(d)Thef ree-f
ieldse ism icinpu t( common lyinthe amp l
ifica
tiono fthefree-f
ieldac ce
lera
tion
sbyth est
ru c
-
formo fa cce
lerat
ions)fo rth ede s
ignea r
thquak e. ture
.Th ein-s
tru c
tureamp l
if
ication maybed e
termined
(e)Ther e
spon s
ibil
ityfo rd evelopingth ein-
struc
ture basedonapp li
cab l
estanda rds( suchasthein-
stru
cture
seismicresponsesp ec
t ra
, wh erer equired. sei
sm icco ef
fic
i en
tin ASCE7 )o rbyafa ci
li
ty-spe
cif
ic
(f)Theop era
tingcond itionscon currentw iththesei
s- dynam icev a
lua t
ion.
micload. The damp ingfo rd esignea rthquakeresponsespec-
(g)Th ere
spon s
ibil
ityfo rquali
ficationo ftheop e
rabi
l- trumev a
luationo fpipingsy s
temsha llbe5%o fcri
tical
ityo fact
ivecompon en t
s, wh e
rer equ i
red. damping .
(h)Th eresponsibi
lityfo rth eev aluationo fs e
ismic Forthepu rpo sesofde term iningseismicloading,
interac
tions
. whenapp licabl
e,th ebasisford esignusedinparas
.3.3
(i
)Th eresponsibi
li
tyfo ra s
-builtrecon c
ilia
tionofcon- and3 .4isa l
low ablest
r essdesign.
struct
iond evia
tionsfromth edesigndo cum ents
.
3
.2 D
esign M
ethod
Them e
thodo fse
ism i
cd e
signisgiveninT ab
le1,and
2 MA
TER
IALS dependson
2
.1 App
lic
abi
li
ty (a
)th eclas
sif
ica
tionofthep ip
ingsy s
tem( cr
it
icalor
Th
isStanda
rdapp
lie
sto m e
tal
licdu
cti
lepip
ingsy s
- noncr
it
ical
)
tems
,li
stedinth
eapplicab
le ASMEB31 Codese
ction. (b
)th e magni
tudeo fthesei
smi cinput
(c
)th epipesize
2
.2 R
etro
fi
t Inallcases,thede s
igner maye lec
ttose i
sm ica
lly
Theseism
icr e
tro
fitofexist
ingp ipingsy stem sshal
l des
ignthep ip
ebyana lys
is
,inaccordancewithpara
.3.4.
takeintoaccountthecond i
tiono fthesy stemandi ts
rest
rain
ts.Aspartofthesei
sm icret
rofi
t,thep ipingsys- 3
.3 D
esignB
yRu
le
temsha l
lbeinspectedtoidentifydefectsinth epiping
orit
ssupportsandcu r
rentandan t
icipatedd egradat
ion 3.3
.1 Wh e
r edesignbyru leispe
rmittedinT ab
le1, (a
)
thatcouldpreven
tth esys
temf romp e
rform ingitssei
s- these
ism
icquali
ficat
iono fpipingsy
stem s maybeestab
-
micfunc
tion
. l
ishedbyprovidinglateralse
ismicres
train
t sata maxi
-
mumspac
inggiv enbyth efol
lowing
:
(a
)ForU.S
. Cu s
toma ryun i
ts
3 D
ESIGN
LT Sy
(a
) 3
.1 Se
ism
icLoad
ing Lmax p th
esma
lle
rof1
.94 and0
.0123 LT
a0
.25 a
Th es eism icload ingtob eapp lied mayb einth eform
ofho rizon talandv erticals ei
sm icsta ticco eff
ici ents,or
ap p eaksp ectralac ce
lera
tion,largestinanyo f
horizon taland v ert
icals e
ism icr espon s esp ectra . The
theth r
eed irec
t ions
,in c
lud ingin-s
truc
tu re
seism icinpu t istob esp ecif
i edbyth eeng ineeringd es
ign
amp l
if
ication,g
ina c co rdan ce w iththeapp licables tanda rd( su cha s
Lmax p maximump ermittedpipespanb e
tweenlat-
ASCE7 )o rsite-sp eci
fics eism icload ing(pa ra.1 .3 )
.
eralse
ism icr es
traints
,ft
Wh enth es eismi cd esignfo rcei scompu ted ba sed
LT p referencespan ,therecommendedspan
on pa ra.13 .3.1o f ASCE7 ,o ras im i
lars tanda rd,th e
between w eightsuppo rt
s,fromASMEB31 .1
,
param etera p shall be 2
. 5 and the param et e
r R ps h a
ll not
Table121.5( reproducedinT able2)
,ft
exceed3 .5 wh enapp lyingth es t resslim itso fpa ra.3.4.
SY p mater
ialy ieldstr e
ssatop erat
ingtemp era-
Whenth ea l
te rnatived esign m ethod so fpa ra.3 .5a re
ture,psi
used,th ed erivationo fs eism icinpu t ssha llb eba sedon
param eterscompa tiblew i
thth ed esign m ethodb eing (
b)Fo
rSIun
its
uti
lized .
Th es eismi cload ingsha llb esp e c
ifiedfo rea cho fthree LT Sy
Lmax p th
esma
lle
rof1
.94 and0
.148 LT
orthogona ld irection s( typ ica lly p lan tea s t–we st
, a0
.25 a
north– sou th
,andv ertical
).Th es e
i smi cd es
ignshou ldb e
basedone ith erath re e
-di r
e c
tiona lex citation,ea st–w es
t ap p eaksp ectralac ce
lera
tion,larg
estinanyof
plusno rth–sou thp lusv ertical
,comb in edbysqua r e
-root theth r
eed irec
t ions
,in c
ludingin-s
truc
ture
sumo fth esqua res(SRSS )
,o ratwo -directiona ld es
ign amp l
if
ication,g
app roa chba sedontheenve lopeo ftheSRSSo fthe Lmax p maximump ermittedpipespanb e
tweenla
t-
east–w e stp lu sv erti
caland no rth–sou th p lusv e
rtical era
ls e
ism icr es
traints
,m
seism icload ing . LT p referencespan ,therecommendedspan
Th es eism icload ingapp liedtop ip ingsy s
tem sin side between w eightsuppo rt
s,fromASMEB31 .1,
building so rs tructuressha lla ccoun tfo rth ein-st ructu r
e Tabl
e121 .5( reproducedinT able2)
,m

2
Copyr
ight c 2010bytheAmeri
canSo c
ietyofM e
chanic
alEng
ine
ers
.
Nor
epr
oduct
ionmayb emadeofth
ism a
ter
ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.
 ASM
EB31
Ea-2010

T
able1 Se
ism
icDe
signRequ
iremen
ts,App
lic
abl
eSe
ction
s
Non
cri
tica
lPip
ing C
ri
tica
lPip
ing
A
cce
lera
tion NPS(DN
)≤4(100
) NPS(DN
)>4(100
) NPS(DN
)≤4(100
) NPS(DN
)>4(100
)

a≤0
.3g NR NR DR DA
se
ction4(
inte
rac
tion
s) se
ction4(
inte
rac
tion
s) para
.3.3( rule) pa
ra.3.4/3
.5(ana lys
is)
pa
ra.3.6(me ch.joints
) pa
ra.3.6(me ch.join
ts)
pa
ra.3.7(restraints
) para
.3.7(restra
ints
)
sec
tion4(interactions
) para
.3.8(componen ts)
sect
ion4(interact
ions)
a>0
.3g NR DR DA DA
se
ction4(
inte
rac
tion
s) para
.3.3( rule) pa
ra.3.4/3
.5(ana lys
is) para
.3.4/3
.5(ana lys
is)
pa
ra.3.6(me ch.joints
) pa
ra.3.6(me ch.join
ts) pa
ra.3.6(me ch.join
ts)
pa
ra.3.7(restraints
) para
.3.7(restra
ints
) para
.3.7(restra
ints
)
sec
tion4(interactions
) para
.3.8(componen ts) para
.3.8(componen ts)
sect
ion4(interact
ions) sect
ion4(interact
ions)

ap peakspec
tra
la c
celerat
ion,largestinanyofthethreed
ire
ctions
,inc
lud
ingin
-st
ructu
reampl
if
ica
tion
,g
DA p des
ignbyanalys
is
DR p des
ignbyrule
NPS p nomina
lpipesize
,in .
NR p expl
ic
itse
ismicanalysisisno trequi
red,prov
idedthepip
ings y
stemcompl
ieswiththep
rov
is
ionsoftheapp
li
cab
le
ASMEB31Codese c
tion,includingdesignfo
rloadingo
therthansei
smic

T
able2 Ma
ximumSpan,f
t(m),B
etweenLate
ralSe
ismicRest
rain
tsforS
tee
lPipeWi
thaSpe
cif
ied (a
)
Min
imumYie
ldStr
essof35ksi(240 MPa
),in W
aterServ
icea
t70°F(21
°C)
Ma
ximumSpan
,ft(m
)
NPS(DN
) L
T,f
t(m
) 0
.1g 0
.3g 1
.0g 2
.0g 3
.0g

1 (25
) 7(2
.1) 24 (7
.4) 18 (5
.6) 14 (4
.1) 11 (3
.5) 9 (2
.8)
2 (50
) 10(3
.0) 34(10
.5) 26 (8
.0) 19 (5
.9) 16 (5
.0) 13 (4
.0)
3 (80
) 12(3
.7) 41(12
.6) 31 (9
.6) 23 (7
.1) 20 (6
.0) 16 (4
.9)
4(100
) 14(4
.3) 48(14
.7) 37(11
.2) 27 (8
.3) 23 (6
.9) 19 (5
.7)
6(150
) 17(5
.2) 59(17
.9) 45(13
.6) 33(10
.1) 28 (8
.4) 23 (6
.9)
8(200
) 19(5
.8) 66(20
.0) 50(15
.2) 37(11
.2) 31 (9
.4) 25 (7
.7)
12(300
) 23(7
.0) 79(24
.2) 60(18
.4) 45(13
.6) 37(11
.4) 31 (9
.3)
16(400
) 27(8
.2) 93(28
.9) 71(21
.6) 52(16
.0) 44(13
.4) 36(10
.9)
20(500
) 30(9
.1) 103(31
.5) 79(24
.0) 58(17
.7) 49(14
.9) 40(12
.1)
24(600
) 32(9
.8) 110(33
.6) 84(25
.6) 62(18
.9) 52(15
.9) 43(13
.0)

SY p ma
ter
ialyi
elds
tre
ssa
top
era
tingtemp
era
- isa
ttached.Thisev a
luat
ion mayb each
ievedbycalcu
lat-
tu
re, MPa ingthep redi
cteds ei
sm i
cpluscon cur
rentloads move-
men
to fthes t
ructure,equipment,orh eaderto whi
ch
The maximumspanLmax be tweenla teralseismic thepipeisconn ec
ted,andv er
ify
ingtha tth
ep ip
espan s
res
tra
intsforsteelpip
ew i
thay ieldstre
s sSY p 35k si havesuf
fic
i en
tflexibi
li
tytosu s
tainthese movements
.
(240 MPa)
,in w a
terse
rvi
ce,forsevera
lv alue
so flate
ral
sei
smica c
cele
ra t
iona,isp rov
idedin T abl
e2 . Longer 3.3.5 Thed istan
cebetweensei
sm i
cre s
tra
ints
spanscanb ed eve
lopedforgasandv apo rservice
. shouldbereducedforpip
espansthatconta
inheavy
in-
linecompon
en t
s.
3.3.2 Th e max
imump erm
it
tedspanlengthLmax
shouldberedu
cedbyafa
cto
rof1
.7fo
rthread
ed,braz
ed, 3.3
.6 Un
rest
rainedcan
ti
leve
redp
ipesha
llb
eev
al-
andsolder
edpipe. ua
tedonaca
se-by-ca
sebas
is.

3.3
.3 St
raigh
tpiperun
slongerthanthre
et imes 3
.3.7 Th ee
ffectofse
ismicrest
rain
tsontheexpan
-
th
espano
fTable2shou
ldbere
stra
inedlong
itudina
lly
. s
ionandcon trac
tionflex
ibi
li
tyofthepipingsy
stemsha
ll
beveri
fiedina ccordancewithth edes
ignrulesofth
e
3.3
.4 Th epipingsystemshou ldb eeva
luatedto app
licab
l e ASMEB31 Cod es e
ction
.
besuf
fic
ien
tlyfl
exibletoaccommoda tethedif
ferent
ial
movemento
fa t
tachm entpointstothest
ructu
reo rthe 3.3
.8 Th edes
igne
rshal
lident
ifydeg
rada
tionin
movemento
fequipm entorh eader
sto wh
ichthepiping th
ep ip
ingo
ritssuppo
rtsandcur
rentandan
tic
ipated

3
Copyr
ight c 2010bytheAmeri
canSo c
ietyofM e
chanic
alEng
ine
ers
.
Nor
epr
oduct
ionmayb emadeofth
ism a
ter
ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.
 ASM
EB31
Ea-2010

degrada
tiontha
tcould p
reven
tth
esy
stemf
rom p
er- 3
.6 M
echan
ica
lJo
int
s
formingitss
eismi
cfunc
tion
. Forcr
iticalpip
ingsy stem s
,the mov em ents(rotat
ions,
di
splacem ents
)andload s(
forces
, mom en ts
)a tm echani-
3
.4 D
esignb
yAna
lys
is caljoin
ts(nonwe lded,nonb razed,andnon soldered
Whe
red es
ignbyana lys
isisr equiredinT ab
le1,o r join
ts)shallremain withinthefailurel
im i
ts( forposit
ion
wher
eitisapp li
edbyth ed es
ign e
ra sana lterna
tiveto re
tention)o rl
eaktightn es
slimits(forleaktightn es
sand
therule
sofpa ra
.3 .3
,th
eelast
ica
llyca lcu
latedlongitudi
- operabi
li
ty)sp ec
if
iedbyth eown e
r.
na
ls t
resse
s du etoth edesignea rthquake( cal
culated
bystat
ico r dynam icana
lysis
)sha llcomp ly wi
thth e 3
.7 Se
ism
icR
est
rain
ts
fo
llowingequa tions
: 3
.7.1 Th ese
ismicloadons ei
sm icres
tra
intsand
thei
ra t
tachmenttobuildingst
ructuresoranchorag
eto
PD M +Mseismic concre
te,sha
llbecal
culatedbystati
co rdynamicanaly
-
+0.75i sustained
4t Z si
s,andadd edtocon curren
top e
ratingloads
.
≤m
in[2.4S;1
.5SY;60k si(408 MPa)
]
3
.7.2 Th eseismicad equacyo fs e
ismicr e
strain
ts
FSAM sha
llb ed ete
rm inedonth ebasi
sofv endo rca
talogs,and
≤SY
A theapp licabled es
ign m ethodands tandard,su cha s
MSSSP -58o r MSSSP -69forstandardsuppo rtcompo -
Ap p ipec ros s-se ct
iona la rea ,dedu cting nen
ts,A ISCo rA ISIfors tee
lm emb e
rs,and AC Ifor
corro sion/e ro siona llowan cebu tno t concretean chorbo lt
s.Thequa l
ificationo fseism i
c
mil
lto leran ce res
tra
in tsshallal
soadd r
esstheprev ent
iono fbuckling.
D p ou tsid ep ip ed iam e
te r 3.7.3 These ismic adequacy o
f non seismic
FSAM p r esultan tfo rce( ten sionp lu ssh ear)du e res
traintssha
llalsob ever
if
iediftheyareexp e
ctedto
tos eism i can cho r mo tion per
formafun ct
iona f
tertheear
thquake
.Fo rexamp le
,
ip s tressin ten sificationfa cto r
,f romthe spr
inghang e
rsshouldno tbepermit
tedtopullo f
fthe
app licab le ASMEB31 Codese c
tion , wa
llifth eyaren ec
essarytosupportthepipew eight
.75icanno
0 tb el es sthan1 af
terth eear
thquake.
Mseismic p e las
tica l
lyca lcula tedr esu ltant mom ent
amp litud edu etos eism i cload ,includ - 3
.7.4 Fo rlateralsei
sm icrest
raints,atotaldiame
tri
c
gapequa lto1⁄ 2 in
.( 12 mm )is ac
ce ptab
le. Agap upto
ingin ertiaandr elativean chor mo t
ion
0.1Do r2in.(50 mm ), whicheverissma ll
er,ispermi
tted
,
Msustained p elas
tica l
lyca lcula tedr esu ltant mom ent
providedth es eismicload ,calculatedonth ebas
isof
amp litud edu etosu stain edload scon -
zerogap ,i
s mu ltipl
iedbyanimpa c tfac
to rof2.Larger
curren tw ithth es eism icload
gapso rsma l
lerimpa ctfactors mayb ejust
ifiedbyanaly
-
P p sy stemop eratingp ressu re sisortest.
Sp ASMEB31a llow abl estre ss,atth eno r-
mal ope ra ting tempe rature ; fo r 3
.7.5 Sho r
trodhang e
rs[typica
llylessthan12in.
ASME B31 .4, u se 0 .80 SY, fo r (300 mm)long] mayprovid
ear estor
ingforcetha
ttends
ASMEB31 .8,u seFTSYwh ereFp lo ca
- tolimits
ide-sw ayofhungpipe
,and mayb econs
idered
tionfa c
to r,Tp temp eratu red erating assei
sm i
crestra
ints
,provid
edth eyared e
signedtosus-
factor,a sd efinedinB31 .8 tainthesei
sm icloadsand movem ents
.
SY p sp ecified m inimumy ields tresso fth e
3
.8 Equ
ipmen
tandC
omponen
ts
mate r
ia l (SMYS ) a t the no rma l
operatingtemp eratu re Thes ei
sm icandcon currentload sapp li
edbyth ep ip e
tp p ipew a
llth ickn e ss,d edu c
tingco rro- atequipm entandcompon entnozz l e
ssha l
lb equa lif
ied
siona llow an cebu tno tm illtoleranc e as partofth eseismicd esigno rr et
rof
ito fth ep iping
Zp p ipes ection modu lu s,d edu ct
ingco rro- system,toa d eg reecomm ensurate withth er equ i
r ed
sion/ ero siona llow an cebu tnotm i
llto l
- systemfun ction,a ssp e
cif
i edinpa ra.1.3
.
eranc e
,in .3 Forpo sitionr etent
ion,iti susuallysu ff
icienttoshow
thatth ep ip ingload sonequ ipm entandcompon ents
wi
llnotcau serup ture
.Fo rleaktigh tness
,th estres
ssha ll
be maintain edw ithinyie
ldo rshownno ttocau sefatigu e
3
.5 A
lte
rna
tiveDe
sign Me
thod
s
ruptures.Fo rop erabi
li
ty,th epipingload sshallbek ept
Thepipingsystem mayb
equal
if
iedby morede
tai
led wi
thinop e rabili
tyl imit
se s
tab lishedbyd etai
ledana ly-
analy
sistechniques
,inc
lud
ingfa
tigu
e,p
la s
tic
,orlimi
t sis
,testing,o rsim i
lar
itytos e
ism ical
lyqua lif
iedequ ip-
loadanalysi
s. mento rcompon ents.

4
Copyr
ight c 2010bytheAmeri
canSo c
ietyofM e
chanic
alEng
ine
ers
.
Nor
epr
oduct
ionmayb emadeofth
ism a
ter
ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.
 ASM
EB31
Ea-2010

Compon entsw ithun suppor

tedex tend edstructures
, A
ISI
,Sp e
cif
ica
tionfo
rtheD
esigno
fCo
ld-Fo
rmedS
tee
l
sucha sv a
lv e
sw ith heavy moto rop e
rators
,sha llb e Stru
ctura
lM embe
rs
evaluatedtoin suretha ttheex tendeds tructure does Pub
lish
er:Am e
ricanI
ronandS
teelIn
sti
tute(AIS
I)
,2000
no
tfa il duringas eismicevent
.Fo rcompon entsw i
th T
own C en
ter
,Southf
ield
,MI48075(www .s
tee
l.o
rg)
unsuppo rtedex tend edstru
ctures,ana turalfrequency
che cksha l
lbepe rformedandsha l
lbeg reaterthan ASCE7-05
,Minimum D
esignLoad
sfo
rBu
ild
ing
sand
33cp s
. Wh enth ena tu
ralfr
equ encyislessthan33 Hz , O
the
rS t
ruc
ture
s
thecompon en
tex tend edst
ructu r
eshallb estif
feneda s Publ
ishe
r: Ameri
canSoc
ietyo
fCivi
lEngin
eer
s(ASCE),
recomm end edbyth ecompon ent manufa c
turer
. 1801 Alexander Be
llD r
ive
, Res
ton, VA 20191
(www.asce
.org)
4 IN
TERAC
TIONS
ASMEB31
.1,Pow
erP
iping
Pip
ingsystem ssha
llbeevaluatedforsei
smicintera
c-
tions
.Credibl
eands ign
if
icantintera
ction
sshal
lb eiden- ASMEB31
.3,P
roc
essP
iping
tif
iedandr esolved byanalysi
s,te s
ting
,o r ha
rdw are
ASMEB31.4,Pipe
lin
eTranspo
rta
tionSy
stem
sfo
rLiqu
id
modif
ica
tion
.
Hyd
rocarbonsand Oth
erLiquids

5 DOCUM
ENTA
TION ASMEB31
.5, Re
frige
ran
tPip
ingand Hea
tTran
sfe
r
Compon
ents
Th
eeng
inee
ringdes
ignsha
llspe
cifyth
edo
cum
enta
-
t
iontobesubmit
tedbythedes
igner
. ASMEB31.8
,Ga
sTran
smi
ssionand D
ist
ribu
tionP
iping
Sy
stem
s
6 MA
INT
ENANC
E
ASMEB31
.9,Bu
ild
ingS
erv
ice
sPip
ing
Thep ip
ingsy stemshallb e ma
inta
inedinacond i
tion
that mee tsthese ismicde s
ignrequ iremen t
sfo rthe ASMEB31
.11
,Slu
rryT
ran
spo
rta
tionP
ipingSy
stem
s
op e
rat
ingl ifeofth esystem.In par
ticular
,chang esto Publi
sher: The Ame rican Socie
ty of Mechanica
l
layout,suppo rt
s,compon en
ts,orfun ct
ion,asw e
llas Eng
ineer
s(ASME )
, Three Pa
rk Avenue
,N ew York
,
mater
iald egradationins e
rviceshal
lb eevaluatedto NY 10016; Order Depa r
tmen t
: 22 Law D r
ive,
veri
fyth econtinu edse
ismicad equacyofth esystem. P
.O.Box2900,Fair
fie
ld,N J07007
-2900
(www.asm e
.org
)
(a
) 7 R
EFER
ENC
ES
ICBO AC156, Acceptance C
rite
riafortheSe
ismic
Thefol
low
ingisali
stofpub
lica
tionsr
efe
renc
edinth
is Qua
li
fica
tionTes
tingof Nons
truc
tura
l Compon
ent
s
Standard
.The
lates
tedit
ionsha
llapply
,unle
ssoth
erwi
se Publi
sher
:In
ternat
iona
lConferenceo
fBuild
ingOf
fic
ial
s
noted
. (ICBO)
,ICCEv a
lua
tionServi
ce,5360 W
orkman Mi
ll
ACI318 Bu i
lding CodeR equi
rementsforRein
forced Road, Wh
it
tie
r, CA90601
Concre
te
MSSSP-58,P
ipe Hanger
sandSuppo
rts—Ma
ter
ial
s,
Publisher: Ame rican Concrete Inst
itu
te (AC I)
,
D
esign
,and Manufa
ctu
re
38800 Coun t
ry Club Drive
,Farm ing
ton Hi
lls
,M I
48331(www .aci
-in
t.o
rg) MSSSP-69
,P ip
e Hang
ersandSuppo
rts—S
ele
ctionand
AISC, ManualofStee
l Const
ruc
tion App
lica
tion
Publisher: Ame
ricanInst
ituteofStee
l Con
struc
tion Pub
lishe
r: Manu
facturer
sStandard
izat
ionSoci
etyo
fthe
(AISC ), One East W acke
r Drive
, Chicago, IL V
alveandF it
tingsIndu st
ry,Inc.(MSS),127Park
60601-1802(www.a
isc
.org) S
tree
t NE,Vienna, VA22180(www .mss
-hq.com
)

5
Copyr
ight c 2010bytheAmeri
canSo c
ietyofM e
chanic
alEng
ine
ers
.
Nor
epr
oduct
ionmayb emadeofth
ism a
ter
ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.
 IN
TEN
TIONA
LLYLE
FTB
LANK

6
Copyr
ight c 2010bytheAmeri
canSo c
ietyofM e
chanic
alEng
ine
ers
.
Nor
epr
oduct
ionmayb emadeofth
ism a
ter
ialwithou
twri
ttencon
sen
tofASME
.