82 Chapter 9 Solutions

Chapter 9 Solutions

     
9.1 E1  E2  (1/2)( E1e  i t  E1* ei t )  (1/2)( E2 e  i t  E 2* ei t ), where

Re( z)  (1/2)( z  z* ).
         
E1  E2  (1/4)[ E1  E2 e 2 i t  E1*  E2* e 2it  E1  E2*  E1*  E2 ].
 
The last two terms are time independent, while E1  E2 e 2 i t  0 and
 
E1*  E2* e2it  0 because of the 1/T  coefficient. Thus
     
I12  2 E1  E2  (1/2)( E1  E2*  E1*  E2 ).

9.2 The largest value of r1  r2 is equal to a. Thus if  1   2 ,   k (r1  r2 ) varies from 0 to ka.
If a   , cos  and therefore I12 will have a great many maxima and minima and therefore
average to zero over a large region of space. In contrast if a   ,  varies only slightly
from 0 to ka  2 . Hence I12 does not average to zero, and from Eq. (9.17), I deviates
little from 4 I 0 . The two sources effectively behave as a single source of double the original strength.

9.3 Dropping the common time factor E1  E0 exp(2 iz / ) and E2  E0 exp[(2 i / )( z cos  y sin  )],
adding these at the z  0 plane yields E  E0 {1  exp[(2 i / )( y sin  )]}. The absolute square of this is
the irradiance viz.
  2 
I ( y)  2 E02 1  cos  y sin   
   

and the rest follows from the identity cos 2  2 cos2   1. The cosine squared has zeros at
y  m /(2 sin  ) where m is an odd integer. The fringe separation is  / sin  . As q increases,
the separation decreases.
9.4 A bulb at S would produce fringes. We can imagine it as made up of a very large number of incoherent
point sources. Each of these would generate an independent pattern, all of which would then overlap.
Bulbs at S1 and S2 would be incoherent and could not generate detectable fringes.

9.5 ym  sm /a  14.5  102 m and   0.0145 m:    /  23.7 kHz.

This is Young’s Experiment with the sources out-of-phase.
9.6 This is comparable to the “two-slit” configuration, (Figure 9.11), so we can
use (9.29) a sin  m  m ( m may not be “small”). Let m = 1, sin   y /(s2  y 2 )1/ 2 , so,

ay   (s 2  y 2 )1/ 2 ; (a 2   2 ) y 2   2 s 2 ;
y   s /(a 2  y 2 )1/ 2 . c   ,

so   c /  (3  108 m/s)/(1.0  106 Hz)  300 m.

y  (300 m)(2000 m)/((600 m)2  (300 m)2 )1/ 2  1.15  103 m
Chapter 9 Solutions 83

s
9.7 y  
a
ay
s

Using a  1  104 m,   589 nm, y  3.00 mm

(1  10 4 m)(3  10 3 m)
s  0.509m
5.89  10 7 m

s
9.8 yvac  0
a

Using a  1  103 m, 0  589.3 nm, s  5.000 m

5.000 m
yvac  (5.893  10 7 m)  2.9465 mm
(1  10 3 m)
c 0 0
n  
  
0

n
s s 0
yair  
a a n
5.000 m 5.893  10 7 m
yair   2.9456 mm
(1  10 3 m) 1.00029

Thus the pattern expands from 2.946 mm to 2.947 mm.

9.9 (a) r1  r2   /2, hence a sin 1   /2 and

1    / 2a   (1/2)(632.8  10 9 m)/(0.200  10 3 m)
  1.58  10 3 rad,
or since
y1  s1  (1.00 m)( 1.58  103 rad)   1.58 mm.

(b) y5  s5 /a  (1.00 m)5(632.8  109 )/(0.200  103 m)  1.582  102 m. (c) Since the fringes vary
as cosine-squared and the answer to (a) is half a fringe width, the answer to (b) is 10 times larger.
s s 
9.10 y1  m  m 0
a a n

Using a  1  103 m, 0  589.3 nm, s  3.000 m, n  1.33

3.000 m 5.893  10 7 m
y1    1.329 mm
(1  10 3 m) 1.33

9.11  m is “small,” so we can use (9.28)  m  m /a,  m is radian,

a  m /m  [4(6.943  107 m)] / [1(2 rad/360)]  1.59  104 m.
84 Chapter 9 Solutions

9.12 y  (s /a), so,

s  ay /  [(1.0  104 m)(10  103 m)]/(4.8799  107 m)  2.05 m.

9.13 (9.28)  m  m /a. Want 1, red  2, violet ; (1)red /a  (2)violet /a; violet  390 nm.

s
9.14 y1  m
a
y m
m  m 
s a
s f
mf 
ym  f  m 
a
9.15

h
f 
2

r1  r2   a
2


2a
h f
 f 
2 2a
f
h
a
9.16 Follow section (9.3.1), except that (9.26) becomes r1  r2  (2m   1)( /2) for destructive interference,
where m   1,  2, . . . , so that (2m  1) is an odd integer. This leads to an expression equivalent to
(9.28),  m  (2m  1) /2 a.
Chapter 9 Solutions 85

s
9.17 ym  m
a
a
  ym
ms

Using a  2.7  103 m, s  4.60 m, m  5:

2.7  10 4 m
  (5  10 3 m)  587 nm
5(4.60 m)

9.18 Follow section (9.3.1), except that (9.26) becomes r1  r2    m , where   Optical path differences
in beam. Following r1 ,   nd (for  m “small”).

(r1  r2 )  m  ; a m  m  nd ;  m  (m  nd )/a.

9.19 As in section (9.3.1), we have constructive interference when OPD  m. There is an added
OPD due to the angle, q, of the plane wave equal to a sin q, so (9.26) becomes r1  r2  a sin   m.
(9.24)  m  y /s and (9.25) r1  r2  ay /s are unchanged, for small  m so
r1  r2  m  a sin   a( y /s)  a m ;  m  (m /a )  sin  .

9.20 (9.27) ym  (s /a )m ; y1, red  [(2.0 m)/(2.0  10 4 m)](1)(4  10 7 m)

 4.0  10 3 m.
y1, violet  [(2.0 m)/(2.0  10 4 m)](2)(6  10 7 m)  12.0  10 3 m.
Distance  8.0  10 3 m.

9.21 r22  a 2  r12  2ar1 cos(90   ). The contribution to cos  /2 from the third term in the Maclaurin
expansion will be negligible if
(k /2)(a2 cos2  /2r1 )   /2; therefore r1  a 2 /.

9.22 E  m 2 /2;   0.42  106 m/s;   h /m  1.73  10 9 m; y  s /a  3.46 mm.

9.23  /   / ;    /  1/tc ;

c   , so   c / .
  (c / ) /  c / 2 ;
t c   2 /c  ; lc  ctc  ( 2 / )
 (500 nm)2 /(2.5  10 3 nm)
 1  10 8 nm  0.1 m  .

9.24 E  Eo ei t  Eo e t   Eo ei (t  5 / 2) . I  E 2  EE T

, so, as in section 9.1,
T

I  (3/2)Eo2  2 Eo2 {12 (cos   cos(3 /2)  cos(5 /2))} (three terms of Ei  Ei , 3
cross terms of Ei  E j ). For each beam,

1 2
I i  Ei2  Eo ,
T 2
at q  0, so that for all three together I (  0)  32 E 2j . Note that (r2  r1 )  a sin  so that
 2  k (r2  r1 )  k (a sin  ); (r3  r1 )  (5a /2)sin 
86 Chapter 9 Solutions

so that  3  k (r3  r1 )  k ( 25 a sin  ) where   ka sin  . So,

I ( )  I (0)/3  (2 I (0)/9)(cos   cos(3 /2)  cos(5 /2))
When   0, the second term is zero.

( R  d )
9.25 y 
2 R
( R  d )

2 R y

Using   6.000  107 m, R  1.000 m, d  3.900 m, y  2  103 m:

(1.000 m  3.900 m)(6.000  10 7 m)

  0.000735 rad  0.0421°
2(1.000 m)(2  10 3 m)

9.26 S  Z  R  d  1 d
d 1
( R  d )
y 
2 R
 5.89  10 7 m
   0.00118 rad
y 5  10 4 m

9.27 A ray form S hits the biprism at an angle  i (w.r.t normal), is refracted at angle  t , and hits the second
face at angle ( t   ).
(4.4) (1) sin  i  (n)sin  t . (n)sin( t   )  (1)sin( /2   ), where angle  is defined in Figure 9.24.
As  i  0,  t  0;  ,  are both “small.”
n sin   sin( /2   ), so n  ( /2)   ,   2(n  1) . From the figure tan( /2)  ( a /2)/d , so

 /2  (a /2)/d,   a /d . a /d  2(n  1) , a  2d (n  1) .

9.28 From Problem 9.19, a  2d (n  1) ; s  2d, so d  1m.

y  (s /a )  s /2d (n  1) ;   s /2d (n  1)y

 [(2m)(5.00  10 7 m)]/[2(1 m)(1.5  1)(5  10 4 m)]  0.002 rad.

9.29 y  s0 /2 d (n  n).

9.30 Using   5.893  107 m, s  5.00 m, a  1  102 m:

s (5.00 m)(5.893  10 7 m)
2 y  2   2  0.295 mm
a 2(1  10 2 m)

9.31 y  (s /a), a  102 cm, a /2  5  103 cm.

9.32   k (r1  r2 )   Lloyd’s mirror,

  k ((a /2)sin   [sin(90  2 )] (a /2)sin  )   ,
  ka(1  cos 2 )/2 sin    ,

maximum occurs for   2 when sin  ( /a)  (1  cos 2 )  2sin 2  .

First maximum   sin 1 ( /2a).

Chapter 9 Solutions 87

9.33 E1r is reflected once. E1r  Eoi r  0 (see 4.47)

 Eoi (n  1) / (n  1)  Eoi (1.52  1)/(1.52  1)  0.206 Eoi .
E2r is transmitted once, reflected once, then transmitted.
  air )(t glass
E2 r  Eoi (t  0 )(rglass   air )  Eoi [2/(1  n)][(1  n)/(1  n)][2 n /( n  1)]
 4 n(1  n)/(n  1)3  Eoi [4(1.52)(1  1.52)]/(1  1.52)3  0.198Eoi ,
(see 4.48) ( indicates  phase changed).
E3r is transmitted, reflected 3 times (internally), and then transmitted.

E3r  Eoi t (r )3 t   Eoi [2/(1  n)][(1  n) / (1  n)]3 [(2n)/(n  1)]

 [4 n(1  n)3 ] / (n  1)5  Eoi [4(1.52)(1  1.52)3 ] / (1.52  1)5
 0.008Eoi

for water in air.

E1r  Eoi (1.333  1) / (1.333  1)  0.143Eoi .
E2 r  Eoi [4 1.333  (1  1.333)]/(1  1.333)3  0.140 Eoi .
E3r  Eoi [4 1.333  (1  1.333)3 ]/(1.333  1)5  0.003Eoi .

9.34 Here 1.00  1.34  2.00, hence from Eq. (9.36) with m  0,
d  (0  1/2)(633 nm)/2(1.34)  118 nm.
9.35 (9.36) d cos  t  (2 m  1)( f )/4 for a maximum at (near) normal incidence, and
taking m = D (lowest value)

d   f /4  o /4n  (5.00  107 m)/4(1.36)  9.2  106 m.

 
9.36 d cost  2 m  m  for minimum reflection  2 m (0 /4 n)
 4 
2 nd [2(1.34)(550.0 nm)] (1474 nm)
at   0, 0   
m m m
for m  1,2,3,; 0  1474 nm, 737 nm, 368.5 nm,

9.37 In this case, one drops the relative phase shift of  from (9.34):
4 n f
 d cos  i
0
4 n f
2  d cos  i
0
0 (4.60  10 7 m) 25 nm  2.5  10 8 m
cos  t  
2n f d 2(1.333)(2.50  10 8 m)
 t  46.356
sin  i  (1.333) sin (46.356)  0.9646
i  74.7

9.38 Eq. (9.37) m  2n f d /0  10,000. A minimum, therefore central dark region.

9.39 The fringes are generally a series of fine jagged bands, which are fixed with respect to the glass.
9.40 x   f /2 ,   0 /2 n f x,   5  10 5 rad  10.2 seconds.
88 Chapter 9 Solutions

9.41 (9.40) x   f /2 for fringe separation where   d /x.

x   f /2(d /x)  x f /2d. Number of fringes  (length)/(separation)  x /x so,

x /x  2 d / f  [2(7.618  10 5 m)]/(5.00  10 7 m)  304.72  304 fringes.

 1  f
9.42 dm   m  
 2 2
 1  (5.893  10 7 m)
d172   172    50.8  m
 2 2

9.43 x 2  d1[( R1  d1 )  R1 ]  2 R1d1  d12 . Similarly x 2  2 R2 d2  d22 .

d  d1  d2  ( x 2 /2)(1/R1  1/R2 ), d  m f /2. As R2  , xm
approaches Eq. (9.43).
9.44 (9.42) xm  [(m  1/2) f R ]1/ 2 , air film, n f  1, so  f  o .
R  xm2 /(m  1/2)o  (0.01 m)2 /(20.5)(5  107 m)  9.76 m.

9.45 xm2  xm2 1   f R( mm  mm 1 )

xm2  xm2 1
R
 f R ( m m  m m 1 )

Use

 1
2d m   m   0
 2
1
2d m 
m 2
0

Since the offset is a constant d :

xm2  xm2 1
R
f  1  1 
R  2d m  d    2d m 1  d   
0  2  2 
n f ( xm  xm 1 )
2 2

R
2 R (d m  d m 1 )

Thus the radius of curvature can be measured independent of d .

9.46 xm  ( m f R )1/ 2

xm 1  xm  ( f R)1/ 2 ( m  1  m )
xm  2  xm 1  ( f R)1/ 2 ( m  2  m  1)

xm 1  xm ( f R)1/ 2 ( m  1  m ) m 1  m
 
xm  2  xm 1 ( f R)1/ 2 ( m  2  m  1) m  2  m 1
Chapter 9 Solutions 89

Expand the square roots for large m (keeping only the first few terms):
m  m1/ 2
1 1
m  1  m1/ 2  m 1/ 2  m 3/ 2
2 8
1/ 2 1 3/ 2
m2  m m 1/ 2
 m
2
1 1
m1/ 2  m 1/ 2  m 3/ 2  m1/ 2
x m 1  x m 2 8

x m  2  x m 1 1/ 2 1 3/ 2 1 1
m m
1/ 2
 m  m1/ 2  m 1/ 2  m 3/ 2
2 2 8
1 1/ 2 1 3/ 2 1 1
m  m m 1/ 2  m 3/ 2 1  m 1
4m  1 1
 2 8  4  4   1 
1 1/ 2 3 3/ 2 3 3 4m  3 2m
m  m m 1/ 2  m 3/ 2 1  m 1
2 8 4 4
For m  50
50  1  50
 1.0099
50  2  50  1
1
1  1.01
2(50)
9.47 A motion of  /2 causes a single fringe pair to shift past, hence
92( /2)  2.53  105 m and   550 nm.

9.48 d  N (o /2)  (1000)(5.00  107 m)/2  2.50  104 m.

0
9.49 d  N
2
2 d 2(1  10 4 m)
N   400
0 5  10 7 m
9.50   d  N (o /2);   (nair x  nvacuum x );
N  2 /o  [2(1.00029  1.00000)(0.10 m)]/(6.00  107 m)  97.

9.51 Differentiating   :
c
c 2
0  2
  0 
v c
1
 
t
lc  ct
02 1 02
0  
c t lc
2 D  lc
02
0 
2D
02 (6.43847  10 7 m)2
D   0.1594 m
20 2(0.0013 nm)
90 Chapter 9 Solutions

9.52 Fringe pattern comes from the interference of two beams, one that passes through the lower medium
(n1), and is reflected off its mirror, one that passes through the top medium (n2) and is reflected off its
mirror. The two beams reflect off the front surface of the other medium.
It might be used to compare n1 and n2 (especially if one changes, such as due to pressure or
temperature), or compare the flatness of one surface, to a known optically flat surface.
9.53 Et2  Et Et*  E02 (tt )2 /(1  r 2 ei )(1  r 2 ei ),
I t  I i (tt )2 /(1  r 2 ei  r 2 ei  r 4 ).

9.54 (a) R  0.8944, therefore F  4 R /(1  R)2  321.

 
(b)   4 sin 1 1/ F  0.223. (c) F  2 /0.223. (d) C  1  F.

9.55 2/[1  F ( /4)2 ]  0.81[1  1/(1  F ( /2)2 )],

F 2 ( )4  15.5F ( )2  30  0.

9.56 I  I max cos2  /2, I  I max /2 when    /2, therefore    . Separation between maxima is
2 . F  2 /  2.

9.57 (4.47) r i  0  (nt  ni )/(nt  ni ). Bare substrate: r  (ns  1)/(ns  1). Substrate with film: r   to  f rf  s t f o .
(4.48) t i  0  2 ni /(ni  nt ), so, r   [2/(1  n f )][(ns  n f )/(ns  n f )][2n f /(n f  1)], where nf = n. Note
that for ns  nf  1, both r and r  are positive. But, with thickness  f /4, a  phase shift occurs due to the
OPD in the r  beam, so rnet  r  r .
Thus, the r  beam (partially) cancels the r beam.
9.58 At near normal incidence ( i  0) the relative phase shift between an internally and externally reflected
beam is  rad. That means a total relative phase difference of (2 / f )[2( f /4)]   or 2 . The waves
are in phase and interfere constructively.

9.59 n0  1, ns  ng , n1  ng .

1.54  1.24, d   f /4  0 /4n1  540/4(1.24) nm  167 nm.

No relative phase shift between two waves.
9.60 The refracted wave will traverse the film twice, and there will be no relative phase shift on reflection.
Hence d = 0/4nf  (550 nm)/4(1.38)  99.6 nm.

 
9.61 d cost  (2m  1)  m  . Let t  0, m  0, (minimum thickness).
 4 

0 5.00  10 7 m
d   96 nm
4n f 4(1.30)

9.62 Note that in the triangle including θ and r1, the length of the side from P1 to a plane, parallel to the
surface, and containing point z(x) is r1 cos θ. So, from zero elevation,
h  r1 cos   z(x) or z(x)  h  r1 cos .
(9.108) can be demonstrated on the triangle (a, r1, r2), where a is the length of the boom:
r22  r12  a 2  2r1 a cos   90     sin      cos  90   

and   k (r2  r1 )  (2 / )(r2  r1 ).