SEUIARS 2019

A REVIEW ABOUT THE SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE SALTPAN

WORKERS: LESSONS FOR THE KALPITIYA SALTPAN REGION IN SRI
LANKA

A.S.F. Risna banu 1, M.N.F. Washima2 & M.N.F. Nishla 3

1
Faculty of Arts & Culture, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
2
Lecturer, Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Arts & Culture, South Eastern
University of Sri Lanka
3
Assistant Lecturer, Faculty of Arts & Culture, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka

fwaseema@seu.ac.lk

Abstract
Sri Lanka is an island which naturally surrounded by the sea and natural resources. Eventhough It has the capacity
to produce many goods and services by using the natural resources, it imports some particular goods and services.
Saltpan industry is one of the important primary production in Sri Lanka which have the comparative advantage,
even salt have imported from some other countries too. The saltpan workers are in the low level of the socio
economic status and faced many challenges in their day to day life. Speacially in the Kalpitiya saltpan region in
Sri Lanka. Therefore this study aims to analyse about the socio economic condition of the saltpan workers,
challenges and the solution for their problems. This study is analyzied in the review basis through the relevant
literature which were done previously in different areas and different methods. So, the findings concluded the
lower income, unemployment and seasonal unemployment, loan burdens, increasing production cost, lower
income for women, climate, health related issues and low level of education are the main problems also to solve
the problem and enhance the saltpan worker’s socio economic status, they have highly recommended the wage
adjustment and the public sector intervention.

Keywords: Salt, saltpan workers, primary production, socio economic status

mwpKfk;

cg;G vd;gJ cztpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU fzpkkhFk;. tpyq;Ffspd; cly; eyj;jpw;F

Njitahd xU Kf;fpakhd nghUSkhFk;. ,jd; tpQ;Qhdg; ngau; Nrhbak; FNshiul;L (NaCl).
fly; ePupy; cg;G xU yPw;wUf;F 35fpuhk; nfhz;;bUg;gNjhL 3.5 rjtPj ctu;jd;ikAld; fhzg;gLk;.
kdpj cztpy; ,d;wpaikahjjhf cg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cg;G vd;gJ mbg;gil kdpj Ritfspy;
xd;whFk;. Rkhu; 8000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;Ng cg;ig gjg;gLj;Jk; gof;fk; kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J
te;Js;sjhf rhd;Wfs; $Wfpd;wd. cUNkdpah kf;fs; Cw;W ePiu nfhjpf;f itj;J cg;ig
gpupj;njLj;Js;sdu;. rPdhtpYk; ,Nj fhyfl;lj;jpy; cg;G cw;gj;jp gzpfs; epfo;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. gz;ila
vfpg;jpau;fs;> fpNuf;fu;fs;> Nuhku;fs;> igrhdpau;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpau;fs; Nghd;w ehl;bdu;fs; cg;ig
guprspf;Fk; tof;fj;ij nfhz;bUe;jdu; (US Department of Agriculture, 2016).

cg;G Ruq;fq;fspypUe;J cg;G Njhz;b vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. my;yJ fly; ePiu Mtpahf;fp

cg;gsq;fs; %yk; cg;G cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. tPl;L gpspr;> fhfpj cw;gj;jp> fz;zhb cw;gj; jp>
vupNrhlh> FNshupd; Nghd;wd cg;gpd; Kf;fpa njhopw;Jiw jahupg;GfshFk;. 2017y; cg;gpd;
cyfshtpa cw;gj;jp Rkhu; 280 nkw;wpf; njhd; Mf gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ePu; rPuikg;G eltbf;if
kw;Wk; tptrha gad;ghL Nghd;w gpw nraw;ghLfSf;fhf vQ;rpa cg;G gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
rikaYf;F ,J fly; cg;G kw;Wk; Nkir cg;G vd;w tbtq;fspy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wJ. clypd; maBd;

1038
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
Fiwg;ghl;il ePf;f maBd; fye;j cg;G rikaYf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. czit ghJfhf;fTk;
,J cjTfpd;wJ (Statista, 2019).

kpd;gFsp (Electrolytes) kw;Wk; rt;T+LgutYf;Fupa (Osmosis) fiunghUs; Nghd;w jd;ikfshy;

Nrhbak; kdpj MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhd Cl;lr;rj;jhfpd;wJ. mjpfg;gbahd cg;G Efu;T
Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; Kjpatu;fSf;F cau; ,uj;j mOj;jk;> gf;fthjk; kw;Wk; ,jaNeha; Mgj;Jf;fis
mjpfupf;f nra;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Kjpatu;fs; 5 fpuhk; Nrhbaj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthf cl;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ ( World Health Organization, 2013).

cg;G cw;gj;jpahdJ cyfpd; kpfg; goikahd ,urhad cw;gj;jpfspy; xd;whFk;. cg;G cw;gj;jpapd;
Kf;fpa tskhf mz;zsthf 3.5 rjtPj cg;Gjd;ikAs;s fly;ePu; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfpd;
rKj;jpuq;fs; cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd. fly; ePiu Mtpahf;Fjy; %yNk mjpfkhf
cg;G ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

cyfpd; KjyhtJ kpfg;ngupa cg;G Ruq;fkhf xd;uhwpNahtpYs;s rp/g;Nlh cg;G Ruq;fKk;

,uz;lhtjhf ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s nft;uh cg;G Ruq;fk; 19 mLf;Ffis nfhz;l kpfg;ngupa cg;G
Ruq;fq;fshf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ (American Mine Services, 2019). cyfpy; Kd;ddp
cw;gj;jpahsu;fshf mT];Nuypah> fdlh> rPdh> N[u;kd;> ,e;jpah> mnkupf;fh fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjd; msTfshdJ 2012 Mk; Mz;bd; mbg;gilapy; rPdh 62>158>000 nkw;wpf; njhd; (cyf epuk;gy;
22.58 rjtPjk;)> mnkupf;fh 40>200>000 nkw;wpf; njhd; (cyf epuk;gy; 14.54 rjtPjk;)> ,e;jpah 245>000>000
nkw;wpf; njhd;; (cyf epuk;gy; 8.86 rjtPjk;)> N[u;kd; 19>021>295 nkw;wpf; njhd; (cyf epuk;gy; 6.88
rjtPjk;)> fdlh 10>844>624 nkw;wpf; njhd; (cyf epuk;gy; 3.92 rjtPjk;)> mT];Nuypah 10>821>000
nkw;wpf; njhd; (cyf epuk;gy; 3.91 rjtPjk;) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (British Geological Survey, 2013).

,e;j tifapy; ,yq;ifahdJ ehd;F gf;fKk; flyhy; #og;gl;l xU jPthFk;. gy ,aw;if

tsq;fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;like;Js;sJ. mjpYs;s xU gpujhd tskhf cg;ig $wyhk;.
mjhtJ ,yq;if Mz;L KOtJk; kpjkhd fhyepiy fhzg;gLtjhy; #upa xspapid gad;gLj;jp
fly; ePu; Mtpahf;fk; nraw;ghl;bd; Clhf cg;G tskhdJ ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy;
,yq;ifapy; 2011 y; nkhj;j cg;G cw;gj;jp 86>368 nkw;wpf; njhd; MFk; (Lanka Mineral Sands
Ltd,2011).

,yq;ifahdJ cg;G ePuhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ehL KOtJk; fiuNahu gFjpfspy; cg;G
cw;gj;jpahdJ rhj;jpakhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; `k;ghe;Njhl;il kw;Wk; Gj;jsj;jpNy yq;fh cg;G
gy Mz;Lfshf gpugy;ak; mile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. `k;ghe;Njhl;il nkhj;j cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; 30
rjtPjk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ (Srilankatravelnotes.com, 2010-2016).

mLj;J ,yq;ifapy; cg;G cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpuNjrkhd cg;Gj;jsk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;

Gj;jskhdJ cg;G cw;gj;jp kz;lyq;fspy; gpurpj;jpg;ngw;w xU ,lkhFk;. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy;
,yq;ifapy; cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; Kjd;ikahf jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,q;Fs;s kf;fSf;F tho;thjhuj;ij
toq;Fk; xU Kf;fpa eltbf;ifahfTk; ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; Gj;js khtl;lj;jpy;
gy ghfq;fspYk; cg;G cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. jpy;iyab> Gj;js Nkw;F fiu
gFjp> fiuj;jPT> Gj;js fpof;F gFjp> ehr;rpf;fs;sp kw;Wk; fw;gpl;b Nghd;wd Gj;jsj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
gpujhd cg;gsq;fshFk; (md];> 2009).

Gj;jsj;jpd; gpujhd cg;gsq;fspy; xd;whd fw;gpl;b cg;gskhdJ> Nfhil fhyq;fspy; fw;gpl;bf;F

mUfpYs;s flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; jhdhfNt cg;G tpisaf;$ba xU gpuNjrkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

1039
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
fw;gpl;bapy; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf K];ypk;fs; cg;G nra;if nra;J te;Js;s cg;gsq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
Fwpg;ghf fw;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayf gpuptpDs; fhzg;gLk; fpuhkq;fshd ehr;rpf;fs;sp> Mz;lhq;fdp>
fw;gpl;b kw;Wk; jOt Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspNy cg;Gr; nra;ifahdJ gpujhdkhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; ,g;gpuNjr kf;fSf;F tho;thjhuj;ij ngw;Wj;jUk; xU
Ranjhopyhf cg;Gj; njhopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ (md];> 2009).

MfNt fw;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayf gpuptpy; thOk; kf;fs; tptrhak;> rpW ifj;njhopy;> mur Jiw
kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiw Ntiytha;g;Gf;fspy; tho;thjhuj;ij <l;bf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,tw;why; ,g;gpuNjr
kf;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu epiy Fwpg;gPl;lstpy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;gpl;b gpuNjr
nrayf gpuptpy; thOk; tPl;Lj;Jiwapdupd; xU gpujhd tho;thjhukhf cg;G ifj;njhopYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,j;njhopypy; <LgLk; njhopyhsu;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu epiyahdJ
Vida Jiwfis tpl gpd;jq;fpNa epiyapNy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (fpuhk epyjhup>2018).

vdNt jhd; ,e;j Ma;thdJ cg;G ifj;njhopypy; <LgLk; tPl;Lj;JiwapdUila r%f>

nghUshjhu epiyapid fz;lwpAk; gy Ma;Tfspd; kPsha;Tfspd; xU tpku;rd Ma;thf
,t;tha;thdJ mikfpd;wJ.

Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;

,t;tha;thdJ gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

gpujhd Nehf;fk;

cg;G ifj;njhopypy; <LgLk; tPl;Lj;Jiwapdupd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyia fz;lwptNjhL .

Jiz Nehf;fq;fs;

1. cg;G ifj;njhopypy; <LgLk; tPl;Lj;Jiwapdupd; r%f epiyia fz;lwpjy;.

2. cg;G ifj;njhopypy; <LgLk; tPl;Lj;Jiwapdupd; nghUshjhu epiyia fz;lwpjy;.
3. cg;G ifj;njhopypy; <LgLk; tPl;Lj;Jiwapdu; vjpu; Nehf;Fk; rthy;fis fz;lwpjy;.

Kd;ida Ma;Tfspd; kPsha;Tfs;

Prakash and Soris (2018) & Amuthan (2011) MfpNahupd; Ma;twpf;ifahdJ cg;Gj; njhopyhsu;fspd;
r%f – nghUshjhu epyikapid fz;lwpjy;> J}j;Jf;Fb cg;G Ntiytha;g;gpd; jd;ikapid
fz;lwpjy;> cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; Copa eyid kjpg;gply; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fspd; epyikapid
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd nfhs;if Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;itj;jy; Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis
nfhz;like;Js;sJ. ,jd; %yk; Ntiy Neuj;jpw;F Vw;g $yp toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy> njhopy;
ghJfhg;Gk; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy kw;Wk; gpw eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs; njhopyhsu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;F
NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. ,jw;fhf murhq;fk; kw;Wk; Copa ey jpizf;fsq;fshy; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w KbTfs; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mdhy; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ramesh (2016) vd;gtwpd; Ma;twpf;ifapy; cg;G cw;gj;jp

njhopyhsu;fspd; njhopy;rhu; epiyia fz;lwpjy;> cg;G njhopypy; <LgLk; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;
Copau;fspd; $yp NtWghl;il fz;lwpjy;> cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; Copa eyid kjpg;gpLjy; kw; Wk;
njhopyhsu;fspd; epiyapid Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy; Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis
nfhz;l ,t;tha;tpd; %yk; cg;Gj; njhopypy; ngz;fSk; <LgLfpd;wik> mjpfkhNdhu; Kjyhk;
epiy fy;tpapid G+u;j;jp nra;Js;sik> ngz;fis tpl Mz;fNs mjpfkhd $ypapid ngWfpd;wu;>

1040
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
Fiwe;j tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu mghaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;why; Ma;tpd; Kbtpy; njhopyhsu;fs;
cWjpahf ,e;jj; njhopypy; mtu;fsJ gps;isfis njhlu;e;J <LgLtjw;F mDkjpf;fkhl;lhu;fs;
Nghd;w KbTfs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Shahadat Hossain, Zakir Hossain and Chowdhury (2006), vd;w Ma;twpf;ifapy; gq;fshNj\; kw;Wk;
jha;yhe;jpy; cg;G cw;gj;jpapd; #oy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfis kjpg;gpLjiy Nehf;fkhf
nfhz;l Ma;tpd; %yk; jha;yhe;J cg;G cw;gj;jp njhopyhsu;fis tpl mjpf tUthia rhjfkhd
fhyepiy kw;Wk; ,ae;jpug; ghtidapd; %yk; ngWfpd;w du; kw;Wk; fhu;s; khf;]; $wpa Ruz;ly;
jd;ikAk; KbTfshf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Bhattacharya (2017) & Murugan, muthalagu and Durairaj (2016) jkpo; ehL kw;Wk; ght; efupYs;s cg;G
njhopyhsu;fspd; njhopy;rhu; Rfhjhu gpur;rpidfis gFg;gha;T nra;jy; vd;w Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;l
Ma;Tfspd; %yk; cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; fbd ciog;G kw;Wk; thdpiy epyikfshy; epiwa
Rfhjhu gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLtJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

MapDk; Ocholla, Bunyasi, Asoka , Ongere Pacha, Mbugua, Paul Mbuthi, Stella, Wendo and Kamau (2013) &
Durairaj and Murugan (2016) Nghd;w Ma;TfshdJ nfd;ahtpd; cg;G tptrhaj;Jld; njhlu;Gila r%f>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; gpur;rpidfis fz;lwpjy; kw;Wk; cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; eilKiw
njhopy; GupAk; epiyia fz;lwpjy;> cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; Rfhjhu gpur;rpidfis kjpg;gpLjy;
kw;Wk; cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; eyd; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ig kjpg;gpLjy; Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis nfhzl;
Ma;Tfspd; %yk; cg;G cw;gj;jp #oy; %yk; njhopyhsu;fspilNa cly; mOj;jk;> fz; Neha;
kw;Wk; cau; ,uj;j mOj;jk; Nghd;w Rfhjhu jhf;fq;fs; Nghd;w KbTfs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

MapDk; Bhattacharya, Upaddhay and Kurmar (2018), vd;w Ma;twpf;ifapy; F[uhj;jpy; cg;G
cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLk; ngz;fspd; r%f-nghUshjhu epiyia kjpg;gply; kw;Wk; njhopy; GupAk;
ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; cg;G cw;gj;jpapd; jhf;fj;ij Muha;jy; Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;l
Ma;tpd; %yk; F[uhj;jpy; cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; mjpf ngz;fs; <LgLfpd;wdu;> mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf cg;G
ifj;njhopyhdJ fy;tp mwptw;w> jpwdw;w njhopyhsu;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;ig toq;Ffpd;wJ Nghd;w
KbTfs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mdhy; Vettriselvan, Srinivasan, Poongavanam & Rengamani (2019), vd;w Ma;twpf;ifapy; ngz;
njhopyhsu;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu gpd;dzpia guPl;rpj;jy;> Ntiy #oypy; cs;ehl;L ngz;
njhopyhsu;fspd; NtiyKiw kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfis milahsk; fhzy; Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis
nfhz;l ,t;tha;tpypUe;J ngz; njhopyhsu;fs; Ntiyf;F jhkjkhf tUtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf
Neha;> Ntiy Nrhu;T> ,sk; Foe;ij guhkupg;G> tpUe;jpdu; tUif kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd fhyepiy
Nghd;wd fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; miuthrpg;Ngu; Neha; fhuzkhf mtu;fSf;F khw;wPlhf
mtu;fsJ FLk;g cWg;gpdu; my;yJ gps;is my;yJ ,iz Copaiu Ntiyf;F mDg;Gfpd;wdu;.
Vndd;why; rk;gsj;ij Fiwf;f tpUk;ghjtu;fNs ,t;thwhd eltbf;ifapy; <LgLfpd;whu;fs; vd;gJk;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Esham, Ishida, Kobayashi and Balde (2013), vd;w Ma;twpf;ifapy; Fapdpah (Guinea) ehl;by;
eilKiwapYs;s %d;W rpwpa msthd cg;G cw;gj;jp El;gq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;J khw;W
tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; epiyahd rJg;G epy td epu;thfj;jpw;fhd El;gq;fis Ma;T nra;jy; Nghd;w
Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;l Ma;tpd; %yk; ghuk;gupa El;g Kiwia tpl Vida ,uz;L El;g Kiwapd;
%yKk; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; rpwe;j tho;f;if trjpfSld; mjpf tUthia ngw;Ws;sik
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

1041
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
Muthuraj (2017), vd;w Ma;twpf;ifapy; J}j;Jf;Fb khl;lj;jpd; cg;Gj; njhopyhsu;fspd; r%f
nghUshjhu epiyapid fz;lwpjy;> cg;Gj; njhopyhsu;fspd; njhopy; #oypid fz;lwpjy;> cg;Gj;
njhopyhsu;fspd; njhopy; ghJfhg;ig kjpg;gPL nra;jy; Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;l
,t;tha;tpypUe;J njhopy; ghJfhg;G FiwT> mjp$ba NtiyNeuk;> Fiwe;j tUkhdk;> Ntiy
#oiy tYg;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp jpwid
Nkk;gLj;j njhopyhsu;fspd; kdTWjpiaAk; jpUg;jpiaAk; mjpfupf;Fk;. ,J cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;J
,yhgj;ij mjpfupf;f cjTk;. ey;y gzpr;#oy;> ey;y Ntiyepyik> Copau;fspd; Ntiy jpUg;jpia
mjpfupf;Fk; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fs; gzpapd; nray;jpwid mjpfupf;ff;$ba rpwe;jij toq;f
Kaw;rpg;ghu;fs; vd;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Vasudevan, Vaithiyalingam, Anandan, Mishra & Purty (2019), Cherian, Singh, Bazroy, Jocob & Chavada (2015)
& Haldiya, Sachdev, Muthur & Saiyed (2005) Nghd;w Ma;TfspypUe;J Neha;fs; Vw;gLtJ
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. gy; gpur;rpid> Njhy;> jirf;$l;L gpur;rpidfSk; cau; ,uj;j mOj;jk; kw;Wk;
fhy; Gz; vd;gdTk; Neha;fshf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Chouhan, & Singh (2013), vd;w Ma;twpf;ifapy; cg;Gf; ifj;njhopypd; epiyapid fz;lwpjy;>
uh[];jhdpd; ghupa cg;G ikaj;ij ,dq;fhzy; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; cg;G ifj;njhopypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy; Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;l ,t;tha;tpd; %yk; %d;whtJ ngupa cg;G
cw;gj;jpahsuhf uh[];jhd; fhzg;gLtJk;> cg;G cw;gj;jp nraw;ghlhdJ xU gUtfhy nraw;ghlhf
fhzg;gLtJk;> tptrha kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw upjPahf gpd;jq;fpa gFjpfspy; Ntiytha;g;ig
toq;FtjpYk; cg;G ifj;njhopy; ghupa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ vd;gJk; ,jw;fhf cg;G Ntiyfis
njhopEl;g Nkk;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpukakhf;fy; Njit kw;Wk; ,e;j njhopw;Jiwapid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w KbTfshdJ ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Wolchok (2006) & Kabilan Mani, Salgaonkar, Deepthi Das and Braganca (2012) ngk;gh kw;Wk; Nfhth
gpuNjrq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfspd; %yk;; Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;J kf;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk;
tho;thjhukhf cg;G tptrhak; fhzg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; Rfhjhu gpur;rpidfSk; Ma;tpd; KbTfshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Laxmi & Jeyakumari (2017), vd;w Ma;twpf;ifapypUe; cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; epiy Nkhrkhdjhf
fhzg;gLtJ> ,tu;fsJ tho;thjhuj;ij jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ghupa rthy;fis vjpu;
Nehf;FtJk;> mbg;gilapy; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd fyhrhu gpd;dzpapypUe;J te;jtu;fs; vd;gJk;> tWik
Nfhl;bd; fPo; tho;fpd;wik> mtu;fsJ tUkhdk; mtu;fspd; mbg;gil Njitia $l G+u;j;jp
nra;af;$bajhf ,y;iy vd;gJk;> Fiwe;j tPl;Ltrjp> tUkhdj;ij tpl nryT mjpfk;> Nrkpg;G
,d;ikapdhy; fld; ngWfpd;wik vd;gJk;> cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd gpwkhw;W
Mjhuq;fis mtu;fspd; nrhe;j Kaw;rpfshYk; murhq;fj;jpd; cjtpfshYk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;
Nghd;w KbTfshdJ ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Rodrigues, Anabio, Amat & Vieira (2011), vd;w Ma;twpf;ifahdJ Nghu;j;Jf;fypy; ghuk;gupa
KiwfspypUe;Nj tuyhw;W fhyj;jpypUe;Nj cg;G cw;gj;jpahdJ Nghu;j;Jf;fy;ypy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wik>
20k; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapypUe;J rypdhf;fs; ghupa rupit vjpu;nfhz;L tUfpd;wik> ngUk;ghyhd
rypdhf;fy; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; cg;G cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w epyk; iftplg;gl;Ls;sJ my;yJ
mopTf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJk;> ,jid khw;wpaikf;f xU cj;jpia ifahs;tJ mtrpak; vd;gJk;
,jd; KbTfshf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

1042
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
Ansari (2012), vd;w Ma;twpf;ifahdJ F[uhj;jpy; Fl;rpapd; rpwpa ud; gFjpapYs;s kf;fs; ,d;Dk;
gpd;jq;fpa gupjhgfukhd epiyapNy tho;fpd;wdu;. cg;G njhopyhsu;fs; khepy murhq;fj;jpd;
ghu;itapy; fz;Zf;F njupahky; ,Ue;Js;sdu;> ,q;Fs;s Rfhjhu Kiwik kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;j
Nritfspd; mbg;gilapy; kWrPuikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; ,k;kf;fs; Neu;kiwahd khw;wq;fis
mtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;fpd;wdu; vd;gJk; KbTfshf ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.

MapDk; ,yq;ifapy; Jeyarajah & Santhirasegaram (2015), vd;w Ma;thdJ ,yq;ifapd; kl;lfsg;G
khtl;lj;jpy;Ys;s rpwpa mstpyhd fly; kPdtu;fspd; jdpegu; tUkhdj;jpw;F gq;fspf;Fk; r%f
nghUshjhu fhuzpfis gd;klq;F gpw;nryT Kiwapd; %yk; gFg;gha;T nra;tjhf fhzg;gLtNj
jtpu cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf fhzg;gltpy;iy.

mNjNghyNt Kumara, Hirimuthugoda & Edirisinghe (2011), vd;w Ma;thdJ ,yq;ifapd; khj;jiu
khtl;lj;jpy; Coir Retting <LgLk; kPdtu;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Rfhjhu epiyapid kjpg;gL
P
nra;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; cg;G njhopyhsu;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf
fhzg;gltpy;iy.

NkYk; Chandrasiri (1986), vd;w Ma;thdJ ,yq;ifapd; `k;ghq;Njhl;il khtl;lj;jpYs;s Ie;J

kPd;gpb gpuNjrq;fs; milahsg;gl;Lj;jg;gl;L mq;Fs;s kPdtu;fspd; tho; epiy> tUkhdk;> Rfhjhu
epiy Fwpj;J nra;ag;gl;l Ma;tpypUe;J gpd;jq;fpa kf;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; rl;ltpNuhj
kPd;gpb KiwfspypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mjhtJ njhopw;Jiwia mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; mjd;
%yk; cs;ehl;L kPdtu;fspd; epyikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,e;j rpf;fy;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w KbT ngwg;gl;lJ.

KbTk; fye;JiuahlYk;

ml;ltiz 1: cg;G cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghf Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;

ehLfs; my;yJ nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfs;

gpuNjrk;

,yq;if Jeyarajah &Santhirasegaram (2015), Kumara, Hirimuthugoda &

Edirisinghe (2011) & Chandrasiri (1986)

J}j;Jf;Fb Prakash and Soris (2018) , Amuthan (2011), Ramesh (2016) & Muthuraj
(2017),

F[uhj; Bhattacharya, Upaddhay and Kumar (2018) & Ansari (2012),

jkpo; ehL Bhattacharya (2017), Murugan, Muthalagu and Durairaj (2016),

Vasudevan, Vaithiyalingam, Anandan, Mishra & Purty (2019), Cherian,
Singh, Bazroy, Jocob & Chavada (2015) & Laxmi & Jeyakumari (2017) &
Durairaj and Murugan (2016) & Vettriselvan, Srinivasan, Poongavanam &
Rengamani (2019),

uh[];jhd; Haldiya, Sachdev, Muthur & Saiyed (2005) & Chouhan, & Singh (2013),

1043
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
Nfhth Kabilan Mani, Salgaonkar, Deepthi Das and Braganca (2012),

nfd;ah Ocholla, Bunyasi, Asoka , Ongere Pacha, Mbugua, Paul Mbuthi, Stella,
Wendo and Kamau (2013),

Nghu;j;Jf;fy; Rodrigues, Anabio, Amat & Vieira (2011),

gq;fshNj\; Shahadat Hossain, Zakir Hossain and Chowdhury (2006)

ngk;gh Wolchok (2006)

Fapdpah Esham, Ishida, Kobayashi and Balde (2013)

ml;ltiz 1 apd; gb cg;G cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w gy gpuNjrq;fspYk; Ma;TfshdJ

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpdwJ. ,jpy; ,yq;ifapy; Fwpg;ghf kPd;gpbahsu;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu
epiyapid Muha;tjhf ,t;tha;thdJ mike;Js;sJ. vdpDk; cg;G cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; r%f
nghUshjhu epiyapid fz;lwpAk; Ma;T ,ilntspapid G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy;
,t;tha;TfshdJ kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ,e;j
; pahtpd; gpuNjrkhd J}j;Jf;Fbapy;
mjpfkhd cg;G cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjhYk; mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; gy Ma;Tfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy;
Amuthan (2011), Ramesh (2016) vd;gtufspd; Ma;Tfspd; Nehf;fk;> khwpfs;> Kiwik vd;gd
,t;tha;Tf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt Ma;T gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Ma;T
Kiwik vd;gtw;iw Ma;T ,ilntspahf nfhz;L ,t;tha;tpw;fhf Nkw;gb Ma;TfshdJ kPsha;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

ml;ltiz 2: cg;G cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T Kiwfs;

Ma;T Kiwfs; juT Nrfupg;G Kiw nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfs;

Wolchok (2006), Shahadat

Hossain, Zakir Hossain and
Chowdhury (2006), Ocholla,
Bunyasi, Asoka , Ongere Pacha,
Mbugua, Paul Mbuthi, Stella,
tptuz gFg;gha;T: Wendo and Kamau (2013),
tpdhf;nfhj;J> ,yf;fFO Rodrigues, Anabio, Amat &
fye;Jiuahly;> gq;Fgw;wy;>
Vieira (2011), Kabilan Mani,
mtjhdk; kw;Wk; Neu;fhzy;
Salgaonkar, Deepthi Das &
MS Excel kw;Wk; SPSS fzpzp
Braganca (2012), Chouhan, &
nkd;nghUs;
Singh (2013), Chandrasiri
(1986), Amuthan (2011),
Ramesh (2016), Bhattacharya,
Upaddhay and Kumar (2018),
Ansari (2012), Bhattacharya

1044
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
(2017), Laxmi & Jeyakumari
(2017), Vettriselvan, Srinivasan,

MS Excel kw;Wk; SPSS fzpzp Poongavanam & Rengamani

nkd;nghUs; (2019) & Muthuraj (2017),

Quantile Regression Kiw Esham, Ishida, Kobayashi and

%yk; Stata 12 fzpzp nkd; Balde (2013)
nghUs;

Appropriate Statistical tools Prakash and Soris (2018)

tptuz gFg;gha;T: Percentage kw;Wk; Chi-Square

tpdhf;nfhj;J> ,yf;fFO
fye;Jiuahly;> gq;Fgw;wy;>
mtjhdk; kw;Wk; Neu;fhzy;
nkd; nghUs;
FWf;F ntl;L fz;fhzpg;G> Cherian, Singh, Bazroy, Jocob &
Chi-Squre test kw;Wk Odds Chavada (2015)
ratio nkd; nghUs;

FWf;F ntl;L fz;fhzpg;G> Haldiya, Sachdev, Muthur &

Epi- Info 2000 Software Saiyed (2005)

Rao Culculator , MS Excel Durairaj and Murugan (2016)

kw;Wk; SPSS fzpzp
nkd;nghUs; Murugan, Muthalagu and
Durairaj (2016),

FWf;F ntl;L fz;fhzpg;G> Vasudevan, Vaithiyalingam,

MS Excel, kw;Wk; SPSS Anandan, Mishra & Purty
fzpzp nkd;nghUs (2019),

MS Excel, Parameter kw;Wk; Kumara, Hirimuthugoda &

SPSS fzpzp nkd;nghUs; Edirisinghe (2011)

gd;klq;F gpw;nryT Kiw

MS Excel, kw;Wk; SPSS Jeyarajah &Santhirasegaram

(2015),
fzpzp nkd;nghUs;

ml;ltiz 2 apd; gb Ma;tpw;fhf kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l mjpfkhd Ma;TfshdJ Neu;fhzy;>

tpdhf;nfhj;J> mtjhdk;> gq;Fgw;wy; kw;Wk; ,yf;f FO fye;Jiuahly; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;
juTfshdJ Nrfupf;fg;gl;L gy fzpzp nkd;nghUl;fspd; %yk; tptuz Kiwapd; Clhf gFg;gha;T

1045
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; rpy Ma;TfshdJ khwpfss; njupT nra;ag;gl;L gd;klq;F gpw;nryT
Kiwapd; %ykhfTk; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ Fwpg;gpljf;fJ. vdpDk; ,t;tha;tpw;fhf kPsha;T
nra;ag;gl;l kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd J}j;Jf;Fbapy; nra;ag;gl;l Amuthan (2011), Ramesh (2016) vd;w
Ma;Tfspd; khwpfis nfhz;L ,t;tha;thdJ gd;klq;F gpw;nryT Kiwapd; %ykhf gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

ml;ltiz 3: nghUshjhu r%f epiy njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfs;

nghUshjhu epiy r%f epiy nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f

epiy

Esham, Ishida, Kobayashi and Rodrigues, Anabio, Amat & Jeyarajah &Santhirasegaram
Balde (2013) Vieira (2011) (2015)

Chouhan, & Singh (2013) Ansari (2012)

Haldiya, Sachdev, Muthur & Chandrasiri (1986)

Saiyed (2005)

Cherian, Singh, Bazroy, Jocob Kumara, Hirimuthugoda &

& Chavada (2015) Edirisinghe (2011)

Vasudevan, Vaithiyalingam, Laxmi & Jeyakumari (2017)

Anandan, Mishra & Purty
(2019)

Shahadat Hossain, Zakir Muthuraj (2017)

Hossain and Chowdhury (2006)

Bhattacharya (2017) Vettriselvan, Srinivasan,

Poongavanam & Rengamani
(2019),

Durairaj and Murugan (2016) Prakash and Soris (2018)

Kabilan Mani, Salgaonkar, Amuthan (2011),

Deepthi Das and Braganca
(2012),

Ramesh (2016)

Durairaj and Murugan (2016)

Ocholla, Bunyasi, Asoka ,

Ongere Pacha, Mbugua, Paul

1046
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
Mbuthi, Stella, Wendo and
Kamau (2013),

Bhattacharya, Upaddhay and

Kumar (2018)

Wolchok (2006)

ml;ltiz 3 MdJ Ma;Tf;fhf kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l Ma;TfshdJ r%f epiyapid my;yJ

nghUshjhu epiyapid my;yJ r%f nghUshjhu epiyapid Ma;T nra;tjhf fhzg;gLtjidNa
,t;tl;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jpy; mjpfkhf kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfshf r%f nghUshjhu
epiyapid fhl;LtjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt ,t;tha;Tk; r%f nghUshjhu epiyapid
fhl;LtjhfNt mike;Js;sJ.

ml;ltiz 4: cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; njhopyhsu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fs;

rthy;fs; Ma;T

Fiwe;j tUkhdk; Wolchok (2006), Ramesh (2016), Amuthan (2011),

Prakash and Soris (2018) , Muthuraj (2017), Laxmi &
nghUshjhu Ntiyapd;ik
Jeyakumari (2017), Chandrasiri (1986), Jeyarajah
uPjpahd
rthy;fs; fld; Rik &Santhirasegaram (2015), Durairaj and Murugan
(2016), Bhattacharya (2017), Shahadat Hossain, Zakir
nryT mjpfk; Hossain and Chowdhury (2006), Chouhan, & Singh
(2013),
gUtfhy
Ntiyapd;ik

fy;tp mwpT FiwT Bhattacharya, Upaddhay and Kumar (2018), Ocholla,

Bunyasi, Asoka , Ongere Pacha, Mbugua, Paul
r%f fhyepiy
Mbuthi, Stella, Wendo and Kamau (2013), Durairaj
uPjpahd
rthy;fs; ngz;fspd; rpf;fy; and Murugan (2016), Vettriselvan, Srinivasan,
Poongavanam & Rengamani (2019), Kumara,
Rfhjhu gpur;rpid Hirimuthugoda & Edirisinghe (2011), Ansari (2012),
Kabilan Mani, Salgaonkar, Deepthi Das and Braganca
(2012), Vasudevan, Vaithiyalingam, Anandan, Mishra
& Purty (2019), Cherian, Singh, Bazroy, Jocob &
Chavada (2015), Haldiya, Sachdev, Muthur & Saiyed
(2005),

ml;ltiz 4 MdJ cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; njhopyhsu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w rthy;fis mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

,jpy; Fiwe;j tUkhdk;> mjpfupj;j nryT> Ntiyapd;ik> fbd ciog;G kw;Wk; gUtfhy
Ntiyapd;ik Nghd;w nghUshjhu uPjpahd rthy;fSk; Rfhjhu gpur;rpid> Neha;fs;> fhyepiy
khw;wk;> ngz;fs; njhopypy; <LgLtjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; fy;tp> mbg;gil trjpfs;
FiwT Nghd;w r%f uPjpahd rthy;fSk; Nkw;gb kPsha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l Ma;TfspypUe;J mwpa

1047
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
Kbfpd;wJ. ,t;tha;TfspypUe;J mjpfkhf Fiwe;j tUkhdk;> mjp$ba NtiyNeuk;> fhyepiy
khw;wq;fs;> ngz;fSf;fhd gpur;rpidfs;> njhopy; ghJfhg;gpd;ik> ghJfhg;ghd cgfuzq;fspd;ik
kw;Wk; mjpfkhd Neha; jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wik Nghd;wd mjpfkhd Ma;Tfspy; vjpu;
Nehf;fg;gLfpd;w rthy;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 5: gpur;rpidfSf;fhd gupe;Jiufs;

gupe;Jiufs; Ma;Tfs;

Rfhjhu Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd jPu;T Kabilan Mani, Salgaonkar, Deepthi Das and

Braganca (2012), Murugan, Muthalagu and
Durairaj (2016), Bhattacharya (2017), Haldiya,
Sachdev, Muthur & Saiyed (2005), Rodrigues,
Anabio, Amat & Vieira (2011)

epthuzk; toq;fg;gly; Wolchok (2006), Muthuraj (2017), Ansari

(2012)

rupahd njhopEl;gk; toq;fg;gly;> ,ae;jpu Esham, Ishida, Kobayashi and Balde (2013),
ghtiz Shahadat Hossain, Zakir Hossain and Chowdhury
(2006), Cherian, Singh, Bazroy, Jocob &
Chavada (2015), Jeyarajah &Santhirasegaram
(2015)

njhopy; ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gly; Bhattacharya, Upaddhay and Kumar (2018),

Ramesh (2016) , Amuthan (2011), Muthuraj
(2017), Vettriselvan, Srinivasan, Poongavanam
& Rengamani (2019),

Coy; Fiwf;fg;gly; Ocholla, Bunyasi, Asoka , Ongere Pacha,

Mbugua, Paul Mbuthi, Stella, Wendo and Kamau
(2013),

ghJfhg;G cgfuzk; toq;fg;gly; Durairaj and Murugan (2016),

murhq;f eltbf;if Vasudevan, Vaithiyalingam, Anandan, Mishra &

Purty (2019), Chouhan, & Singh (2013), Kumara,
Hirimuthugoda & Edirisinghe (2011)

Copa ey jpizf;fsq;fspdhy; Prakash and Soris (2018)

ftdpf;fg;gly;

gpwkhw;W tho;thjhuq;fs; toq;fg;gly; Laxmi & Jeyakumari (2017)

1048
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
ml;ltiz 5 y; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfspy; fhzg;gl;l rthy;fis ,optsthf;Fk; Kfkhf
gy gupe;Jiufs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjpy; mjpfkhd midj;J Ma;TfspYk; nghJthd
gupe;JiufNs Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; Fwpg;ghf ciog;gpw;F Vw;w $yp toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;>
njhopy; ghJfhg;G> murhq;f kw;Wk; cupa jpizf;fsq;fspd; Clhf epthuzq;fs; toq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;> Rfhjhu trjpfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; etPd ,ae;jpu ghtiz Nghd;wd
midj;J Ma;TfspYk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghJthd gupe;Jiufshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

KbTfs;

cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLk; tPl;Lj;Jiwapdupd; r%f nghUshjhu epiy vd;w jiyg;Gld;

njhlu;Gilajhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy Ma;Tfspd; Xu; kPsha;T vd;w jiyg;gpyhd ,t;tha;tpypUe;J
,yq;ifapy; ,j;jifa Ma;Tfs; fhzg;gLtJ mupJ vd;gJk; mj;Jld; kPd;gpb kf;fspd; r%f
nghUshjhu epiyapid fz;lwptjw;fhd Ma;Tfs; fhzg;gLtJk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk; ru;tNjr uPjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfspy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLk;
tPl;Lj;Jiwapdupd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyahdJ Vida JiwfSld; xg;gpLkplj;J gpd;jq;fpa xU
epiyapid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,d;Dk; cg;Gj; njhopypy; <LgLNthu;fs; kj;jpapy; Rfhjhu
gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gLtJk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

NkYk; Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l Kd;ida Ma;TfspypUe;J Fiwe;j tUkhdk;> mjp$ba

NtiyNeuk;> gUtfhy Ntiyapd;ik> Fiwe;j mbg;gil trjpfs;> fy;tpawptpd;ik> ngz;fSk;
njhopypy; <LgLfpd;wik> Neha; jhf;fk;> thdpiy > kw;Wk; fld; Rik Nghd;w gy gpur;rpidfs;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,j;jifa Ma;Tfspd; kPsha;thf cg;Gj; njhopypy; <LgLtu;fs; Vida
njhopw;Jiwfis tpl gpd;jq;fpatu;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;w KbTf;F tuyhk;.

crhj;Jizfs;

Amuthan, V.R. (2011). A Study on Socio Economic Conditions of Saltpan Workers in Tuticorin District ( Master
Thesis, Department of Economics Madras Christian College, Thambaram, Chennai). Retrieved from
www.arockiaamuthan.weebly.com (Accessed on 15.11.2019)

Ansari, V. P. A.A. (2012). Socio Economic and Health Condition of Salt Pan Workers: A Study in Kharaghoda
Rann of Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat (Master Thesis, School of Rural Development, Tata Institute of Social
Science, Tuljapur, Osmanabad). Retrieved from https://dspace.tiss.edu/jspui/bitstream/1/6068/1 (Accessed on
18.11.2019)

Bhattacharya, M.B. (2017). Evaluating Overall Social and Health Status of Salt Workers in Experimental Salt
Fields at Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. MOJ Public Health, 5(3). Retrieved from https://medcraveonline.com
(Accessed on 17.08 2019)

Bhattacharya, M.B., Upaddhay, S.C., & Kurmar, A. (2018). Rural Women Involvement at Solar Salt Industries in
Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Social Insights 1(1), 001-007. Retrieved from https://sciaeon.org (Accessed on 18.08.2019)

1049
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
Chandrasiri, J. K. M. D. (1986). Socio Economic Conditions of Inland Fisherman In Srilanka , A Pre Project Study
of Five Major Reservoirs in the Hambantota District. Agrarian Research and Training Institure, 114, Wijerama
Mawatha, P. O. Box 1522, Colombo 7, Srilanka. . Retrieved from https://dl.nsf.ac.lk (Accessed on 18.11.2019)

Cherian, J., Singh, Z., Bazroy, J., Purty, A. J., & Chavada, V.K. (2015). Study of Morbidity Pattern among Salt
Workers in Marakkanam, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9(4), LC01-LC03. .
Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276167585 (Accessed on 15.11.2019)

Chouhan, S., & Singh, M. (2013). The Status of Salt Industry in Rajasthan. Journal of Asian Resonance, 2(3), 0976-
8602. Retrieved from https://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/resonance/shikhachauhan (Accessed on
18.11.2019)

Durairaj, D., & Murugan, S. (2016). A Study on Health Hazard of Salt Workers in Tamilnadu Coastal Area.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 40(72), 0976-044X. Retrieved from
www.globalreseachonline.net (Accessed on 18.08.2019)

Esham, M., Ishida, A., Kobayash, H., & Balde, B.S. (2013). Socio- Economic Analysis of Small-Scale Salt
Production Tecniques in the Coastal Area of Guinea: As an Alternative for Improving Livelihood Status and
Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management. International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social
Sciences 3(9), 2250-0588. Retrieved from www.indusedu.org (Accessed on 18.08.2019)

Holdiya, K.R., Sachdev, R., Muthur, M.L., & Saiyed, H.N. (2005). Knowledge, Attitude amd Practices Related to
Occupational Health Problems among Salt Workers Working in the Desert of Rajasthan, India. Journal of
Occupational Health, 47. Retrieved from www.jstage.jst.go.jp (Accessed on 18.11.2019)

James, F. A., Vettriselvan, R., Srinivasan, R., Poongavanam, S., & Rengamani, J. (2019). Problems of Women
Domestic Workers in Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(2S2),
2249- 8958. Retrieved from www.IJEAT.com (Accessed on 15.11.2019)

Jeyarajah, S., & Santhirasegaram, S. (2015). Socio Economic Factors Influencing Marine Small Scare Fishers
Income in the Batticaloa Ditrict of Srilanka. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 3(1),
2321-9203. Retrieved from www.theijhss,com (Accessed on 18.11.2019)

Kabilan Mani, Salgaonkar, B.B., Deepthi Das, & Braganca, J.M. (2012). Community solar salt production in Goa,
India. BioMed Center. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-9063-8-30 (Accessed on 20.08.2019)

Kumara, A. G. L. A. S., Hirimuthugoda, N. Y., & Edirisinghe, U. (2011). Assessment of Socio Economic and Health
Status of Fisher Women Involved in Coir Retting in Dickwella Secretariat Division, Matara District ( Tropical
Agriculture Research, Post Graduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Srilanka.

Laxmi, R.M., & Jeyakumari, M. (2017). Living Standard of Salt Workers Community in Southern Districts of Tamil
Nadu. International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research, 4 (11), 2347-1697. . Retrieved from
https://www.ijifr,com/searchjournal.aspx (Accessed on 16.11.2019)

1050
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
Murugan, S., muthalagu, K., & Durairaj, D. (2016). Opinion on Occupational Health Problems among salt workers
at Saltpan in Tamilnadu. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 41(2), 0976-
044X. Retrieved from www.globalrearchonline.net (Accessed on 20.08.2019)

Muthuraj, S. (2017). Job Satisfaction of the Workers of Saltpan. Intercontinental Journal of Human Resource
Research Review, 5(10), 2320-9704. . Retrieved from www.icmrr.org (Accessed on 15.11.2019)

Muthuraj,S. (2017). Analysis of Job Satisfaction of the Worker of Salt Pan in Tuticorin District. Shanlanx
International Journal of Commerce, 5(3), 2320-4168. Retrieved from www.icmrr.org (Accessed on 17.11.2019)

Ocholla, G.O., Bunyasi, M.M., Asoka, G.W., Ongere Pacha, Mbugua, H.K., Paul Mbuthi, Stella, M., Wendo, H.K.,
& Kamau, P.K. (2013). Environmental Issues and Socio-economic Problems Emanating from Salt Mining in
Kenya; A Case Study of Magarini District. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 3(3). Retrieved
from www.ijhssnet.com (Accessed on 21.08.2019)

Prakash, S., & Soris, N.M.N.(2018). A Study on the Working Condition of Salt Pan Workers in Thoothukudi.
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) 3(4), 2456-1304. Retrieved from
https://technoarete.org/common_abstract/pdf/IJSEM (Accessed on 15.11 .2019)

Ramesh, S. (2016). A Study on Socio- Economic Conditions of Salt Workers in Arumuganeri Town, Thoothukudi
District (Master Thesis, Department of Economics and Research Center, Aditanar Collage of Arts and Science).
Retrieved from www.scribd.com (Accessed on 27.08.2019)

Rodrigues, C.M., Bio, A., Amat, F., & Vieira, N. (2011). Artisanal Salt Production in Aveiro/ Porthgal- An
Ecofriendly Process. Journal of Saline Systems, 7(3). Retrieved from
https://www.salinesystems.org/content/7/1/3 (Accessed on 18.11.2019)

Shahadat Hossain, M., Zakir Hossain, M., & Chowdhury, S.H. (2006). An Analysis of Economic and Environmetal
Issues Associated with Sea Salt Production in Bangladesh and Thailand Cost. International Journal of Ecology
and Environmental Science 32, 159-172. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234902979
(Accessed on 21.07.2019)

Vasudevan, J., Vaithiyalingam, S., Anandan, V., Mishra, A. K., & Purty, A. J. (2019). Common Morbidities and
Felt Needs of Salt Pan Workers in a Coastal Area of Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Research in
Medical Sciences, 7(3), 2320-6071. Retrieved from www.msjonline.org (Accessed on 17.11.2019)

Wolchok, L. (2006). Impact of Salt Production on Pemba (Master Thesis, Harvard University Earth and Planetary
Science Africa, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Pemba Island). Retrieved from
https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/329 (Accessed on 27.07.2019)

List of Countries by Salt Production- Wikipedi. (n.d). Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org (Accessed on
18.07.2019)

1051
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019
 SEUIARS 2019
World Health Organization. (2013). Salt Reduction. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-Room/fact-
sheets/detail/salt-reduction (Accessed on 18.07.2019)

Salt- Wikipedia. (n.d). Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org (Accessed on 04.07.2019)

The Top 10 Largest Salt Mines in the World. (n.d). Retrieved from https://www.americanminrservices.com
(Accessed on 17.07.2019)

md];> vk;.v];.vk;. (2009)> Gj;jsk; K];ypk;fspd; tuyhWk; tho;tpaYk;> Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;> nfhOk;G.

1052
Proceedings, South Eastern University International Arts Research Symposium -2019, 18th December 2019