MERCY MEMORIAL SCHOOL

CLASS- 8TH SUBJECT- BIOLOGY

NOTES- Chapter 01 ( Transportaton of food and minerals in plants )

1. Imbibitions – A phenomenon by which the livin or eeae plant cells absorb water by srrface
attraction.
2. Diffrsion – the free movement of molecrle of srbstances ( solie liurie or as from their
re ion of hi her concentration to their re ion of lower concentration when the two are in
eirect contact.
3. Osmosis – the eiffrsion of water or solvent molecrle across a semi permeable membrane
from a more eilrte solrtion to less eilrte solrtion.

TYPES OF OSMOSIS :- a. Eneosmosis b. Exosmosis

a. Eneosmosis – the inware eiffrsion of water molecrle thror h a semi permeable membrane
when the srrrornein solrtion is less concentratee or eilrte or hypotonic.
b. Exosmosis – the ortware eiffrsion of water molecrle thror h a semi permeable membrane
when the srrrornein solrtion is more concentratee or hypertonic.
4. Semi permeable membrane – membrane which allows the passa e of molecrles selectively.
(allows water or solvent molecrle freely

TYPES OF SOLUTION :- a. Hypotonic solrtion b. Hypertonic solrtion c. Isotonic solrtion

a. Hypotonic solrtion – solrtion havin more water molecrle in comparison to the cell sap.
Or
Solrtion whose concentration is less than cell sap.
b. Hypertonic solrtion – solrtion havin less water molecrle in comparison to cell sap.
Or
Solrtion whose concentration is more than cell sap.
c. Isotonic solrtion – solrtion whose water molecrle or solrte concentration is eural or
same on either siee of the semi permeable membrane.
5. Active transport – the movement or passa e of srbstances (salt or ions from itsttheir
re ion of low concentration to itst their re ion of hi h concentration rsin ener y from the
cell thror h a livin cell membrane.
Or
Movement of srbstance a ainst a raeient across a cell with the expeneitrre of enery.
6. Trr ie cell – the cell which is frlly char ee with water ane no more of water can be
accommoneatee (i.e it is frlly eisteneee.
7. Trr ieity – the coneition in which the cell is frlly char ee with water ane no more of water
can be accomoneatee.
8. Flaccie cell- the cell which is not frlly char ee with water. The cell content is shrrnken ane
not eisteneee.
9. Flaccieity – the coneition in which cell is not frlly char ee with water ane the cell content is
shrrnken.
10. Trr or pressrre – the pressrre exertee by the cell content on the cell wall in a trr ie cell.
 11. Wall pressrre- the pressrre exertee by the cell wall on the cell content in a trr ie cell.
12. Plasmolysis – the phenomenon in which the cytoplasm of the cell shrinkst contracts ere to
loss of water when the cell is placee in a stron hypertonic solrtion.
13. Deplasmolysis – the plasmolysee cell when placee in prre water or in hypotonic t eilrte
solrtion. If it re ain its trr ieity the coneition is known as eeplasmolysis.
14. Root pressrre – the pressrre eevelopee by the alternate trr ieity (eneosmosis ane
flaccieity (exosmosis of the root hair cells ane the cells of cortex by osmosis which helps in
ascent of sap.
15. Ascent of sap – the rpware movement of water with eissolvee minerals (sap from the roots
to the leaves thror h xylem.
16. Transpiration – loss of water in the form of water vaporr from the aerial parts of the plants.
17. Hyeathoes – loss of water in the form of water eroplets from the mar ins of leaves.
18. Potometer- a eevice to measrre the rate of transpiration.
Conductng tssue

It is a complex tissre helps in transportation of or anic matter water ane minerals rp ane eown the
plants.

Types of conerctin tissre:- a xylem b phloem

1. Xylem – transport water ane minerals in rpware eirection i.e. from roots to the aerial parts
of the plant.
 They consists of 4 types of xylem elements:
i. Tracheies
ii. Vessels or tracheae
iii. Xylem or wooe parenchyma
iv. Xylem sclerenchyma or wooe fbres
2. Phloem – transport or anic fooe ( lrcose in eownware eirection i.e. from leaves to the
roots of the plant.
 They consists of 4 phloem elements or cell:
i. Sieve trbe
ii. Companion cells
iii. Phloem parenchyma
iv. Phloem fbers