LIFE STYLE FEATURES OF THE VILLAGE OF

KATTUKELIYAWE - A COMPARATIVE STUDY

FULL NAME: ABDUL MAJEEDU FATHIMA SAHDIYA

REG. NO: EU/IS/2017/AC/055
INDEX NO: CS 7755

THIS DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF BACHELOR OF ARTS (SPECIAL) HISTORY IN THE
FACULTY OF ARTS AND CULTURE EASTERN UNIVERSITY,
SRI LANKA.

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
FACULTY OF ARTS AND CULTURE
EASTERN UNIVERSITY
SRI LANKA
2023
fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; - xg;gpay;
Ma;T

KOg;ngau;: mg;Jy; k[PJ ghj;jpkh ]`;jpah

gjpT ,yf;fk;: EU/IS/2017/AC/055
Rl;nlz;: CS 7755

,t;tha;Tf; fl;LiuahdJ tuyhW ,sq;fiykhzp rpwg;G fw;ifnewpapd; ,Wjp

tUlg; guPl;irapd; Xu; myfhf fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; fiy fyhrhu
gPlj;jpw;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tuyhw;Wj;Jiw
fiy fyhrhu gPlk;
fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
 ,yq;if
2023
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
FACULTY OF ARTS AND CULTURE
EASTERN UNIVERSITY
SRI LANKA
2023

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “LIFE STYLE FEATURES OF THE
VILAGE OF KATUKELIYAWE – A COMPARATIVE STUDY” Submitted by me is
my genuine work and that it has not been submitted to any other University/ Institute
for the award of any other Degree or Diploma.

…………………………

Miss. Sahdhiya,
Department of History,
Faculty of Arts & Culture,
Eastern University,
Sri Lanka.

It is hereby recommended that this dissertation shall be placed before the Examiners
for evaluation.
……………………………… ……………………………
SUPERVISOR, HEAD,
Mr. S.K.Sivahanasan,
Department of History, Date: ……………………….
Faculty of Arts & Culture, Mr. S.K.Sivahanasan,
Eastern University, Department of History,
Sri Lanka. Faculty of Arts & Culture,
 Eastern University,
Sri Lanka. Date: ……………………

Kd;Diu

gy;fiyf;fof gl;lg;gbg;gpid g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; Kfkhf fiy fyhrhu rpwg;Gf;fw;if ,Wjpahz;L

khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; Ma;Tj;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liu mike;J
nfhs;fpd;wJ. Ma;ntd;gJ cyfpy; gy;Jiwfspd; fPo; gd;Kfg;gl;l tiffspy; ,lk;ngw;W
tUfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb Ma;Tf;F tiuaiwfs; ,y;iynad;Nw $wyhk;. nghJthf Ma;Tfspd; Muk;g
epiyahdJ Mjp kdpjdJ tUif kw;Wk; mtdJ gz;ila gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisAk; fz;lwptjhf
cs;sJ. ,jd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp epiyfNs ,d;Wtiu Ma;Tg;gbKiwfspd; fPo; gy;NtW tpjkhf
tsu;e;J nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. ,t;tha;Tfspd; topNa cyfpd; tuyhWfSk; fl;likf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tuyhW vd;gJ Fwpg;ghf xU gpuNjrj;ij ikag;gLj;jp Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ vdyhk;. ,jd;gb xU

fpuhkkhdJ ,jd; Muk;gGs;spia ,Lfpd;wJ. Muk;gfhy rKjha fl;likg;ghdJ fpuhkq;fis
ikakhff; nfhz;lJ vd;gJ midtUk; mwpe;jjhFk;. ,f;fpuhkq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l kf;fs;
FOkj;jpd; tUif mjdhy; cz;lhfpf; nfhz;l fpuhkkKk; mjd; fl;likg;Gk;> mjid rhu;e;J thOk;
kf;fspd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; Kjyhdit xU fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhw;wpid gbg;gbahf
tsu;j;njLf;fpd;wJ.

,j;jd;ikfspd; fPo; “fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;ij” ikag;gLj;jpa vdJ Ma;thdJ vdJ Cu; rhu;e;j
tuyhw;iwAk; kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;like;jjhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;tha;thdJ
“fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;” vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; vdJ CiuAk; mjid
rhu;e;jpUe;j fpuhkq;fspd; topahd njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfspd; topahf ,jd; ,Ug;ig
Mjhug;gLj;jpAk; md;iwa epiyapYk; ,d;iwa epiyapYk; khWgl;bUf;Fk; ghz;ghl;L
mk;rq;fis fz;lwptjhfTk; ,t;tha;tpd; njhdpg; nghUs; mike;J nfhs;fpd;wJ.

,t;tha;thdJ vdJ Cupd; g+uz tuyhw;iw juhtpl;lhYk; mjd; tuyhw;wpay; Nehf;fpy; mjd;
Kjw;fl;lkhd tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;like;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd vz;ZfpNwd;. ,q;F fhl;lg;gLk; juTfs;
Cu;g; ngupahu;fspd; tha;top kugpd; fPo; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUk; jfty;fspd; Kjw; JizNahL
fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
 ed;wpAiu

fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;fiy khztu;fspd; ,WjptUlg; g+u;j;jpahf khztu;fspd;

Ma;Tj;jpwid Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp Ma;Tf;fl;Liu xd;iw toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mbg;gilapy;>
vd;dhy; ‘fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; (xg;gPl;L Nehf;F)’ vDk;
jiyg;gpd; fPo; vdJ Ma;thdJ vdJ fpuhkj;ijAk; mjd; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fisAk; ikag;gLj;jpajhf
mike;Js;sJ. ,t;tha;tpid KOikshf Kbj;J Nfhitg;gLj;j cjtpa midtUf;Fk;
ed;wpAilatshf ,Uf;f flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;.

Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; jiyg;ig cWjp nra;J ,t;tha;tpid nra;a mDkjp mspj;j tuyhw;Wj;Jiw

jiytuhd jpU. rp. Nf rptfNzrd; mtu;fSf;F Kjd;ik ed;wpfis njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;. ,t;tha;tpd; njhlf;fk; Kjy; ,Wjptiuahd jfty;fis mspj;J fpuhkk; Fwpj;j
tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;F cjtpa vdJ jhj;jhthd Xa;T ngw;w jghy; Nrit mjpfhupahd rhFy; `kPl;
mtu;fSf;F ngUk; ed;wpfis njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. ,tiug; Nghy vdJ Ma;Tf;F jfty;
mspj;J cjtpa vdJ Cu; ngupahu;fs; midtUf;Fk; ed;wpfis njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

,t;tha;Tf;fhd Ma;twpf;ifia KOikg;gLj;j cjtpa tuyhw;Wj;Jiw tpupTiuahsu;fshd jpUkjp

nfsup yf;\;kpfhe;jd;> jpUkjp fpwp];updh epNuh[pdpnkhrUgd; mtu;fSf;Fk; ,tu;fNshL
cjtp tpupTiuahsu;fshf flikahw;wpNahu;f;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfis njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;. ,t;tha;tpd; Nkw;ghu;itahsuhf ,Ue;J gy mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; cjtp
topfhl;ly;fisAk; toq;fpa Jiwj;jiytu; mtu;fSf;F kPz;Lk; ed;wpfis njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;. ,t;tifapy; ,t;tha;tpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l jfty;fSf;F tuyhw;W uPjpahd
jfty;fis Mtz uPjpahf cz;ikgLj;j cjtpa mur jpizf;fs mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; ngsj;j tpfhiuj;
jiytu;(Njuu;) mtu;fSf;Fk; ed;wpfis njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
 Ma;Tr; RUf;fk;

,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; etPd njhopEl;gq;fspd; gad;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf rKf kf;fspilNa etPd

njhopEl;g rhjdq;fspd; gad;ghL mjpfupj;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik midtUk; mwpe;j
tplakhFk;. ,d;W efu;Gwk;> fpuhkg; Gwk; vd;w NtWghL njupahj msT kf;fspilNa etPd
ehfupf gz;ghL %o;fpg;Ngha; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;epiyapid Ma;Tg;gpuNjrkhd
fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpYk; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. kfhtypf;F Kw;gl;l ce;JUt fpuhkj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;l goikahd gz;ghl;lk;rq;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit ,d;iwa kf;fshy;
gpd;gw;wg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jid vLj;Jf;fhl;bAk; kfhtyp jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; fpuhkk;
kPs;FbNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l tpjj;ijAk; kfhtyp jpl;l KiwiaAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJ ,t;tha;tpd;
Nehf;fkhf mike;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb kfhtypf; FbNaw;wj;jpl;lj;jpd; gpd;duhf ce;JUt
fl;Lf;nfypahit vDk; ngaupypUe;J fl;Lf;nfypahitahf Cu;g; ngau; khw;wk; fz;lJ.
kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd;gpd; kf;fsJ tho;tpy; khwpf; nfhz;lJk; eilKiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L
tUk; tho;tpay; Kiwfs; Fwpj;Jk; ,q;F vLj;J fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; Ma;thdJ
fpuhkj;jpd; FbNaw;w khw;wj;jpidAk; mjd; gpd; Vw;gl;l kf;fsJ tho;tpay; nghUsjhjhu
khw;wk; kw;Wk; gz;gpay; khw;wq;fisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf Ma;T mikfpd;wJ.

mUk;gjr; nrhw;fs; : fl;Lf;nfypaht> fpuhkk;> ghz;ghL> kfhtyp> FbNaw;wk;>

tho;tpay; Kiw
 nghUslf;fk;

Kd;Diu

ed;wpAiu

Ma;Tr;RUf;fk;

1. Ma;T mwpKfk;

2. fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; mwpKfk;

3. kfhtypf; FbNaw;wKk; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkKk;

4. fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkKk; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fSk;

5. KbTiu

crhj;Jiz

gpd;zpizg;G
mj;jpahak; - 01 Ma;T mwpKfk;

1.1 Ma;Tj; jiyg;G

“fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;” vd;gJ Ma;Tj; jiyg;ghFk;.

1.2 Ma;tpd; mwpKfk;

cyfpd; xt;nthU gFjpAk; VNjhnthU tifapy; gy rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

jkf;fhd tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikfSk; mj;jifa rpwg;GfSs; xd;whFk;. mr;rpwg;Gf;fs; VNjDk;
xU tifapy; tuyhw;NwhL njhlu;Gglj;jf;fitahfNt cs;sJ. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gf; nfhz;l Fwpj;j
fUg;nghUshdJ ,lkhfNth> nghUshfNth> MtzkhfNth> Fwpj;jnjhU gFjpapd; gz;ghl;Lf;
$whff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;. ,t;tifr; rpwg;G epiyfisNa ehk; mjd; fhyg;gFg;gpw;Nfw;g ‘njhd;ik’
vDk; rpwg;igf; nfhz;liof;fpNwhk;. tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikfs; vd;gJ xU ehl;bdJk; mj;
njhd;ik fhl;Lk; ,lj;jpdJk; gd;Kfg;gl;l ghuk;gupa gz;ghl;lk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;
tsu;r;rpg;gb epiyahFk;. ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;gupak; vd;gJ gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F
Kd;dNk njhlq;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,q;F mjd; Kf;fpa ,uhrjhdp vd fz;Lnfhs;sg;gl;l
mEuhjGuj;jpd; njhd;ikfs;> tuyhw;W ghuk;gupaq;fs;; Vl;by; mlq;fhjit vdyhk;. ,j;jifa
tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f khtl;lj;jpd; gyhfy gpuNjr nrayfg; gpuptpw;Fl;gl;l fl;Lf;nfypaht
fpuhkj;jpd; gz;ghl;L uPjpahd tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikfSk; mjd; md;iwa epiyapypUe;J
jw;fhy eilKiwfspy; vt;thwhd khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;w xg;gpay; uPjpahd
Ma;thf ,t;tha;T mike;J nfhs;fpd;wJ.

1.3 Ma;Tg; gpuNjrk;

Ma;ntd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwfisf; nfhz;lnjhU gFjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Ma;tpd;

gug;ngy;iyf;Fk; Ma;tpd; cs;slf;fj;jpw;Fk; kpf ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,jd;gb ,t;tha;tpd;
tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l gFjpahf fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Ma;Tg; gFjpahf
tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ Rw;wpYkhf rpq;fs fpuhkq;fis
nfhz;like;Js;sJ. ,d;Dk; tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ik tha;e;j fyhthtp mlq;fpa gFjp> ehky; cad>
upl;bfy> rPfpupa Fd;W> jk;Gs;s Fif tpfhiu Kjyhdit mikag; ngw;Ws;s jk;Gs;is efuk;
Kjyhditfis jd; may; gpuNjrq;fshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gue;j epyg;gpuNjrkhff; fhzg;gLk;
mEuhjGuj;jpd; xU gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupthd gyhfy gpuNjrrigf;Fl;gl;l fl;Lf;nfypaht
fpuhkk; kl;LNk Kw;wpYkhf Ma;Tg; gpuhe;jpakhf tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 1.4 Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;

,t;tha;tpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf miktJ mEuhjGu khtl;lj;jpd; gyhfy gpuNjr rigf;Fl;gl;l

kfhtyp FbNAw;wj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthfpf; nfhz;l fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpdJk; mjd;
Fbahd kf;fspdJk; njhd;ikahd gz;ghl;L tho;tpay; mk;rq;fisAk; FbapUg;G KiwfisAk;
vLj;Jf; fhl;LtjhFk;.

1.5 Ma;Tf; fUJNfhs;

fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ fhyk; mwpag;glhj msthd ePz;l tuyhw;W ghuk;gupaj;ijf;

nfhz;lnjhU fpuhkkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

1.6 Ma;tpd; mZFKiw

tuyhw;W xg;gpay; Ma;T

1.7 Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; kl;Lk; xU tuyhw;iw fl;bnaOg;GtJ ,y;iy. ,jd;gb fl;Lf;nfypaht

fpuhkj;jpd; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fs; gz;gpay; uPjpahf tuyhw;W Nehf;Fld; vq;Fk; vLj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gltpy;iy.

1.7 Kjd;epiyj; juTfs;

,t;tha;tpw;fhd Kjy; epiyj;juTfshf fpuhkpa gpuNjr nrayfk;> khtl;l rig> kfhtyp mjpfhu
rig Mtzj; juTfs; kw;Wk; Neu;fhzy;fs;> fs Ma;TfSld; Gifg;glq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

1.8 ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfs;

,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfspd; fPo; Ma;twpf;iffs;> Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> E}w;whz;L

kyu;fSld; ,izaj;js Njly;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 1.9 ,yf;fpa kPsha;T

fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhW Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy; gpuNjr nrayfk;> khtl;l

nrayfk; kw;Wk; kfhtyp mjpfhu rigapd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l Mtzq;fs;> ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J
ntspaplg;gl;l E}w;whz;L kyu;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; %yKk; Cupd; tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;sf;
$bajhf cs;sJ.

Jkpe;j rQ;rPt ghy#u;a> jpyf; ,e;jpf nrdtpuj;d. (2010). “ehf kuf;fhLk; ,sQ;rptg;G
jpupntdh kiyAk;” vd;w E}ypy; ,Ue;J Ciu mz;ba tuyhw;Wj;jlq;fs; Fwpj;j nra;jpia
mwpe;J nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,jpy; Cu; Fwpj;j tuyhw;W nra;jpia mwpa
Kbatpy;iy.

kfhtyp mjpfhu rig> (1957) “kfhtyp mjpfhu rig `_USthtp ePu; toq;fy; jpl;lk; - xg;gpay;
Ma;T” vd;w Ma;twpf;if Gj;jfj;jpd; %yk; ce;JUt gFjpf;fhd ePu; toq;fy; jpl;lk; Fwpj;J
mwpaf; $bajhf ,Ue;jjJ.

“gRik cjak;- tlkj;jpa kfhz Mrpupau;fs;”. (2002) vd;w n`k;khj;jfk ghlrhiyapd; 25 Mz;L
tpohf; nfhz;lhl;l Gj;jfj;jpy; tlkj;jpa kfhzj;jpd; Kjy; ngz; Mrpupau; vd;w ngUikf;Fupa
ry;kh ehr;rp Fwpj;j nra;jpfSk; Cu; gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk; mwpaf; $bajhf cs;sJ.

tlkj;jpa kfhz fy;tp ntspaPl;L jpizf;fsk; -mEuhjGuk;> (1998)> “tlkj;jpa kfhz

Mrpupau;fs; - Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kw;gl;ltu;fs;” vd;w fy;tp jpizf;fsj;jpd; ntspaPl;bd; %yk;
ry;kh ehr;rp Fwpj;j tuyhWk; Cu; Fwpj;j miktplk; kw;Wk; fy;tp tsk; Fwpj;j
nra;jpfisAk; mwpaf; 4bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

mg;Ju; u`Pk;. vk;> (2018)> “fpuhkj;Jf; ftpQd;” vd;w rq;rpifapy; Cupd; gz;ghL Fwpj;J
ftpijfspd; topahf mwpaf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

gpuNjr nrayfk;> khtl;l nrayfk;> kfhtyp mjpfhu rigfspd; %yk; fpilf;fg; ngw;w Mtzg;
gjpTfspy; (Lock Book) ,Ue;J Cupd; mikg;G ngau; khw;wk; kf;fs; Fwpj;j nra;jpfis
mwpaf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

1.10 mj;jpaha itg;G Kiw

“fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;” vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,t;tha;thdJ mike;J

Kd;Diu> ed;wpAiu> Ma;Tr;RUf;fk;> crhj;Jiz> gpd;zpizg;Gf;fs; ePq;fyhf Ie;J
mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mikfpd;wJ. ,jd; mikg;G Kiw gpd;tUkhU.
KjyhtJ mj;jpahakhf Ma;T mwpKfk; mike;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. mjpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;
tplaq;fshf jiyg;G> mwpKfk;> Ma;T gpuNjrk;> Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;> fUJNfhs;>
mZFKiw> gpur;rpid> Kjy; epiyj;juTfs;> ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfs;> ,yf;fpa
kPsha;T> ,j;jpaha itg;G Kiw Kjyhd cg jiyg;Gfs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ.

,uz;lhtJ mj;jpahakhf Cupd; mwpKfk; mike;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; Cupd; Njhw;wk;>

Cupy; mikf;fg;ngw;w FbNaw;wq;fs;> Gtpapay; mikg;G> rdj;njhif> rkak;>
tuyhw;wpay; njhd;ikahd ,lq;fspd; tuyhW> Cupd; njhd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; mope;j
Njthyak;> gs;sp kw;Wk; ghlrhiy Fwpj;j tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

%d;whtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; kfhtyp FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mjpy; ce;JUt gFjpia

ikag;gLj;jp toq;fg;gl;l `_USthtp kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp jpl;lk; Fwpj;Jk; ,jd;%yk;
fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpy; Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;l kPs; FbNaw;wk;> tho;tpay; khw;wq;fs;
Fwpj;Jk; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehd;fhtJ mj;jpahakhf fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; mike;J

nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,q;F ce;JUt fl;Lf;nfypahitahf fpuhkk; ,Ue;j NghJ rpq;fs
FbapUg;Gf;fSk; ,Ue;jjdhy; ,U kjk; rhu;e;j tho;tpay; mk;rq;fspy; ,tu;fspd; njhopy;>
tpisahl;Lf;fs;> nghOJ Nghf;F mk;rq;fs;> jpUkz Kiwfs;> Foe;ij gpwg;G rlq;Ffs;>
ngz;gps;is g+g;giljy; rlq;Ffs;> kuzr; rlq;Ffs;> gz;biffs; Kjyhd gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;L jw;fhy #oypy; mtw;wpd; jhf;fk; vt;thwhdjhf mike;J nfhs;fpd;wJ vd;gJ
gw;wp xg;gpy; Kiwapy; Fwpg;gpLtjhfTk; miktNjhL Cupd; jdpj;Jtkhf fe;J}up Kiw>
rd;dhrp nja;t topghl;L Kiw> fy;tp Kjyhd tplaq;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mj;jpahak; - 02 fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; mwpKfk;.

FbapUg;G vd;gJ kdpj tho;tplk; MFk;. mq;F tptrhak;> thzpgk; kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F
Mfpa nray;fspd; %yk; xUtUf;F xUtu; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. fpuhk
FbapUg;G vd;gJ xU rKjha kf;fs; jq;fspd; Kjd;ik njhopyhd Ntshz;ik> rpW
ifj;njhopy;;> kPd; gpbj;jy; kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopypy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tij
Fwpf;Fk;. efu;g;Gw FbapUg;gpy; kf;fs; ,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; %d;whk; epiy njhopy;fshd
njhopw;rhiy> thzpgk; kw;Wk; tq;fpg; gzpfspy; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. kf;fs;
njhif msT kw;Wk; mlu;j;jp Mfpa ,it ,uz;bw;Fk; xU njhlu;G cz;L. fpuhkg;Gw ,Ug;gpy;
kf;fs; njhifapd; msT kw;Wk; mlu;j;jp FiwthfTk; efu;g;Gw FbapUg;gpy; mjpfkhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jyk; kw;Wk; R+oy; mikT> ,lk; kw;Wk; miktplk; vd;gJ xU FbapUg;gpd; cz;ikahd
miktplj;ij Fwpg;gjhFk;. xU FbapUg;gpd; miktplkhdJ ek; md;whl NjitfSf;fhd ePu;>
ePu; mspg;G vspjpy; fpilf;ff;$ba tptrha epyk;> fl;Lkhd nghUl;fs;> vupnghUs; Nghd;w
fhuzq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L cUthdjhFk;. kf;fs; njhifapy; Gtpapay; vd;gJ kf;fspd; tpfpjk;
mtu;fspd; gpwg;G> ,wg;G kw;Wk; gy fhuzpfis rhu;e;j ,lk;> fhyk; nfhz;L njupe;J
nfhs;Sjy; MFk;. kf;fs; njhif mjpfupj;jy; my;yJ Fiwjy; vd;gJ kf;fs; guty; kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rpia Fwpg;gjhFk;. kf;fs; Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F nry;tJ kf;fs;
Gyk;ngau;T vdg;gLk; gz;ila fhy kf;fspd; Kjy; epiy Njhw;wj;ij ,dk;> nkhop> kjk;
Mfpatw;iw nfhz;L ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; FOf;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kdpj ,dj;ij kdpj capu;fSf;Fs;Ns gy;NtW capupay; FOf;fshf gpupj;Js;shu;fs;. xNu

gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; gof;f tof;fq;fis fhyk; fhykhf gpd;gw;wf;$ba kf;fs;FOf;fs; kdpj ,dk;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ngUkstpy; gue;J fhzg;gLk; kdpj ,dj;jpd; tiffis jiyapd; tbtk;>
Kfk;> %f;F> Kbapd; tif> Njhypd; epwk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jj;jpd; tif Nghd;w gy fhuzpfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,g;gpupg;Gfs; kdpjd; cyfpy; jd;id
gupzkpj;Jf; nfhz;l fhyk; Kjyhf Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; jd;
Njhw;wj;ij itj;J gpupj;j kdpj ,dk; fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y jkJ tho;tpay; Nghf;fpidAk;
#oypay; khw;wq;fisAk; nfhz;L jkf;Fs; gpuptpidfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;.

nghJthf FbapUg;GfshdJ FOkpa FbapUg;ig nfhz;ljhfTk; rpwpa FbapUg;ghfTk;

tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; FOkpa FbapUg;ig ‘ikaf;FbapUg;G’ vdTk;
miof;fyhk;. ,t;tifahd FbapUg;Gfspy; cs;s tPLfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W mUfUNf
mike;Js;sd. ,t;tif FbapUg;Gfs; nghJthf Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;fpd; Xuq;fspYk; tskhd
rkntspia xl;bAk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,t;thW mike;j FbapUg;GfshdJ ePu; epiyia
xl;ba ,lq;fshfpa MWfs;> Vupfs; kw;Wk; Cw;Wf;fs; mUfpNyNa
ngUk;ghYk; ,Ug;gjdhy; ,tw;iw nghJthd tof;fpy; fpuhkg;Gw FbapUg;Gfs; vd
miog;gu;. Ntshz;ik njhopYf;F Vw;w epyq;fSld; mbg;gil Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;af;
$ba ,lq;fisNa kf;fs; jkJ FbNaw;w ,lkhf Nju;e;njLf;fpwhu;fs;. mjdhy; tptrha njhopYf;F
Vw;g Mw;Wg;gil gs;sj;jhf;FfisAk; flw;fiu rkntspfisAk; tho;tjw;F Vw;w ,lkhf
fUJfpwhu;fs;. ,d;Dk; fl;blg; nghUs;fshd kuk;> fy; kw;Wk; fspkz; Nghd;wit vspjpy;
fpilg;gjhy; ,t;tifahd ,lq;fis FbapUg;G mikf;f rpwe;j ,lkhf fUJfpwhu;fs;.

fpuhkg;Gw FbapUg;Gf;F Vw;w fhuzpfs;

 ,aw;ifahd epyj; Njhw;wk;
 cs;Su; jl;gntg;g epiy
 kz;tsk; kw;Wk; ePu; tsq;fs;
 r%f epWtdq;fs;
 nghUshjhu epiy

MfNt ,dtiutpaiy jPu;khdpg;gJ khDlk; rhu;e;j epytpay; mikg;ghFk;. epy tpay; mikg;Gk;
mjd; R+oYk; rhjfkhFk; gl;rj;jpy; mq;Nf gz;gl;l ehfupfk; Njhw;wk;
ngUnkd;gJ ,dtiutpaypd; Kjd;ikf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.

Xu; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpw;fhd efu;tpid Gyk;ngau;T vdyhk;. ,t;thwhd

Gyk;ngau;Tfs; nghJthf kdpj ehfuPfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf; fl;lj;jpy; Kd;dpiyapy; cs;s gz;ila
kdpj tho;tpaypd; xU gz;ghf fhzg;gl;lJ. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjdpd; tho;f;if
fl;lj;jpy; ,t;thwhd Gyk;ngau;Tfs; mtu;fsJ tho;f;iff;fhd nghUshjhuj;ij
ikag;gLj;jpajhf ,Ue;jJ. jkJ tho;tpay; mikg;Gf;F Vw;wthwhd Fiffs;> fhLfs;> kug;
nghe;Jfs; Kjyhdtw;iw jkJ tho;tplq;fshff; nfhz;ldu;. ,t;thW czT ciwAis
ikag;gLj;jpa ,tu;fsJ tho;f;if epiyahf Xuplj;jpy; ,lk; nfhz;lJ Kjy; ehfuPfk; vDk; epiy
kdpj tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

,t;thW cUthd kdpj tho;tpd; njhlf;fkhdJ Gyk;ngau; epiyfspy; Gy;ntspfis ikag;gLj;jpajhf

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; ,tu;fsJ gpujhd njhopyhf
ke;ijNka;g;G ,Ue;jikahFk; ,jdhy; ke;ijNka;g;Gf;F VJthd Gw;jiufs;> rkntspfis
ikag;gLj;jpajhf Muk;g Gyk;ngau; kdpjdpd; tho;f;if fl;lk; mike;jpUe;jJ. Gyk;ngau;Tfs;
nghJthf kdpjDf;F thof;$ba ,irthd R+oiy Roypay; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;ljhfNt
mikag;ngw;W ,Ue;jJ. ,jd;gb Muk;g ehfuPfk; kdpju;fs; Mw;wq;fiufis ikag;gLj;jpajhf
jkJ FbapUg;Gfis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,t;thwhf ehfupfkhdJ Muk;gf; FbapUg;Gfspd;
njhlf;fkhf ehfupfkhf tsu;r;rp mile;jJ vd tuyhw;W jfty;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

,jd;gb fpwp];JTf;F Kd; ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J fpwp];JTf;F gpd; %d;whk;

E}w;whz;L tiuahf ,f;fhyfl;lk; tsu;r;rp mile;jJ ,d;Dk; ejpf;fiufis mz;kpj;j
FbapUg;GfshfNt ,it fhzg;gl;lJ. gbg;gbahf Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;l kdpjtho;ifapdhYk; ehl;bd;
cl;gFjpfSf;Fy; gutj; njhlq;fp ,aw;ifahf mike;j rpwpa Fsq;fis ikag;gLj;jp> rpwpa Fsf;
fpuhkkhf FbNaw;wq;fs; tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ. mjpfkhd FbapUg;Gfs; cyu; tyaj;jpy;
gutpaikf;fhd fhuzk; mq;F fhzg;gl;l nrk;kz; tptrhaj;jpw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf
mike;jpUe;jikapdhyhFk;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Fbj;njhif ngUf;fj;Jld; kio ePu;
Nghjpajha; ,d;ikahy; rpwpa Fsq;fis mikj;J ePiu Nrkpj;J itj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

xU rpwpa Fsj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L xU fpuhkk; cUthdJ ,it ‘thg;gp fhk’- ‘Fsf;fpuhkk;’
vDk; ngauhy; mwpag;gl;lJ. Fsk;> tay;> Nrid> fhL> tPL vd;git Fsf;fpuhkj;jpd; gpujhd
mq;fq;fs; MFk;. xU fpuhkj;jpy; Ie;J njhlf;fk; ,Ugj;jp Ie;jpw;F ,ilg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs;
tho;e;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. fpuhkj;jpd; jiytu; Rje;jpukhf nray;gl;lNjhL gpw;fhyj;jpy;
fpuhkq;fs; xd;wpize;J efuq;fshf tpUj;jp mile;jd. Fbj;njhif ngUf;fj;Jld; rpwpa Fsq;fspd;
ePu; Nghjpajhf ,d;ikahy; fpwp];JTf;F gpd; Kjyhk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J ngUq;Fsq;fspid
epu;khdpj;jdu;. fpwp];JTf;F gpd; %d;whk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ tptrhaj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fpuhkq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; njhopy;fSf;F Vw;g fpuhkq;fs;
gpupe;J nrd;wij mtjhdpf;f $bajhf cs;sJ. Nridg; gapu;r; nra;ifapd; %ykhd czTg; nghUs;
cw;gj;jpg; gFjp tptrha fpuhkq;fs; vdg;gl;ld. njhopYf;F ,iaa tpahghu fpuhkk; kPd;gpb
fpuhkk; Fatu;fspd; fpuhkk; vd;wthW ehfupf tsu;r;rpapd; fPo; fpuhkq;fs; gpupe;jd
vdyhk;.

,t;tifapy; ehk; fhZk; fpuhkkhdJ> mDuhjGuk; gyhfiy gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;Fl;gl;l 37

fpuhkq;fspy; 683 kw;Wk; 684 Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; ‘fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhf’ jd;id
milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ngUk; gug;ghf fhzg;gLtjhy; jw;fhyj;jpy; ,J 683 ‘fl;Lf;nfypaht’
vd;Wk; 684 ‘Gjpa fhlhz;Lfk’ vd;Wk; ,U gpupthf gpupj;J Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J kf;fs;
rdj;njhif fzf;nfLg;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Kiwfspd; fPo; ,t;thW gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tptrhaj;ij gpujhdkhff; nfhz;L fpuhkkhdJ ikaj;jpy; CiuAk; Rw;wpYkhf tay; gug;igAk;
nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Cupd; tlf;F gFjpahdJ upl;bfiy kio rhu;e;j vl;^u; fpuhkkhfTk;
fpof;Fg; gFjp tuyhw;W jlaq;fis nfhz;l rpwg;Gkpf;f Rw;Wyh jskhf tpsq;Fk; ehky;
cadg; tdhe;jug;gFjpiaf; nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njw;F gFjpapy; fyhthtpapd;
gpd;Gwkhf mike;j mf;fiw> \hypafk gFjpfis nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ mjd; Rw;wpYkhf ,aw;ifahd #oiyf; nfhz;l Xu; mofpa fpuhkkhf
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,aw;if uk;kpaq;fSld; jpfOk; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhwhdJ ,Jtiu
vtuhYk; KOikahdnjhU njhFg;ghf njhFf;fg;gltpy;iy. vOj;J %ykhd KOikahdnjhU
njhFg;ghf fhzf;fpilf;fhjjdhy; Cupd; tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikf;fhd Mz;il kjpg;gpl;L $wKbahj
epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;top xU gpuNjrj;jpd; my;yJ Cupd; tuyhw;wpid mq;F tho;e;j
kf;fspd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fSk; mtu;fs; toptopahf tpl;Lr; nrd;w jlaq;fSk; rka
ek;gpf;iffSk; fl;bl Kiwfs;> ngau;fs;> Fyj; njhopy;fs; vd gy tplaq;fspd; Clhf mwpaf;
$bajhf cs;sJ. ,j;jd;ikapy; fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhw;iw njhFf;f fpuhkj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;LtUk;
fpuhkj;jpd; njhd;ik gw;wpa tuyhw;Wf; fijfSld; Cu;g; gpuNjrrig> khtl;l rig Kjyhd mur
epWtdq;fspD}lhd Mtzg;gjpTfs; %yKk; tuyhw;wpid mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; epyg;gFjpahdJ ,aw;if Kiwapy; ePu; tope;Njhlf; $ba tifapyhd

gs;sj;ij Nehf;fp rupthd epyg;gFjpahf fhzg;gl;lJ Muk;gj;jpy; ,q;F FbapUe;j kf;fs;
tuyhw;W fhyfl;l ehfupf kf;fis NghyNt Mw;wq;fiuia ikag;gLj;jpajhf jkJ FbNaw;wq;fis
Muk;gj;jpy; mikj;J nfhz;ldu;. ,jd;gb fl;Lf;nfypaht fpukkhdJ Rkhu; 200 Mz;LfSf;F
Kw;gl;l tuyhw;iw nfhz;Ls;sjhf tha;nkhop fijfspd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;sf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
vOj;J %ykhd Mtzq;fs; VJk; ,y;yhjpUe;jhYk; kf;fspilNa gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUk; gof;f
tof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Cupd; njhd;ikahd mk;rq;fs; Kjyhdtw;iwf; nfhz;L ,J 200 Mz;LfSf;F
Kw;gl;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gijAk; fpuhkj;jpd; kpfg; goikahd ghlrhiyapd;
tuyhw;iw itj;Jk; ,jd; fhyj;ij fzpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ.

,jd;gb Gtpapay; vy;iyfis nghUj;jtiuapy; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy;

rpwe;j fl;likg;ig nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; kf;fs; gs;skhd gFjpapNyNa jkJ Muk;g
FbapUg;Gfis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ljhy; mjhtJ Mw;wq;fiuia mz;ba gFjpapy; kf;fsJ
FbapUg;Gf;fs; mike;J nfhz;ljhy; kiof;fhyq;fspy; kf;fSf;F ,e; epyg;gFjpapy; tho;tJ
rw;W rpukkhdjhf fhzg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy; kf;fs; kz;zhyhd Fbirfspy; tho;e;jjpdhy; kio
nts;sePu; tope;NjhLk; NghJ tPl;bid fiuj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;yf;$ba epiyikAk; rpy
nghOJfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; ,t;thwhd khupfhy kio fhyfl;lq;fs;
kf;fSf;F ngUk; ,d;dy; juf;$ba fhyfl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ. Cupd; Nkl;Lg; gFjpahdJ ngUk; fhlhff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhl;L gFjpapidNa kf;fs; jkJ Nridg; gapu;r; nra;iff;fhf mjpfk; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;ldu;.
taYk; tay; rhu;e;j kUj epyg;gFjpahf tpsq;Fk; fl;Lf;nfypahtf; fpuhkkhdJ jdJ jd;dpiwT
nghUshjhukhf ney; tptrhaj;ij jw;NghJ nfhz;Ls;sJ. tptrhaj;jpw;F ,irthd ,Uthl;b gf;fthl;b
kz; tsj;ij nfhz;bUg;gJld; jz;zPu; Njq;fp epw;fhJ tope;Njhlj;jf;f tifapyhd kz; tsj;ijAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb tptrhaj;jpw;F Njitahd Cu; epyg;gFjpahdJ kf;fspilNa ‘Vf;fu;’ vd
toq;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. Vf;fu; vd;gjw;F ngUkzw; gug;G> kzy; KfL> kzy; Fd;W vd jkpo;
mfuhjpfs; nghUs; jUfpd;wJ. Vf;fu; vd;w epyk; gw;wp rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mjpfkhf
NgrpAs;sJ Fwpg;ghf 54 ghly;fspy; Vf;fu; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd>
 “Vf;fu; ,l;l kzypYk; gytp” (Gwk; 43 .23)
 “tLths; vf;fu; kzypDk; gyNu” (kiygLflhk;)
 “J}c vf;fu;j; Japy; kbe;J” (gl;bdg;ghiy 117)
 “gLrpid jho;e;j Mtpy; ,du; vf;fu;” (mfk; 11 9)
 “Koq;Fjpil nfhop ,s Kwpf;f” (ew;wpiz 15.1)

,it nghJthf MWfs; kw;Wk; flw;fiufspy; ,Ue;j ngupa kzy;NkLfs; gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Nkw;fz;l tpsf;fq;fspd;gb fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpYk; gz;L njhl;L
toq;fp tUk; Vf;fu; vDk; epyg;gug;G msthdJ Fwpj;j epyg;gFjpapd; msTg; gug;ig
ikag;gLj;jp ,Ue;jJ. ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;l msthd epyj;njhFjp Vf;fu; mstpy; kf;fspd;
tpisepyq;fshf fhzg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy; Nrid Kiwapyhd gapu;r;nra;if KiwNa ,q;F
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J kio ePiu kl;Lk; ek;gp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; goikahd gapw;rp KiwahFk;.
Nridfspy; nghJthf jhdpaq;fs; kuf;fwp gapu; mtiu ,d jhtuq;fs; Kjyhd FWq;fhy gapu;fs;
gapu; nra;ag;gLk; ,t;thwhd gapu; nra;iffSf;F nghJthd rpy eilKiwfSk; gbKiwfSk;
Muk;g fhyk; njhl;L gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

gbKiwfs;
 gUt gapw;rp kio njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;du; fhl;il ntl;b cyur; nra;jy; ([_iy
Mf];l; ,Wjp)
 ntl;lg;gl;l fhLfSf;F jP itj;jy; (Mf];l; ,Wjp nrg;lk;gu; eLg;gFjp)
 vQ;rpa ghfq;fisAk; fw;fisAk; mfw;wp Jg;guT nra;jy; (nrg;lk;gu; eLg;gFjp)
 fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gwitfsplk; ,Ue;J Nridia ghJfhj;jy; (nrg;lk;gu; ,Wjp
brk;gu; eLg;gFjp)
 mWtil nra;jy; (etk;gu; eLg;gFjp mLj;j tUlk; khu;r; tiu)
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;iffs; Fwpg;ghf rpy tUlq;fs; xU epyj;jpy; Nrid gapu;r;nra;if
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L me;epyj;jpd; tsk; Fd;w njhlq;fpaJk; tptrhapfs; Gjpjhf fhlopj;J
Nridg;gapu;r; nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,J RaNjitapid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Nl ngUk;ghYk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,d;Dk; ,it R+oYf;F jPq;F tpistpf;fhj gapu;r; nra;ifahf kf;fspdhy; ek;gpf;if
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,q;F tpisr;rypd; gaid mjpfupf;fTk; gapu;fSf;F ,aw;ifahd gPil
ehrpdpahfTk; kf;fshy; rpy mZFKiwfs; ifahsg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ fhLfis vupg;gjd; %yk;
fpilf;Fk; rhk;giyf; nfhz;L epyj;jpid gd;gLj;jp Nridg; gapu;r; nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,jd;
%yk; gapu;fSf;fhd G+r;rpnfhy;yp ghtid fpilg;gJld; rpwe;j tpisr;rYk;
fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ. ,t;thwhd ,aw;ifahd gapu;r;nra;if Kiw %yk; kf;fspilNa
R`hjhukhdJk; ,aw;ifahdJkhd tho;f;if Kiwnahd;W filgpbf;fg;gl;L te;jJ.

ce;JUt Nfhus vd;w ngau;f; nfhz;L miof;fg;gl;l fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ Muk;gj;jpy;

mjd; fpuhk Nrtfu; gpupthf rpq;fs fpuhkkhd fy;fpupahfk fpuhk gpuptpidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
Rw;wpYkhf rpq;fs fpuhkq;fis nfhz;ljhf fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkk; mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; ,f;fpukkhdJ Fwpah Cu; MW vd miof;fg;gLk; gFjpia ikakhff;
nfhz;L ,jd; ,lJ gf;f fiuapy; jdJ FbapUg;igf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. Mw;wpd; tyJgf;f fiuapy; rpq;fs
fpuhkkhd rhypafk fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t; MwhdJ uzt vd;w ngau; nfhz;L miof;fg;gLk; Fsj;jpd;
Nkyjpf ePiu ntspNaw;Wk; Mwhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thw;wpid ikakhf itj;J fpuhkkhdJ
vOr;rp fz;lJ.

uzt FskhdJ khj;jis khtl;lk; jk;Gs;is gFjpapy; mikag;ngw;Ws;s fz;lsk; Fsj;jpy; ,Ue;J
ePiu ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ngUk; ePu;g;ghrd Fskhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkyjpf ePuhdJ
mizf;fl;bd; %ykhf tope;NjhLk; gl;rj;jpy; mJ ,t;thw;wpD}lhf nrd;W fyhthtpia
milfpd;wJ. ,jw;fpilapNy ,t;thw;wpid ikakhff; nfhz;L fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ jdJ
FbapUg;Gr; R+oiy ,g;gFjpapy; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;fpid ikakhff;
nfhz;l fpuhk kf;fspd; tho;f;ifahdJ Muk;gj;jpy; Nrid gapu;r; nra;ifahf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fsJ
Kjd;ikahd tUkhdkhf ke;ij Nka;g;G fhzg;gl;lJ. Mw;wpid mz;ba gpuNjrkhdJ Gj;jiufisf;
nfhz;l gpuNjrkhf fhzg;gl;likahdJ ,tu;fsJ ke;ij Nka;g;Gf;F VJthf mike;jpUe;jJ.

,q;F te;J FbNawpa kf;fspd; FbNaw;wkhdJ gbg;gbahf ,lk;ngw;w xd;whf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ Muk;gj;jpy; ,q;F tUif je;j Gyk;ngau;thsu;fshf fyhthtpf;F Nkw;gl;l
gpuNjrkhd fpuhk kf;fshd Xl;LtsT kf;fs; $l;lk; Kjypy; jkJ FbNaw;wj;ij ,q;F
Vw;gLj;jpdu;. ,tu;fs; gpujhdkhf ke;ij Nka;g;gpidf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mj;Jld; Nridg;
gapw;Wif KiwiaAk; jkJ tho;thjhuj;jpw;F Njitahd mstpw;F Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fis
mLj;J ,uz;lhtJ $l;lj;jpduhf jfu tPl;L kf;fs; $l;lk; Gyk;ngau;e;J te;jdu; ,tu;fs; khj;jis
khtl;lk; fNyty gFjpf;F mUfhikapy; cs;s gy;Nyty fpuhkj;jpid Nru;e;j Muha;r;rpau;
$l;lj;jpid Nru;e;jtu;fs;.

mLj;j kf;fspdkhf fyhthtpia mz;ba tiyaf;Fsk; fPo;g;gFjpapy; FbapUe;j gioaFsk;

gFjpapy; tho;e;j kf;fs; ,d $l;lj;jpduhd mLk $l;lk; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpy;
Fbaku;e;jdu;. ,tu;fis mLj;J Gjpjhf ,];yhj;ij Vw;w mzpj;uhy vdg;gLfpd;w $l;lk;
fpuhkj;jpy; jkJ FbNaw;wj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

,t;thwhf FbNawpa kf;fspdkhd fhl;Lnfypaht kf;fspilNa Xl;LtsT vd miof;fg;gl;l kf;fs;

$l;lj;jpdu; nghUspay; uPjpahf rw;W trjp gilj;j kf;fspdkhf fhzg;gl;ldu;. fpuhkj;jpy; Kjd;
Kjypy; fy;yhy; Md tPL fl;b Xl;Lf;$iu ,l;ljdhy; ,tu;fs; ,g;ngaiu ngw;wdu;. mJtiu fhyKk;
fpuhkj;jpw;Fupa nghJ gz;ghf fhzg;glf;$ba tPLfspd; mikg;gpidNa mjhtJ kz;zhshd
tPLfisAk; itNfhypdhYk; Gl;fspdhYk; Ntag;gl;l $iufisAk; nfhz;l nfhl;by;fNs Muk;g
Fbir tPLfshf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyapy; Rkhu; 32 FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;l ,f;$l;lj;jpdUf;F
kj;jpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; fy;yhy; Md tPL fl;b xl;Lf;$iu ,l;ljdhy; ,k;kf;fs; $l;lj;jhu; Cu;
kf;fspilNa Xl;L tsT vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaupid ngw;W kjpg;gpw;Fupatu;fshf
Nghw;wg;gl;ldu;. njhlu;e;J ,uz;lhtjhf te;j jfu tPl;L kf;fs; $l;lj;jpdUk; ,tu;fisg; NghyNt
jkJ Fbir tPLfspd; $iuia jfukhf Nghl;Lf; nfhz;ljdhy; ,g;ngau; nfhz;L miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
(jfty;: rh`_y; `kPl;- Xa;T nrd;w jghy; mYtyu;.)

ce;JUt vd;w ngau; tUtjw;fhd fhuzk; rpq;fs nkhopapy; ‘cJU’ (W;=/) vd;gJ tlf;Fg; gFjpia
Fwpj;J epw;Fk;. ,jd;gb fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ rpq;fs fpuhkkhd fy;fpupahfk
fpuhkj;jpw;F tlf;F gFjpapy; mike;jpUg;gjdhy;> Muk;gj;jpy; fpuhkj;jpw;F ‘cJU
Nfhws’ vd;w ngau; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Ngr;R tof;fhw;wpy; cJU vd;gJ ce;JU vd;gjhf
tof;fkhfp ce;JUitahf jpupgile;J nfhz;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy; fy;fpupahfk fpuhkj;jpd; fpuhk
Nrtfu; gpuptpd; fPo; ,Ue;jjdhy; ,g;ngau; fpuhkj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;ljhf
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,jd;gb 1950fspy; fy;fpupahfk fpuhk Nrtfu; gpuptpd; fPo;>
1. fk;rgh uzt(662)
2. Mz;bahfy(670)
3. my;yntt(675)
4. fpupe;Jtj;j(677)
5. kPntt(678)
6. `pq;FUntt(679)
7. mYj;fy;fpupahfk(680)
8. jh(D)d;afk(681)
 9. cy;gjfk(682)
10. ce;JUt fLnfypaht(683)
11. cJuht `y;kpy;Nyt(685)
12. `y;kpy;Nyt(691)
Kjyhd fpuhkq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; Muk;gj;jpy; ,f;fpuhkq;fspy; kf;fs;
Fbj;njhifahdJ xu; Cupw;F 12> 22 vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ue;jikahFk;. rpy rpq;fs
fpuhkq;fspy; 07> 09 Fbj;jdq;fSk; fhzg;gl;;lJ.

,q;F nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thf KiwahdJ Nfhwisg; gpupthff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Nfhwis vd;gJ

Nghu;j;jJf;Nfau; 1597fspd; gpd; ju;kghydpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;duhf Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpy;
jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij nrYj;jj; njhlq;fpaJk; Nfhl;ilapy; mJtiu fhyKk; epytp te;j epu;thf KiwiaNa
njhlu;e;Jk; gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fpdu;. ,jpy; epu;thf ,yFtpw;fhf Ntz;b rpwpa khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpdu;. ,jd; gbNa epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; Nfhwis> gw;W> fpuhkk; vDk; gpupTfs;
cz;lhfpf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;epu;thf KiwNa fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpYk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
mEuhjGuj;jpd; cg gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; nffpuht njhFjpapd; fPo;
fy;fpupahfk gpuNjrk; cs;thq;fg;gl;L mjd; fPo; fl;Lf;nfypaht (ce;JUt Nfhwis) Kjyhd
fpuhkj; njhFjpfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

mNj Ntis ,q;F mikf;fg;gl;l FbapUg;Gf;fshdJ fpuhkk; vd;w mbg;gilapd; fPo;

mikf;fg;gl;ljdhy; ,q;F fpuhkj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;l fpuhk rig Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J
fpuhkj;jpw;F nghJthf kj];jyq;fis jkJ rigf; $l;l ,lkhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,q;NfNa fpuhkj;jpd;
Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; gpur;rpidfs; Ngrg;gl;lJ. jPu;g;Gfs; toq;Fk; ,lkhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F
Cu;g; ngupahu;fs; jiytu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,jid ‘fk;rgh’ vd mioj;jdu;.

,t;thW cUthd fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ ce;JUt Nfhwis vDk; ngaupy; ,Ue;J fl;Lf;nfypaht
vDk; ngaUf;F khw;wkhdJ. 1985,y; Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;l kfhtyp jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cz;lhfpf;
nfhz;lJ. 1985fspy; tl kj;jpa khfhzj;jpw;fhd mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpfspy; fl;Lf;nfypaht
fpuhkKk; cs;thq;fg;gl;L fpuhk kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L kfhtyp
mgptpUj;jpjpl;lk; ,q;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,jd; NghJ fpuhkj;jpd; Fbrd kjpg;gPlhdJ
mz;dsthf 100 FLk;gq;fisAk; jhz;ba njhifiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ (kfhtyp mjpfhurig-
fpisg;gpupT fy;fpupahfk).

kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tiuahf kf;fspd; FbapUg;ghdJ

ngUk;ghd;ikahf FupahCu; Mw;wq;fiuia ikag;gLj;jpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ. xU rpy FLk;gq;fs;
kl;Lk; jkJ NridfSf;F mUfhikapNy jkJ FbapUg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fs;
Gjpjhf ,];yhj;ij Vw;w $l;lj;jpduhd mzpj;jpuhs $l;lg;gpupT kf;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fsJ
Nridg;gapu;r; nra;ifahdJ jkJ FbapUg;G epyj;ijf; fhl;bYk; rw;W tprhykhdjhff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhYk; jhk; Gjpjhf Cu;g;gFjpia ehbapUe;jikapdhYk; jkJ FbapUg;Gf;F
mUfpNyNa jkJ tptrha epyj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fs; ke;ij Nka;g;ig Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy
vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. (jfty;: rh`_y; `kPl;- Xa;T nrd;w jghy; mYtyu;.)

Mf ce;JUt Nfhws vd;w ngaupy; ,Ue;J fl;Lf;nfypaht vd;w ngaiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Kjd;ikf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ gpuNjrj;jpd; #oyhFk;. #oyhdJ ngUk;ghd;ikahf
fhl;Lg;gFjpahfTk; ngUk; Kl; Gju;fisf; nfhz;l gFjpahfTk; fhzg;gl;ljdhy; kf;fspilNa
rhjhuzkhf ,g;gFjp fhl;Lg;gFjp vd;Nw toq;fg;gl;L te;jJ. kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp jpl;lj;NjhL
kf;fSf;fhd FbNaw;w ,lkhf uzt Fsj;jpw;F fPo;gl;l gFjpahd ,g;gFjp Nkl;L
epykhf ,Ue;jjdhYk; FbNaw;wq;fSf;F nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Ue;jjdhYk; ,g;gFjpia FbNaw;w
gFjpahf njupT nra;jdu;. ,jdhy; kf;fsplk; nghJtof;fhf ,Ue;j fhl;LgFjp vd;w ngaiuNa
Cupd; ngauhf khw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,q;F rpq;fs kf;fSldhd Gyf;fk; kf;fSf;F mjpfkhf
fhzg;gl;ljdhy; Cu; kf;fspilNa Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,Ue;j nrhw;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf rpq;fsr;
nrhw;fshfNt fhzgl;lJ. ,jdhy; fhl;Lg;gFjp vd;gJ Ngr;R tof;fhw;wpy; ‘fl;Lnfy’ vd;w
ngau; nfhz;Nl mioj;jdu;. ‘fL(lgq)’ vd;gJ rpq;fsj;jpy; Ks; my;yJ Kl;fs; vd;w nghUspYk;
nfy(le,) vd;gJ Ngr;Rtof;fpy; fhl;bid Fwpg;gjhfTk; cs;sJ. MfNt Ngr;Rtof;fpd;
gb ,g;gFjpf;F fl;Lnfypaht vd;w ngaiu ,l;ldu;. mNj rkak; ,q;F mikf;fgl;l FbNaw;w
jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; K];ypk; kf;fNshL rpq;fs FbapUg;Gf;fSk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ljdhy; rpq;fs
kf;fSf;fhd Mjutpd; fPOk; ,g;ngau; itf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W Cu; ngupahu;fs; njuptpj;jdu;.
(jfty;: rh`_y; `kPl;- Xa;T nrd;w jghy; mYtyu;> =Nrd Nrdhdp- Xa;Tngw;w gpuNjr rig
mjpfhup).

,t;thwhf mikag;ngw;w fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ> mjd; rdj;njhifapy; Muk;gj;jpy; mjhtJ

fpuhkj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpd; NghJ ehd;F kf;fspdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; Vwj;jhs 8 my;yJ
9 FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;l rpwpa miktplkhf Njhw;wk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ,k;kf;fspdk;
jhk; ,lk;ngau;e;J te;j ,lj;jpd; fyhrhuj;jd;ikapid Muk;gj;jpy;
gpd;gw;wpdu;. ,jd;gb ,tu;fSf;Fs; jkJ FLk;g mikg;igf; nfhz;L gpuptpidfSk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
mNj rkak; ,tu;fs; xt;nthU $l;lj;jhUk; xt;nthU tifahd njhopiy nra;af; $batu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.

,tu;fspy; Kjd;Kjypy; FbNawpatu;fshff; fUjg;gLk; Xl;LtsT kf;fs; $l;lj;jpzu; fy;tp

eltbf;iffspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaNjhL tptrhaj;ijAk; ke;ij Nka;g;igAk; gpujhd njhopyhff;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,d;Dk; ,tu;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfkhdtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fis mLj;J
FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;l jfu tPl;L kf;fs; $l;lj;jhu; tpyq;F itj;jpak; nra;af;
$batu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fsJ gpujhd njhopyhf tptrhaNk fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fisg; NghyNt
mLj;j $l;lj;jpduhd mLk $l;lj;jpdUk; tpr itj;jpa Kiwfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdu;.

,tu;fisaLj;J FbNawpa mzpj;jpuhs $l;;l kf;fspilNa rkaek;gpf;if vDk;

njhdpapd;ghy; ,tu;fs; mkhD\;a rf;jpfs; kPjhd ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;fshff;
fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy; ,tu;fs; Nga; Xl;Lgtu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fs; ehsiltpy; Cupy; gpurpj;J
ngw;wtu;fshapdu;. fhuzk; Ciu mLj;J rpq;fsf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gl;ljdhy;
mk;kf;fspilNa ,t;thwhd mkhD\;a rf;jpfs; kPjhd ek;gpf;if mjpfk; fhzg;gLtjdhYk;
nghJthf Muk;gfhy kf;fspilNa ,t;thwhd ek;gpf;fifs; ,Ue;jjdhYk; ,tu;fs; kf;fspilNa
gpurpj;jp ngwyhapdu;. ,t;thW FbNawpa kf;fs; jkf;Fs; fyg;G jpUkzKiwfis Nkw;
nfhz;ljd; %yk; ‘ye;jd;’ $l;lk; vd;w kf;fs; $l;lj;jhu; Njhw;wk; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fSf;F ,g;ngau;tuf; fhuzk;> ,tu;fsJ %jhjp xUtu; jhd; gopahf rz;il rr;ruTfis
Vw;gLj;jf; $batuhf ,Ue;jjdhy;> mtuJ tk;rhtopahf te;j kf;fis fpuhk kf;fs; ,g;ngau; nfhz;L
miof;fj; njhlq;fpdu;( jfty;: rh`_y; `kPl;- Xa;T nrd;w jghy; mYtyu;> =Nrd Nrdhdp-
Xa;T ngw;w gpuNjrrig mjpfhup).

rdj;njhif fl;likg;gpid nghWj;jtiuapy; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ mq;F ,lk; ngau;e;J te;j

kf;fspdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jjid ghu;f;f KbAk;. ,k; kf;fspilNa Ngzg;gl;l rka
xOf;fkhdJ Muk;gj;jpy; ,q;F K];ypk; ,dj;jpdupd; FbapUg;Gfs; Vw;gl;L nfhz;ljdhy;
K];ypk; r%fk; Mf ,J vOr;rp mile;jJ Mdhy; ce;JUt Nfhwis vDk; gioa Cupd; gb
ghu;j;jhy; ,q;F rpq;fs FbapUg;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,t;tifapy; ce;JUt
Nfhwis gFjpapid KOikahff; nfhz;lhy; ,q;F ,];yhk; kw;Wk; rpq;fs rkaq;fs; kf;fspilNa
gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

K];ypk; kf;fspilNa Muk;gj;jpy; rka ek;gpf;iffspd; mbg;gilahdJ gs;spapid ikakhff;

nfhz;L ,aq;fpaJ. ,tu;fs; jkJ rka eltbf;iffis ngUk;ghYk; gs;spapNyNa Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
Ie;J Ntis njhOif ,tu;fspilNa gpujhdkhdjhf fhzg;gl;lJ ,it jtpu gz;biffshf ,tu;fshy; ,U
gz;biffs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ ukyhd; `[; jpUehs; Mfpa ,U gz;biffSk; ,tu;fshy; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ
30 ehl;fs; Nehd;gpUe;J nfhz;lhLk; gz;bifahf ukyhd; gz;bifAk; ,];yhkpa khj fzf;fpd;
gb ,Wjp khjkhd `[; khjj;jpy; jpahf czu;tpy; `[; gz;bif nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ ,jw;F gj;J
ehl;fs; Nehd;gpUe;J gz;bifia nfhz;lhLtu; mNj rkak; ,tu;fspilNa fe;J}up toq;Fk; xU rka
ek;gpf;if fhzg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; gs;spapy; nfhbNaw;wk; Kjyhd rpy tpoh
KiwfSk; ,tu;fspilNa fhzg;gl;lJ (jfty;: rh`_y; `kPl;- Xa;T nrd;w jghy; mYtyu;> ,g;Jy;
u`Pk; nksytp).
fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; njhd;ikia ,d;wstpy; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; rhd;whf ,d;iwa
fpuhkg;gFjpapy; K];ypk;fs; tho;e;jhu;fs; vd;gjw;F milahskhf mq;F mtu;fspd; kj];jykhd
gs;sdpthay; ,d;Wk; gad;ghl;by; ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhd;whff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gs;spthapyhdJ fpuhkj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpNy ,q;F ,Ug;gjhfTk; ,lk;
khw;wg;gltpy;iy vd;gJk; Cu; ngypatu;fsplk; ,Ue;J fpilj;j jftyhFk;. ,jd;gb gs;sp
thapypd; fl;bl mikg;ghdJ xy;yhe;ju;fhy fl;bl mikg;Gf;fspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;bUe;j tpy;
tisthd ad;dy; KiwfSk; ad;dYf;F ntspg;gFjpapy; $iu Nghd;w mikg;ghdJ kio ePupd;
J}thd ePiu cs;tutplhJ jLf;Fk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,t;tifapy; mike;j gs;spthapypd; Kfg;ghdJ ,];yhkpa gs;spthapy;fspy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w

fl;bl KiwfspNyNa fl;lg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,jd;gb kpduh> Fg;gh

K];ypk; kf;fspd; rkanewp ,t;thwhdjhf fhzg;gl rpq;fs kf;fspilNa ngsj;j rkak;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. mNj rkak; ,q;F kpfTk; goikahd tpfhiuahd ‘Njt;uj ud;uj tpfhiu’ ngUk;
kjpg;Gf;Fupajhf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; ,t;tpfhiuahdJ ngsj;j Gdpj g+kpahf kf;fshy;
Nghw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,tu;fspilNa rpj;jpiu Gj;jhz;L> ntrf;
ngsu;zkp Kjyhd gz;biffs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,g;gz;bifahdJ ,k;kf;fspilNa
gz;Lnjhl;L Ngzg;gLk; tof;fkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;g ce;JUt Nfhwis kf;fspilNa
fhzg;gl;l ,r;rka ek;gpf;iffs; jw;fhy kf;fspilNa gz;ghl;lstpy; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ (jfty;: Rthkpd; t`d;r gpf;F- Njt;uj ud;uj tpfhiu)

rpq;fs kf;fspd; Muk;g FbapUg;Gfs; ,q;F Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj fhzg;gl;ljdhy; ,q;F ngsj;j
kjj;jpd; guty; Kd;dNk Vw;gl;bUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jw;F jf;f rhd;whf ,Ug;gJ fyhthtp
ePu;g;ghrd FskhFk;. fyhthtp Fsj;jpid fl;ba kd;ddhf jhJNrd kd;dd; fUjg;gLfpd;whd; ,tdJ
Ml;rp ,g;gFjpapy; fpwp];JTf;Fg; gpd; ehd;fhk; Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. fyhthtp gpuNjrj;jpid mz;ba gpuNjrkhf ce;JUt
Nfhwis gpuNjrk; mike;jpUg;gjdhy; ,g;gFjpapYk; ,yq;if rpq;fs kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp ,lk;
ngw;wikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; ce;JUt Nfhwis gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;gb ,q;F fhzf;$ba
njhy;ypay; kuGupik rpd;dq;fshf fy;ntl;Lfs;> Guhjd tpfhiu> ngsj;j kjk;
gutpapUe;jikf;fhd tpfhiu ];jhd ,bghl;L ];jyq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;bl mikg;Gfs; Kjyhd
njhy;ypay; mk;rq;fis ,d;Wk; vk;khy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

me;j tifapy; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzf;$ba njhy;ypay; kuGupik rpd;dq;fspy; rpq;fs

Ml;rpahsUila Ml;rpapid ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba tifapy; mike;j tpfhiuf;F cjhuzkhf ehky; cad
gFjpia Nru;e;j ,d;W Rw;Wyhj; jskhf fhzg;gLk; ehky; cad kiyg;gFjp rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,f;fhl;L gFjpahdJ mjd; mbthu gFjpapy; ngsj;j kj rpd;dq;fNshL $ba xU
tuyhw;Wj; jskhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mNj rkak; kiyahdJ ,sk; rptg;G epw jpupNtdh
fl;ghiwia nfhz;like;J fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ehky; cad gFjpapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w tuyhw;W mk;rq;fis njhFj;J Nehf;fpd; mq;F ehd;fhk; jg;Gy kd;ddpd;
Ml;rp ,lk;ngw;wjhf tuyhw;wpay; Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wJ. ,t;tha;Tfspd; gb ,q;Fs;s tuyhw;W
mk;rq;fis fhz;Nghk;.

[hjpf ehky; cad gFjpahdJ mEuhjGuk; klhl;Lfk – jk;Gs;s gpujhd tPjpapd;topNa

cl;nry;Yk; Mz;bafy ghijapy; fpof;Fg;gFjpapy; mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ. uzt> jk;GS
`y;kpy;Nyt >fy;gha> fpf; vj;jht Fsk; Kjyhd gFjpfis jd; Rw;Wg;Gwkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
klhl;Lfk uzt fpuhkkhdJ Jl;lifKD kd;dDf;Fk; gilapdUf;Fk; MAjk; toq;fp gilazpapy;
tPuu;fs; Nru;e;J nfhz;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fnjhd;whFk;. ,jid Jl;lifKD kd;dd; tp[pjGu gFjpia
ntd;w tuyhw;wpd;top mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. 260 Vf;fu; gug;gsitf; nfhz;l ,t;tdhe;ju
gFjpahdJ mjd; ngauhNyNa mjd; rpwg;ig ntspg;gLj;jp epw;gijf; fhzyhk;.

,jd;gb ehky; vd;w gjk; jUtjhdJ Njrpa ehf kuq;fs; nrwpe;j tdhe;jukhf
fhl;rpaspg;gjdhy; ,g;gFjpf;F mg;ngau; #l;lg;gl;Ls;sikahdJ mjd; rpwg;ig
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ePz;lfhyk; vtuhYk; guhkupf;fg;glhky; tpLgl;l
gFjpahf ,J ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,g;gFjpahdJ ,yq;if [dehaf Fbaurpdhy; 7.Vg;uy;.2005k;
Mz;L> ,yf;fk; 1996-13> 1979-56> 1982-13> 1988-84fspd;gb murcupik nfhs;sg;gl;l
tdruzhyakhf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,d;Dk; [hjpf ehky; cad vDk; ,g;gFjpahdJ 60 Vf;fu;
epyg;gug;ig nfhz;like;j tdhe;ju gFjpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;tdg;gFjpapid Ma;Tnra;j
‘ypyhdp FKjpdp nrduj;d’ mtu;fs; ,J MAu;Ntj %ypiffs; epiwe;j tdhe;jukhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdf; $wpAs;shu;. ,d;Dk; ,g;gFjpahdJ njhy;nghUs; mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;L
tpsq;Fk; gz;ghl;L ,lkhfTk; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,q;F fhzg;gLk; ,d;DnkhU rpwg;gk;rk; ,sk;rptg;Gepw jpUtdhfw; ghiw

mike;jpUg;gjhFk;;. ,jdhy; ,jid ghu;itapl kf;fs; ,d;iwa fhyg;gFjpfspy; ,t;tplj;jpw;F tUif
jUk; tPjk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ. ,d;Dk; ,q;F ,aw;ifahy; mike;j ePu;tPo;r;rp xd;W
mike;jpUg;gJk; mjd; mikg;G ghu;g;gjw;F tdhe;juj;jpw;F uk;kpak; mspg;gjhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,aw;ifapd; moF vg;NghJk; jdpr;rpwg;GilaNj. ehf kuq;fshy;
#og;ngw;w ,t;tdhe;jug; gFjpahdJ ghu;g;gjw;F ,aw;if fhl;rpfshy; #og;ngw;w uk;kpakhd
gFjpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,g;gFjpapd; njhlf;f tuyhW Fwpj;J mwpaf;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,d;Dk; ,g;gFjpia ,d;W guhkupj;J tUk; Njuu; uhFy `pkpapw;F Kd;duhf
ahu; ,jid guhkupj;jhu;fs; Kjyhd tuyhWfs; vJTk; ,d;Wtiu mwpag;gltpy;iy. uhFy Njuu;
fhl;bl;Fy; tdthrk; nfhz;L tho;e;j fhyk; Kjyhf ,J kf;fs; elkhl;lk; nfhz;l gFjpahf
khwj;njhlq;fpaJ vd Njuu; $Wfpwhu;. mjd; gpd;dNu mur clikahfTk; khwg;ngw;wJ
vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; (Jkpe;j rQ;rPt ghy#u;a>jpyf; ,e;jpf nrdtpuj;d>2010> gf;.4-
5).

,tu; ,g;gFjpf;F nry;yf;fhuzk; mtUf;F te;j xU fdthFk;. ,jd;gb> mtUila fdtpy; fk;gpyp
vd;w flTs; te;J jd;id ,g;gFjpf;F nrd;W thOkhWk; ,g;gFjp gpw;fhyj;jpy;
gpurpj;jpngWk; vd;Wk; $wpajhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,tu; flTspd; Mizia Vw;W
fhl;bl;Fy; Eioe;jJk; ,q;Fs;s ghk;GfNsh> ahidNah gpw tpyq;FfNsh mtiuj;jhf;fNth mq;F
te;j Ntl;ilahLk; kdpju;fspd; Fz;LfNsh jd;id vt;tpjj;jpYk; jhf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk; ,jw;F
fhuzk; fk;gpyp flTNs mg;gFjpia fhg;gjhfTk; mtu; jdf;Fk; ,q;F ghJfhg;G jUtjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,tupd; ,f;$w;Wf;fis vq;fdk; cz;ik vd;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
vdg;Gupatpy;iy. ,jw;Fg;gpd;dhy; VNjh xU tifahd #o;r;rp epiyfs; #og;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w
vz;zk; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. fhuzk; fhl;by; tdtpyq;Ffspd; jhf;Fjy;fs; ,y;yhky; tho vg;gb
KbAk;. ,tu; Muk;gj;jpy; ,t;tdg;gFjpapy; caupa kuk; xd;wpy; Fby; fl;b tho;e;Js;shu;
mjdhy; ,tiu tdtpyq;Ffs; jhf;fhky; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. kf;fspd; elkhl;lj;jpw;F gpd;dNu
jdf;fhd ,lk; xd;iw mq;F jdf;nfd Vw;gLj;jp thoe;Js;shu; ,J mg;gFjp Fwpj;J mwpe;j
kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l jftyhFk;. ,d;Dk; ,tuJ fdT mtu; jdf;fhfNt Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
Gidthff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;.

Njuu; Fwpg;gpLk; fk;gpyp flTs; vd;gtu; ahu;? eh cad gFjpia mz;ba gFjpfshd
fy;fpupahfk> uzt Kjyhd rpq;fs FbapUg;igf; nfhz;l gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fs; jkJ fhty;
nja;tkhf ,f; fk;gpyp nja;tj;ij vz;Zfpd;wdu;. ,j;nja;tkhdJ ,k;kf;fs;
tho;tpy; ,lk;ngWk; ,d;gk; - Jd;gk; ,uz;bYk; gq;F nfhz;L kf;fis fhj;jUs;tjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,d;Dk; ,g;gFjp kf;fs; jkJ [PtNdhghakhf tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;bUe;jjdhy; mtu;fs; tptrhaj;jpd; ehw;W eLif Kjy; mWtil tiunad rfy eltbf;iffspYk;
fk;gpyp nja;tj;ij topgl;L njhlq;FtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Mf ,t;tdhe;ju gFjpiaAk;
fk;gpyp nja;tNk fhj;jUs;tjhf ,tu; cWjpahf ek;GtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; (Jkpe;j
rQ;rPt ghy#u;a>jpyf; ,e;jpf nrdtpuj;d>2010> gf;.6-10).

,t;thwhf ,f; fk;gpyp nja;tj;ij topgl;L Nfhil fhyq;fspy;; ghw;NrhW rikj;J gilay; nra;J
khiyapl;L tzq;fpdhy; tPL nry;Yk; Kd; kio nga;tjhfTk; ,tu;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,t;tdg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ePu; tPo;r;rpahdJ xU mUl;nfhil vd;Wk;
mJ kf;fs; cgNahfj;jpw;F ngupJk; gad;gLtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
,jpy; ngsj;j tpfhiunahd;W ,bghLfSld; $bajhf fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;Wld; ngsj;j jpahd
kz;lgk;> Gj;ju; rpiykid Kjyhd ngsj;j rkaj;Jld; rhu;e;j fl;bl mikTfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Lsd. ,it
fp.gp 8k; Ew;whz;by; jg;Gy iv kd;dd; fhyj;jpw;Fupanjd;W tuyhw;W rhd;W
nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. ,bghLfSld; $ba ,t;tpfhiug;gFjpapy; nghd;dpw ehfg;g+ ,Ug;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpwg;gk;rk; vd;gjhf mjid Ma;T nra;Njhu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.

,t;tpfhiuia epu;khdpg;gjw;fhf Ntz;b mJ mike;Js;s gFjp kz;iz gad;gLj;jhJ mjw;F

mz;ikapy; cs;s k`,jpnfhy;yhfk thtpapy; ,Ue;J kz; vLj;J te;J nrq;fy; nra;J J}gpia
epu;khzpj;jjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F njhy; nghUspay; Ma;tpid (kz;gupNrhjid)
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,d;Dk; ,f; Fsk; mikf;fg;gl;l fhyKk; ,j;J}gp mikf;fg;gl;l fhyKk; xNu
fhyg;gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fUj;J njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. ,j;J}gpia Rw;wp
kyu;itj;J mD\;lhdk; nra;tjw;Fupa fw;gLf;iffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it KOikahf
nrg;gdplg;glhjitahf mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;Wld; ngsj;j Jwtpfs; mku;e;J jpahdk;
nra;tjw;Fupa fy;yhshd ,Uf;iffSk; mq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

J}gpapd; Eiothapy; gFjpapy; g+uz nrJf;fy; epiy fhzhj re;jputl;lf;fy;(3 mb tpl;lk;)

nrJf;fYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w nrJf;fy;fisf; nfhz;L ,J mEuhjGuf;fhy
re;jputl;lf;fy;Yld; njhlu;Gilajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd Ma;Tfs; fUj;J njuptpf;fpd;wJ. ,d;Dk;
J}gpf;F mUfpy; fy;yhyhd tpsf;F xd;Wk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; 12 jpupapl;L nfhOj;jp
itf;Fk; gbahf 12 tl;l tisTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,j;J}gpf;F Kd;gFjpapy; Gj;jupd; rpiy itg;gjw;fhd fw;gLf;if xd;Wk;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jjhfTk; mjpy; Gj;ju; rpiy itf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Wk;> itf;f vz;;zk;
nfhz;bUf;fyhk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpdwdu;. ,d;Dk; ,j;J}gpia Rw;wp ehd;F gFjpapYk;
Ntiyg;ghLfSld; $ba fw;W}z;fSk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,j;J}gpf;fhd
mbj;jskhdJ ,sk;rptg;G kiyapypUf;Fk; ,sQ;rptg;G fw;fisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,r;irj;jpaj;jpw;F fpof;Fg;gFjpapy; mike;j gFjpfSld; ,J
ngUk;ghd;ikahd njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,g;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; rpy fw;W}z;fshdJ Gj;j rpiyf;F $iu Nta;tjw;fhf vOg;gg;
gl;bUf;fyhk; vd $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F fhzg;gLk; fl;bl rpijnthd;wpy; neUf;fkhff;
fhzg;gLk; EiothapyhdJ 1.5 mb cauKk; 1.4 mb mfyKk; nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ. ,jw;F fhuzk;
mq;F itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Gj;j rpiyia xt;nthUtuhf nrd;W tzq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfTk;
rdneupriy Fiwf;Fk; tifapYk; mJ mt;thW mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
,t;tdhe;juj;jpy; mike;Js;s kiyg;gFjpapy; Nghjpkid xd;W mikj;jpUe;jjhfTk; mjw;fhd
mbj;js rhd;Wfs; jpupntdh fw;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,e;epu;khdpg;Gfs; midj;Jk; fp.gp 8k; E}w;whz;by; Ml;rp nra;j
jg;Gy kd;ddhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tf; Fwpg;Gfs;
njuptpf;fpd;wJ. ,q;F kiyg;gFjpf;F Vwpr;nry;tjw;F fw;fshy; nrg;gdplg;gl;l fw;gbfSk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikAk; mjd;top rkfhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Gj;j gpf;Ffs; kiyg;gFjpf;F
Vwpr;nrd;W jpahdk; nra;tjhfTk; mjw;fhd ,Ug;gplk; mq;F fhzg;gLtjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

tdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ngUk; kuq;fSf;fbapy; fy;ypUf;iffs; nra;J mjpy; mku;e;J jpahdKk;

nra;J te;Js;sdu; vd;gjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,d;Wk; mtw;iwf; fhzyhk;. ,t;thwhd
mku;f;iffis mikf;f cg;Gf;fy; Nghd;w jd;ik nfhz;l fy;tifahy; mtw;iw mikj;Js;sjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,q;F ,d;DnkhU rpwg;gk;rkhf ghj RtL nfhz;l
fy;nyhd;W ,Ug;gjhfTk; mJ Gj;jupd; ghj RtL nfhz;ljhf; ,Uf;fyhk; vdTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; Neupy; nrd;W ghu;f;Fk; NghJ mf;fy;ypy; fhzg;gLk;
jlakhdJ ghjj;ijg;Nghd;w mikg;igAilajhf njupa tpy;iy. ,aw;ifahf VNjDk; xU Kiwapy;
cz;lhd xU Jis Nghd;w mikg;ghfNt mJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,q;F fhz;nlLf;fg;gl;l njhy;nghUs; jlaq;fshdJ rPfpupa> nkdpf; njd> mynfhy ntt Mjp
gq;Q;rhr tpfhiufspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l njhy; nghUs; rhd;WfSld; xj;j fhyj;ij ,q;F
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l rhd;;WfSk; gfu;tjhf ,Ug;gjhfTk; Ma;Tfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,q;F
fhzg;gl;l ,r;rhd;Wfs; ngUk; kz;Fkpay;fs; Nghd;W fhzg;gl;ljhf Ma;Tfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,q;Ffz;nlLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l njhifahd fw;W}z;fspYk;> xUrpy
fw;fspYk; Xusthd fw;nrJf;fy;fis fhzf;$bajhfTk; cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,g;gFjpapy; vt;tpjkhd
fy;ntl;L rhd;WfSk; ,d;W tiu fz;nlLf;fg;gltpy;iy.

,j;jsj;jpd; tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ik nfhz;l rhd;Wfis itj;J Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rpy fijfs; ngha;nadTk;
rpyuhy; vz;zg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb Gj;jupd; ghjk; gjpf;fg;gl;l fy; vdf;Fwpg;gpLk; fij
ve;jsT J}uk; ek;gfukhdJ vd vz;z Kbatpy;iy. ,q;F fhzg;gLk; ePu; Cw;whdJ kf;fs;
ghtidapy; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mjw;fhf ,jw;F Mjhukhf mt;tplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
ePu; tpOk; fw;ghj;jpuk; xU rpW Foe;ij Fopf;Fk; msT gUkd; nfhz;ljhf
mike;jpUg;gJk; ,jd; cz;ikj;jd;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wnjdyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,f;
fw;ghj;jpuk; FspaYf;fhftd;wp ePiu Nrkpj;J itj;J vLg;gjw;fhff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;. ntWnkd
tbe;J XltplhJ ,t;thW nra;J mjpypUe;J gad; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.
,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;w js ,bghLfs; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $Wk; msT ,d;djd;ikahd ,lk;jhd; vd
vtuhYk; tiuaWj;Jf; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. ngsj;j J}gpia mz;b ,Ug;gjdhy; ,it ngsj;j
tpfhiufSld; njhlu;Ggl;l fl;blq;fshf ,Uf;fyhk; vd vz;zpAs;sdu;. ehd;F %iyfspYk;
elg;gl;Ls;s fw;W}d;fisf; nfhz;L ,it vy;iyf; fw;fshf elg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;Wk; ,jd; %yk;
vy;iyg;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; rkfhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gjidAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
fw;W}z;fspYk; $l nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfs; Xusthf ,Ug;gjidAk; ,q;F fhz Kbe;jJ.

ehky; cad gFjpf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s Njt;ujh ud;uj tpfhiu tp[pjGutpw;F njw;Nf Rkhu;
5iky; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s uzt fpuhkj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tpfhiu Kd; neLQ;rhiyapd;
eLtpy;> ed;F nrJf;fg;gl;l ml;lgl;lk; (vl;Ltup) fy; J}z; cs;sJ. mJnthU fy;ntl;lhfTs;sJ. ,J
“Mz;bafy fy;ntl;L” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j fy;ntl;L ehd;fhk; jg;Gy kd;ddhy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu;fs; cWjp nra;Js;sdu;.

,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nra;jpahdJ> “,e;jg; gFjpf;Fs; Eioe;j JNuhfpiaf; $l ifJ nra;a

murDf;Ff; $l mjpfhuk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; Jd;GWj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;j gFjpf;Fs; ahUk; Eioa KbahJ
vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb> eh caditr; Rw;wpAs;s gFjp tpyq;FfSf;F kl;Lkpd;wp
kdpju;fSf;Fk; Gfyplk; mspj;j kdpj ruzhyakhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.”

,f; fy;ntl;lhdJ> kpfTk; kdpjhgpkhd kw;Wk; td;Kiwaw;w mur Miziaf; Fwpj;J

epw;fpd;wJ. fle;j fhy kd;du;fs; Rw;Wr;R+oy; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; kPJ vt;tsT J}uk;
mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;gij ,J fhl;LfpwJ. ehky; caditr; Rw;wpAs;s kf;fspilNa ,J
Fwpj;J gy;NtW Guhzf;fijfs; cs;sd. mjpy; xd;W Njtek;gpajp];] kd;dd; jdJ mur
Njhl;lj;ij ,e;jg; gFjpapy; fl;l KbT nra;J mijf; fl;lj; njhlq;fpdhd;. Mdhy; mJ topapy;
epWj;jg;gl;L> murdpd; jiyefuhf ,Ue;j mDuhjGu efuj;jpy; mur Njhl;lk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. me;j
Njhl;lk; ‘kfhNkftd Njhl;lk;’ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa jfty;fspd; kw;nwhU jftypid
kfhtk;rk; mspf;fpd;wJ. kfhtk;rj;jpy; %d;whk; jg;Gy kd;dd; “eh tLd;dh” vd;w tpfhiuia
kPl;ljhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNj Nghy Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;dd; “kuf; Nfhapiy”
GJg;gpj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Myak; eh ky; cad
gpuNjrj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Myakhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.

,e;j ,lj;jpy; kdpj ruzhyaj;ij epWtpa ehd;fhk; jg;Gy kd;dd; “ud; Njklky; gpupNtdh”
vd;w tpfhiuia cUthf;fpdhd; vd;gJ Guhzf;fij. gpupntdh eh cad gpuNjrj;jpy; jw;NghJ
rpijtile;Js;s tpfhiuapd; ,bghlhf ,J ,Uf;fyhk; vd Guhzq;fspy; NkYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kfhtk;rj;jpy; ehd;fhk; fhrpag;g kd;dd; “ud; kyfy" vd;w tpfhiuapd; miwfisf; fl;bdhd;
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F ud; kyfy vd;why; ‘Nuhrh jpupntdh’ kiyahf ,Uf;fyhk;
vd;w fUj;Jk; epyTfpwJ.

fp.K 8Mk; E}w;whz;by;> ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rp nra;j gy kd;du;fs; ehky; cad kw;Wk; mijr;
Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfspy; gy;NtW fl;Lkhdq;fisr; nra;jpUe;jdu;> vdNt ehky; cad gFjpahdJ
rpq;fs kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;bUe;j gFjpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. ,q;fpUe;j tpfhiuahdJ
Kf;fpakhd tpfhiuahf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd mjid mz;bAs;s kf;fshy; ek;gg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

ehky; cad gFjpiar; Rw;wpAs;s tdg;gFjpia ehd;fhk; jg;Gy kd;dd; kdpj ruzhyakhf
mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhy; fhl;ilr; Rw;wpAs;s gFjp kf;fs; trpf;Fk; gFjpahf ,Ue;jjhf
ek;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd ek;gpf;iff;F fhuzk; mg;gFjpapy; fhyq;fhykhf FbapUf;Fk; kf;fs;
$l;lj;jpdu; vq;fpUe;J tUif je;jdu; vd;w tptuk; Fwpj;J mk;kf;fs; ,wpatpy;iy vd;Wk;
fhyk;fhykhf jkJ %jhijau; ,g;gFjpapNyNa jkJ FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;J te;Js;sjhf fUj;J
njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. ,f;fijfis cWjpg;gLj;Jk; njhy;ypay; rhd;whf goq;fhy kdpj GijFopahf
(kdpj kahdk) fUjg;gLk; “,g;gq;fl;Lt” gFjpahdJ ehky; cad gFjpf;F gpd;Gwkhf
mike;Js;sJ.

,g;gq;fl;Lt vDk; ,g;gFjpahdJ jk;Gs;is gFjpapypUe;J fpof;Fg;Gwkhf mikag;ngw;w xU

fpuhkkhf ,d;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jw;fhyj;jpy; fl;Lf;nfypaht vd toq;Fk;
gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk;> uzt gFjpf;F gpd;GwkhfTk; mikag;ngw;w gFjpahf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F ngUq;fw;fhy kf;fspd; kuzr; rlq;FKiwapy; fhzg;gl;l fw;jpl;il
Kiwapyhd fy;yiw Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fw;jpl;ilahdJ ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J fUq;fw;fisf;
nfhz;L rJu tbtkhf mikf;fg;gl;l fw;jpl;ilfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;kuzg;gLf;if fw;fspd;
%yk; ,g;gFjpahdJ Muk;gk; Kjw;nfhz;L kdpj tho;tpaw; #oyhff; fhzg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ
vd;gij ,jd; %yk; cWjp nra;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf cs;sJ.

,t;tifahd tuyhw;W rhrdq;fSld; ngsj;j fl;bl ,bghLfs; Kjyhdtw;iwf; nfhz;L fl;Lf;nfypaht

gFjpahdJ mjhtJ ce;JUt Nfhwis gFjpahdJ rpq;fs kf;fspd; FbapUg;Gf;fis Muk;gk; KjNy
nfhz;bUe;jNjhL ,tu;fspd; FbapUg;Gf;fs; ,y;yhj ,lkhf ,Ue;j Fupah Cu; Mw;wpd; ,lJ gf;f
fiuapy; K];ypk; kf;fs; FbNawp jkJ tho;tpaw; #oiy mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,g;gFjpfs; kfhtyp
mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpNahL gy fpuhkq;fshf khw;wg;gl;L gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sikia ,jd;
njhd;ikahd mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;L Gupe;J nfhs;ssyhk; (Jkpe;j rQ;rPt ghy#u;a>jpyf; ,e;jpf
nrdtpuj;d>2010> gf;.15-80).
03. kfhtypf; FbNaw;wKk; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkKk;

3.1 tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp

kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; ,yq;ifapy; ,Jtiuapy; Nkw;nfhss;g;gl;l kpfg;nghpa

ngsjPf kw;Wk; kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. Kf;fpakhf ,yq;if
ehl;bd; cyh; tyaj;jpd; fpuhk mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghf mbg;gilapy; ftdk; nrYj;jpa ,e;j
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; rkfhyj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; 1968 Mk; Mz;by; I eh mgptpUj;jp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; czT kw;Wk; tptrhaj; jhgdk; (UNDP/FAO) vd;gtw;wpd; njhopy;El;g
cjtpAld; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ehl;bd; kj;jpa kiyg; gpuNjrq;fspd; ,aw;if ePh; toj;jpid cyh;
tyaj;jpy; tptrha kw;Wk; FbNaw;w mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;nfd
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; kfhtyp jpl;lk; kpf Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpuj;ij tfpj;J te;Js;sJ.

,yq;ifapd; JhpjFbj;njhif tshr;;rpapd; tpisthf Vw;gl;bUe;j gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;T fhZk;

mjd; Kaw;rpapd; NghJ cw;gj;jpiaj; Jhpjg;gLj;Jk; tplaj;jpy; ehL ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
Njit ,Ue;Jte;jJ. 1940fspd; msTfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ 1969,y; ,yq;ifapd;
Fbj;njhif ,ul;bg;ghf mjpfhpj;jJld;> mt;thz;by; mJ 11.8 kpy;ypad; kl;lj;ij vl;bapUe;jJ.
mg;nghOJ ehl;bd; tUlhe;j Fbj;njhif mjpfhpg;G 3.1 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;J te;jJ.
mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;W te;j Fbj;njhif mjpfhpg;gpd; gpd;Gyj;jpy; 1980Mk;
Mz;lstpy; Efu;Tf;nfd ,yq;iff;F 1.8 kpy;ypad; nkl;upf;njhd; muprpNjitg;gLk; vd
mDkhdpff;g;gl;bUe;jJ. vdpDk;> mr;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ehl;by; 0.7 kpy;ypad; nkl;upf; njhd;
mhprp kl;LNk cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L te;jJ.

NkYk;> ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp> tPl;LEfu;T vd;gtw;Wf;fhd kpd;rhuj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp

2000 Gwh myFfs; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. vt;thwpUg;gpDk;> 1969Mk; Mz;by; tUlhe;j
kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp 470 Gwh myFfshf ,Ue;J te;jJld;> ePh;kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fs; ,jpy;
388 Gwh myFfis gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Jte;jd. Fjpkpd;rhuk; mdy;kpd; epiyaq;fs; %yk;
vupnghUs; ghtidAld; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L te;jJ. 1960 – 1967 fhyg;gphptpd; NghJ
tUlhe;j mhprp ,wf;Fkjp 466>000 nk.njhd;fshf ,Ue;J te;jJld;> mjd; tpisthf xt;nthU
tUlKk; 200 kpy;ypad; &gh ntspg;gha;r;ry; ,lk;ngw;wJ. mJ jtpu cg czTg;
gaph;fspd; ,wf;FkjpfSf;nfd tUlhe;jk; &. 139 kpy;ypad; nrytplg;gl;L te;jJ. ,e;jr; nryTfs;
midj;Jk; kpf cau;e;jstpyhd ngWkjp xd;iwf; fhl;bd.
ehl;bd; Fbj;njhif <u tyaj;jpy; kl;LNk ngUkstpy; xd;W jpuz;L tUk; tplaKk; mf;fhy
fl;lj;jpy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. <u tyaj;jpd; Fbj;njhif rJu fpNyh kPw;wh; xd;Wf;F 465
egh;fshf fhzg;gl;lJ. cyh; tyaj;jpy; Fbj;njhif mlh;j;jp rJu fpNyhkPw;wh; xd;Wf;F Rkhh;
80 egh;fs; vd;w mstpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. cyh; tyak; ehl;bd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 66 rjtPjj;ij
cs;slf;fpapUe;j mNj Ntisapy;> Fbj;njhifapy; 70 rjtPjj;jpdh; <u tyaj;jpNyNa nrwpe;J
tho;e;J te;jdh;. mjd; gpufhuk; cyh; tyak; neLfpYk; rdr;nrwpT kpff; Fiwthf ,Ue;J tUk;
epiy mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ehl;bd; Vida ejpfSld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ <u tyaj;jpd; kj;jpa
kiyehl;bypUe;J Cw;nwLf;Fk; kfhtyp fq;if ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; MwpnyhU
gpuNjrj;Jf;Fr; rkkhdgpuNjrk; xd;wpypUe;Jfpilf;Fk;; ePNuhl;lq;fisr; Nrfhpj;J> cyh;
tyaj;Jf; $lhf vLj;Jr; nrd;W flypy; fyf;fpd;wJ. kfhtyp fq;if tw;whj xU ejp vdf;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nky; kfhtyp gpuNjrq;fspy; ePh;kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fSf;F ePiu tpepNahfk; nra;Ak;

mNj Ntisapy;> cyh; tyaj;jpd; tptrha mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;nfd kfhtypfq;ifapd;
ePiu jpirjpUg;g Ntz;ba Njit ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ vd;w tplak; czug;gl;lJ. ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd;
miog;gpd; Nghpy; ,q;F te;j If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; xU JhJf;FO cyh; tyaj;jpy; fhzp
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisf; fz;lwptjw;nfd 1956 Mz;by; xU rhj;jpag;ghl;L mwpf;ifia
Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; fNdbad; `d;bq; Nru;Nt Nfhu;g;gNud; vd;w
epWtdk; ,yq;if ePh;g;ghrd kw;Wk; epy msitj; jpizf;fsq;fSld; ,ize;J mg;Nghija
murhq;fj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhspd; Nghpy; kfhtyp fq;if njhlh;ghd Xh; Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,e;j
,U epWtdq;fSk; jkJ fz;Nzhl;lq;fis cs;slf;Fk; ,U RahjPdkhd mwpf;iffis 1961 Mk;
Mz;by; murhq;fj;jplk; rkh;g;gpj;jd. rk;ge;jg;gl;l Ma;Tfs; 1962 Mk; Mz;by;
xg;GjYf;nfd ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

xl;L nkhj;j kfhtyp tbepyj;jpdJk; ePh; tsq;fs; njhlh;ghd tphpthd Ma;nthd;iw

Nkw;nfhs;shj tpjj;jpy; kfhtypfq;ifapd; ePhpd; xUghfj;ij jpirjpUg;GtJ ghjfkhd tpisTfis
Vw;gLj;Jnkd ,yq;if epGzh;fs; mgpg;gpuhag;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf ghhSkd;wk; ,e;j
mwpf;iffSf;F xg;Gjy; toq;ftpy;iy. mjidaLj;J> kfhtyp fq;ifiaAk; cs;slf;fpa midj;J
ejpfisAk;> midj;J ePu;tsq;fisAk;> epyg;gug;Gf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa tpjj;jpy; tphpthd Xh;
Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;dh;> Kd;Dhpik mbg;gilapy; mgptpUj;jpf;nfd njhpTnra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba fUj;jpl;lq;fs; vit vd;gJ njhlh;ghf RahjPdkhd ghpe;Jiufis rku;g;gpf;FkhW 1962
Mk; Mz;by; murhq;fk; If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gplk; xU Ntz;LNfhis tpLj;jJ. ,e;j
Ntz;LNfhis mLj;J If;fpa ehLfs; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; ,yq;iff;F czT tptrhaj;jhgd
FO xd;iw mDg;gp itj;jJ. mJ jtpu> ,e;jf; FOTf;F cjTtjw;nfd ,yq;ifapypUe;J
epGzh;fSk;> mNjNghy Vida cjtp MszpapdUk; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;.

ehd;F Mz;Lfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tphpthd Ma;Tfspd; gpd;dh; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Muha;r;rp

1968Mk; Mz;by; 14 Gwk;ghd tpNrl mwpf;iffis cs;slf;fpa 3 njhFjpfshfg;
gpuRhpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjid mLj;J> kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;Jf;F 1968 Mk;
Mz;by; ghuhSkd;wk; xg;Gjiy toq;fpaJ. ,e;jepfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspypUe;J gad;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tlkj;jpa khfhzj;jpYk;> fpof;F khfhzj;jpYk; mike;jpUe;j gpuNjrq;fs;
13 tyaq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJld;> mfu thpirapy; 'A' njhlf;fk; 'M' tiuapy; mtw;Wf;Fg;
ngahplg;gl;ld. nghUshjhu uPjpapy; rhj;jpakhdit vdTk;> Fiwe;j KjyPLfSld; mjpf
mstpyhd gad;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;ff; $bait vdTk; fUjg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lq;fs; KjyhtJ
fl;lj;jpd; NghJ vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

3.2 kfhtyp ngUe;jpl;lk;

kfhtyp ePu; Mjhuq;fspypUe;J kpd;rhu cw;gj;jpf;Fk;> ePu;g;ghrd eltbf;ifSf;Fnkd

Rkhu; 6>900 kpy;ypad; fd mb ePiu toq;FtNj kfhtyp ngUe;jpl;lj;jpd; gpujhd
Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. 15 ePh;j;Njf;fq;fis eph;khzpj;J> kpd;rhu cw;gj;jpf;nfd mtw;wpy; 11
ePh;j;Njf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJk; mjd; ,uz;lhtJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. If;fpa
ehLfs; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; (UNDP)> czT kw;Wk; tptrhaj; jhgdk; (FAO)
vd;gtw;wpdhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l kfhtyp ngUe;jpl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> kfhtyp
tbepyj;jpYk;> cyu; tyaj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; Vida tbepyq;fspYk; mike;jpUf;Fk;
364>372 n`f;nlahu; epyg;gug;Gf;F rpWNghfk; kw;Wk; ngUk;Nghfk; Mfpa ,U
gUtq;fspd; NghJk; ePu;g;ghrd ePiu toq;Ftjw;F cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;j nkhj;j
epyg;gug;gpy; 264>777 n`f;;nlau; tptrhaj;Jf;nfd jpwe;Jtplg;gltpUf;Fk; Gjpa
epyq;fshf ,Ue;jd. kpFjp 110>404 n`f;nlau; epyg;gug;gpy; Vw;fdNt xU gUtj;jpd; NghJ
kl;Lk; rhFgb nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.

jpl;lkplg;gl;bUf;Fk; ePh;j;Njf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Mw;wiyg;

gad;gLj;jp 2037 Gwh myF kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;a KbAk; vd;w tplaKk; Rl;bf;
fhl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. kfhtyp ngUe;jpl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; 30 tUl fhyg;gpuptpd; NghJ ,e;j
mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. epjpfspd; cgNahfk;
kw;Wk; mKyhf;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; trjpiaf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L - Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jpapd;
gad;fs; midtUf;Fk; fpl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w tplaj;ijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,e;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;
eltbf;iffs; 3 fl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd>

KjyhtJ fl;lk;

KjyhtJfl;lj;ij 1969-1980 fhyg;gpuptpd; NghJ mKyhf;Ftjw;F Nahrid

njuptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,f;fll;j;jpd; NghJ 74>494 n`f;nlau; Gjpaepyq;fSf;Fk;> 58>300
n`f;nlau; gioa epyq;fSf;Fk; ePu;g;ghrd ePiu toq;Ftjw;Fk;> tUlhe;jk; 820 Gwh myF
kpd;rhuj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,f;fl;lj;jpd; eltbf;iffs;
3 fUj;jpl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd>

1. nghy;nfhy;y jpirjpUg;gy; (1969 – 1973)

2. tpf;Nlhwpah / kpdpg;Ng jpirjpUg;gy; (1973 – 1977)
3. nkhwf`fe;j gy; Nehf;F myF

,uz;lhtJ fl;lk;

,e;j ,uz;lhtJ fl;lj;jpd; NghJ khJWXah ePu;j;Njf;fk;> gy;Nehf;F fl;llj;njhFjp> fe;jfhL

mizf;fl;L Nghd;w Kjd;ik Ntiyg; gpupTfspy; kfhtyp kw;Wk; khJWXah tbepyq;fspy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; 93>117 n`f;nlau; epyg;gug;Gf;F ePu;g;ghrd trjpfs; toq;fg;gLk;.
ePu;g;ghrd trjpfis toq;Ftjw;nfd jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;j 93>117 n`f;nlau; epyg;gug;gpy;
8502 n`f;nlau; epyg;gug;G Vw;fdNt rhFgbapd; fPo; ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,f;fl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa
eltbf;iffs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpapUe;jd:
 jy;njdtpy; 15 MW epWtg;gl;l Mw;wYld; xU ePh;kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaj;ij
epu;khzpj;jy;.
 wj;fpe;j ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpypUe;J khJWXa ePu;j;Njf;fj;Jf;F ePu; toq;Fk; nghUl;L
Xu; Ruq;fg; ghijia epu;khzpj;jy;.
 khJWxa ePu;j;Njf;fj;Jf;F mUfpy; 4.9 MWh epWtg;gl;l Mw;wYld; $ba xU
ePu;kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaj;ij epu;khzpj;jy;.

%d;whtJ fl;lk;
,f;fl;lj;jpd; fPo; tlkj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; 105>668 n`f;nlahh; Gjpaepyg;gug;G mgptpUj;jp
nra;ag;gLk;. ePh; kpd;rhuj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd ,Wjpj; jpl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fj;jpd;
tpisthf 293 MWh myF epWtg;gl;l Mw;wYld; $ba ePu;kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fs;
epu;khzpf;fg;gLk;. mj;jifa ePu;kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fSf;$lhf tUlhe;jk; 1169 MWh myF
kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. kpdpg;Ng Fsj;jpd; tyJ fiuf; fhy;thapd; mgptpUj;jp>
164 fp.kP. ePskhd tl kj;jpa fhy;thapd; epu;khdk;> nuhl;lyhty> ckhxa> wd;jk;Ng>
nfhj;kiy kw;Wk; fSfq;if ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspd; epu;khdk; vd;gd ,f; fl;lj;jpy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdpDk;> jw;Nghija Kd;Dupikj; Njitfspd; mbg;gilapy; kfhtyp
ngUe;jpl;lk; 3 mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mKy; nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

3.2.1 kfhtyp ngUe;jpl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fk; (1 MtJ mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lk;)

kfhtyp ngUe;jpl;lj;jpd; KjyhtJ fUj;jpl;lkhf 1970Mk; Mz;by; nghy;nfhy;y kw;Wk;

Nghtnjd;d fUj;jpl;lk; njhlf;fp itf;fg;gl;lJld;> mjd; eph;khd Ntiyfs; 1976 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
G+u;j;jpaile;jd. ,f; fUj;jpl;lk; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl;likia mLj;J Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; 16000
n`f;nlau; epyg;gug;Gf;Fk;> 23000 n`f;nlau;; Gjpa epyg;gug;Gf;Fk; ePu;g;ghrd ePiu
toq;ff; $ba Mw;wYk;> 40 MWh myF epWtg;gl;l Mw;wYld; $batpjj;jpy; kpd;rhuj;ij
cUthf;ff; $ba tha;g;Gk; fpilj;jJ. ,f;fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 1977Mk; Mz;lstpy; kfhtyp H
tyaj;Jf;Fs; fyhntt tbepyj;jpy; 23000 tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fs; FbNaw;wg;gl;ld. ,g;nghOJ
kfhtyp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; tyak; H gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNaw;wq;fs; njhlh;ghd midj;J
eltbf;iffSk; G+u;j;jpaile;jpUg;gJld;> mq;F FbNaw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk; FLk;gq;fspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if 39>500Mf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

1977Mk; Mz;lstpy; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuk; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfis vjph;Nehf;fp te;jJ.

muprpia cs;slf;fpa tpjj;jpy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l tptrhag; gz;lq;fspd; ,wf;Fkjpr; nryT
mjpfupj;J te;jik xU gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;J te;jJ. ehl;bd; nkhj;j muprpj; Njitapy; 69 rjtPjk;
kl;Lk; cs;ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJld;> 31 rjtPjk; mhprpj; Njitia ,wf;Fkjpfs; %yk;
<Lnra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mJ jtpu NtW gy mj;jpatrpa tptrhag; gz;lq;fSk;
ehl;Lf;Fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;L te;jd. 1977Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;if kpd;rhurigapdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp 408 MWh myFfshf ,Ue;J te;jJld;> mJ
mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ehl;by; kpd;rhuk; njhlu;ghf epytp te;j Nfs;tpia epiwNtw;wp
itg;gjw;F Nghjpajhf ,Ue;J tutpy;iy. kpd;jil nraypog;G xU rhjhuz tplakhf
khwp ,Ue;jJld;> tUlj;jpy; kpd;rhuk; Jz;bf;fg;gLk; ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if 70 Mf
mjpfhpj;jpUe;jJ.
Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; njhlh;ghd tpfpjk; 17 rjtPjkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Ntiyapy;yhj;
jpz;lhl;lj;ijf; Fiwg;gJ Xu; mj;jpahtrpakhd mk;rkhf ,Ue;J te;jJld;> mj;jifa
gpur;rpidfSf;F cldbahd jPh;Tfs; Njitg;gl;ld. mtru mbg;gilapy; ,j;jifa gpur;rpidfisf;
ifahs;tjw;fhd Xu; gbKiw vd;w tpjj;jpy; mg;Nghija murhq;fk; kfhtyp ngUe;jpl;lj;jpd;
mKyhf;fj;ij Jupjg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd xU Kbtpid 1977 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; khjk;
12Mk; jpfjp Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

3.2.2 Jhpjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kfhtyp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; (,uz;lhtJ mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lk;)

kfhtyp ngUe;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J njhpT nra;ag;gl;l xU rpy fUj;jpl;lq;fis mKy; nra;tjw;Fk;>

mtw;iw FWfpa 6 tUl fhyg; gphpTf;Fs; G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;Fk; murhq;fk; 1977 Mk;
Mz;by; jPh;khdpj;jJ. ,f; fUj;jpl;lq;fis mKy; nra;tjw;nfd Gwk;;ghd xU mikr;Rk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpufhuk; nfhj;kiy> tpf;Nlhupah> we;njdpfy kw;Wk; khJWXah
ePh;j;Njf;ff; fUj;jpl;lq;fis Muk;gpj;J> mKy; nra;tjw;nfd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
gpd;du; wd;jk;Ng fUj;jpl;lKk; ,e;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fs; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
khJWXah jtpu> Vida ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspy; ePu;kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJld;> mNj
ePu;> ePu;g;ghrd Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpufhuk; tptrha FLk;gq;fis
FbNaw;WtJld; ,ize;j tpjj;jpy; kfhtyp C kw;Wk; B tyaq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpAk;
Jhpjg;gLj;jg;gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;lJ. tyak; B kw;Wk; tyak; C
vd;gtw;wpy; KiwNa 30>465 FLk;gq;fSk; 45>488 FLk;gq;fSk; FbNaw;wg;gl;ld.

,f; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;nfd KiwNa RtPld;> nghpa gphpj;jhdpah> fdlh> N[u;kdp> Mfpa

ehLfs; epjpAjtpfis toq;fpd. Mw;wpd; fPo;g;gFjp eltbf;iffSf;fhd epjpfis cyf tq;fp>
INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu Mizf;FO> [g;ghd; kw;Wk; Fitj; MfpaehLfs; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jd. ,f; fUj;jpl;lq;fis njhlq;fp itg;gjw;nfd 1979Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhu
rig ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. nghwpapay; kw;Wk; tbtikg;G eltbf;iffSf;F kfhtyp nghwpapay;
kw;Wk; epu;;khz KftufKk;> kPs; FbNaw;w eltbf;iffSf;nfd kfhtyp nghUshjhu
KftufKk;; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kfhtyp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ghhpa
ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;nfd 1986Mk; Mz;by; Kjd;ik Ntiyfs; ,af;Fjy;>
guhkhpj;jy; kw;Wk; eph;thfg; gphpT ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Jhpjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kfhtyp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;; fPohd fUj;jpl;lq;fs; 1990Mk; Mz;lstpy;

G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;lJld;> mj;jifa fUj;jpl;lq;fSf; $lhf kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tptrhak;
Nghd;w Jiwfspy; fzprkhd mstpyhd KjyPLfs; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jd. ,e;jg;
gpd;dzpapy;> tptrhaj; Jiwapy; Neub KjyPLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tplaj;jpy; murhq;fk;
jaf;fk;fhl;b te;jJld;> mjd; fhuzkhf kfhtyp ngUe;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;j nkhwf`fe;j
ePu;j;Njf;ff; fUj;jpl;lk; gpd;du; mKy; nra;tjw;nfd xj;jpitf;fg;gl;lJ. vt;thwpUg;gpDk;>
rhh;GuPjpapy; ePz;l fhykhf Nfhg;Gf;fSf;F kl;Lk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,e;jf; fUj;jpl;lk;
jw;nghOJ mKy; nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; gad;fs; NkYk; tphptilAk;.

3.2.3 kfhtyp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; jw;Nghija kw;Wk; vjph;fhy tfpgq;F (%d;whtJ

mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lk;)

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpd;tUk; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; mKy;nra;ag;gl;lJ.

 nkhwf`fe;j kw;Wk; fSfq;if ePh;j;Njf;f fUj;jpl;lk;>
 fhypq;fEtu mq;fkby;y ePNuw;W fUj;jpl;lk;>
 kfhtyp Mw;wpd; xU fpis ejpahd FlhXahtpy; Nkw; nfhss;g;gLk; gy; Nehf;Ff;
fUj;jpl;lk;>
 ntypxa FbNaw;wg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fpTy;xa ePh;j;Njf;ff; fUj;jpl;lk;>
 Nky; vy`u fhy;tha; fUj;jpl;lk;>
 tlkj;jpa khfhz gpujhd fhy;tha;f; fUj;jpl;lk;>
 tlNky; khfhz fhy;tha; fUj;jpl;lk;>
 kpdpg;Ng fhy;tha;f; fUj;jpl;lk;.

,f;fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2020 Mk; Mz;lstpy; 30>400 n`f;nlahh; Gjpa fhzpfis mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjw;F vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. mJ nkhwf`fe;j ePh;j;Njf;fj;jpd; fPo; 5000 n`f;nlahh;fs;>
khJWxa tyJ fiu mgptpUj;jp fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 18>000 n`f;nlahh; fhzpfs;> fpTy;xa
fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2400 n`f;nlahh; fhzpfs; kw;Wk; ckhxa gy;Nehf;F mgptpUj;jpf;
fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 5000 n`f;nlahh; fhzpfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

ckhxa fUj;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J 120 MWh myFfs;> nkhwf`fe;j fUj;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J 25 MWh

myFfs; kw;Wk; rpW mstpyhd ePh;kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fspypUe;J 60 MWh myFfs;
vd;w mbg;gilapy; ePu;kpd;rhuk;; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L> mJ Njrpa kpd;njhFg;Gf;F
toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; fpilf;Fk; Gjpa ngWkjpfis Njrpa czT
cw;gj;jpf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jp> kfhtyp FbNaw;wthrpfspd; eyNdhk;giy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Kaw;rpahf mike;jJ.

3.3 ,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhu rigapd; ];jhgpjk; kw;Wk; mjd; cs;slf;fk;

1979Mk; Mz;bd; 23 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhu

rig ];jhgpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld;> mr;rl;lj;jpd; 12Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; Fwpg;gpl;l xU tpNrl
gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ xU tpNrl gpuNjrk; njhlh;ghf mjpfhu rigapd; fUkq;fs; gpd;tUk;
tpjj;jpy; njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

(m) ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;> ePu;g;ghrd ePu;tpepNahf mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iw

epu;khdpj;J> ,af;Fjy; kw;Wk; kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp> kpd;rhu tpepNahfk;
vd;gtw;Wf;fhd ,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fis epWTjy; vd;gtw;iwAk; css;lf;fpa tpjj;jpy;
kfhtypfq;if mgptpUj;jp jpl;lj;ij jpl;lkpLjy; kw;Wk; mKy; nra;jy;. vt;thwpUg;gpDk;>
kpd;rhu tpepNahfk; njhlh;ghd flikfs;> NtNwNjDk; vOj;J %ykhd xU rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
mt;thW nra;tjw;F mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUf;Fk; NtNwNjDk; Xu; mjpfhu rigapdhYk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl KbAk;.

(M) KOikahd xUq;fpize;j mgptpUj;jpia Nghjpj;J tsu;j;jy; kw;Wk; me;j mgptpUj;jpia

jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

(,) tptrhaj; Jiwapd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;G Mw;wy;; vd;gtw;iw cau;
kl;lj;jpy; epiy epWj;Jjy;. mj;Jld;> tptrha nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia vLj;J tUjy; kw;Wk;
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.

(<) ngsjPfr; #oiy ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkupj;J tUjy;.

(c) nghJkf;fspd; eyNdhk;gy; kw;Wk; fyhrhu Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;jy;

kw;Wk; epu;tfpj;jy;.

(C) tptrha mgptpUj;jpapy; cs; kw;Wk; ntspahh; %yjdj;ij gad;gLj;Jjy;> Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

kw;Wk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
(v) kfhtyp fq;if mgptpUj;jp jpl;lj;ij jpl;lkpLtjpYk;> mKy; nra;tjpYk; murhq;f
jpizf;fsq;fs;> murepWtdq;fs;> cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs;> mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> epajpr;
rigfs;> jdpahu; my;yJ NtW vtNuDk; egu;fs; Mfpa jug;Gf;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.

3.4 ,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhu rigapd; fUkq;fs;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpdhy; ,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhu rigapd; xt;nthU tplag; gug;gpd;
fPOk; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; fs mYtyfq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd;
nraw;ghLfis xUq;fpizj;jy; nraw;ghL gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafq;fs;> gzpg;ghsu;fs;>
fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsh;fs; kw;Wk; tjptplfUj;jpl;l Kfhikahsu;fs; MfpNahupdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. mjd; gpufhuk;> gpd;tUk; fUkq;fis ,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhu
rig epiwNtw;wpAs;sJ.
 njhFjp jpl;lk; kw;Wk; tUlhe;j nray; jpl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd; gpufhuk; epWtdj;jpd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij khjhe;j mbg;gilapy; kPsha;T nra;J> Njitahd jiyaPLfspd; %yk;
Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
 nrhj;Jf;fis guhkupj;jy; kw;Wk; epu;tfpj;jy; njhlh;ghd cupa jpl;lnkhd;wpd;
gpufhuk; nraw;gLtjd; %yk; nrhj;Jf;fis ifAjpu;j;jy;.
 fhy ml;ltizapd; gpufhuk; nkhwf`fe;j - fSfq;f ePu;j;Njf;fk; kw;Wk; fpTy;Xa
ePu;j;Njf;fk; vd;gtw;iw epu;khdpj;jy;.
 tyak; B tyJ fiu kw;Wk; tyak; L vd;gtw;wpd; ePu;g;ghrdj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
epyg;gug;gpid mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;nfd gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fz;L> Muk;g Rw;whly;
Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 tptrhaj; Jizr; Nritfspd; Nkk;ghL> tptrha Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tUkhd cUthf;f
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; ehl;by; czTg; ghJfhg;gpid
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
 ePu;g;ghrd fll;ikg;Gf;fspd; guhkupg;G> Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw tptrhapfs;
mikg;Gf;fsplk; xg;gilf;ff; $ba tpjj;jpy; tptrhapfs; mikg;Gf;fis gyg;gLj;Jtjw;nfd
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; gpujpepjpfs; MfpNahUf;F tYT+l;Ljy;.
 'nry;tr; nropg;Gkpf;f Njrnkhd;Wf;F kfhtyp fhy;eil cw;gj;jpfs;" vd;w njhdpg;
nghUspd; fPo; kfhtyp FbNaw;wthrpfs; r%fj;jpdupd; tho;thjhu mgptpUj;jpf;nfd
fhy;eil tsq;fs;Jiwf;F tYT+l;Ljy;.
 tptrha epyq;fs; njhlh;ghf gw;whf;Fiwia vjpu;Nehf;fp tUk; kfhtyp
FbNaw;wthrpfspd; ,uz;lhtJ kw;Wk; %d;whtJ jiyKiwapdUf;Fg; nghUshjhu
 mgptpUj;jpiaAk;> njhopy; cUthf;fj;ijAk; vLj;JtUk; nghUl;L ghuk;gupa
tptrhaj; Jiwf;F ntspapyhd njhopy; KjyPl;L fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;F mtu;fis
newpg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; topfhl;Ljy;.
 midj;J kl;lq;fisAk; Nru;e;;j mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; MfpNahupd;
Mw;wy;; mgptpUj;jpf;nfd nray;gLjy;.
 Copau;fs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fis fzpdpapy; cl;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; kdpjts Kfhikj;Jt
njhFjpnahd;iw mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jy;.
 kj;jpa muR epWtdq;fSld; fye;Jiuahb rhFgb gUt nraw;ghl;L jpl;lnkhd;iw
jahupj;J> ePu;g;ghrdk;> FbapUg;Gf;fs;> ePu;kpd;tY cw;gj;jp> tPLfSf;fhd
kpd;rhu tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; tPLfSf;fhd ePu; tpepNahfk; vd;gtw;Wf;nfd
gpujhd ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspypUe;J ePiu xJf;Fjy;.
 tyaq;fs; B, C, H, L, D nkhwf`fe;j> `{UYntt> tsNt> tpf;Nlhupah kw;Wk; xU
Gjpatyakhf gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; uk;gf;fd;Xah Mfpa fUj;jpl;lq;fspy;
gapu; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;> r%f> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; njhopy;
tha;g;Gf;fspd; cUthf;fk; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk;> kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp> fhy;eil ts mgptpUj;jp> tptrha
mgptpUj;jp> kz; kw;Wk; ePu; ghJfhg;G> ePu;g; gpupepyq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk;>
Rw;whly; khriljy; kw;Wk; ePu; khriljy; njhlh;ghf r%fj;jpw;F mwpT+l;Ljy;.
 Kjd;ik ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspd; jpir jpUg;gy; msTfis ghJfhg;ghd tpjj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L gaDs;s nraw;ghl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis cUthf;FtJld;
mKy; nra;jy; kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;Gf;fSf;F mJ njhlh;ghf mwpT+l;Ljy;.

3.5 kfhtyp tyaq;fspd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; epu;thfk;

kfhtypfq;if gs;sj;jhf;F mgptpUj;jp ngUe;jpl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

FbapUg;Gf;fspd; epu;thfk;> ePu;g;ghrd fl;likg;Gf;fis ,af;Fjy;> guhkupj;jy; kw;Wk;
epu;tfpj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;nfd kfhtyp gpuNjrk; 10 epu;thf myFfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kfhtyp gs;sj;jhf;Fld; ,ize;j tpjj;jpy; mUfpy; B,C,D,H, nkhwf`fe;j> tpf;Nlhupah>
`{Uyntt Mfpatyaq;fSk;> cltsNt> ntypXah(L) tyak; kw;Wk; uk;gf;fd;Xah Nghd;w
tpNrl tyaq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kfhtyp tyaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpNrl gpuNjrq;fspd;
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt fUkq;fs; tjptpl fUj;jpl;l Kfhikahsu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fspd;
fPo; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tjptpl fUj;jpl;l Kfhikahsu;fs; Neubahf gzpg;ghsh; ehafk;
kw;Wk; Nkyjpf gzpg;ghsh; ehafk; MfpNahUf;F nghWg;Gf; $WtJld;> gpujpg;
gzpg;ghsh; ehafq;fspd; fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; tyakl;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba
gzpfSf;nfd jiyik mYtyfj;jpy; xt;nthU tplag; gug;G njhlh;ghf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;
gzpg;ghsu;fspd; xj;Jiog;G fpilf;fpd;wJ.

mNj Nghy xt;nthU tyaj;jpYk; tjptpl fUj;jpl;l Kfhikahsh; gpujhd epiwNtw;W

mjpfhupahf ,Ue;J tUtJld;> njhopy;El;gk;> fhzp> tptrhak; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Mfpa
JiwfSf;fhd fz;fhzpg;G cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshf gpujptjptpl fUj;jpl;l
Kfhikahsu;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;fs;. xU rpy myFfs; xd;whf ,izf;fg;gl;L xU gpupT
Kfhikahsu; mYtyfk; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld;> me;j mYtyfj;jpy; xt;nthU tplag; gug;G
njhlh;ghf gpupT Kfhikahsu;fspd; Neubahd fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; xU ePu;g;ghrd
nghwpapayhsu;> epWtd mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahfj;ju;> tptrha cj;jpNahfj;ju; kw;Wk; fhzp
cj;jpNahfj;ju; MfpNahu; mku;j;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,e;j cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; fz;fhzpg;gpd;
fPo; midj;J tplag; gug;Gf;fs; njhlh;ghfTk; flikfis epiwNtw;wp itg;gjw;nfd xt;nthU
myFf;Fk; xU Kfhikahsu; tPjk; mku;j;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf> xt;nthU myfpYk;
fhzpfis ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Rkhu; 250–300 FLk;gq;fisr; Nrue;jtu;fs;
Fbaku;j;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.

kfhtyp tyaq;fspy; fhzp epu;thfk;> fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; Kbf;Fupa
fhzpfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpf; nfhs;ifapd;
gpufhuk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfSf;nfd mur fhzpfis
gfpu;e;jspg;gJ njhlf;fk; mspg;Gg; gj;jpuq;fis toq;FtJ tiuapyhd midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSk;>
mNj Nghy fhzpfs; gfpue;jspg;Gf;F gpd;duhd nraw;ghLfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. ,J jtpu> tu;j;jf kw;Wk; KjyPl;L Nehf;fq;fSf;nfd fhzpfis Fj;jif mbg;gilapy;
toq;FtJ njhlh;ghd G+u;thq;f eltbf;iffSk;> Muk;g FbNaw;wthrpfSf;F
Nkyjpfkhf ,uz;lhtJ my;yJ %d;whtJ jiyKiwapdUf;F fhzpfis gfpu;e;jspg;gJk; tya
mYtyfq;fspd; %yk; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mNjNghy ePu;g;ghrd
ePu;Kfhikj;Jtk;> epWtd mgptpUj;jpapd; %yk; ePu;g;ghrd fl;likg;Gf;fis guhkupj;jy;>
Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;jy; vd;gdTk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

tptrha mgptpUj;jpapd; fPo; tpij cw;gj;jp> gz;iz mgptpUj;jp> gapw;rp kw;Wk;

khjpupg; gz;izfis nraw;gLj;Jjy;> fhy;eil tsq;fs;> flw;nwhopy; kw;Wk; Rw;whly;
ghJfhg;Gr; nraw;ghLfs;> fUj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp> rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT fld;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mKy; nra;jy;> tptrha tu;j;jf njhopy; Kaw;rpfis newpg;gLj;Jjy;>
tptrha ifj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; Ranjhopy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;iw nraw;gLj;Jjy;
vd;gdTk; tyaq;fspd; epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
(Mahaweli Statistical Hand Book, 2021, MAHAWELI AUTHORITY OF SRI
LANKA)

3.6 tlkj;jpa kfhzj;jpw;F fPohd `_UYthtp(HW) kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp jpl;lk;

1969 >y; UNDP/FAO ,d; ngUk; jpl;lj;jpd;; gb> 900>000 Vf;fu; ghrd epyj;ij njhlu;e;J 30
Mz;LfSf;F cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; ePu;g;ghrdj;ij Nkk;gLj;j jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gug;gstpy;>
Rkhu;> 272>000 Vf;fu; jw;NghJs;s tptrha epyq;fs; ngupa kw;Wk; rpwpa Fsq;fs; %yk;
ghrdk; ngWfpd;wd. NkYk; 93% epyg;gug;G (252>960 Vf;fu;) ney; gapupl
gad;gLfpwJ. gapu;fs; kw;Wk; fUk;G 28>000 Vf;fupYk;> Nkl;L epy ney;> Nkl;L
epyg; gapu;fs;> njd;id kw;Wk; Nka;r;ry; nrbfs; khdhthup ePu; %yk;
gapuplg;gLfpd;wd. Gjpjhf ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;ag;gl;L FbNaw;wj;jpw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l
tptrha epyk; 600>000 Vf;fu; MFk;. nghy;nfhy;y> Nghtnjd;d> vy`u kw;Wk; RL fq;if
Kjyhd gFjpfspy; Kjyhk; fl;lj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp Vw;fdNt 1976y; epiwtile;jJ. fyhntt
kw;Wk; `_UYntt Fsq;fspd; tpupthf;fk; kw;Wk; Gjpa tptrha mgptpUj;jp epykhdJ
1977d; ,Wjpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;L 5>544 FLk;gq;fs; FbNawpd. mgptpUj;jpapd; Kjyhk;
fl;lk; Kbtjw;F Kd;> 91>000 Vf;fu; ghrd trjpAs;s tptrha epyk; jahu; nra;a
jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; 1977 Mk; Mz;L etk;gupy; ,yq;if murhq;fk; 5 Kjy; 6 tUlq;fspy;
mgptpUj;jpia epiwT nra;a tpUk;Gk; 5 jpl;lq;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd
Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij epWtpaJ.

ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb> A Kjy; J tiuapyhd ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfspd; nkhj;j ePu;g;ghrdg;

gug;gsT 682>900 Vf;fu; MFk;> mjpy; rkfhyj;jpa tay;fspd; msT 112>500 Vf;fu;>
Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l tptrha epyk; 570>400 Vf;fu; MFk;. Gjpjhf gapu; nra;jy; tsu;e;j
epyk;> ,ul;il gapu; rhFgb 164>200 Vf;fu;; ,uz;L gapu; ney; kw;Wk; Nkl;L epyg;
gapu;fSf;fhd mikg;;G 100>200 Vf;fu;; kw;Wk; Nkl;L epyg; gapu;fs; kl;LNk 278>000
Vf;fu;. Nkl;L epyg; gapu;fspd; tpfpjk; mjpfk;. $Ljyhf tsu;e;j epyk;> fhy;eil tsu;g;G
Nka;r;rYld; Nka;r;ry; tpupthf;fk; kw;Wk; fUk;G tpupthf;fg;gl;l gapu; %yk; ru;f;fiu
cw;gj;jpapid mjpfupf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

33 fpkP ePsKs;s HW /gPlu; fhy;tha; (HFC) Mz;L KOtJk; 4.3 m3/s jz;zPiu HWf;F
mDg;Gk; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (Lahmeyer International> 2004). ,e;j fhy;tha; 80> 64>
40 n`f;Nlu; (MASL> 2005) gug;gsitf; nfhz;l jy;Nfhl;> `puptLd;d kw;Wk; `guiz ( TH&H)
cs;spl;l %d;W rpwpa njhl;bfisf; fle;J ahd; Xahtpy; (,aw;ifahd ePNuhil) ePiu
ntspNaw;WfpwJ. jpl;lkply; fl;lj;jpy;> fhy;thapd; fiuia Rw;wpAs;s epyk;
tsu;r;rpailahky; ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; 1960 kw;Wk; 1970fspy; jpl;lkpLgtu;fs; vjpu;fhy epy
Nkk;ghl;L rhj;jpaq;fs; kw;Wk; me;j epyq;fSf;fhd ePu; Njitfis Gwf;fzpj;jdu;. vdNt
jpl;lkpLgtu;fs; Xl;lj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp (rpwpa ,og;Gfisj; jtpu frpT kw;Wk; Mtpahjy;)
`_UYthtpia milAk;.

,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhurig (MASL)> tptrha Nritfs; jpizf;fsk; (DAS) kw;Wk; ePu;g;ghrdj;
jpizf;fsk; (ID) Mfpait KiwNa HFC> TH&H kw;Wk; Vida rpW ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; `_UYthtp Mfpa gpujhd %d;W $Wfis epu;tfpj;J tUfpd;wd. me;j
epWtdq;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;G ,y;yhjJ xU gpur;rid. MASL MdJ HFw;F jz;zPiu
ntspapLk; NghJ> DAS ,d; fPo; tptrha mikg;Gfshy; (FO) epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; njhl;bfs;
topahf jz;zPu; nry;fpwJ. njhlf;fj;jpy; me;jj; njhl;bfspd; fPo; ( TH&H) gapuplg;gl;l
gug;gsT Fiwe;j ePu; ,Ug;G fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> me;j njhl;bfs; topahf HFC
nrd;wNghJ> jz;zPu; fpilg;gJ xU jilahf ,y;iy. ,J “njhl;b nfhs;ssT fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tptrha
epyg;gFjp” vd;w fUj;ij mopj;jJ. tptrhapfs; jq;fshy; ,ad;w epyj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jdu;.
cg;Gg; nghwpahfr; nray;gLk; ,ilkwpg;ghd; (mizf;Fk; ney; taYf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s rJg;G
epyk;) mfw;Wtjd; %yk; rpy ,lq;fspy; miz tiu mJ njhlu;e;jJ. ,jdhy; tptrha epyq;fspd;
epiyj;jd;ik fLikahf ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kWGwk; vr;vg;rpia Rw;wpAs;s epyq;fs;
vr;vg;rpapy; ,Ue;J jz;zPiu vLj;J Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. HFC mjd; ghijapd; ngUk;gFjpapy;
xU fhz;^u; fhy;thahf ,Ug;gjhy;> jho;thd gFjpapYs;s tptrhapfs; ir/Nghd;fs; %yk;
jz;zPiu vLf;fj; njhlq;fpdu; (,g;NghJ epyq;fs; Nrhyhu; gk;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp caukhd
gf;fj;jpYk; cUthfpd;wd). xU ir/Nghd; mikf;fg;gl;lTld;> ir/Nghd; nray;ghl;ilj; jf;fitf;f
ePu; nghJthf njhlu;e;J ntspNaw mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ed;F tbtikf;fg;gl;l ntspNaWk;
ePu;g;ghrd fhy;thia tpl fzprkhd msT jz;zPiug; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J xU ntspNaw;w
fl;Lg;ghl;L rhjdkhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

tbtikg;G Xl;l tpfpjk; 4.3 m3/s ehd;F khj rhFgb gUtj;jpw;F ("ahy") 44.6 MCM
(kpy;ypad; fd kPl;lu;) kw;Wk; Ie;J khj rhFgb gUtj;jpw;F 55.7 MCM ("k`h") ePiu
toq;FfpwJ. HW ePu; tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; 1985 ,y; ,Ue;J kpff; Fiwe;j tuitf; fhl;LfpwJ. gy
rkaq;fspy; HFC Xl;lkhdJ ePu; jpUl;L fhuzkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;l Xl;lq;fis tpl kpff; Fiwthf
cs;sJ. fl;lisg; gFjpapy; jz;zPu; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf> `_UYnttpd; tptrha mikg;Gfs;
(FO) HFCf;F ePu; Nkyhz;ik jpl;lj;ij gpd;gw;w gpur;rhuk; nra;jd. 1990fspd;
gpw;gFjpapy; `_UYnttpd; FO kw;Wk; HFC, ID kw;Wk; MASL Mfpait ePu; Nkyhz;ikj;
jpl;lj;ij tpthjpj;J xg;Gf;nfhz;ld> `_UYthtpf;F mjpf jz;zPiu toq;Ffpd;wd. `_UYntt
tptrhapfs; ,g;NghJ mg;];l;uPk; fhy;tha;fspd; guhkupg;Gf;fhf njhopyhsu;fis
toq;FtNjhL; njhopyhsu;fs; mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj jl;Ljy;fis fhty;Jiwf;F toq;Ffpdu;. MapDk;
$l> Kiwrhuh xg;ge;jk;> ePu; fl;Lg;ghl;L fl;likg;Gfis Nkk;gLj;JtJ my;yJ mg;gFjpapd;
epy gad;ghl;L jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;stpy;iy. MASL mjpfhupfs;
ir/Nghd;fis mfw;wpaNghJ> cs;Su; murpay;thjpfs; irgd;fis kPz;Lk; itf;f
fl;lhag;gLj;jpdu;. `_UYthtpf;F jz;zPu; toq;Ftjw;F vjpuhf muR nray;gLk; epiyAk;
fhzg;gl;lJ.

tptrha tsu;r;rp mikg;G

,j;jpl;lj;jpd;gb> gadhspfs; gFjpapy; tpupthd tptrha tsu;r;rpia nray;gLj;Jk; epWtdk;

MDB epyk; ifafg;gLj;Jjy;> FbNaw;wk;> tptrha Nkk;ghL> ePu; Nkyhz;ik> nghJ
kf;fSf;F toq;Fjy;> kw;Wk; ePu;g;ghrd mikg;Gfspd; nray;ghL kw;Wk; guhkupg;G
Kjyhd jPu;Tj; jpl;lk; xd;wpidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. xt;nthU gz;iz FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; 2.5 Vf;fu;
ghrd epyk; kw;Wk; 0.5 Vf;fu; tPl;Lj; Njhl;lk; vd xJf;fg;gLk; gadhsp tptrha epyk;.
ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfspd;gb> 100 Kjy; 125 Ngu; nfhz;l FO> gz;iz FLk;gq;fs; xU
Ff;fpuhkj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd. kw;Wk; 4 Kjy; 5 Ff;fpuhkq;fs; xU fpuhkj;ij
cUthf;Ffpd;wd> gy fpuhkq;fs; xU efuj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd. me;je;j Ff;fpuhkq;fspypUe;J
Rkhu; 3 iky;fSf;Fs; cs;s xU fpuhkj;jpd; ikaj;jpy;> tptrha $l;LwT rq;fj;jpd; fpis>
Nrkpg;G trjpfs;> tptrhapfs; gapw;rp ikak; Nghd;wit epWtg;gl;L> 3>000 Kjy; 4>000
tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fs; trpf;Fk; efuj;jpy;> tptrha $l;LwT rq;fj;jpd; jiyik mYtyfk;> ngupa
mstpyhd Nrkpg;G fplq;F> muprp Miy kw;Wk; tptrha Nrit ikak; Mfpait epWtg;gl;ld.

FbNawpfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F> gadhspfs; gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; tptrhapfSf;Fk;>

mizg;gFjpapy; trpf;Fk; tptrhapfSf;Fk; Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gl;lJ. jPu;Tf;fhd Nju;T
juepiy
(1) taJ> 30 Kjy; 39 tptrhapfs;
(2) rpW tptrhapfs;>
(3) gbj;jtu;fs;>
(4) tptrha mDgtk; kw;Wk;; epy mjpfhup
tptrhak; nfhz;l Nju;Tf; FOthy; G+u;thq;fkhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpwF mjpfhup kw;Wk;
r%f Nkk;ghl;L mjpfhup; rhFgbf;FO> tptrha $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;> kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lf;
FOf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; MNyhridapd; %yk; ,Wjpj; Nju;T nra;ag;gLk;. FbNawpatu;fSf;F
rpwg;G cjtpfs; toq;fg;gLk;. ,q;F xt;nthU FbNawpAk; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. xU Fbirapd; fl;Lkhd
nrythf &.100> &.100f;F ,izahd tptrha cgfuzq;fs;> &.230f;F cupa tpijfs; kw;Wk;
ehw;Wfs; kw;Wk; tPl;Lr; nryTfSf;fhf 5 khjq;fSf;F khjk; &.50> NkYk; cyf czT cjtp
epWtdj;Jldhd xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb> mjpfgl;rkhf Ie;J Ngu; nfhz;l xU FLk;gj;jpw;F khT>
gUg;G> cyu; kPd;> ru;f;fiu Nghd;w czTfs; toq;fg;;gl;lJ. 46>200 Vf;fu; gadhspfs;
epyj;jpy;> 17>504 FLk;gq;fs; my;yJ 107>122 Ngu; FbNaw;wg;gLthu;fs; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; tptrha tsu;r;rp tptrha cw;gj;jp Nkk;ghL
ntw;wpfukhf ,f;Fk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

Nkw;$wpa eltbf;iffshy; kl;Lky;y> tptrha njhopy;El;g tpupthf;f Nritfs;> gaDs;s

ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfs;> tptrhapfspd; gapw;rpia jPtpug;gLj;Jjy;> tptrha ,ae;jpuq;fs;>
rupahd toq;fy;> Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; nrayhf;fk;> re;ij trjpfis
epWTjy;; gaDs;s tpw;gid eltbf;iffs;> Kjypad tptrha Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd epu;thf Nritfs;
MDBapd; jPu;T kw;Wk; tptrha Nkk;ghl;Lg; gpuptpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ntshz;
njhopy;El;gq;fis tpupTgLj;Jjy;> Ntshz;ikj; Jiw> Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; epy mikr;rfk; 500
gz;iz tPLfSf;F xU KVS kw;Wk; 3>500 Kjy; 4>000 tiu xU tptrha mjpfhupia
mDg;GfpwJ. tptrha FLk;gq;fs;> MDB mikg;gpw;Fs;> tpupthf;fk; tptrhapfSf;F
gapw;rp> mjpf tR+y; jUk; tifahd tpijfs; kw;Wk; ehw;Wfs; tpepNahfk; Nghd;w
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

`_UYntt ePu;epiy

`_UYntt ePu;epiy> SCORMy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb ,J Nkw;F Nehf;fp upj;jpfy

kiyj;njhluhy; R+og;gl;l xU FWfpa ePskhd ePu;epiyahFk;. toikahf> ,J twz;l tyaj;jpYs;s
"ahd; Xah" Mw;Wg; gLifapd; Nky; gFjp MFk;. ,yq;ifapd;> ,uz;L vy;iyfSf;Fs; cs;s
epyg;gug;G. SCOR My; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; watershed vd;w thu;j;ijapd; tiuaiwahdJ>
GjikahdJld; ePupay; ty;Yeu;fs;> Gtpapayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkpLgtu;fshy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tof;fkhd tiuaiwfis NkYk; tpupTgLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ. tof;fkhd
tiuaiwapy;> "ePu;epiy"> "ePu;g;gpbg;G gFjp" kw;Wk; "tbfhy;" vd;w nrhw;fs; xU
ePNuhilapd; Mw;wpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l xw;iw fPo;epiyg; Gs;spiaf; Fwpf;Fk; tifapy;>
Gtpapay; uPjpahf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gFjpia tptupf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. "ePu;epiy" vd;w
thu;j;ijf;fhd IISCOR" tiuaiw ,e;j tof;fkhd tiuaiwia kl;Lk; cs;slf;fpaJ my;y. Mdhy; xU
nghJthd cyu; kz;ly ePu;epiyapd; Ie;J Kf;fpa $Wfs; my;yJ nkhirf;Ffis milahsk;
fhl;LfpwJ. ePu;gpbg;G gFjp> ePu;j;Njf;f ePu; guty; gFjp> ePu;g;ghrd fl;lis gFjp>
ghrd fl;lis gFjpf;F Nky; cs;s Nkl;L epyg;gFjp kw;Wk; tbfhy; gFjp Mfpait ,e;j Ie;J
ePu;epiy epy gad;ghl;L $WfshFk;.

ePu;j;Njf;fk;> ,J ePu;epiyfspy; cs;s xNu ngupa njhl;bahFk;. ,J xU buhd;];-Ngrpd;

tpepNahf fhy;tha; %yk; (mjhtJ Nghtnjd;d-`_UYntt Cl;l fhy;tha;) mUfpYs;s
ePu;epiyapypUe;J jz;zPiug; ngWfpwJ. `_UYntt ePu;epiyia tiuaWg;gjpy;> ,Yf;ntt
mizf;fl;by; ahd; Xahtpw;F tbfhy; tbAk; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT `_UYntt ePu;j;Njf;fk;
ftdj;jpw;Fupa Kf;fpa gFjpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. `_UYntt fl;lisg; gFjpapd; tbfhy;
jpUk;Gk; Xl;lq;fis vLg;gjw;fhf ,Yf;ntt mizf;fl;L fl;lisg; gFjpapd; gpd; Kidapy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jg; gFjpapy; ePu;gpbg;Gg; gFjp> ePu;j;Njf;f ePu; gutyhd gFjp>
ePu;g;ghrd fl;lisg; gFjp> fl;lisg; gFjpf;F NkNy cs;s kiyg;gFjpfs; kw;Wk; tbfhy;
Mfpait mlq;Fk;. `_UYntt /gPlu; fhy;tha;> Nghtnjd;d ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpypUe;J `_UYntt
jhq;fpf;;F buhd;];-Ngrpd; %ykhf ePu; toq;fg;gl;lJ. The FeederCanaland ePu; gad;ghl;L
mikg;ghdJ `_UYntt Fsj;jpdJ epyk; kw;Wk; ePu; gad;ghl;L mikg;G ePupay;>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ePu; Mjhuq;fs;

`_UYntt ePu;epiyfspy; ehd;F ntt;NtW %yq;fspy; %d;W tpjkhd ePu; tsq;fs; cs;sd.
1. kiog;nghopT>
2. Nkw;gug;G ePu; kw;Wk; epyj;jb ePu;
3. gy;NtW tifahd ePu;.
,e;j %d;W tiffSk; ePu;epiyfspy; ehd;F ntt;NtW Mjhuq;fspy; cs;sd: kiog;nghopT-ahyh
(cyu;e;j) kw;Wk; k`h (<ukhd) gUtfhy kio vd jdpj;jdpahf ngwg;gLfpwJ. `_UYntt
Fsj;jpYk;> thd;Xah kw;Wk; mjd; fpis ejpfspYk; MW kw;Wk; ePNuhil gha;tJ> tbfhy;
tha;f;fhy;fspy; tbfhy; gha;tjhy;> `_UYntt Cl;lf; fhy;tha; topahf ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;tjd;
%yk;> `_UYntt Fsj;jpYk; Rkhu; 200 rpW Fsq;fspYk; Nkw;gug;G ePu;
Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. epyj;jb ePu; Rkhu; 850 (khu;r; 1994,y;) ngupa tpl;lj;jpypUe;J
vLf;fg;gl;lJ> Mokw;w> jpwe;j Mo;Jis fpzWfs;> ,it nghJthf “Ntshz; fpzWfs;” vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 850 fpzWfspy;> Rkhu; 500 Mo;Jisf; fpzWfs; `_UYntt jpl;lj;jpd;
ePu;g;ghrd fl;lisg; gFjpapy; cs;sd.

xUq;fpize;j ePu; Nkyhz;ik

“xUq;fpizg;G” vd;w nrhy; ,q;F fUj;Jfspd; njhFg;igf; Fwpf;fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,yq;ifapd; cyu; tyaj;jpy;> ePu;> mstpy; kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
tskhfTk;> ePu; kw;Wk; epyk; ,uz;LNk juj;jpy; tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l tsq;fshfTk; ,Ug;gjhy;>
“xUq;fpizg;G” vd;gJ> Kjy; epfo;tpy;> ghJfhg;G (ghJfhg;G nghUs;) kw;Wk; gad;ghL
(cw;gj;jp nghUs;) jz;zPu;> epy tsj;jpd; juk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F
cfe;jjhf ,y;iy vd;why;> fpilf;ff;$ba tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l ePupd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
gad;ghl;Lld;> gadu;fSf;F mjpf kw;Wk; epiyahd tUkhdj;ij (,yhgq;fis) cUthf;FfpwJ.
vdNt> kpfTk; gue;j nghUspy;> xUq;fpize;j ePu; Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ xU ePu;epiy myfpy;
epyk; kw;Wk; ePu; tsq;fSf;fhd gu];gu epug;G Nkyhz;ik Kiwiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

“xUq;fpizj;jy;” vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ePu;epiyapd; Nky;epiy kw;Wk; fPo;epiyg;

gFjpfSf;F ,ilNa nghUj;jkhd ePu;epiy mikg;G kw;Wk; r%f-nghUshjhu ,izg;Gfis
epWTjy; vd;gJ nghUs;> epyk; kw;Wk; ePu; Mjhuq;fspd; gad;ghl;bd; epiyj;jd;ik>
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;> yhgk; kw;Wk; rkgq;F Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNa rupahd rkepiyia
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. xUq;fpize;j ePu; Nkyhz;ikapd; ,e;j tiuaiw xU xw;iw ePu;g;ghrdj;
njhl;b> njhl;bfspd; mLf;F> xU ejpg; gLf;if my;yJ NtW VNjDk; ePupay; uPjpahf
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gila Gtpapay; myF Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;. `_UYntt
ePu;epiyapy; Nky; ePNuhil kw;Wk; fPo; ePNuhil xUq;fpizg;G vd;w fUj;jpd; fPo;
xUq;fpize;j ePu; Nkyhz;ikia nray;gLj;j mjpf NjitAk; rhj;jpaKk; cs;sJ.

1983-1994 tiu fle;j gjpndhU tUlq;fshf `_UYthtp jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ayh kw;Wk; k`h
gUtq;fspy; rhFgb Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fhl;LfpwJ. 1994/95 k`h gUtj;jpw;F Ke;ija gjpndhU
kfh gUtq;fspy;> xd;gJ kfh gUtq;fspy; kl;LNk rhFgb ele;Js;sJ. jz;zPu; gw;whf;Fiwahy;
,uz;L gUtq;fspy; ve;j gapu;fSk; tpisatpy;iy. ntw;wpfukhd xd;gJ kfh gUtq;fspy;> vl;L
gUtq;fspy; kl;LNk KO mstpy; ney; tpijf;fg;gl;lJ. muprp my;yhj gapu;fSld;> Kf;fpakhf
Nrhah gPd; Kjyhdit gapuplg;gl;ld. ,J xU kfh rhFgbapd; ntw;wpf;F fhuzkha; mike;jJ.
me;j vl;L kfh gUtq;fspYk;> %d;W gUtq;fs; (1984/85>1990/91 kw;Wk; 1992/93 k`h
gUtq;fs;) “Nklh" gUtq;fs;> mjhtJ [dtupapy; jhd; rhFgb njhlq;fpaJ> Vnddpy; k`h
gUtj;jpd; Muk;g khjq;fspy; epytpa njhl;b Nrkpg;G nrg;lk;gu; my;yJ gUtj;ijj; njhlq;f
NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy vd;W tptrhapfs; czu;e;jdu;.

mf;Nlhgu;. 1983> 1994 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; fle;j gjpndhU Mz;L gUtq;fspy;> VO

gUtq;fspy; gapu;r;nra;if eilngwtpy;iy. kw;w ehd;F gUtq;fSf;fhd ntw;wpfukhd ruhrup
gapu; jPtpuk; Rkhu; 25 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jJ. fle;j 1993>1994 Mk; Mz;L k`h gUtj;jpy; mjpf
kiotPo;r;rpf;F gpd;du; `_UYthtp Vg;uypy; epuk;gpapUe;jikahy; 1994 Mk; Mz;L ahyh
gUtj;jpy; kl;LNk KO mstpy; ney; gapuplg;gl;lJ.
 `_UYntt /gPlu; fhy;tha; gFjp

jPtd fhy;tha; vd;gJ kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fhy;tha; MFk;> ,J 1976 Mk; Mz;L
Nghtnjd;d ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpypUe;J `_UYntt Fsj;ij ngUf;Ftjw;fhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
28.3 fdmb (1000 fdmb) ntspNaw;Wk; nfhs;ssT nfhz;l Nghtnjd;d ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpypUe;J
Cl;l fhy;tha; Gwg;gLfpwJ. gpd;du; mJ nydNlhuh vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,uz;L fpisfshfg;
gpupfpwJ. fz;lyk-`_UYntt Cl;l fhy;tha; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; fhy;thapd; tyJ fpis> 9.9
fdmb (350 fdmb) tbtikg;G ntspNaw;wf; nfhs;ssTld; ,e;j ,U gpuptpypUe;J
Gwg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j fhy;tha; ,uz;lhk; nydNlhutpy; Kjy; gpsTg; Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J 8fpkP
fPNo (fz;lykh gpsT gFjpapy;) ,uz;L fpisfshf kPz;Lk; gpupfpwJ kw;nwhd;W `_UYntt
Fsj;jpw;F (fz;lyk-{`UYntt Cl;l fhy;tha;) 4.25~Fnkf;]; (150 fpA+nrf;];) ntspNaw;Wk;
jpwd; nfhz;l tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j fhy;tha; tpis epyq;fs; topahf 17.4 fp.kP J}uk;
“kpyj;Njthy;” tiu nry;fpwJ.

1983-1994 tiu fle;j gjpndhU tUlq;fshf `_UYntt Fsj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ayh kw;Wk; k`h
gUtq;fspy; rhFgb Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fhl;LfpwJ. 1994>1995 k`h gUtj;jpw;F Ke;ija
gjpndhU kfh gUtq;fspy;> xd;gJ kfh gUtq;fspy; kl;LNk rhFgb ele;Js;sJ. jz;zPu;
gw;whf;Fiwahy; ,uz;L gUtq;fspy; ve;j gapu;fSk; tpisatpy;iy. “ntw;wpfukhd” xd;gJ kfh
gUtq;fspy;> vl;L gUtq;fspy; kl;LNk KO mstpy; ney; tpijf;fg;gl;lJ. muprp my;yhj
gapu;fSld; Kf;fpakhf NrhahgPd; gapuplg;gl;lJ. ,J xU kfh rhFgb ntw;wpf;F toptFj;jJ.

me;j vl;L kfh gUtq;fspYk;> %d;W gUtq;fs; (1984/85>1990/91 kw;Wk; 1992/93 k`h
gUtq;fs;) “Nklh” gUtq;fs;> mjhtJ [dtupapy; jhd; rhFgb njhlq;fpaJ> Vnddpy; k`h
gUtj;jpd; Muk;g khjq;fspy; epytpa njhl;b Nrkpg;G nrg;lk;gu; my;yJ gUtj;ijj; njhlq;f
NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy vd;W tptrhapfs; czu;e;jdu;. mf;Nlhgu;. 1983> 1994 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy;
fle;j gjpndhU Mz;L gUtq;fspy;> VO gUtq;fspy; gapu;r;nra;if eilngwtpy;iy. kw;w
ehd;F gUtq;fSf;fhd ntw;wpfukhd ruhrup gapu; jPtpuk; Rkhu; 25 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jJ. fle;j
1993>1994 Mk; Mz;L k`h gUtj;jpy; mjpf kiotPo;r;rpf;F gpd;du; `_UYntt Fsk;
Vg;uypy; epuk;gpapUe;jikahy; 1994 Mk; Mz;L ahy gUtj;jpy; kl;LNk KO mstpy; ney;
gapuplg;gl;lJ.

,e;j fhy;tha; tpis epyq;fs; topahf 17.4 fp.kP J}uk; kpyj;Njthy; tiu rpfpup Xah 411,y;
rq;fkpf;Fk;. rPfpup Xahtpy; rq;fkpj;J> g`yjy;Nfhl;> `puptLd;d kw;Wk; `gud Mfpa
%d;W rpwpa Fsq;fspd; mLf;fpd; topahf `_UYntt Fsj;jpw;F ePu; te;J NrUk;. Cl;l
fhy;thapd; ,lJ fiuapy; mike;Js;s epyg;gug;G> fhy;tha; mikf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;Dk;
gpd;Dk; gf;fj;J gFjpfspypUe;J ,lk;ngau;e;j Rkhu; 800 tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fshy;
jLf;fg;gl;lJ. Cl;l fhy;tha; nray;gLtjw;F Kd; ,lk;ngau;e;j me;j tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fs; kfh
gUtj;jpy; Rkhu; 723 n`f;Nlu; (1787 Vf;fu;) gug;gstpy; Rkhu; 13 fpuhkj; njhl;bfspd;
fPo; ney; gapupl;ld.

Cl;l fhy;tha; gFjpapd; epyk; kw;Wk; ePu; gad;ghl;L gpur;ridfs; Cl;l fhy;thapd; kz;>
Nkhrkhf tbfl;ba> Fiwe;j-`_kpf; f;Ns ( LHG) kz; kw;Wk; kpjkhd Kjy; ed;F tbfl;ba>
rptg;G-gOg;G G+kp (RBE) kz; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j kz; tiffs; ney; kw;Wk;
gpw tay; gapu;fis (OFCs) tsu;g;gjw;F mjpf Mw;wiy cUthf;Ffpd;wd. KiwNa
ePu;g;ghrd epiyikfspd; fPo;. Cl;l fhy;tha; nray;gLtjw;F Kd;G ,g;gFjpapy; epytp te;j
tptrhak; Kw;wpYk; xU tho;thjhukhd tptrhakhf ,Ue;jJ> ,J k`htpy; Nrid kw;Wk;
khdhthup ney; rhFgbf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; 13 fpuhk njhl;bfspd; fPo; Rkhu;
723 n`f;Nlu; (1787 Vf;fu;) epyj;jpy; ghrd ney; rhFgbf;fhf kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. Cl;b fhy;tha;
G+u;tPf Fbkf;fspd; gy mry; rhFgb epyq;fs; kw;Wk; rpy gFjpfspy;> rpwpa fpuhk
njhl;bfspd; ,aw;if Cl;b Xilfis ntl;LfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> 13 mry; fpuhkj; njhl;bfspy;
Ie;Jf;F ,d;nyl;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

uPlu; fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J me;j njhl;bfSf;F jz;zPu; tpLtjw;F Cl;l fhy;tha; 1976 Mk;
Mz;by; Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ghrd tptrhaj;jpw;fhf
mjpfsthd Gjpa epyq;fis mz;ba gFjpfspy; (k`htyp mikg;G H) jpwe;J tplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Gjpa
rhfrj;jpd; %yk;> kpsfha; kw;Wk; ngupa ntq;fhak; Nghd;w cau; kjpg;G kw;Wk;
mjpf ,yhgk; jUk; gapu;fs; mz;il gFjpfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;> ntspA+u;fspy;
,Ue;J Vuhskhd njhopy; KidNthu;> Cl;l fhy;tha; gFjpapy; cs;s epyq;fis Mf;fpukpj;J>
Cl;l fhy;tha; ePiu gad;gLj;jp> ney; kw;Wk; mjpf kjpg;Gs;s gapu;fis gapupLfpd;wdu;.

mg;NghjpUe;J> Cl;l fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J 50 kpkP (2) rp/Nghd; %yk; jz;zPiuj; jl;Ltjd;
%yk;> ntspapy; ,Ue;J “Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fs;” kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa Fbkf;fs; %yk; ghrd
tptrhaj;jpw;fhf /gPlu; fhy;thapd; topNa epyq;fs; jpwf;fg;gLtJ gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
tpl;lk; nfhz;l PVC Foha;fs; kw;Wk; 50 kp.kP> rpwpa n`l; ypg;l; gk;Gfs;. ,jd; tpisthf
ghrd tptrhaj;jpd; fPo; epyg;gug;G kw;Wk; jz;zPiuj; jl;Lk; irghd;fspd; vz;zpf;if rPrd;
thupahf tpiuthd Ntfj;jpy; mjpfupj;J te;jJ. Rkhu; 1993 Mk; Mz;L> SCOR jiyaPLfSf;F
rw;W Kd;G njhlq;fpaJ> Cl;l fhy;thapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l vy;iyapd; Kbtpy; rPfpup Xahtpy;
jz;zPu; gha;fpwJ vd;W fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
1984-1992 fhyf;fl;lj;jpw;fhd ePu; Nkyhz;ik fz;lyk; gpsTg; Gs;spapy; cs;s
Nghtnjd;dtpypUe;J ruhrupahf 45 tPjkhd ePupd; msT kh`h `_UYntt Fsj;ij
te;jile;Js;sJld;> ayh gUtj;jpy; 22 tPjk; khj;jpuNk te;Js;sJ. ,e;j rjtPjq;fs; 10 tUlq;fspd;
xl;Lnkhj;j ruhrupia gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdhYk;> ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; KiwNflhd jz;zPu;
jl;Lg;ghL mghafukhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ. 1993 Mk; Mz;L SCOR jiyaPL Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
Neuj;jpy;> ahyapy; cs;s `_UYntt Fsj;ij ve;j jz;zPUk; nrd;wilatpy;iy> mNj rkak; k`h
gUtj;jpy; 10 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthd ePu; nrd;wile;jJ.

1989 mf;Nlhgupy; ghrdj;jpw;fhf fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J jz;zPu; vLf;fg;glhjNghJ> ngupa

ePu;g;ghrd kWtho;Tj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhf (MIRP) ePupay; Ma;T MNyhrfu;fshy; elj;jg;gl;l
flj;jy; ,og;G Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ,J fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,J mjpfg;gbahd Nghf;Ftuj;J ,og;Gfisf;
fhl;LfpwJ. Ma;tpd; %yk; kjpg;gplg;gl;l xl;Lnkhj;j Nghf;Ftuj;J ,og;G 43.7 rjtPjk;
MFk;. mjhtJ> 150 fdmb tPjk; fz;lyk; gpuptpw;F jpwe;Jtplg;gl;lhy;> fhy;tha; frpT
fhuzkhf Rkhu; 60 fdmb kl;LNk ,of;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; gpuptpypUe;J 25 fp.kP
njhiytpy; cs;s fhy;thapd; gpd;gFjpapy; Rkhu; 90fdmb kl;LNk vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Fiwe;j Xl;lq;fs; ntspaplg;gLk; NghJ> fhy;thapd; <ukhd Rw;wsT Fiwtjhy;> ePupd;
xl;Lnkhj;j flj;jy; ,og;G ,e;j rjtPjj;ij tpl Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. /gPlu; fhy;thapy; KO ePu;
ntspNaw;wg;gLk;NghJ> fzprkhd msT jz;zPu; topapNyNa njhiye;J tpLfpwJ> NkYk;
KiwNflhfj; jl;Ltjd; %yk; ,e;j msT NkYk; fzprkhff; FiwAk; vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.

Nghtnjd;d-`_UYntt Cl;lf; fhy;tha;f;F> Nghtnjd;d ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpypUe;J `_UYntt Cl;lf;

fhy;tha;f;fhd ePu;g; gq;fPLfisj; jpl;lkpLk; nghWg;G ,yq;ifapd; kfhtyp mjpfhurigapd;
(vk;.V.v];.vy;) ePu; Kfhikj;Jtr; nrayfj;jplk; ( WMS) cs;sJ. jpl;lkply; xU rpy njhlu;
epiyfspy; eilngWfpwJ. Nkf;Nuh-nyty; secfsonal jpl;lkply; xt;nthU rhFgb gUtj;jpd;
njhlf;fj;jpw;F Kd;Ng njhlq;FfpwJ> mjhtJ ahy kw;Wk; kfh gUtq;fs;. xt;nthU
gapu;r;nra;ifg; gUtKk; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;> Mf];l; khjj;Jf;Fs; kfh gUtj;jpw;Fk;>
ngg;utup - khu;r; khj fhyg;gFjpapy; ahyg; gUtj;jpw;Fk;> KO kfhtyp tshfj;jpypUe;Jk;
ePu;g;ghrdk; kw;Wk; kpd; cw;gj;jp Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; ePiu xJf;Ftjw;fhd tiuTj; jpl;lj;ij
WMS jahupf;fpwJ. ePu;g;ghrdj; jpizf;fsk; cl;gl kfhtyp ePiug; ngWk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
midj;J epWtdq;fSlDk; fye;jhNyhrpj;J ,e;j tiuTj; jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tiuT rhFgbj;
jpl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tiuTj; jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; gUtj;jpd; njhlf;f Njjpfs;>
kfhtyp mikg;gpypUe;J ePiug; ngWk; xt;nthU ePu;g;ghrd Kiwf;Fk; gapu;fs;> gapu;
tiffs; kw;Wk; tiffs; Nghd;wtw;Wld; rhFgb nra;a vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gug;gsTfs;
mlq;Fk;.
`_UYntt ePu;j;Njf;fj; jpl;lj;ijg; nghWj;jkl;by;> jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtf; FOtpd; (PMC)
nghwpKiwapd; %yk; tptrhapfs; mikg;GfSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> fnyd;gpe;JDntt IE
apdhy; Kjy; tiuT gUtfhy rhFgb Kd;nkhopT rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. kfhtyp ePiug; ngWk;
midj;J njhlu;Gila ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd rhFgbf;fhd tiuT Kd;nkhopTfisg; ngw;w
gpwF> WMS xU Mtzj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;fhd jftiy xUq;fpizf;fpwJ> ,J tiuT gUtfhy
nray;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; (SOP) tiuT SOP xU mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ke;ija fhyepiy
juT kw;Wk; rhFgb kw;Wk; ePu; ,Ug;G Gs;sptptuq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; jpwd; nfhz;l
fzpdp khjpup> tutpUf;Fk; gUtj;jpy; rhj;jpakhd kio epfo;jfTfspd; tuk;gpw;F ntt;NtW
ePu; ,Ug;G kw;Wk; gapu; fhl;rpfis cUtfg;gLj;JfpwJ.

jpl;lk;> gapuplf;$ba gug;gsTfs;> gapu;fs;> gapu;r;nra;if fhyk; njhlq;Fk; kw;Wk;

KbtilAk; Njjpfs; kw;Wk; kfhtyp ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk;
kfhtyp ghrd ePu; flj;jy; kw;Wk; tpepNahf tiyaikg;gpd; Kf;fpa jpirjpUg;gy; Gs;spfspy;
jpUg;gptplg;gLk; ePupd; msT. Nghtnjd;d-fz;lyk;-`PUYntt Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwikiag;
nghWj;jkl;by;> fz;lyk; gpsTg; Gs;spapy;> Nghtnjd;d ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpypUe;J fz;lyk;
Fsj;jpw;Fk; `_UYntt Fsj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf ntspNaw;wg;gLk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l khjhe;j
ePupd; msit SOP Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. tiuT SOP gpd;du;> ghrdg; nghwpahsu;fs; kw;Wk;
IMD ,d; jpl;l Nkyhsu;fs; cl;gl midj;J njhlu;Gila Kftu;fspilNa tptrhapfSld; kjpg;gha;T
kw;Wk; fye;JiuahlYf;fhf tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

SOP ,d; xU Rthu];akhd mk;rk; vd;dntd;why;> gf;fj;J epyq;fspy; tpisAk; gapu;fSf;F

ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;tjw;fhf Cl;l fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J jz;zPiuj; jl;LtJ gw;wp WMS ed;F
mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;> me;j epyq;fspd; ghrd ePu; NjitfNsh my;yJ Cl;b fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J
jz;zPu; vLf;fNth ,y;iy. kw;Wk; `_UYntt Fsj;jpw;F ePu; xJf;fPl;by; mtw;wpd; ghjfkhd
jhf;fq;fs; SOP gupe;Jiufis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjpy; guprPypf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ntspg;gilahf>
/gPlu; fhy;thapd; ajhu;j;jkhd epiyik mgptpUj;jpf;fhf kjpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
kw;Wk; ,Wjpapy; /gPlu; fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J ePiuj; jl;Ltjd; %yk; `_UYntt Fsj;jpd;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l gUtfhyj; jpl;lj;jpy; ePu; jl;Ltjd; tpisTfs; kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpisTfs;
Nkf;Nuh-nyty; jpl;lkplypy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
{MAH,1957: pp.14-115. - Abeysekara,M.G.D,2015,AIIH(NBRO) PP.35-40}

3.6.1 `_USthtp kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpAk; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkKk;

fl;Lf;nfypahitapd; gioa ngauhd ce;Jut Nfhuwis gFjpia cs;slf;fpajhd gFjpfis
ikag;gLj;jpa kfhtyp fUj;jpl;lkhdJ `_USthtpapid ikakhff; nfhz;l mgptpUj;jpahf
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;fUj;jpl;llkhdJ nkhwf` fe;j kfhtyp epfo;r;rp jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUfpd;w
mgptpUj;jp fUj;jpl;lkhFk;. `_USthtpapype;J fz;lsk; Fsj;jpw;F ePu; toq;fg;gl;L mjd;
%ykhf uzt Fsj;jpw;F ePu; toq;fg;gl;L ,jpypUe;J fhy;tha;fs; (uzt fhy;tha;) %ykhf
fl;Lf;nfypaht Kjyhd fpuhkq;fSf;F ePu;gha;r;ry; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,g;gFjpfSf;fhd kfhtyp
jpl;lkhdJ D vd ngauplg;gl;L mJ 1 njhlf;fkhd ,yf;f Kiwfspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjhtJ D1, D2, D3, D4 vd;gjhf ,J mikAk;. ,J Fsj;jpypUe;J tUk; gpujhd fhy;thapypUe;J
tay; epyq;fSf;F gpupe;J nry;Yk; Jizf;fhy;tha;fSf;fhd milahs gpupg;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ gs;sg; gFjpfspy; FbapUe;jjdhy; kfhtyp

mgptpUj;jp jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; kf;fs; Nkl;L epykhf ,Ue;j jkJ Nridgapuplg;gl;l gFjpfspy;
FbapUg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpdu;. gs;sg;gFjp tay; epyq;fshf khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,q;F D vd
fhy;thia ikakhff; nfhz;L ngauplg;gl;l gpupTfspy; gpujhd fhy;thapypUe;J gpupAk;
fhy;tha;f;F $baJ 5 tay; epyq;fs; vd;w mstpy; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. tay; epyq;fs; ,q;Fk;
2.5 Vf;fu; epykhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F tptrhapfSf;fhd mgptpUj;jpapy; kfhtyp mjpfhu
rigapd; %yk; gapu;fs;> grisfs; toq;fg;gl;L mWtilia nghWj;J tpiyAk; toq;fg;gLk;.

uzt fhy;thapd; topahf tUk; ePuhdJ gyhfiy gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;Fl;gl;l kfhtyp tay;fs;
midj;jpw;Fk; ePu; toq;Fk; gpujhd fhy;thahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; top tUk; ePuhdJ
kfhtyp D tyaq;fis nghWj;J ,yf;fk; xd;wpypUe;J njhlq;fp xt;nthU njhFjpf;Fk;
ePu;toq;fyhdJ %d;W ehl;fs; tiu toq;fg;gLk;. ,J gbg;gbahf ,lk; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,q;F Fiwthd vz;zpf;if nfhz;l tay; epyq;fSf;F ,uz;L> %d;W njhFjpia ,izj;j
tifapy; ePu; toq;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf tUk; ePiu Jizf;fhy;tha;fSf; mjd; kjFfspd; top jpwe;J
tpl mjw;Fg; nghWg;ghfTk; Fwpj;j gFjpf;fhd tay; epyq;fspy; ,Ue;J xUtu;
epakpf;fg;gLthu;. ,tu; mg;gFjpfSf;F kfhtyp mjpfhu rigapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tay;
epyq;fSld; njhlu;ghd epfo;Tfs;> gris ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; Kjyhd tplaq;fspYk; fye;J
nfhs;thu;.

3.6.2 fhy;thapy; ePu; Nkyhz;ik - `_UYntt ePu; flj;jy; ghij

1976 Mk; Mz;L `_UYntt Fsj;jpw;F kfhtyp ePiu khw;wpaikj;jjpy; ,Ue;J> fz;lyk;> uzt
Fsq;fs; cl;gl `_UYntt tiuahd Eiothapy; tiuahd KO Cl;l fhy;thapd; ePu; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F
,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhurig (MASL) nghWg;Ngw;wJ. ,e;j nghWg;G 1981 Mk; Mz;L
milahs ml;ilf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. 1976-1981 fhyfl;lj;jpy;> mikg;gpDs; ePu; Nkyhz;ik
fl;lk; jpUg;jpfukhf ,Ue;jjhf tptrhapfs; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. MASL MdJ nydNlhutpy; ,Ue;J
`_UYthtpf;F Fwpg;gpl;l msT ePiuf; nfhz;L nry;tij cWjpnra;jJ vd;W mtu;fs;
fUJfpd;wdu;. kfhtyp Cl;lf; fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J xt;nthU Fsj;jpw;Fk; ehshe;j ePu;
gha;r;riyf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; k`htyp kjFfs; Clhf Kd;dNu jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l msT ePiu
fPo;Nehf;fp ntspapLtjw;Fk; Nkw;$wpa xt;nthU Fsq;fspYk; MASL xU njhopyhspia
epWj;jpAs;sJ. `_UYntt Fsj;jpw;F ePu; Eiojy;> njhopyhsu;fSf;F tpsf;fg;glq;fs; kw;Wk;
Njitahd nray;ghl;L topfhl;Ljy;fs; %yk; toq;fg;gl;ld. ntspg;gilahf> 1981 Mk; Mz;L
MASL ,ypUe;J ID f;F epu;thfj;ij khw;wpa gpd;dUk; ,e;j eilKiw njhlug;gl;lJ.

1989 1990 Mk; Mz;L khfhzq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs; tl kj;jpa khfhz
(NCP) khfhz rigf;F khw;wg;gl;ljpypUe;J Rkhu; ,uz;L tUlq;fs;> me;j Fsq;fs; khfhz
ePu;g;ghrdj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;jf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;> xU ngupa
Nghf;Ftuj;J fhy;tha; kw;Wk; ,uz;L ngupa ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs; (Nghtnjd;d kw;Wk;
`_UYntt) nfhz;l %d;W njhl;bfspd; nray;ghl;L kw;Wk; ePupay; ,il-,izg;igf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L> %d;W njhl;bfspd; nghWg;G kPz;Lk; IDf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J>
rpwpa njhl;bfspd; O&M kw;Wk; n`l;nthu;f;Ffspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jy; kw;Wk;
%d;W njhl;b mikg;gpd; cs;-Nlq;f; ePu; Nkyhz;ikf;fhd nghWg;G ,g;NghJ IDaplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

IDapd; rhu;ghf ,e;j gzpf;F fz;lyk; gpuptpd; %d;W njhl;bfspd; mLf;F Kf;fpa ePu;g;ghrd
Nghf;Ftuj;J mikg;gpd; xUq;fpize;j mq;fkhff; fUjg;gl;lhYk;> %d;W njhl;bfspd;
nray;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Fwpg;gpl;l kw;Wk; Kiwahd topfhl;Ljy;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy.
%d;W Fsq;fspd; ePu;g;ghrd kjFfs; kw;Wk; kfhtyp kjFfs; kw;Wk; ve;j Neuj;jpYk;
njhl;bfspy; jf;fitf;ff;$ba Fiwe;jgl;r nray;ghl;L Nrkpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ePu; epiyfSf;fhd
Fwpg;gpl;l nray;ghl;L tpjpfs; njhlu;ghf rpy topfhl;Ljy;fs; ,Ug;gjhf ID $WfpwJ.
Mdhy;> ntspg;gilahf> me;j topfhl;Ljy;fs; vspjhd Fwpg;G kw;Wk; gad;ghl;bw;F ve;j
Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l tbtj;jpYk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. nray;ghl;L tpjpfs; kw;Wk; njhl;bf;Fs; ePu;
Nkyhz;ik topfhl;Ljy;fs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhug;G+u;t gjpTfs; vJTk; fz;lwpag;gltpy;iy.

mj;jifa topfhl;Ljy;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;> mit md;whl eltbf;iffspy; nray;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

Mdhy;> ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> 1.8 kP (6 mb) Moj;jpw;F Nky; ePiuj; njhl;bfspy;
itj;jpUf;fTk;> 1.8f;F Nky; kw;Wk; mjw;F Nky; cs;s njhl;bapd; ePupd;
cauj;jpw;F ,izahd $Ljy; Nrkpg;igAk; itj;jpUf;f mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;w nghJthd
Gupjy; cs;sJ. kP (6 mb) fPo;Nehf;fp tpLtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j nray;ghl;L topfhl;Ljy;fs;
my;yJ gpwtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ gw;wp fUj;J njuptpf;f ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;iy mLf;fpd;
jpdrup nray;ghl;bw;fhd Kiwahd epWtd kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g Vw;ghLfs;. ,e;j
tuk;gpw;Fs; cs;s %d;W njhl;bfSf;F ,ilNa khz;l; ePu; Nkyhz;ikf;F rpwpa Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

%d;W kfhtyp kjFfspy; vJTNk Kiwahfr; nraw;gLj;j Kbahj epiyAk;> gy tUlq;fshf

Kiwahfr; nraw;gLj;jg;glhkYk; ,Ue;jikNa ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;. tprhapfspd; $w;Wg;gb>
nts;sj;jpd; NghJ kjFfis jhWkhwhf cau;j;j Ntz;Lk;> rpy rkaq;fspy; ,Uk;G rq;fpyp
jLg;Gfs; %yk; ngUk; Kaw;rpAld; J}f;fp> njhl;bfis cilg;gjpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
MapDk;$l> mjpfg;gbahd jz;zPiu fPo;Nehf;fp nfhz;L nry;y xt;nthU njhl;bAk; frpe;J
Nghf Ntz;Lk;.

kWGwk;> kfhtyp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; NghJ> Kiwahd njhl;bfSf;Fs; ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk; kpfTk;

mtrpakhdJ vd;W xUtu; thjplyhk;> Vndd;why; ,g;NghJ Nghyy;yhky;> Cl;l
fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J jk;GS Xahtpw;F> Cl;l topahf ePu;g;ghrd tptrhaj;jpw;F epahakhd
ePu; tpepNahfk; ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ fhy;tha; KOikahf mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gltpy;iy. jk;GS
Xahtpw;F Cl;l fhy;tha; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; ePupd; Xl;lk; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;>
%d;W Fsq;fs; mikg;gpy; jpdrup ePu; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; mNj jPtpuk; rkfhyj;jpy;
Njitg;glhJ ,Ue;jJ. 1994 ahyh gUtj;jpy;> 6-7 ehl;fSf;F Nky; kfhtyp jz;zPu; fpilf;ftpy;iy
vd;W ce;JUt> uzt gFjp tptrhapfs; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. fz;lsk; kw;Wk; uzt Fsq;fSf;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jz;zPu; $l fpilf;ftpy;iy.

xt;nthU njhl;bapd; Nky;Nehf;fpAk; fPo;Nehf;fpAk; mike;Js;s ePu; Xl;l mstPl;L

Gs;spfspy; cs;s ePu; Xl;lj;jpd; gjpTfs; tptrhapfshy; ftdpf;fg;gl;l ePu; Xl;l Kiwia
epahag;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf> `_UYntt Fsj;jpw;Fk; 1994 Mk; Mz;L ahy gUtj;jpy;
kfhtypapypUe;J xU nrhl;L ePu; $l fpilf;ftpy;iy. `_UYntt Fsj;jpw;F ahy 1994 gUtj;jpy;
Vw;gl;l ,e;j mrhjhuzkhd Xl;lk;> Cl;l fhy;thapd; NkNyAk; fPOk; cs;s epyq;fspy;
ePu;g;ghrd tptrhaj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gug;gstpd; Kw;Nghf;fhd mjpfupg;igf;
fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;j epiyapy;> kfhtypapd; nraw;ghL k`h gUtj;jpy; ngUksT gpur;rpidfis
rkfhyj;jpy; cz;lhf;fpajhf `_UYthtp kfhtyp ePu;g;ghrd tUlhe;j kfhtyp jpl;l mwpf;if
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
ID toq;fy; kl;lq;fspy; fz;lyk; kw;Wk; uzt njhl;bfspd; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l nraypy; Nrkpg;G
KiwNa 0.55 kw;Wk; 0.79 mcm (445 kw;Wk; 640 ac. ft) MFk;. vt;thwhapDk;>
njhl;bfspd; cz;ikahd Nrkpg;G ,e;j Gs;sptptuq;fis tpl Fiwe;jgl;rk; 5-10 rjtpfpjk;
Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy; njhl;bfspy; Gyg;gLk; tz;ly;. %d;W njhl;bfspd; gaDs;s
Nrkpg;G kpfTk; rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy;> Rkhu; 1.4 fd mb (50 fpA+nrf;];) njhlu;r;rpahd
Xl;lk; rpy ehl;fSf;Fs; fhypahd njhl;bfis frpT epiyf;F nfhz;L tUk;. lhy;Nfhl; njhl;b 2-3
ehl;fspy; KOikahf epuk;Gk;> mNjrkak;> 1. 4 fpA+nrf;]; njhlu;e;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhy;
kw;w ,uz;L njhl;bfSk; jyh 5-6 ehl;fspy; KOikahf epuk;Gk;. %d;W njhl;bfspd;
Nrkpg;Gj; jpwd; kw;Wk; ePupd; Mok; xg;gPl;lstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy;>
Nfhl;ghl;lstpy;> ePu; epiwe;j kfh gUtj;jpy; uzt fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J ePu; nfhz;L nry;tjpy;
mtw;wpd; nry;thf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

Mdhy;> eilKiwapy; elg;gJ vd;dntdpy;> xU neUf;fbahd R+o;epiyapy;> Nghtnjd;d

ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpypUe;J ePiuf; nfhz;L te;J `_UYntt Fsj;ij ngUf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk; NghJ>
xt;nthU FsKk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf KOikahf ePuhy; epug;gg;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. neUf;fb
R+o;epiyapy; %d;W njhl;bfspd; nray;ghl;il ,uz;L fhuzpfs; rpf;fyhf;Ffpd;wd. Kjyhtjhf>
kfhtyp kjFfs; rupahd Ntiy epiyapy; ,y;iy. ,uz;lhtjhf> tptrhapfSf;Fk; milahs ml;ilf;Fk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba njspthd nray;ghl;L topfhl;Ljy;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy. ,jd; tpisthf> %d;W
Fsq;fspypUe;Jk; fPo;Nehf;fp ntspNaw;w trjpahf kfhtyp kjFfs; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw
jpwf;fg;gLtij tptrhapfs; nghJthf vjpu;f;fpd;wdu;.

ayh gUtj;jpy;> Cl;l fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; rhjhuz Xl;lk; nghJthf

rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> %d;W njhl;bfspy; cs;s ,ilepiy Nrkpg;G `_UYnttf;fhd Xl;lj;ij
fzprkhf ghjpf;fyhk;. vt;thwhapDk;> ,uz;L fhyq;fspYk; `_UYthtpf;F ePu; gpur;rpidfis
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> tlfpof;F gUtkioapd; NghJ Fsq;fspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;tjw;Fk;
%d;W Fsq;fspd; kfhtyp thd; fjTfs; rupahd jpUj;jg;gl;l Ntiy epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kfhtyp ePu; Kfhikj;Jtf; FOtpd; gUtfhy nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; xt;nthU gapu;r;nra;if

fhyKk; Muk;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; jahupf;fg;gl;L rk;ge;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fspilNa
tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT ePu; nghJthf uzt Fsj;jpw;F ayh kw;Wk; kfh
gUtj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;L gUtq;fspYk; nydNlhu Kjy; `_UYntt tiu nkhj;j
ntspaPLfSk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk;> `_UYntt Fsk; Cl;lf; fhy;thapy; mjpfsT
ePiu gad;gLj;Jtjhy; me;ePupd; KOg; gaidAk; mDgtpf;f Kbahj epiy fhzg;gl;lJ.
Ke;ija ahyh 94 gUtj;jpy;> fz;lyk; ,UKidapypUe;J 4.25 fdmb (150 fdmb)
ntspNaw;wg;gl;lNghJ> 0.4 fdmbf;F (15 fdmb) ntspNaw;wk; mjpfkhf ,y;iy> ahy twz;l
fhyepiyapd; NghJ Nghf;Ftuj;J ,og;Gf;fs; jk;GS Xahtpy; ePNuhl;lj;ij
rPu;Fiyg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. MASL ,d; ePu; Kfhikj;Jt nrayfj;jpd; gjpTfspd;gb> 1994 khu;r;
Kjy; [_iy tiu Rkhu; 28.5 mcm (23>100 ac. ft) ePu; fz;lyk; gpuptpypUe;J uzt tiu
toq;fg;gl;lJ. [dtup kw;Wk; ngg;utup khjq;fspy; ntspaplg;gl;l nkhj;jj; njhif 39.2 mcm
( 31>750 ac.ft). NkYk;> ,e;j msT ePu; `_UYntt Fsj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gl;lJ.
Rkhu; 24.7 mcm (20>000 ac.ft) ePu; (Rkhu; 40 rjtpfpjk;) nkhj;j Nghf;Ftuj;J ,og;ig
mDkjpf;fpwJ. uzt fhy;tha; topahf ney; kw;Wk; ney; my;yhj gapu;fSf;F ePu;g;ghrdk;
nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. WMS ,d; gUtfhy RUf;f mwpf;iffspd; cj;jpNahfG+u;t gjpTfs; ,e;j
nkhj;j ePu; xJf;fPl;il `_UYntt fzf;fpy; tuT itj;J te;Js;sJ.

`_UYntt Fsj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ %d;W Fsq;fSf;Nfh kfhtyp ePupdhy; 1994 Mk; Mz;L
ahyg; gUtj;jpy; ve;jg; gaDk; ,y;iy vd;gJ Nkw;$wpa kPsha;T %yk; njspthfpwJ. kfhtyp
Cl;lf; fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J $Ljy; gpur;idfs; VJkpd;wp> ayhg; gUtj;ij epu;tfpf;f KbAk; vd
%d;W Fsq;fspd; fPo; cs;s tptrhapfs; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. ,d;Dk; mjpfkhd kfhtyp
gpur;rpidfs; fpilj;jhYk;> njhlu;r;rpahd ePu; gpur;rpidfs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> mtu;fs;
rkfhyj;jpy; gapupLk; msit tpl ahy msit mjpfupf;f KbahJ> Vnddpy; Fsq;fspy; mjpf
jz;zPiu Nrkpf;f Kbahj epiyAk; md;wstpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. njhlu;r;rpahd kfhtyp ePu;
ntspaPLfs; fpilf;fg;ngWk; gl;rj;jpy;> njhlu;r;rpahd ePu; gha;r;rypd; mjpfupg;G
fhuzkhf %d;W Fsq;fspd; fPOs;s ahy gug;gsT rw;W mjpfupf;fgl;likAk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba kw;nwhU mk;rk; vd;dntd;why;> %d;W njhl;bfSk; ePupay;

uPjpahfTk; r%f uPjpahfTk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> Kf;fpa ePu; flj;jy;
mikg;Gld;> njhl;bfspd; fPo; rhFgb gUtq;fs; kw;Wk; gapu; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffs;
jpl;lkplg;gl;L> xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L> vspjhf;fg;gl;L nray;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. Cl;lf; fhy;tha;
kw;Wk; `_UYntt Fsj; jpl;lj;jpd; rhFgb eltbf;iffSf;F ,zq;f. xt;nthU njhl;bf;Fk; rhFgb
$l;lq;fs; jdpj;jdpahf elj;jg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; tptrha Nritfs; jpizf;fsk; ( DAS) gUtfhy
jpl;lkplypy; fpl;lj;jl;l Fiwe;j xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; tptrhapfSld; xj;Jiog;gjpy; Kd;dzp
tfpf;fpwJ.

vdNt> KO mikg;gpd; Kiwahd nray;ghL kw;Wk; guhkupg;G> mikg;Gf;F fpilf;Fk;

ePupd; gfpug;gl;l fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; %d;W njhl;bfs; Clhf `_UYntt Fsj;jpw;F ePiu
Nghtnjd;d ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpypUe;J nfhz;L nry;tjw;F trjpahf cs;s cl;fl;likg;gpd; gfpug;gl;l
epu;thfj;jpy; ,jd; ed;ik jq;fpAs;sJ. NkYk;> xl;Lnkhj;j mikg;gpd; tptrha
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;> Ntshz;ikf;F Vw;w kw;Wk; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; gapu;fs; kw;Wk;
gapu; Kiwfis fz;lwptjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,it midj;Jk; `_UYntt kfhtyp ePu;g;ghrd jpl;lj;jpd;
fPo; Vw;gl;l ed;ikfshFk;. ,t;tifapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ `_UYnttpd; fPohd ce;JUt gFjp
mlq;fpa kfhtyp jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; kfhtyp fhy;tha;fs;> Fsq;fs; ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
KiwiaAk; gUt fhyq;fspy; cz;lhfpf; nfhs;sk; rpf;fy;fisAk; mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
(RS,2007: PP.190-195)
mj;jpahak; 4 - fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkKk; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fSk;.

,yq;ifapd; nghJthd gz;ghlhdJ fiy> fl;llk;> ,ir> kUj;Jtk; (rpj;jk;> MAu; Ntjk;)> czT> cil
Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs; Nkiyj;Nja gz;ghLfspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
rKjha eilKiwfshf jpUkzk;> Foe;ijg;NgW> kuzr; rlq;Ffs;> GJ tPL GFjy;> G+g;nga;jy;
vd midj;J tplaq;fspYk; xt;nthU kjj;jpdUk; jdpj;jdp eilKiwfisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLtJ ,q;Fs;s
tpNrl mk;rkhFk;.

K];ypk;fs; nghJthf jkpo; nkhopiag; NgrpdhYk; mtu;fSila gz;ghLfspy; NtWghL

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Xupiwf; nfhs;ifAilNahuhfTk;> ‘yhapyh`,y;yy;yh`;’ vd;gJ mbg;gil
jhufke;jpukhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ k`u; nfhLj;jy;> typfhuu;> tyPkh
Nghd;w tpNrl eilKiwfs; fhzg;gLtJld; kuzr;rlq;fpd; NghJ Fspg;ghl;Ljy;> fgdply;>
njhOjy;> mlf;fk; nra;jy; Nghd;w rlq;FfSk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpou;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; gyflTs; nfhs;ifAilNahuhf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. rpiy topghL>

tpyq;F topghL ,tu;fspilNa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy; Nghd;w
nraw;ghLfs; jdpj;jdp flTsu;fshy; epfo;j;jg;gLtjhf ek;Gfpd;wdu;. nghl;L itj;jy;> G+
itj;jy;> gl;Lr; Nriy cLj;jy; vd tpNrl eilKiwfSld; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ mk;kp kpjpj;jy;>
mUe;jjp ghu;j;jy;> jhyp fl;Ljy;> rPjdk; nfhLj;jy;> gUt taij mile;jTld; tpNrl tpoh
vLj;jy;> kuzpj;j gpd; cliy vupj;jy; Nghd;w gz;ghl;lk;rq;fis nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

,yq;iftho; rpq;fstu;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; Nkw;$wpa ,U gpuptpdiu tplTk; tpj;jpahrkhd

rpy Nghf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. nfsjk Gj;jiu topgLtJld; ,tu;fsJ rkanewpKiwfspy; tpfhiufs;
kw;Wk; gpf;Ffs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. tpNrl epfo;Tfspd; NghJ nts;is Mil
mzpgtu;fshfTk;> ,Wjpr; rlq;fpd; NghJ kuzpj;j cliy myq;fupj;jy;> ngsu;zkp jpdq;fspy;
tpNrl gpupj; XJk; itgtq;fs; kw;Wk; jhd rhiyfs; ,q;F Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
fpwp];jtu;fspilNa ,NaR ehju; kw;Wk; md;id kupahs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wdu;. Njthya
topghLk; fpwp];k]; jpdf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fSk; ,tu;fspd; tpNrl gz;ghl;lk;rq;fshFk;.

xt;nthU r%fj;jpdUk; jkf;nfd jdpj;jdp gz;ghl;lilahsq;fis nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk;

mtu;fspilNaahd ,iltpid fhuzkhf gz;ghl;Lf; fyg;G kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lg; guty; vd;gd
jtpu;f;f Kbahj mk;rkhf cs;sij ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpd; tpNrl jd;ikahfr; nrhy;y KbAk;.
nghJthf ,yq;ifr; r%fk; Mil> czT Nghd;w gz;ghl;L $Wfspy; xd;Wgl;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. cjhuzk;: ngz;fs; rhup> ry;thu; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;> Mz;fs; rhud;>
Nrl;> fhyzp Nghd;wtw;iwAk; mzpfpd;wdu;. %d;W my;yJ ,uz;L Neuk; NrhW> fwp
rhg;gpLtJ ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jhy; njhd;Wnjhl;L gpd;gw;wg;gl;LtUk; xU gz;ghlhFk;.

xt;nthU kf;fspdKk; jhk; thOk; epyj;njhFjpapy; nghJthdJk; rpwg;ghdJk;>

jdpj;JtkhdJkhd tho;iff; Nfhyq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gu;. ,jd;gb eil Kiwr; #oypy; kf;fspilNa
gpd;gw;wg;gLk; nghJthd eilKiwfs; gof;ftof;fq;fs; vy;NyhuplKk;
xd;whdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;gz;ghLfSld; rpy Ntisfspy; xU rpy NtW gl;l gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fs;
jhk; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpw;F Vw;g khWgl;Lk; rpyit gpd;gw;wg;glhkYk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,d;Dk;
rpyit Cupw;fhd jdpj;Jt jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,J CupdJ milahskhff; $l ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;top
ce;JUt fl;Lf;nfypaht gFjpapdJ tho;tpay; mkrq;fs; Fwpj;J ghu;g;Nghk;.

4.1 nghJthd tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;

fpuhk Gw kf;fspd; tho;ifahdJ nghJthf tptrhak;> fhy;eil tsu;g;G vd czTj; Njitia

ikag;gLj;jpa tho;f;if Kiwahf fhzg;gLk;. ,t;tho;tpaypy; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; Njitfs;
FWfpajhff; fhzg;gLtJk; ,j;jifa tho;f;if Nfhyj;jpw;F gpujhd fhuzkhFk;. ,j;jifa tho;f;if
Nghf;Nf ce;JUt gFjp kf;fspilNaAk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F kfhtyp jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;duhf
kf;fspd; tho;if Nghf;fhdJ fhy;eil tsu;j;jy; Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if Kiwnad fhzg;gl;lJ.
gpujhdkhf fhy;eil tsu;g;igf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. czTj;Njitg; g+u;j;jpf;fhf Ntz;b gUtkio
fhyj;ij ek;gp gapu;r; nra;ifia Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

,g;gapu;r; nra;ifapd; NghJ kf;fs; jkf;fhd epyj;jpid gz;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Ntz;b xd;wpize;J

nraw;gLtu;. fhl;L epyj;ij ntl;b Jg;guthf;fp gapu;r;nra;iff;F Vw;w epykhf khw;Wtu;.
gpd;du; xt;nthUtuJ epykhf gapuply; Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;thu;fs;. ,jw;F ‘mj;jk;’ vdf;
Fwpg;gu;. mjhtJ xUtUila epyj;jpy; gapupl nry;Nthupd; Ntiyf;F $ypahf mtuJ epyk;
Kbe;J te;j VidNahupd; epyj;jpy; gapupl Fwpj;j epyj;jhu; jtiz Kiwapy; nry;tjhFk;. ,jid
Ngr;Rtof;fpNy ‘mj;jk;’ vd;w nrhy; nfhz;L miog;gu;. ,k;kiwapd;gb gapuply; eltbf;ifs;
Kbe;jJk; epyj;jpw;fhd ghJfhg;G fUjp thb mikg;gu;. vy;yh epyq;fSf;Fk; nghJthf ikakhd
gFjpapy; epyj;jpYk; caukhd kuj;jpYk; thb tPL mikg;gu;. ,jid gfy; Neuq;fspy;
fisg;ghUtjw;fhd ,lkhfTk; gad;gLj;Jtu;.

epyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gLk; thbahdJ MW ngupa fk;Gfis epiyf;Fj;jhf el;b tPl;bd; mikg;gpy;

Xu; Mspd; cau mstpy; $iu mikg;Gld; mikf;fg;gLk;. $iuf;F rpyu; itf;NfhYk;>
itf;NfhYld; Gy;Yk; fye;J $iuia mikg;gu;. mjpfkhf Nridg;gapuply; vd;gjhy; itf;Nfhy;
fpilg;gJ mupjhf ,Ue;jikapdhy; Gy; kw;Wk; ,jDld; fhl;L nfhb tiffis ,izj;Jk;
njd;Ndhiy ,izj;Jk; $iuia mikg;gu;. thb tPl;bw;fhf Ntz;b fhl;bypUe;Nj ituk; rhu;e;j
cWjpahd kuf;fk;Gfis vLg;gu;. ,d;Dk; ,t;thb tPLfspy; ngz;fs; jkJ Foe;ijfis cwq;f itf;f
njhl;by; fl;b cwq;f itf;Fk; gof;fKk; fhzg;gl;lJ. thbapNyNa czT rikj;J cz;Zk; tof;fKk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. rpy NghJ ,utpy; FLk;gkhf thbapNyNa jq;fp tpLtu;.

kuq;fspy; fl;lg;gLk; thbahdJ td tyq;Ffsplk; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G ngWk; nghUl;Lk; mit

gapu; epyj;Jf;F tUtij fz;lwpaTk; ,t;thW caukhd ,lq;fspy; mikg;gu;. ,J gUkdpy;
rpwpajhff; fhzg;gLk;. Fdpe;J nfhz;Nl nrd;W jq;Ftjw;F Vw;w mikg;gpy; rpwpasthf
mikf;fg;gLk;. ,jw;Fk; cWjpahd fhl;L fk;Gfis gad;gLj;Jtu;. $iuAk; epyj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gLk; thb Kiwahd $iufshfNt fhzg;gLk;. kuj;jpy; thb mikg;gjw;F Vw;wthwhd
njty; fe;J ( V mikg;G nfhz;l fk;G) nfhz;l ,lj;jpid njupT nra;J mjpy; thbapid mikg;gu;.
VWtjw;F fk;ghyhd Vzpapid gad;gLj;Jtu;. Vzpapid mikf;f fhl;L cWjpahd nfhbfshy;
(mlk;gd;) fk;ig itj;J fl;Ltu;. ,J fk;G cWjpaw;Wg; NghFk; tiu epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;.

,q;F gapuplg;gLk; gapu;fshf vs;S> fLF> Fuf;fd;> rhkp> jpiz Kjyhdit gapuplg;gLk;.
gapu; mWtilapd; NghJk; xd;whf ,ize;Nj nraw;gLthu;fs;. mWtilf; fhyj;jpy; gapu;
ehw;Wifapd; NghJ ,Ue;jJ NghyNt vy;NyhUk; ,ize;J nraw;gLthu;fs;. mjid tpis
epyj;jpNyNa cyu;j;jp vLg;gu;. gpd;du; tpiythrp cauthf ,Ue;jhy; filfSf;F
toq;Ftu;. ,y;iyNay; nfhl;L vdg;gLk; jhdpa fsQ;rpaj;jpy; ,lL Nrkpj;J tpiythrp
mjpfupf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; tpw;ghu;fs;. nfhl;L vd;gJ fsp kz; nfhz;L fl;lg;gLk; xU tif fplq;F
MFk;. ,jw;F myahj;jp> thif> jpUf; nfhd;iw Kjyhd ituk; nrwpe;j fk;Gfis
gad;gLj;Jtu;. ,jd; tbtkhdJ mbg;ghfk; rpwpajhfTk; Nky; tha; gf;fk; mfd;wjhfTk;
fhzg;gLk;. mbg;ghfj;jpd; msT 16 mb mstpYk; Nky;tha;g;gf;fk; 20 mb mfyj;jpYk;
tbtikf;fg;gLk;. tl;lkhf mbg;ghfk; tisaf; $ba fk;Gfspdhy; tisj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;L msthd rpwpa
fk;Gfshy; cs; tl;lk; epuk;Gk; tifapy; ,izj;J ,izj;J rJu (nrf;) tbtpy; fl;lg;gLk;. gpd;du; mij
Kw;whf fsp kz;zpzhy; epuk;Gk; tifapy; ed;whf g+rp fsp kz;izf; nfhz;L epug;gp
jplg;gLj;Jtu;.

cly; ghfkhdJ Rw;wp tu epiyf; Fj;jhf fk;Gfs; elg;gl;L ikag;gFjpapy; tisthf tisaf; $ba
fk;G xd;Wk; itf;fg;gLk;. ,f;fk;ig mLj;J NkYk; fPOk; fk;ig rkepiyg; gLj;jf; $ba mstpy;
tisthf ,U fk;Gfs; ,ize;j tifapy; itf;fg;gLk;. ,J fplq;fpd; cWjpf;fhf nra;tjhFk;. njhlu;e;J
tha;f;fl;Lg; gFjpapd; mikg;ghdJ tise;j fk;gpdhy;> tisthf fl;lg;gLk;. gpd;du; clk;G
gFjpf;F fspkz;NzhL itf;Nfhy;> Gy; Nru;j;J ed;whf gjg;gLj;jp vLj;j gir nfhz;L Rtu;;
tbtkhf mz;zsthf xU mbf; fdj;jpy; fplq;fpd; ,UGwKk; fk;NghL ,ize;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
mikg;gu;. njhlu;e;J ntWk; fsp kz;iz ePu; nfhz;L Fog;gp rhe;J Nghy mikj;j Rtupd; Nky;
jltp g+r;Rg; Nghy g+Rtu;. gpd;du; ed;whf cyur; nra;J kPz;Lk; ePu; njhspj;J
<ug;gLj;jp ,d;ndhU gilahf g+Rtu;. ,J NkYk; cWjp Nru;g;gjw;fhf Ntz;b
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

cly; gFjp mikf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; mjw;F itf;Nfhy; kw;Wk; gy; nfhz;L $iu ,lg;gLk;.
4iuapd; tbtkhdJ miuf;$k;G tbtkhf mikf;fg;gLk;. ,jd; mbg;ghfKk; tisthd Kiwapy; tisaf;
$ba fk;Gfisf; nfhz;L nra;tu;. fk;Gfs; neUf;fkhf fl;lg;gLk;. mNj rkaj;jpy;
ghukw;;wjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; tifapNy mikg;gu;. fhuzk; iffshy; J}f;fp vLf;fj;jf;f
tifapy; ,J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfthFk;. $iuia J}f;fpNa jhdpaq;fs; cs;Ns ,lg;gLk;
kPz;Lk; vLg;gnjd;whYk; $iuia J}f;fpNa vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. NtW tifapy; thry; Kjyhd
mikg;Gf;fs; itj;jhy; fhw;W cs; Eioe;J jhdpaq;fs; Kiwahd fsQ;rpaj;jpw;F cs;shfhJ
vd;gjdhy; ,t;thW fhw;WGfh tz;zk; ,Wf;fkhf %bajd;ikapy; ,jid mikg;gu;. jkf;F Njitahd
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,jpypUe;J jhdpaq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tu;. nghJthf ,jid nfhl;L> gUth
vd;W miog;gu;.
,J jhdpaq;fis fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kl;Lkd;wp kfhtypf;F gpd;duhf ney;iy
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ney;iy fsQ;rpag;gLj;j kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jpdu;. Vnddpy; ney;ypd; tpisr;ry; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jikapdhy; ,t;thW
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jj; njglq;fpdu;. kfhtypf;F gpd;duhd gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJ kf;fs; jkJ
FbapUg;Gf;fs; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ljdhy; Cu;g;gFjp Nrw;W epykhfTk; Nridg;gFjp
Nkl;L epykhfTk; khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;dUk; kf;fs; kjJ eilKiwapy;
khw;wk; ,d;wp ,ize;Nj (mj;jk;) njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. murpdhy; Muk;gj;jpy;
tpij ney;tif Fwpg;gpl;l njhiff;F kf;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. cukhdpak; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.

ney; tptrhaj;jpw;fhf Ntz;b kf;fspilNa fyg;ig> mbg;gyif> Nfhtpak;(Ntisf;fhud; fk;G)>

ifg;gyif Kjyhd cgfuzq;fis gad;gLj;Jtu;. kz;iz fpsup gjg;gLj;j khl;Lld; fyg;ig g+l;b
epyj;ij cOJ NrW epiwe;j jd;ikapy; ney;kzpfs; xl;bg;gpbf;fj;jf;f tifapy; kz;iz Fog;Gtu;.
Vu;,Of;f vUik khLfNs mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Xu; fyg;igf;F 4khLfs; ,izj;J fl;b
Vu; ,Og;gu;. ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fisg;G njupahky; ,Uf;f ghly;fisak; ghLtu;.
Kfpo;r;rpahf jkJ njhopypy; <LgLthu;fs;. ,Nj eltbf;ifia rpq;fs kf;fs; nra;Ak; NghJ ey;y
ehs;> Neuk;> mkhthir- ngsu;zkp Kjyhdtw;iw ghu;j;J g+kpia tzq;fp Kjy; ney;iy iffshy;
kz;iz fpsup (rpwpa gFjpapy;) ,Ltu;. gpd;du; khL nfhz;L cOJ tpijg;gu;.
K];ypk;fspilNaAk; Muk;gj;jpy; ,t;thwhd rlq;F Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;lJ. ey;y Neuk; ghu;j;J
tpijf;Fk; gz;G. ,tu;fSila ,e;j ek;gpf;ifapy; mwptpaYk; mlq;fp ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Epyhf;fhyj;jpy; tpijj;jhy; g+r;rpfs; tpof;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fs; mjpfk;. Mifahy; rlq;F vd;w
ek;gpf;ifapd; fPo; ,tw;iw fhy Neuk; ghu;j;J nra;fpd;whu;fs;.

ce;JUt Nfhwis kf;fspilNa Muk;gj;jpy; new;gapu;r; nra;ifahdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy;

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,d;w ,Uf;Fk; Cupd; ikaj;jpy; (md;W Cupd; Nky; gFjpapy;) Fsk;
xd;W ,Ue;jik ,jw;F tha;g;gspj;jJ. ,f;FskhdJ ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy; Xusthd gs;sj;Jld;
fhzg;gl;lJ. kiof;fhyq;fspy; ,jw;Fy; ePu; epuk;gp epw;gjdhy; kf;fs; jkJ md;whl
ghtidfSf;Fk;> tay; epyj;jpw;Fk; ,jd; %yk; ePiug;ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. Fsj;jpw;F fPohd
gFjpapNyNa Rkhu; 5Vf;fu; epyg;gug;gpy; ney; tptrhak; kfhtypf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J Xl;LtsT vDk; kf;fs; $l;lj;jpduhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ.
MifahNy ,tu;fs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;fpy; cau;e;jtu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
(jfty; - rh`_y; `kPl;: Xa;T nrd;w jghy; mYtyu;> taJ 83)

kfhtyp tay; epyq;fspyhd ney; tptrhaj;jpd; NghJ tpijg;G fhyk; Kbe;J mWtilapd; NghJk;
midtUk; ,ize;Nj nraw;gLtu;. xt;nthUtuJ epykhf mWtil nra;J tUtu;.
tpijg;Ggb ,J ,lk;ngWk;. mwtilapd; NghJ ngz;fSk; ,ize;J nfhs;thu;fs; Ntshz;ikia
ntl;Ltjw;fhf jhfj;jp () gad;gLj;jp ntl;b rpw rpW Ftpay;fshf mizj;J fl;b gpd;du; #L
kpjpg;gjw;fjf Ntz;b fsk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Rj;jk; nra;ag;gl;l taypd; Nkl;L
epyg;gFjpf;F nfhz;L te;J tl;lkhf Ftpyhf mLf;Ftu;. gpd;du; khL nfhz;L ,jid Ntshz;ikia
kpjpg;gu;. ,jw;Nf #Lkpjpj;jy; vd;fpd;wdu;. khLfs; tl;lkhf Rw;wp kpjpj;J tu tu
ney;kzpfs; cjpu;j;jg;gLk;. khl;bid xUtu; Rw;w rpyu; Nfhtpaf; fk;G nfhz;L itf;Nfhiy
mfw;Wthu;fs;. mfw;wg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s ney;iy xU $l;lj;jhu; ms;sp Nfhzpg;
ig(rhf;F)fspNy ,Ltu;. ngz;fspy; xU $l;lj;jhu; Ntshz; Ftpay;fis nfhz;Lte;j
tz;zk; ,Ug;gu;. ,d;ndhU $l;lj;jhu; rikay; eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtu;. rpWgps;isfs; taypy;
tpLgl;l new;fjpu;fis Nrfupj;J ney; vLg;ghu;fs;. ,J mtu;fSf;F tpisahl;L Nghy ,Uf;Fk;.

ney; mWtilf;F Kd; xU gpb new; fjpiu fsj;jpd; Kd;gFjpapy; fk;gpy; el;Ltu;. ,jd;
gpd;dNu mWtil njhlq;Fk;. rpq;fstu;fs; ,jDld; FWj;Njhiyapdhy; gpd;dg;gl;l $l;by;
tpsf;Nfw;wp tzq;fp (#upad; cjpf;f Kd;) #upaidAk; topgl;L mWtilia
njhlq;Ftu;. ,g;gz;ghLfs; ,tu;fshy; fhyk; fhykhf gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,d;W
K];ypk;fspilNa ,t;thwhd gof;fk; ,y;yhJ Ngha; mWtil ,ae;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;L mWtil nra;J
tpLtu;. Kd;ida kf;fsplk; ,Ue;j new;fjpu;fis fl;b mWtil nra;Ak; gof;fk; ,y;iy. rpq;fs kf;fs;
,ae;jpuk; nfhz;L mWtil nra;jhYk; Kd;idNahupd; topKiwia gpd;gw;wpNa mWtil
nra;tu;. mWtilapd; gpd;Gk; jkJ tPl;by; Fwpg;gl;l fhyk; tiu new; fjpiu njhq;f tpLtu; ,J
jkf;F cztspf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fk; ney;Yf;Fkhd kupahij vd mtu;fs; czu;fpwhu;fs;.
(jfty; - gz;lhu :tptrhap> taJ 65)

Kjy; ney;iyAk; Ntwhf vLj;J jdpahf cuypy; ,l;L Fw;wp vLj;J g+i[ nra;J topgl;L Gjpa
kz;ghidapy; ghw; Nrhwhf rikg;ghu;fs;. rikaypy; Kjy; gq;if ,iwtDf;f gilay; ,l;l gpd;dNu
jhk; cz;Ztu;. K];ypk;fSk; Kjy; muprpia Fw;wp vLj;J Gjpa kz;ghidapNy ,l;L ghy;
NrhW rikg;gu;. ,J md;iwa kf;fspilNa tof;fkhd xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gz;gpid ,d;Ws;s
K];ypk; rKfk; NgZtjpy;iy. mWtil Kbe;j gpd; mLj;j gapu;r;nra;if fhyk; tiu rpW Nghfk;
njhlq;Fk; tiu taypy; itf;Nfhiy Kw;whf gug;gp cf;fyilar; nra;thu;fs;. ,J taYf;F cukhf
khWk; vd;w jd;ikapy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. rpyu; itf;Nfhypy; rpW gFjpia vLj;J tPLfSf;F
GJf; $iuaply;. fapW jpupj;jy; Kjyhdtw;iwAk; nra;thu;fs;. ,t;thwhd gz;Gfs; kf;fspilNa
nghJthdjhf fhzg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghz;ikahd kf;fshy; ,t;thwhd eilKiwfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

tpis epyq;fis ,k;kf;fs; nja;tkhf vz;zpzu;(rpq;fstu;). tPLfSf;fhd mj;jpthuk; ,l

Kd;dUk; ,tu;fspilNa rFzk; ghu;j;J nra;Ak; kuGfhzg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf Ntz;b tPL fl;Lk;
epyj;jpw;F rFzk; ghu;f;f vd;W rKj;jpy; xUtu; ,Ug;ghu;. mtiu mioj;Jte;J epyj;ij fhl;b
Mnyhrid ngw;W mtu; nrhy;Yk; ,lj;jpy; tPl;bw;fhd mj;jpthuk; ,l;L fl;Lthu;fs;.
mj;jpthuk; ,l Kd;du; rpq;fs kf;fs; g+i[ nra;J> gpf;Ffisf; nfhz;L gpupj; Xjp mtu;fSf;Fk;
fhzpf;ifapl;L tzq;fp cztpLtu;. gpd;du; cupa ,lj;jpy; g+i[ nra;J ,U fk;Gfis eLtu; fk;gpid
elf; $batu; NtfkhfTk; rpf;fdkhfTk; Ntiy Kbaf;$ba if uhrpf;fhuu;fisf; nfhz;L
eLtu;. ,t;thwhd epfo;Tfspd; gpd;dNu mj;jpthuj;jpw;fhd Ntiyfs; njhlq;fg;gLk;. tPl;ilf;
fl;b Kbe;jJk; Kjy; g+i[ nra;J topgl;Nl GJkid FbGFtu;. ,jw;Fk; ngsj;j Jwtpfis mioj;J te;J
gpupj; Xjp cztpLtu;. maypYs;s kf;fSf;Fk; miog;G tpLj;J cztpLk; gof;fKk; ,tu;fspilNa
cz;L.

K];ypk; kf;fs; ,lj;jpw;F rFzk; ghu;j;J mj;jpthuj;jpw;fhd Kjy; fy;iy tPl;by; %j;jtu; my;yJ
ifuhrpf; fhuu;fusf; nfhz;L itg;gu;. gpd;du; tPl;il fl;bKbe;jJk; GJkid FbGf Rw;wj;jhu;>
cwtpdu;fs; vd midtUf;Fk; nrhy;yp tpUe;Jgrhuk; nra;thu;fs;. xU rpyu; Fu;Md; trdq;fis
XJtpj;J cztopg;gu;. ,t;thwhd epo;Tfs; ,tu;fshy; nra;ag;gLtJ ,wf;Fk; tiu ,Uf;Fk; tPL
vd;gjdhy; mjpy; epk;kjpAk; nry;t tsKk; ngUf Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpd; fPo;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
(jfty;- Rthkpd; t`d;]:gpf;F> gz;lhu tptrhap> mg;Jy; u`Pk; nksytp)

rpq;fstu;fs; nghJthf khiy Neuq;fspy; Fspf;Fk; gof;fk; cilatu;fs;. khiyapy; Fspj;J Gj;jiu
tzq;fp tPl;by; CJtj;jp Vw;wp> rhk;gpuhzp Gif fhl;Ltu;. rhk;gpuhzp Gif fhiyapYk;
fhl;Lk; tof;fk; ,tu;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. ,jw;F fhuzk; jPa mZrf;jpfs; tPl;bypUe;J ntspNaWk;
Nehf;fj;NjhL ,J nra;ag;galfpd;wJ. mNj rkak; Esk;> NtW g+r;rpj;njhy;iyfs; vd gjfkhd
fpUkp njhy;iyfspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G ngWk; nghUl;Lk; ,t;thW nra;fpd;wdu;. czT cz;Zk;
nghOJ jdpj;jdpahf rpq;fstu;fs; cz;Zk; gof;fk; nfhz;ltu;fs;. jl;by; cztpl;L ifapy;
Ve;jpf;nfhz;L cz;ghu;fs;. jkJ cztpy; xU NeukhtJ fPiu Nru;j;J Nghuridahd czTfis
cz;Zk; tof;fk; nfhz;ltu;fs;. ghuk;gupa eilKiwfis NgZtjpy; mf;fiwAld; <Lglf;$ba
jd;ik ,tu;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. etPd fhyj;jpYk; $l J}u ,lq;fSf;F czT nfhz;L nry;Yk;
NghJ thio ,iyia neUg;gpy; thl;b mjpy; czit itj;J fl;bf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; gof;fk; cilatu;fs;.

,t;tifahd gz;ghLfs; K];ypk;fshy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf Nghw;wg;gLtjpy;iy. czT cz;Zk; NghJ

FLk;gkhf Nru;e;J cz;Zk; gof;fk; nfhz;ltu;fs;. ngz;fs; jiyapy; Ke;jhidapl;L cz;Ztu;.
jiuapy; gha; tpupj;J fhy;klf;fp ,Ue;J cz;gu;. gfpu;e;J cz;gjpy; tpUg;gk; nfhz;ltu;fs;.
jkJ ,iwtidj;jtpu ahiuAk; tzq;f khl;lhu;fs;. rpq;fstu;fs; ngw;Nwhiu nja;tkhf ghu;f;Fk;
gz;G nfhz;ltu;fs;. mj;Jld; mtu;fspd; fhypy; tpOe;J tzq;fp Mrpu;thjk; ngw;W Rg
fhupaq;fis njhlq;Fk; gz;Gilatu;fs;. ,d;Dk; tPl;bypUe;J ntspNa nry;Yk; NghJ fz;zhb
Ftis(Nfhg;ig)apy; ky;ypif g+ ,l;L ePu; mUe;jp nry;yf;Fbatu;fshfTk;. Rg nra;jpfis
ntw;wiy nfhLj;J nrhy;Yk; tof;fk; cilatu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;.
(jfty;- Rthkpd; t`d;]: gpf;F)

fl;Lf;nfypaht kf;fspilNa gps;isfsplk; rpy tpisahl;Lf;fs; jkJ Xa;T Neuq;fspy;

tpisahlg;gl;L te;jJ. ,tu;fspilNa ,t;tpisahl;lhdJ kdkfpo;itAk; cl; Mnuhf;fpaj;ijAk; juf;
$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,q;F ‘Ngg; ge;J’ vdg;gLk; ge;Jnfhz;L mbf;Fk; tpisahl;L fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F
gps;isfs; jhk; cs;s vz;zpf;ifia nfhz;L ,jid tpisahLtu;. mtu;fspy; xUtu; Kjypy; jkJ Ms;
vz;zpf;iff;F jFe;j msthd tl;lk; xd;iwf; fPwp mjw;Fy; midtUk; epw;Fk;gbahf xUtu;
khwp gpupnjhUtiu ,yf;F itj;J mbg;ghu; ,t;thW mbf;Fk; nghOJ mtupy; ge;JgLkhdhy;
mtu; Ml;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gLthu;. ePf;fpa mtNu mLj;J ge;ijf; nfhz;L xU egiuj;jhf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,J Ml;fspd; vz;zpf;if FiwAk; tiu ,t;thW ele;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.

mLj;j tpisahl;lhf ‘tl;lf;NfhL’ vd;W ngupa tl;lk; xd;iwf;fPwp mjw;Fy; epd;W xb

xUtu;khwp xUtuhf gpbg;gu;. gpbf;Fk; egu; Ml;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspahf;fg;gLthu;. ,q;F
xUthuhNy njhlu;e;J tpisahl;L elj;jg;gLk;. mLj;J ghuk;gupa tpisahl;lhd ‘fpl;bg;Gy;’
tpisahl;Lk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ,U mzpfshf gpupe;J rpwpa fk;G xd;Wk; mijmbf;f msthd
ePz;l fk;G xd;iwAk; gad;gLj;jp rpW FopNjhz;b mjpy; rpwpa fk;ig itj;Jfpz;b mbg;gu;.
mbj;Jtplg;gLk; J}uj;ij ePz;l fk;ghy; mse;J xt;nthUtuJk; Ml;l J}uj;ij fzpg;gu;. ,t;thwhf
mjpf vz;zpf;if nfhz;ltu; ,jpy; ntw;wp ngw;wtuhf fUjg;gLthu;. mLj;J Nfhyp Fz;L
Ml;lk; ,q;F [py;Nghy; Ml;lk; vdg;gLk; ,J gy tpjq;fspy; tpisahlg;gLk;> xd;W ePz;l
NfhL fPwp mjpy; neLf;fpYkhf Nfhyp Fz;Lfs; itf;fg;gl;L mNj epwk; cila Nfhyp
Fz;lhy; Fwpitj;J jhf;fg;gLk;. mLj;J Fz;Lfs; ePz;l Nfhl;Lf;F mg;ghy; rpjwg;gl;l
epiyapy; Nghlg;gl;L mij Fwpitj;J jhf;Fk; Kiw nfhz;L tpisahLtu;. ,d;Dk; ,ij ,U tifapy;
tpisahLtu; xd;W Fz;il Fwpghu;j;J mbg;gu; mLj;J Fz;Lf;F Neuhf mbf;Fk; Fz;il cUl;b
mbg;gu;. ,jpy; mjpf Fz;Lfis mbg;gtu; ntw;wp ngw;wtuhthu;.

rpwg;ghf gz;bif ehl;fis jtpu rpy fhyj;Jf;Fupa tpisahl;Lf;fis tpisahLk; gof;fj;ijAk;

gps;isfs; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,tu;fspilNa mt;thwhf K];ypk;fs; nghJthf jkJ ukohd; gz;bifapd;
NghJ gps;isfs; Nru;e;J ghk;G rJuq;fk; tpisahLtu;. ,d;Dk; 5fy; nfhz;Lk; tpisahLtu;.
mLj;J rpy;Y itj;J rJu tbtpy; ngl;bfs; tiue;J(rpy;Yf; NfhL) xw;iwf; fhypy; nfe;jp
tpisahLtu;. ,it nghJthf ,d;Wk; tpisahlf; $ba tpisahl;Lf;fshf ,f;fhyg;gFjpapYk; rpwg;ghf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mLj;J ngupatu;fs; jkJ njhopy;fs; Kbe;J(tptrhak;) Xa;thf ,Uf;Fk;
fhyj;jpy; jkJ Xa;T Neuj;ij fspf;Fk; tifapy; ,utpy; jP %l;b gy FLk;gq;fs; ,ize;J ,utpy; czT
rikg;gJld;> Mz;fs; ghly;fs; ghb fspfk;G mbf;Fk; tof;fk; ce;Jut gFj[fspy; tho;e;j
kf;fspilNa fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; rpq;fs FLk;gj;jpdUk; ,ize;J ,t;thW $b kfpo;tu;.
Mdhy; ,d;W ,t;thwhd epfo;Tfs; kf;fspilNa ,lk; ngWtJ FiwthFk;. rpq;fs kf;fspy; rpyu;
jkJ may; cwTfSld; $b ,t;thW jP %l;b> ghly; ghb kfpOk; eilKiwia gpd;gw;wp
tUfpd;wdu;. ,it jkJ Jd;gq;fis kwe;J nghOJ Nghf;fhf jkJ FLk;gj;jhUld; kdepiwthf
fye;JNgrp kfpOk; jUzq;fshf ,tu;fshy; ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;wstpy; tsu;e;J tUk;
rKjhaj;jpduplk; ,t;thwhf rKfj;Jld; xd;wpthOk; eilKiwfs; Ngzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jw;F Kf;fpa
fhuzkhf etPd njhopEl;g njhiynjhlu;G rhjdq;fs; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,J rKfj;ij jdpegu;
rKfkhf ,d;W khw;wf; $ba #oiy nghJthf vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; fhzf; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,t;thwhd
rKf gpupTfshy; ,tu;fsplk; %j;Njhiu kjpj;J elf;Fk; gz;ila gof;f tof;fq;fs; ,d;iwa
rKj;jhuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gLtjpy;iy. (jfty;: rh`_y; `kPl;: Xa;T nrd;w jghy; mYtyu;> =Nrd
Nrdhdp- fpuhk mjpfhup)

,t;thW ce;JUt Nfhwis kf;fspilNa gpd;gw;wg;gLk; gz;ghl;L Kiwfspy; nghJthd tho;f;if

Kiwfspy; gz;ghl;L xOq;fpy; ,q;Fs;stu;fshy; xU rpy tplaq;fs; jtpu;f;fg;gl;Lk; xNu tifahd
rpy gz;ghl;L Kiwfs; ,tu;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;Lk; te;Js;sJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; ,tu;fs; xd;whf $b
tho;e;jikAk; jkJ gz;ghLfspd; %yk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; gfpu;e;Jk; nfhLj;Jk;> nrd;W
te;Jk; ,Ue;jjdhy; gz;ghl;L fyg;Gfs; cUthfpf; nfhz;likahFk;. ehsiltpy; kfhtypf;F gpd;du;
Cu; Ntwhf gpupf;fg;gl;L kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cz;lhd fy;tp eltbf;ifspdhYk; kj
rpw;jidfshYk; ,g;gz;ghLfspy; gy jw;fhyj;jpy; K];ypk;fspilNa
Nghw;wg;gLtjpy;iy. ,tu;fs; gioa gz;ghLfis %l ek;gpf;iffshf
vz;Zfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ,tw;iw kWj;Jk; tho;fpd;wdu;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,q;F xU rpy tplaq;fs;
njhlu;e;Jk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

4.2 tho;tpay; rpwg;Gf;fs;

rdj;njhif fl;likg;gpid nghWj;jtiuapy; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ mq;F ,lk; ngau;e;J te;j

kf;fspdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jjid ghu;f;f KbAk;. ,k; kf;fspilNa Ngzg;gl;l rka
xOf;fkhdJ Muk;gj;jpy; ,q;F K];ypk; ,dj;jpdupd; FbapUg;Gfs; Vw;gl;L nfhz;ljdhy;
K];ypk; r%fk; Mf ,J vOr;rp mile;jJ. Mdhy; ce;JUt Nfhuis vDk; gioa Cupd; gb
ghu;j;jhy; ,q;F rpq;fs FbapUg;GfSk; fhzg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,t;tifapy; ce;JUt
Nfhwis gFjpapid KOikahff; nfhz;lhy; ,q;F ,];yhk; kw;Wk; rpq;fs rkaq;fs; kf;fspilNa
gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;;gplj;jf;fJ.

K];ypk; kf;fspilNa rka ek;gpf;iffspd; mbg;gilahdJ gs;spapid ikakhff;

nfhz;L ,aq;fpaJ. ,tu;fs; jkJ rka eltbf;iffis ngUk;ghYk; gs;spapNyNa Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
Ie;J Ntis njhOif ,tu;fspilNa gpujhdkhdjhf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,it jtpu gz;biffshf ,tu;fshy; ,U
gz;biffs; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ ukohd; `[; jpUehs; Mfpa ,U gz;biffSk; ,tu;fshy;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ. 30 ehl;fs; Nehd;gpUe;J nfhz;lhLk; gz;bifahf ukyhd;
gz;bifAk; ,];yhkpa khj fzf;fpd; gb ,Wjp khjkhd `[; khjj;jpy; jpahf czu;tpy; `[; gz;bif
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ ,jw;F xd;gJ ehl;fs; Nehd;gpUe;J gz;bifia nfhz;lhLtu; mNj
rkak; ,tu;fspilNa fe;J}up toq;Fk; xU rka ek;gpf;if fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; gs;spapy;
nfhbNaw;wk; Kjyhd rpy tpoh KiwfSk; ,tu;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gz;biffspd; NghJ
mjpfhiyapy; vOe;J (3my;yJ 4kzp) Fspj;J Rj;jkhfp Gj;jihil mzpe;J gz;biff;fhd njhOiff;F
nry;tu;. ,U gz;biffSf;Fkhd njhOif Kiw ,q;Ftpj;jpahrg;gLk;. `[; jpUehis mLj;J %d;W
ehl;fSf;F kf;fshy; Neu;j;jp itf;fg;gl;L nfhLf;fg;gLk; khL> ML Kjyhdtw;iw Fu;ghd;
(mWj;J gypaply;) nfhLg;gu;. ,jd; ,iwr;rpia Cu; kf;fSf;F gpupj;J toq;fp gz;bifia
epiwTf;F nfhz;LtUthu;fs;. ,J jpahf czu;thf Viofspd; grpia Nghf;f trjpgilj;jtu;fshy;
nra;ag;gLk; nrayhFk;. ,J ,q;F flikahf ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

gpwg;Gr; rlq;F

K];ypk;fsplk; Foe;ij gpwe;jJk; rpyeilKiwfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ. Foe;ij gpwe;J XupU

kzpj;jpahyq;fspw;F Kd; fhjpy; ,fhkj; nrhy;Yk; tof;fk; cz;L. ,fhkj; vd;gJ mjhdpd;
RUf;fkhFk;. ,J gps;isapd; tyJ fhjpy; jhahNyh> je;ijahNyh my;yJ neUq;fpa
cwtpdu;fshNyh nrhy;yg;gLk;. gpd;du; ,U fhjpYk; gps;isf;F ryhk; nrhy;Ythu;fs;. ,J
Foe;ij gpwe;jJk; Kjypy; Nfl;gJ ,iwtdpd; jpUtrdq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf
nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. rpyuhy; ,J %d;W Kiw nrhy;yg;gLk;. ,d;wstpy; itj;jparhiyfspy;
gpurt jUzj;jpy; K];ypk; itj;jpau;fs; ,Ue;jhy; mtu;fshy; ,J nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

Foe;ij gpwe;J VO ehl;fSf;Fy; Foe;ijf;F ngaupl;L jiyKbia kypj;J mjw;f epfuhd vil
nfhz;l mstpy; nts;sp my;yJ fhR jhdk; nra;tu;. ,J flikahf ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mLj;J
gpujhd flikahf mfPfh vDk; gypapLk; Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Foe;ij gpwe;jjw;fhf
jfg;gdpd; rk;ghj;jpaj;jpypUe;J ,iwtDf;fhf Ntz;b nfhLf;fg;gLk; nfhilahFk;. ,jid ed;wpf;
fld; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,J Mz; Foe;ijahf ,Ue;jhy; ,uz;L tUlk; g+u;j;jpahd ,U
MLfSk;> ngz; Foe;ijahf ,Ue;jhy; ,U tUlk; g+u;j;jpahd xU Ml;ilAk; mUj;J
gypapLtu;. ,jd; ,iwr;rpia maytu; kw;Wk; cwTfs;> f];lj;jpy; cs;stu;fSf;F
nfhLg;gu;. ,t;thwhd nray;fSf;F Kd;du; Foe;ijf;F ngaupLtJ flikahFk;.

,jd; gpd;du; Mz; Foe;ijf;F Kjy; ehw;gJ ehw;fs; fope;jJ Kjy; gj;J tajpw;fpilapy;
tpUj;jNrjdk; nra;thu;fs;. ,J fl;lha flikahf ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy ,lq;fspy; ngz;
gps;isfSf;Fk; nra;Ak; tof;fj;ij nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,jid nra;tjw;fhf Ntz;b K];ypk; rKfj;jpy;
xUtu; ,Ug;ghu; mtiu kf;fs; Ry;jhd; vd miog;gu;. ,g;NghJ xU kUj;Jt ikaj;jpy; ,e;j
nray;Kiwia nra;fpd;wdu;. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,jw;fhf tpoh vLf;Fk; eilKiw fhzg;gl;lJ.
nfhz;lhl;lj;jpy; rpWtDf;F Gjpa Milfs; mzpe;J. cwTfs; $b tpUe;Jgrhuk;
Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,jd; NghJ Foe;ijf;F cwtpdu;fs; gupRg; nghUl;fSk; toq;Ftu;. (mkPd;
vk;.I.vk;> 2000> ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; tuyhWk; fyhrhuKk;.)

rpyuplk; khWgl;l gz;ghl;nlhOf;fq;fSk; fhzg;gl;lJ> gps;is fpilj;jikf;fhf gs;spthrYf;F

epa;aj; (ghw;NrhW) rikj;Jf; nfhLf;fpd;wik. ViofSf;F cztspfpd;wik. Nuhl;b Rl;L>
Mypikf; (,];yhkpa mwpQu;) nfhz;L ghj;jp`h XJjy;). mTypahf;fspd; (,iwNerfu;fs;)
fGwbf;F (mlff; ];jyj;jpw;F)nuhl;bfs; nfhz;L nrd;W jiykhl;by; itj;J whj;jPG (gpuhj;jid)
nra;jy;. vz;nza; itj;J> tpsf;Nfw;wp> mt;ntz;nza;apidf; fz;fspy; gagf;jpAld; xw;wp>
gps;isf;Fk; mjid mg;gp gpuhu;j;jid nra;jy;. gpd;G fhf;iffSf;F nuhl;bj; Jz;Lfisg;
NghLjy;. ngz;gps;isfSf;F Rd;dj; (ngz; tpUj;jNrjdk;) nra;jy;. jiykapiu kopj;J ePuhl;ly;.
miuKb> ryq;if Nghd;w Mguzq;fs; mzptpj;;jy;. gps;isapd; jha;khkd; khkE}y; NghLjy;
(fhty; E}y;). fhJFj;Jf; fypahzk; (fhJFj;Jr; rlq;F) nra;jy;. fhJFj;Jf; fypahzj;jpy; ngz;fs;
Fuit ,Ljy;. fhJFj;Jr; rlq;fpy; ghthf;fs; (,];yhkpaghlfu;fs;;) ghly;fs; ghLjy;. gps;isia
Muj;jp vLj;J fz;jpU];b fopg;gu;. ,it nghJthf ,];yhj;ij gjpjhf Vw;W te;j kf;fshy;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. (mzpj;jpuhy $l;lj;jpdu;) (jfty;- ghj;JKj;J: taJ 86> Uf;ifah: taJ 68)

ngupagps;isr; rlq;F

ngz; gps;isfs; g+g;giltij K];ypk; tPLfspy; Fkuhjy;. Ngupa gps;isahjy; vd;gu;.

g+g;gile;jJk; ngz;gps;isfis ntspapy; nry;y mDkjpf;f khl;lhu;fs;. VO ehl;fs; tiu
mjhtJ ,wj;jg;Nghf;F epw;Fk; tiu gps;isia miwapy; itj;J mtSf;F nra;af; $ba flikfis
nra;thu;fs;. Kjypy; ngupagps;isahdJk; mf;fk;gf;fk; cs;stu;fSf;Fj; njuptpg;gu;. ,t;thW
njuptpg;gjw;F gpujhd fhuzk; gps;isia rk;kjk; Nfl;L tuf;$batu;fSf;F kiwKfkhf jfty;
jUtjhFk;. fl;Lf;nfypaht kf;fspilNa ngz; gps;isfs; g+g;gile;J rpy fhyj;jpw;Fy; jpUkzk;
Kbj;J nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ,t;thW nra;tu;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l VO ehl;fSf;Fk; rj;jhd czTfis toq;Ftu;.

Vnddpy; ,jpf ,wj;jg;Nghf;fpdhy; clypy; cs;s rf;jp nry;fpd;wJ vd ,t;thwhd cztfis
toq;Ftu;. gpl;NlhL ey;nyz;nza; tpl;Lg; gpire;J nfhLj;jy;. ehl;Lf;Nfhop Kl;ilia cilj;J
Fbf;ff; nfhLj;jy;. gpl;by; ey;nyz;nza; tpl;L KJF> ,Lg;Gg; gFjpfspy; xj;jdk; ,Ljy;
(xj;jlk;). ,J typ Fiwtjw;fhf nra;ag;gLk;. ,t;thW VO ehl;fSk; ngz;iz kpfTk; ftdj;NjhL
ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;. Nghf;f epd;w tpl;lhy; Fspg;gjw;fhd ey;y Neuk; ghu;j;J fpof;f
Nehf;fp ,Uj;jp> tPl;by; njd;id kuk; ,Ue;jhy; mijg;ghu;j;j tz;zkhf cly; KotJk; kQ;ry;
g+rp jiyapy; ePu; Cw;wp Fspf;f itg;gu;. g+g;giltjw;F Kd;du; cLj;jpa Milfs; vijAk;
kPz;Lk; mzpa nfhLf;f khl;lhu;fs;. md;w Kjy; mtw;iw neUg;gpypl;L tpLtu;. GJ
MilfisNa mzptu;. Rpy tPLfspy; VO ehl;fSk; fopAk; tiu jdpahf ngz;iz tplkhl;lhu;fs;.
ahNuDk; xUtNuh ,UtNuh mtu;fSld; ,Ug;gu;. ,jd;NghJ gps;is ntspapy; nry;y Ntz;ba
Njitfs; Vw;gl;lhy; ifapy; fwpj;Jz;L my;yJ ,Uk;Gj;Jz;L nfhLj;J ntspapy;
mDg;Gthu;fs;. ,jw;F fhuzk;> ntspapy; epw;ff; $ba jPa rf;jpfspd; jhf;fk; gps;isia
mz;btpLk; vd;gjdhyhFk;.

,t;thwhf gps;isf;F ePUw;wp Fspay; nra;jJk; Vohk; ehs; CUf;F nrhy;yp ngUk; tpUe;J
itg;ghu;fs;. ,jd; NghJ rk;ge;jf;fhuu;fs; rhzf; $iwia toq;fp ngz;iz cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk; epfo;Tk; ,jk;ngWk;. ,J Vw;fdNt tpUg;gk; nghz;bUe;jtu;fs; ,t;thW nra;J
nfhs;tJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ahu; kPJk; tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUf;fhtpl;lhy;> md;W tpUg;gk;
nfhz;ltu;fs; gps;isapd; ngw;Nwhuplk; md;gspg;G toq;fp jkJ tpUg;gj;ij vj;jp itg;gu;.
(jfty;- ghj;JKj;J; taJ: 86)
jpUkzr; rlq;F
jpUkz Kiwapid nghwj;jtiuapy; fl;Lf;nfypaht kf;fspilNa ngz; gps;is g+g;gile;j
fhyj;jpNy kzk; Ngrp itf;Fk; Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ. mg;gb Ngrp itf;fg;glhjtu;fs;> Kjypy;
kzkfd;> kzkfs; njupit Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,J Fwpj;J Cuhuplk; Nfl;l NghJ> Kd;G jpUkzg;
Ngr;Rff;spidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; gy khjq;fshf ,lk;ngWtJz;L. Fwpg;gpl;l ngz; ghu;j;jy;>
khg;gps;is NjLkplj;jpy; mtu;fsJ neUq;fpa nrhe;jq;fs; %yk; rk;kjk; Nfl;L
mDg;Gthh;fs;. mjpfkhf ngz; tPl;lhuplkpUe;J ngz;zpd; rpwg;Gk;> mtspd;
Fztpay;Gfs;> FLk;g Fztpay;Gfs; gw;wp khg;gpsi;s tPl;Lf;F nrhy;yp mDg;Gthu;fs; ,e;j
Kiw ,d;Dk; njhlu;fpd;wJ. Kd;ida fhyj;jpy; cld;gpwe;j neUq;fpa FLk;gj;jpw;Fs;
jpUkzk; elf;Fk;. Kd;dh; mfkzj;jpid tpl Gwkzj; jpUkzq;fs; FiwT.

,t;thW kzkfd;> kzkfs; njupT Kbe;jJk;> ngz; ghu;f;f ngz; tPl;bw;F te;J ngz;iz
ghu;g;gu;. ,jd; NghJ ngz; myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gl;L tPl;bd; miwapy; mku;j;jp
itf;fg;gl;bUg;ghu;. Khg;gps;is tPl;lhu; cs; te;J ghu;j;J ngz;Zld; Ngr;Rf; nfhLj;J mtsJ
Fznewpfis mwpe;J nfhs;tu;. kzkfd; te;J ghu;j;jhy; ,UtiuAk; jdpahf NgrtpLk;
tof;fKk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; gpd;> ,U tPl;lhUk; jkf;Fy; Ngr;R thu;j;ijfis Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,jpy;
Kjypy; Mz; tPl;lhu; ngz; tPl;bw;F nrd;W Kiwahf ngz; Nfl;gu;> gpd; jkJ ,y;yk; tUkhU
$wpr; nry;tu;> ngz; tPl;lhUk; mq;F nrd;W Ngr;R thu;j;ijfis Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,jd; NghJ
ngz; gps;isf;F jhk; nfhLf;f $ba nghUl;fis rigapy; itj;J mwptpg;ghu;fs;. khg;gps;is
tPl;lhu; jkf;F ,d;d msthd nghUs; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij rigapy; njuptpg;gu;. mjid toq;f
KbAkh ,y;iyah vd;gij ngz; tPl;lhu; rigapNy njuptpg;gu;. Kbahtpl;lhy; jpUkzg; Ngr;R
jilg;gl;L NghFk; tof;fKk; cz;L. <dhy; jw;fhyj;jpy; khg;gps;is tPl;lhu; ,t;thW nghUs;
ngw;W jpUkzk; nra;tij nfsutf; Fiwr;ryhf ghu;f;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ,d;W ,t;thwhd
epfo;Tfs; mupjhfNt cs;sJ fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpy;.

jpUkzg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapy; jpUkzk; epr;rapf;fg;gl;lhy;> gpd;G mjw;Fupa

Ntiyg;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWk;. fypahzj;jpw;fhf Ntz;b tPl;LtstpDs; ,Uf;Fk;
njd;idkuj;jpypUe;J Njq;fha; gwpj;J> vz;nza; Cw;Wjy; ,jpypUe;J gzpahuk;> nfhf;fp];>
KUf;F> ghfpypl;l Nrhfp vdg; gyfhuq;fs; nfhz;L nry;tu; (khg;gps;istPl;bw;F). rk;ge;jk;
fye;j gpd;du; kfpo;r;rpapd; milahskhff; ngz;fs; Fuit ,Ljy;> khg;gps;isia Muhj;jp
vLj;jy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfs; ,lk;ngWk;. ,jd;gpd; gpiwghu;j;J> jpUkzehs; Fwpj;jy;.

jpUkz ehsd;W ngz; tPl;bNy Kjy; jpUkzk; ,lk;ngWk; ,jd;NghJ> nts;isg; Glit tpupg;G
tpupj;J khg;gps;isia mioj;Jtuy;. tpUj;jk; ghLjy; (ngz; tPl;LKw;wj;jpy;) ,lk; ngWk;.
khg;gps;is rigf;Fr; ]yhk; nrhy;yy;. milahsk; NghLjy; (ngz;zpd; jfg;gdhu;
gupRg;nghUs; nfhLj;jy;). kPz;Lk; khg;gps;isNfl;L kzk; NgRk; epfo;r;rpapy; JM
nra;jy; (gpuhu;jid). khkhdhu; khg;gps;isiaj; ,Wfg;gpbj;J> mizj;J K]hgfhnra;jy;
(ifyhFnra;jy;). ,it nghJthf md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; tPLfspNy ,lk;ngWk;. ,d;W
gs;spfspNy ,lk;ngWk;. khg;gps;isf;F tpupg;G tpupf;Fk; Kiwfs; VJk; ,g;NghJ ,y;iy. ,jd;
gpd; kzkfs; tPl;by; jpUkztpUe;J nfhLj;jy; ,lk;ngWk;. tpUe;jpd; gpd; fztDk; kidtpAk;
gpupe;Nj ,Ug;gu;. khg;gps;isapd; tPl;by; jpUkzk; epfOk; tiu.

,jd; gpd;G khg;gps;is tPl;L jpUkzj;jps; NghJ khg;gps;is tPl;lhu; ngz;Zf;F kUjhdp
nfhz;L nry;yy;. ngz;tPl;lhu; khg;gps;isfF; khw;W kUjhdp nfhz;L nry;yy;. kUjhdp
nfhz;LtUtjw;F milahskhff; Fuit ,Ljy;> te;jtu;fis mioj;J kjpg;gspj;J gjpYf;F FuitapLjy;
Kjyhd eltbf;iffs; ,lk;ngWk;. jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ> nghy;yb> ths; tPr;R vd;gtw;Wld;
khg;gps;is mioj;J tug;gly;. igj; vd;Dk; ghliyg;ghb khg;gps;isia mioj;Jtuy;.
khg;gps;isf;F Filgpbj;jy;. khg;gps;isf;F fhy; fOTjy;. mj;ju; (thridj; jputpak;) njspj;jy;.
ngz;zpd; rNfhjud; my;yJ rNfhju cwtpy; cs;stu; ,jid nra;thu;. ngz;iz> jfg;gdhu; ngz;zpd;
Kd;new;wp Kbapidg; gpbj;Jg; nghWg;Gf; nfhLj;jy;. ,jd;gpd; fhop> kiuf;fhkhu;>
nyg;ignad vy;NyhUk; te;J fhtpd; gjpjy; (jpUkzj;ijg; gjpTnra;jy;) ,lk;ngWk;. gpd;G>
kzkfd; k`u; nfhLj;jy; (ngz;Zf;fhf kzkfd; nfhLf;Fk; nfhil). ,jd; gpd;du; je;ij
nthypnrhy;yy; (ngz;zpd; nghWg;Gjhuu; ngz;iz khg;gps;isf;Fg; ghug;gLj;jp
cWjpnkhop mspj;jy;) ,lk;ngWk;. ,j;NjhL jpUkz epfo;T KbtilAk;. (jfty; - mg;Jy; `kPl;
nksytp)

,wg;Gr; rlq;F

xUtu; ,we;jhy; Kjypy;. gs;spthrYf;Fr; nra;jp nry;Ytu;. gpd;du; ikathbapy; (kahz g+kp)
fg;W (mlf;Ftjw;fhd GijFop) ntl;lg;gLk;. ,jid Cu; ,isQu;fs; cwtpdu;fs; nra;tu;. ,jd;gpd;>
kQ;R $l;Ljy; (ikaj;ij itj;J %Ltjw;fhfg; gyifahy; nra;ag;gLk;
ngl;b) ,lk;ngWk;. ngz; ikaj;ij ngz;fs; khj;jpuNk Fspg;ghl;Ljy;. nts;isg; Glitapy; ikaj;ijr;
Rw;Wjy;. gd;dPu; njspj;jy;. mj;ju; (thridj; jputpak;) njspj;jy;. re;J}f;fpy; itj;J (ikaj;ij
J}f;fpr; nry;Yk; ghil) nfhz;L nry;Yjy;. ikaj;ijg; gpd;njhlu;e;J nry;Yjy;. ikaj;jijg;
gpd;njhlu;ifapy; fypkh (,];yhkpa cWjpnkhop) If; $wpr; nry;yy;. fg;GWf;Fs; itj;J mlff;
k; nra;jy;. (mlf;Ftjw;fhd GijFop) kz;zhy; %b mlf;fpagpd;> mk; kzy; Nkl;bd; kPJ
kP]hd; fl;il ehl;Ljy;.
,jd;gpd;> jy;fPd; (kuzkile;jgpd;du; ikathbapy; te;jpUg;NghUf;F nra;ag;gLk; cgNjrk;)
cgNjrk; cyf tho;ifia Fwpj;J Ngrg;gLk;. fj;jk; (kuzpj;jtu;fSf;F Fu; Mid Xjp tpUe;Jf;
nfhLj;jy;) nfhLj;jy;. ,J kuzpj;J Kjy; VO ehl;fSk; njhlu;r;rpahf rpyu; nfhLg;gu;. ,d;Dk;
rpyu; %d;whk; ehspy; ,Ue;J njhlq;fp VO ehl;fsf;F nfhLg;gu;. ,jd; gpd; %d;W
khjq;fSf;F xUKiwAk; tUlj;jpw;F xU KiwAk; kuzpj;j ehspy; nfhLg;gu;. ,j;jh ,Uj;jy;
(kuzpj;jtUf;fha; kidtp mDgtpf;Fk; Jf;fk; epiwe;j ehl;fs;) ngz;fshy; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J kuzpj;j ehs; Kjyha; ehd;F khjq;fSk; gj;J ehl;fSk; fztDf;fhf Ntz;b kidtp
fztDf;F ew;NgW fpilf;f ,Uf;Fk; ehl;fshFk;. ,e;ehl;fspy; kidtp fztDf;fhf gpuhu;j;jpj;J
ghtq;fis ,iwtdplk; nghWe;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifahd eilKiwfs; fl;Lf;nfypaht
kf;fspilNa ,lk; ngWfpd;iwik mtu;fsJ tho;tpaypd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. (jfty; -
mg;Jy; `kPl; nksytp)

K];ypk; kf;fspd; tho;tpay;newp ,t;thwhdjhf fhzg;gl rpq;fs kf;fspilNa ngsj;j rkak;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. mNj rkak; ,q;F kpfTk; goikahd tpfhiuahd uzt> Njt;uj ud;uj tpfhiu
ngUk; kjpg;Gf;Fupajhf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fspilNa rpj;jpiu Gj;jhz;L> ntrf; ngsu;zkp>
nghrd; Kjyhd gz;bif KiwfSk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ngsj;j ehl;fhl;bapy; ntrf; jpdk; kpfTk;
Gdpjkhd ehshFk;. ,J ngsj;ju;fspd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gz;bif kw;Wk; kpfTk; cw;rhfj;Jld;
nfhz;lhlg;gLk; gz;bifahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ngsj;ju;fs; xt;nthU ngsu;zkpiaAk;
Gdpjkhdjhff; fUjpdhYk;> itrhf; khj epyT rpwg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ> Vnddpy; ,e;j
ehspy; jhd; Gj;ju; gpwe;jjhfTk;> Qhdk; (epu;thzk;) mile;jjhfTk;;> mtu; ,we;jNghJ
gupepu;thzk; (epu;thzk;- kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Vw;gLk; Nkhl;rk;) mile;jhu;
vd;Wk; ,tu;fshy; ek;gg; gLfpd;wJ.

Gj;j kjj;jpd; tuyhw;W epWtdu; \hf;aKdp Gj;ju;> 3>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,e;jpahtpy;
gpwe;jhu;. mtuJ gpwg;G kw;Wk; ,wg;G gw;wpa rupahd Njjpfs; Fwpj;J gy;NtW
fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd> Mdhy; Gj;j ghuk;gupaj;jpd; gb> mtu; Vg;uy; 8> 1029 BC ,y;
gpwe;jhu; vd;Wk;> gpg;utup 15> 949 BC ,y; ,we;jhu; vd;Wk;
$wg;gLfpwJ> ,Ug;gpDk; kw;w ngsj;j mwpQu;fs; mtuJ gpwe;j Ie;E}W. Mz;Lfs; fopj;J
mtuJ tho;f;if MzLfis fopj;J ghu;f;fpd;wdu;. ngsj;j fhyf; fzpg;gPl;L KiwahdJ Gj;ju;
gpwe;j ehs; vdf; fUjg;gLk; fp.K. 563 ,y; ,Ue;J ngsj;j fhyf; fzpg;gPl;L Kiw xd;Wk;
eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.

\hf;aKdp Gj;ju; \hf;fpau;fspd; kd;dupd; kfd; Mthu;> mtuJ uh[;ak; ,kakiyapd;

mbthuj;jpy;> ,g;NghJ kj;jpa Neghsj;jpw;F njw;Nf> fgpyt];JtpypUe;J gjpide;J iky;
njhiytpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. \hf;aKdpapd; \hf;ah ,e;j goq;Fbapdupd; ngaupypUe;J
vLf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; Kdp vd;why; Kdptu; my;yJ Jwtp vd;W nghUs;. mtuJ FLk;gg;
ngau; nfsjku; (rpwe;j gR) kw;Wk; mtuJ ,aw;ngau; rpj;jhu;j;jh (,yf;if
mile;jJ) ,Ug;gpDk; rpy mwpQu;fs; ,J mtu; mile;j Qhdj;ij nfsutpf;Fk; tifapy; gpw;fhy
ngsj;ju;fshy; mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l gl;lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;fs;. gy ngsj;ju;fs; Gj;jupd;
tuyhw;Wg; gpwg;ig Vg;uy; 8 md;W mDrupj;jhYk;> rupahd Njjp Nfs;tpf;FwpahfNt
cs;sJ. etPd njhy;nghUs; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Ma;Tfs; ,sturu; rpj;jhu;j;j nfsjku; ,e;j
fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jjhf cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

rpq;fstu;fspilNa gz;biffspy; Gdpj ehshf fUjg;gLk; ntrhf;fpd; rupahd Njjp rPd re;jpu
ehl;fhl;bapy; ehd;fhtJ khjj;jpy; tUk; Kjy; KO epyT MFk;. fpupNfhupad; ehl;fhl;bapy;
Njjp Mz;Lf;F Mz;L khWgLk; Mdhy; nghJthf Nk khjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd;gb ,yq;ifapYk;
NkapNyNa nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. jpfjp kl;Lk; khWglf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd;gb ntrf; vd;gJ>
Gj;j G+u;zpkh (,e;jpahtpy;) my;yJ itrhfk; my;yJ tprhfk; (,yq;ifapy; Wesak) Nk khj
ngsu;zkp (KO epyh) ehsd;W cyfpy; cs;s midj;J ngsj;ju;fshYk; rpwg;ghff;
nfhz;lhlg;gLk; gz;bif MFk;. gytpj rka epfo;Tfs; ,e;ehspy; Gj;jupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw
Kd;dpWj;jp ,lk;ngWk;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ge;jy;fs; Njhuzq;fs; xspf;$Lfs; fl;lg;gl;Lk;
vq;Fk; tpohf;Nfhykhf ,Uf;Fk;.

ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpuht];jp mUNf cs;s N[ltdj; Njhl;lj;jpy; Gj;j G+u;zpkh
tpoh nfhz;lhLjy; ,e;j ehs; %d;W Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis nfhz;l ehshf ngsj;ju;fshy;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. rpj;jhu;j;j nfsjku; Yk;gpdp (,d;iwa Neghsk;) vd;Dkplj;jpy; gpwe;j ehs;.
2. Gj;jfah vDk; ,lj;jpy; jtk; Gupe;J Gj;j epiy mile;j ehs;.
3. Gj;ju; gupepu;thzk; mile;j ehs;. (,lk;:Frpefu;)
,k; %d;W epfo;TfSk; Nk khj G+uiz ehl;fspNyNa epfo;e;jjhff; ngsj;ju;fs;
ek;Gfpd;wdu;. nfhz;lhl;l Kiwfspy; ehLfspw;F ,ilNa rpy NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gjhfTk;
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. (mdpl;lh fNdup> 2002> ntrf;. gf; 1-24)

,yq;ifapy; ntrhf; ehs;

,J ,yq;if ngsj;ju;fspdJk; gz;bif ehshFk;. "ntrhf;" Nk khj ngsu;zkp (KO epyh) ehsd;W
Gj;jupd; gpwg;G> ,wg;G> tpopg;G (epu;thzk;) Mfpatw;iw epidTWj;jp ,yq;ifapy;
ngsj;j rpq;fstu;fshy; rpwg;ghf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ. gytpj rka epfo;Tfs; ,e;ehspy;
Gj;jupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw Kd;dpWj;jp ,lk;ngWk;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ge;jy;fs;>
Njhuzq;fs;> xspf;$Lfs; fl;lg;gl;L vq;Fk; tpohf;Nfhykhf ,Uf;Fk;. "ntrhf;" vd;gJ jkpo;
nrhy; my;y. Mdhy; ,yq;ifj; jkpou;fSk; ntrhf; vd;Nw miof;fpd;wdu;. ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJ
fhzg;gLk; ,e;j ntrhf; $Lfs;> Njhuzq;fs; mikj;jy; Nghd;w ntrhf; nfhz;lhl;l Kiw rPdf;
fyhr;rhuj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

ntrhf; $L
Fwpg;ghf rpq;fs ngsj;ju;fspd; tPLfspy; %q;fpy; kw;Wk; <f;fps; Fr;rpfshy; $Lfs;
nra;ag;gl;L nky;ypa fljhrpfspdhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;L mjw;Fs; nkOFtu;j;jpia Vw;wp
tPLfspd; Kd;Nd cauj; njhq;ftpLtu;. ,it ,yq;ifapy; “ntrhf; $L” vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j ntrhf; $Lfs; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthUtUk; jj;jkJ
fiytz;zj;ij ,q;Nf fhl;bapUg;gu;. ,ijj; jtpu tPLfspy; njhq;ftplf; $ba rpwpa tif ntrhf; $Lfs;
filfspy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,it mjpfk; tpw;gidahFk;. ,itfSk; cs;Ns
nkOFtu;j;jp Vw;wp njhq;ftpLgitfs; jhd;. kpd;rhuk; toq;fg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fspy;
nkOFtu;j;jpf;Fg; gjpyhf kpd;tpsf;Ffis $Lfspd; cs;Ns njhq;ftpLtu;.

ntrhf; Njhuzq;fs;
gpujhd re;jpfspy; khngUk; kpd;dyq;fhuj; Njhuzq;fs; gy ,yl;rq;fs; nrytpy; fl;lg;gLk;.
mj;Njhuzq;fspy; ngsj;j tuyhw;W fijfis Xtpakhf tiue;J mjw;F xypngUf;fpapy;
tpsf;fq;fs; ftpij tbtpYk; Ngr;R tbtpYk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ,e;jj; Njhuzq;fs;
fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F ngUe;jpushd kf;fs; $l;lk; ngUFk;. rpy gFjpfs; thfdq;fs;
NghfKbahj mstpw;F rdf;$l;lk; ngUFtjhy; ghijfs; %lg;gLk;. Nkw;fz;l Kiwfspd; gbNa
ce;JUt Nfhwis gFjpapYk;; ntrf; jpdkhdJ nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJld; ,d;Wk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
fl;Lf;nfypahitapy; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ntrhf; Njhuzq;fs; fl;lg;gLk; ,lq;fs;: Njt;uj ud; uj
tpfhiu> Gg;Nghfk re;jp> gpujhd tPjpapd; njUKidfs;> fy;fpupahfk cs;spl;l rpq;fs
FbapUg;G jsq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,d;Dk; ngsj;ju;fs; jq;fs; tpfhiuapid G+f;fs; kw;Wk; gpw myq;fhuq;fshy;

myq;fupj;J(tu;z Njhuzq;fs;> gytu;z kpd;Fkpo;fs;) ntrhf; nfhz;lhLfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; ,e;j
tpfhiufspy; tpbaw;fhiyapy; ngsj;jf; nfhbia Vw;wp> ghly;fisg; ghbf;nfhz;Nl
$Lfpwhu;fs;. ngsj;ju;fs; jq;fs; FUthf vz;Zk; Gj;jupd; fhybapy; itf;f vspa gpurhjq;fisf;
nfhz;L tu mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. rpy tpfhiufspy; gypgPlj;jpd; Kd; xU rpwpa
Gj;jupd; rpiyia itj;J mjid Kw;wpYkhf jz;zPu; epug;Gk; tifapy; kyu;fshy; myq;fupjJ>
rpiyapd; kPJ gf;ju;fs; jz;zPiu Cw;Wfpd;wdu;. ,J Gj;jupd; Fspay; vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,J gf;jupd; nfl;l fu;khit Rj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpd;dkhfTk;> Gj;jupd;
gpwg;igj; njhlu;e;J> Njtu;fSk; (flTs;fSk;) MtpfSk; thdj;jpypUe;J Gdpj ePuhy;
mtUf;Fg; nghope;j epfo;Tfspd; kWtbtkhFk;. (Gj;jupd; gpwg;igj; njhlu;e;J> Njtu;fSk;
MtpfSk; mtUf;F nrhu;f;f gpurhjq;fisr; nra;j epfo;Tfis kPz;Lk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
milahskhFk;.) ntrhf; ngsj;ju;fshy; njhz;L kw;Wk; fUiz nray;fSld; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
mtu;fs; ve;j capUk; vt;tifapYk; nfhy;yg;gLtij vjpu;f;Fk; Nehf;fj;ij ,tu;fs;
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;> vdNt mtu;fs; md;iwa jpdk; irt czitNa jkJ czthf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

Nk khjj;jpy; nghJthf xU KO epyT ,Uf;Fk;> Mdhy; KO epyTfSf;F ,ilapy; 29.5

ehl;fs; ,Ug;gjhy;> vg;NghjhtJ ,uz;L ehl;fs; cs;sd. Nk khjj;jpy; ,uz;L KO
epyTfs; ,Ue;jhy;> rpy ehLfs; (,yq;if> fk;Nghbah kw;Wk; kNyrpah cl;gl) Kjy; KO
epytpy; ntrhf; nfhz;lhLfpd;wd> kw;wit (jha;yhe;J> rpq;fg;G+u;) 4 tJ re;jpu khjj;jpd;
KO epytpy; tpLKiwiaf; nfhz;lhLfpd;wd. ghuk;gupakhf cs;Shu; ngsu;zkpapy;
mDrupf;fg;gLk; gpw Gj;j tpLKiw ehl;fspYk; ,e;j NtWghL ntspg;gLfpwJ.

ntrhf; md;W> gf;jp nfhz;l mbahu;fs; Gj;ju;> ju;kk; (mtuJ Nghjidfs;) kw;Wk; rq;fh
(mtuJ rPlu;fs;). gf;ju;fs; Gj;jupd; fhybapy; itf;f kyu;fs;> nkOFtu;j;jpfs; kw;Wk; [h];-
Fr;rpfis(re;jd Fr;rp) itf;f fhuzk;> mofhd G+f;fs; rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; thbtpLtJ NghyTk;>
nkOFtu;j;jpfs; kw;Wk; [h];-Fr;rpfs; tpiutpy; vupe;J NghtJ NghyTk;> tho;f;ifAk; rpijT
kw;Wk; mopTf;F cl;gl;lJ vd;gij ngsj;j ju;kj;ij gpd;gw;Wgtu;fSf;F epidT+l;Ltjw;fhf ,e;j
milahs tzf;fj;ij nfhz;Lssdu;. rpy ehLfspy;> Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifapy;> ntrhf;
nfhz;lhl;lj;jpw;fhf ,uz;L ehl;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd> NkYk; ,uz;L ehl;fspy; midj;J kJghdf;
filfs; kw;Wk; ,iwr;rpf; $lq;fs; murhq;f Mizg;gb %lg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;ehspNy NkYk; gwitfs;> G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;>

rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ jq;fs; tpUg;gj;jpw;F vjpuhf rpj;jputij
nra;ag;gl;ltu;fSf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;Ftjw;fhf capu; tpLjiy vd miof;fg;gLk; fUiz kiwia
ifahSfpd;wdu;. ,jdbg;gilapy; capu;fs; jkf;fhd tijapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(vt;thwhapDk;> rpq;fg;G+u; Nghd;w rpy ehLfspy; ,e;j eilKiw jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ>
Vnddpy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F capu;tho KbahJ my;yJ mt;thW
nra;jhy; cs;Su; Rw;Wr;R+oy; mikg;ig Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fyhk;.)

rpy gf;jpAs;s ngsj;ju;fs; vspa nts;is Milfis mzpe;J> vl;L tpjpfisf; filg;gpbf;f
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l cWjpAld; ehs; KOtJk; tpfhiuapy; jkJ Neuj;ij nrytpLthu;fs;. ,jd; %yk;
Gj;jupd; g+uz Mrp jkf;F fpilf;fngWk; cd;w ek;gpf;ifia nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ntrhf; jpd
mzptFg;gpy; ,sk; Gjpa Jwtp gf;jpkpf;f ngsj;ju;fs; Ie;J fl;lisfisf; filg;gpbf;f jpdrup
cWjpnkhopfis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; Nghjidapd;gb cd;djkhd tho;f;ifia elj;j
cWjpaspf;fpwhu;fs;. ,Ug;gpDk;> tpNr\ ehl;fspy;> Fwpg;ghf mkhthir kw;Wk;
ngsu;zkp ehl;fspy;> xOf;fk;> vspik kw;Wk; gzpT Mfpatw;iwf; filg;gpbf;f jq;fisg;
gapw;Wtpf;f vl;L tpjpfisf; filg;gpbf;fpd;wdu;.

,e;ehspy; Gj;j Jwtpfspd; Ngr;Rf;fis gf;ju;fs; Nfl;ghu;fs; vd;W

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ehspy;> Jwtpfs; ,Ugj;ije;J E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;G Gj;ju;
$wpa trdq;fis kPz;Lk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk; ehl;bd; murpw;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; mikjpiaAk;
kfpo;r;rpiaAk; Nghjpj;J mjd; %yk; Nkhl;rk; fhZk; tho;ifia kf;fSf;F czu;j;j
Kw;gLfpd;wdu;. ngsj;ju;fs; gpw kjj;jpdUld; ,zf;fkhf thoTk;> Gj;ju; Nghjpj;jgb kw;w
kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffis kjpf;fTk; epidT+l;lg;gLfpwhu;fs;(Ry;ygj;j gNthjk;). ,t;thwhf
rpq;fstu;fSila ntrhf; ngsu;zkp jpdkhdJ ,tu;fsJ gz;ghl;by; tho;tpaNyhL fye;j xd;whf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;fz;l eilKiwfspd; gbNa ce;JUt gFjp kf;fSila gz;ghl;bYk; fhzf;
$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;Wtiu fhzf; $bajhfTk; cs;sJ. ( Jayarathna Banda Disanayaka, 2005, The
Vesak Fullmoon Festival. Pp 1-30)

cyfpd; gy ehLfs; [dtup 1Mk; jpfjp Gj;jhz;ilf; nfhz;lhLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;> Gj;jhz;il

tuNtw;f gy;NtW ehl;fisf; nfhz;lhLk; gy ehl;fhl;bfs; cyfk; KOtJk; cs;sd. ,yq;ifapy;
Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; Vg;uy; 13 Mk; jpfjp njhlq;fp 14 Mk; jpfjp KbtilAk;. rpq;fsk;
kw;Wk; jkpo; Gj;jhz;L rk;gpujhaq;fs; kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fq;fs; epiwe;j ,yq;ifapd;
kpfg;ngupa nfhz;lhl;lk;. kPd uhrpapypUe;J> Nk\ uhrp tiuapyhd R+upadpd; ,af;fj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapy; Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; Gj;jhz;il rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo; kf;fs;
nfhzlhLfpd;wdu;. ,J R+upa jpUtpoh vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;> rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo;
Gj;jhz;L vd;gJ E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfshf toptopahf kf;fs; R+upaid flTshf vz;zp
nfsutpf;Fk; xU rlq;FfSld; $ba ehshFk;;. mjd; %yk;; ,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpa kuGfs; kw;Wk;
rlq;Ffis mDgtpg;gjw;Fk; ghuk;gupa tpisahl;Lfis mDgtpg;gjw;Fkhd jpUtpohthf ,J
mike;J nfhs;fpd;wJ.

,jd;gb Gj;jhz;bDila tuyhW Fwpj;J ghu;j;jhy;> GJtUl Gj;jhz;L vdg;gLk; rpq;fsg;

Gj;jhz;lhdJ ,yq;if rpq;fstu;fshy; goq;fhyk; njhl;Nl nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUk; Gj;jhz;L
MFk;. ,e;j Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhl;l Kiw ,yq;ifapd; goq;fhyj; jkpou;fspd; topahf ,yq;ifapy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;w jkpou; Gj;jhz;L Kiw vd;gjdhy; ,jid ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; rpq;fsg; Gj;jhz;L
vd miof;fpd;wdu;. jkpou; fhyf;fzpg;gPl;L Kiwf;F mika 60 Mz;Lfs; Row;rp Kiwapy;
(gpugt – ml;ra) fzf;fplg;gLk;. rpj;jpiu Kjyhk; jpfjp (Vg;uy; 14 my;yJ Vg;uy; 15) Mz;L
njhlf;fk; epfOk; jkpoupd; Gj;jhz;lhd md;iwa ehisNa rpq;fstUk; jq;fs; Gj;jhz;lhf
nfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;. rpq;fs nkhopapy; (mOj; - Gjpa> mTUJ - Mz;L) ‘mOj; mTUJ’
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,iyJspu; fhyj;jpd; mUk;gpy; ,e;j Gj;jhz;L njhlq;Ffpd;wJ.
fhiyapy; vOe;J ePuhb> Gjpa nts;is Mil mzpe;J> ngsj;j tpfhiufSf;F rpq;fstu; nrd;W
topgLtu;. fpupgj;> (ntz; nghq;fy;) kw;Wk; gpw gyfhuq;fs; nra;J> cwtpdu; ez;gu;fSld;
gfpu;e;J cz;L fspg;gu;. ngupNahiu kjpj;J if tpNrlk; ngWtu;. rpWtu;fs; gl;lhR nfhSj;jp
kfpo;tu;.

R+upare;jpu ehl;fhl;b Kiwf;F mikthf vLj;J ghu;j;jhy;> Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; khjq;fspd;

ngau;fs; ghspapy; cs;sd. ,e;j ghspapy; cs;s khjg; ngau;fSk;> Mz;L njhlf;fKk;> jkpo;
ngau;fSf;F ,lg;gl;l khw;W ngauhfNt cs;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf: Gj;ju; epu;thzk; mile;j khjk;
tprhf khjk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j "tprhf" vDk; nrhy;> jkpopd; "itfhrp" khjj;jpd; ngaiu
xj;Js;sJ.
Bak> Vesak> Poson> Æsala> Nikini> Binara> Wap> Il> Undhuvap> Dhuruthu>
Navam> Mædhin.

jkpoupd; Mz;L gpwg;G rpj;jpiu 14 my;yJ 15y; njhlq;FfpwJ. mjw;fikthfNt kfhtk;r

E}ypy; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Mz;L njhlf;fKk; mNj ehis Fwpf;fpwJ. ,q;Nf rpj;jpiu 14
my;yJ 15k; jpfjpapy; Mz;L njhlf;fkhff; nfhs;Sk; Kiw jkpou;fSilaJ vd;gij
njspthf;fpf;nfhs;syhk;. jkpopy; ,Ue;J md;ikapy; gpupe;J nrd;W kiyahsj;jpYk; ,Nj Kiw
cs;sJ. NtW tlape;jpa Mz;L fzpg;G Kiwfspd; Mz;L njhlf;fk;> Vg;uy; 14> 15fspy;
epfo;tjpy;iy. vdNt kfhtk;rk; fhyj;jpy;> fhyj;ij fzpg;gpl;L Fwpj;J itf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
fzpg;gPl;L Kiw jkpo; fhyf;fzpg;gPl;L KiwiaNa MFk;. mjw;fikthf jkpo; Mz;L njhlf;fk;
rpj;jpiu Kjyhk; jpfjp (Vg;uy; 13 my;yJ 14) Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhlg; gLfpd;wJ. jkpo;
fhyf;fzpg;gPl;L Kiwia Muk;gk; KjNy rpq;fstu;fs; gad;gLj;jp te;j tof;fpd;
fhuzkhfNt ,d;Wk; ,yq;if rpq;fstu;fs;> jkpo; Gj;jhz;il> jkpo; rpq;fsg; Gj;jhz;L vdf;
nfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;. jkpou;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwfs; ,tu;fshy;; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gjw;F ,d;wstpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l jkpou; tuyhW gw;wp rhd;Wiuf;f $ba gpuhkpr;
rhrdq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nfhs;s KbAk;.

Gj;jhz;Lf;fhd rpq;fstu; tpsf;fk;

,g;Gj;jhz;Lf;F rpq;fstu; nfhLf;Fk; tpsf;fk; “R+upad; Nkr ,uhrpapy; gazj;ij njhlUk;

ehs;” vd;gjhFk;. rpyu; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;jhy; cUthdjhff; $WNthUk; csu;. ,ijj;
jtpu NtW tpsf;fq;fNsh> fhuzq;fNsh ,yq;if rpq;fstuplk; ,Ug;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

Gj;jhz;L vd;gJ G+kp R+upaid xU Rw;W Rw;wp> kPz;Lk; mLj;jr; Rw;wpy;

gpuNtrpf;Fk; njhlf;f ehshFk;. cyfpy; kf;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;j rKjhaq;fshf Njhw;wk; ngw;w
gy rKjhaf; fl;likg;Gfspy;> ehLfspy; fhyj;ij fzf;fpl gy;NtW fhyf; fzpg;gPl;L
Kiwfs; ,Ue;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy; gy ,d;W nry;thf;fpoe;J mope;Jg; Nghapd. xd;wpd;
nry;thf;F kpFjpahy; ,d;ndhd;wpd; nry;thf;F ,of;fg;gl;L mjd; tuyhw;Wj; jlq;fs;
kiwfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; rpy Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kiwf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; Mz;L njhlf;f
ehshd Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhl;lk; njhlu;ghd fhuzKk; kiwf;fg;gl;l epiyapy;> mNj ehspy;
Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhLk; tof;fk; kl;Lk; rpq;fstu;fs; kj;jpapy; kiwahky; cs;sd.

ngsj;jupd; Njhw;wj;jpd; gpd;du; mjd;gb Gj;j Mz;Lg; gpwg;G Nk khjk;

ngsu;zkp ,utpy; Muk;gpg;gjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. me;ehis ,yq;if ngsj;ju;fs;> nkd;fljhrp
$Lfs; mikj;J mjw;Fs; nkOFtu;j;jp my;yJ kpd; tpsf;Ffs; xspur; nra;J> Njhuzq;fs; fl;b
ntrhf; gz;bif vd ,utpy; nfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; mjid Gj;jhz;lhff; nfhz;lhLk; tof;fk;
rpq;fstu;fsplk; ,y;iy. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapy; Gj;j fhyf; fzpg;gPl;L Kiw
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; vJTkpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
mt;thW ,Ue;jpUf;Fkhdhy; Gj;ju; gpwe;j ehshfpa Nk khj ngsuzkp ehisNa rpq;fsg;
Gj;jhz;lhf> rpq;fstu;fs; nfhz;lhb ,Ug;gu;.

,yq;ifapy; Gj;j kjk; mwpKfkhd fhyg; gFjpapy; ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j muru;fspd;
ngau;fisg; ghu;j;jhy; ,jd; mbg;gilapy; jkpoupd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fspy; xd;whd 60
Mz;Lfs; Row;rp Kiwapy; fzf;fplg;gLk; (gpugt – ml;ra) fhyf; fzpg;gPl;L
Kiw ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;Js;sij mwpayhk;. ,ijj; jtpu goe;jkpou;fsplk; gpukpf;f itf;Fk;
fzf;fpay;> $l;ly; vz;fs;> msitfs; Nghd;witfSk; ,Ue;Js;sij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

vdNt ,jdbg;gilapy; goe;jkpou; gad;gLj;jpa fhyf; fzpg;gPl;L KiwNa ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;jhff;

nfhs;syhk;. ,jid rhd;WfSld; ep&gpf;f $ba jlaq;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy vd;whYk;> ahUk; kiwf;f
Kbahj rhd;whfNt> ,d;Wk; ,yq;if rpq;fstu;fsplk; jkpo; Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; njhlu;tij
czuf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpd; gad;ghL

jkpou; fhyf;fzpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; ,d;W gy jkpo; ,izaj;jsq;fs;> nra;jpj; jhs;fs;> jpUkz

miog;gpjy;fs;> Nfhapy; cl;rtq;fs;> gQ;rhq;fk; ghu;j;jy;> Neuk; Fwpj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. rpy fpuhkq;fspy; jkpo; khjg;ngaupfspNy ij>
khrp> gq;Fdp vd fhyq;fis Fwpj;Jg; NgRNthUk; csu;.

,yq;if rpq;fs ngsj;jg; gpf;Ffs; Neuk; Fwpj;jy;> gQ;rhq;fk; fzpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ekJ
jkpo; fhyf;fzpg;gPl;L Kiwia gad;gLj;Jtij rpw;rpy ,lq;fspy; fhzyhk;. Mdhy; rpq;fstuJ
gad;ghl;by; ,y;iy. ,it Kw;wpYkhf kiwe;J tpl;ld. my;yJ kiwf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. Mdhy;
fhyj;jhy; kiwf;f Kw;gl;lhYk;> kiwf;f Kbahj rhd;whfNt fhyk; fhykhf goq;fhyk; njhl;L
nfhz;lhbtUk; jkpou; Gj;jhz;L ,d;Wk; ,tu;fspd; nfhz;lhl;lkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,d;Wk; ,j; jkpo;
Mz;Lg; gpwg;ig> rpq;fstu;fs; jkpo; rpq;fsg; Gj;jhz;L vd nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wdu;. ( RS,
2018.pp 1-47)

,g;Gj;jhz;il ngsj;j rpq;fstu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp mjpfstpshd rpq;fs fpU];jtu;fshYk;

nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wikahdJ rpwg;ghf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whFk;. ,yq;if rpq;fstu;fspd;
nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; gpujhd nfhz;lhl;lkhf> ,j; jkpo; rpq;fsg; Gj;jhz;Nl tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,yq;if
muR cj;jpNahfg; G+u;tkhf ,uz;L ehw;fs; nghJ tpLKiw toq;Ffpd;wJ. Mdhy;
mjpfkhNdhu; ,jid rpy thuq;fspw;fhd tpLKiwahf vLj;Jf;nfhs;tu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd;
nfhOk;G cw;gl ngU efuq;fspd; midj;J tu;j;jf epiyaq;fs; rpy thuq;fSf;F %lg;gl;L
ntwpr;Nrhbf; fplf;Fk;. gy tu;j;jff; epiyaq;fs; ,uz;L %d;W thuq;fspd; gpd;Ng
jpwf;fg;gLk;.

,g;Gj;jhz;L Muk;gpf;Fk; Kjy; ehs; njhlf;fk; xt;nthU epfo;TfSk; gQ;rhq;fj;jpd;

Fwpf;fg;gLk; Neuq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa njhlq;fg;gLk;. vdNt ,g; gQ;rhq;f Neuk;
Fwpj;jypd; gb Gj;jhz;L ehspy; ,Ue;J (Vg;uy; 14) rpy ehl;fSf;F gpd;Ng Ntiy kw;Wk;
gzp epkpj;jk; ntspf;fpsk;Gk; ehs; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. me;ehspNyNa mjpfkhNdhu;
jj;jkJ gzpf;F kPs;tu;.

xU FLk;gj;jpy; ahNuDk; xUtu; ,we;jpUe;jhy;> mt;tPl;lhu; Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhLtjpy;iy.

mt;tPl;lhiu “jPl;L tPL” vd;gJg; Nghy;> rpq;fstu;fs; “fpyp Nf” (fpyp - jPl;L> Nf - tPL)
vd;fpd;wdu;. mg;nghOJ maytu;fSk; cwtpdu;fSk; ,t;tPl;lhUf;F czT kw;Wk;
caTgz;lq;fs; toq;Fk; gof;fKk; rpq;fstu;fsplk; cs;sJ. ,JTk; jkpou;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;
gof;ftof;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

jkpou; rpq;fstu; Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhl;l NtWghLfs;

rpq;fstupd; Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; jkpoupd; gz;ghl;by; ,Ue;Nj Njhd;wpaJ vd;whYk;>
rpw;rpy NtWghLfSk; cz;L. ,J mtu;fsJ jdpj;Jtj;ij vLj;;Jf; fhl;LtjhfTk; cs;sJ.

1. Gj;jhz;L gpwf;fg; NghfpwJ vd;why; tPLfSf;F Rz;zhk;G mbj;jy; jkpou;fspd;

gof;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;. rpq;fstu;fSk; mg;gbNa. jw;fhyj;jpy; Rz;zhk;G mbj;jy;> nts;isg;
G+Rjy;> tu;zk; G+Rjy; vd khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
2. Gj;jhz;Lf;F Kjy; ehl;fspy; tPl;il Rj;jk; nra;jy;> (tPl;bd; kz; jiu) rhzk; ,l;L nkOFjy;>
(tPl;bd; rpnke;J jiu) fOTjy; Nghd;witfSk; jkpou; Nghd;Nw rpq;fstu;fSk; nra;fpd;wdu;.
(rhzk; ,l;L tPLfis nkOFk; tof;fk; jpuhtplupd; gof;ftof;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;.)
3. Gj;jhz;L gpwg;gpw;F rpy ehl;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj> Gj;jhz;L epfo;Tfis gQ;rhq;f
Neuf; fzpg;gPl;bd; gbNa jkpou;fs; nra;tJ tof;fk;. rpq;fstu;fSk; mg;gbNa
nra;fpd;whu;fs;. gQ;rhq;fk; vDk; nrhy;> rpq;fstu;fshy; “gQ;rhq;f” vd;W k;" vOj;jpd;
xypg;gpd;wp gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,r;nrhy; jkpoupd; tof;fpy; ,Ue;J rpq;fsj;jpw;Fr;
nrd;wjhff; nfhs;syhk;. (gQ;rhq;fk; vd;gJ jkpopy; toq;Fk; tlnkhopr;nrhy;) mNjNtis
gQ;rhq;fk; vDk; nrhy;Yf;F "ypj;j" vDk; NtW xU nrhy;Yk; rpq;fstu;fspd; Gof;fj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
4. jkpou;fspd; Gj;jhz;by; Kjd;ikahdtw;Ws; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ> gzpahuKk; thiog;goKk;
MFk;. rpq;fstu;fsplKk; mitfNs Kf;fpa mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. Gj;jhz;bw;F rpy ehl;fSf;F
Kd;Ng thiof; Fiofs; gOf;f itf;fg;gJk; mg;gbNa.
5. Gj;jhz;bw;F rpy ehl;fSf;F Kd;Ng gzpahuk; kw;Wk; jpd;gz;lq;fs; nra;J Gj;jhz;L ehs;
ghtidf;fhf kz; Kl;bfspy; gj;jpug;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; goe;jkpou; njhl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,JTk;
rpq;fstu;fsplk; cz;L.
6. ,e;j Gj;jhz;bw;fhd ,dpg;G kw;Wk; jpd;gz;lq;fs; gQ;rhq;fj;jpy; fzpf;fg;gl;l
Neuj;jpNyNa jahupf;f njhlq;fNtz;Lk; vDk; xU tof;F rpq;fstupilNa cs;sJ. mjw;F
"vz;nza;g; ghj;jpuk; mLg;gpy; itf;Fk; Neuk;" ( Thel Valan Lipa Thebeema Nekatha) vdf;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. me;Neuj;jpNyNa Gj;jhz;bw;fhd jpd;gz;lq;fs; jahupg;gjw;F jP %l;b
vz;nza;g; ghj;jpuq;fs; mLg;gpy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

jahupf;fg;gLk; czTg; gz;lq;fs;

 gzpahuk; - nfTq;
 nfhz;il gzpahuk; - nfhz;Nl nfTq;
 ghrpg;gaW gzpahuk; - Kq; nfTq;
 nfhf;fpR - nfhf;fp];
  my;th – mYth(muprp kh)
 ntspj;jyg;gh - ntspj;jyg;g
 ghdptyay; - ngdptyY
jkpou;fspd; Gj;jhz;by; Kf;fpakhf gzpahuk; kw;Wk; ghrpg;gaW gzpahuk; ,Uf;Fk;.
rpq;fstu;fsplKk; mg;gbNa. rpq;fstu;fs; jahupf;Fk; nfhz;ilg; gzpahuk; jkpoupd;
gof;fj;jpy; ,y;yhj xd;W. Mdhy; nfhz;ilg; gzpahuk; vd;gJ jkpou;fs; jahupf;Fk; rhjhuzg;
gzpahuk; Nghd;Nw Rit xd;W jhd;. NtWghL mjd; tbtikg;gpy; jhd;. ngz;fspd; nfhz;ilg;
Nghd;W tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. (,q;Nf "nfhz;il" vDk; jkpo; nrhy;Ny "nfhz;Nl"
vdg;gLtijAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.)

jkpou;fsplk;> Fwpg;ghf <oj;jkpou;fs; jahupf;Fk;> gdq;fha; gzpahuk; ,tu;fs;

jahupg;gjpy;iy.ghrpg;gaW gzpahuk; jkpou;fsJ Nghd;Nw rpq;fstu;fSk;
jahupf;fpd;wdu;. ,jd; RitapNyh Njhw;wj;jpNyh NtWghLfs; ,y;iy. ,ijj; jtpu nfhf;fp];>
mYth> ntspj;jyg;gh> ghdptyay; Nghd;wj; jpd;gz;lq;fSk; rpq;fstu;fspd; Gj;jhz;by;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhl;l Neu xOq;F

Gj;jhz;L epfo;Tfs; xt;nthd;Wk; gQ;rhq;ff; fzpg;gPl;bd; gbNa eilngWk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;bw;fhf fPNo Neuq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; ,e;Neuf; fzpg;G Mz;Lf;F Mz;L
NtWgLk;.

1) Gj;jhz;L gpwg;gjw;F Kd; vOe;J (%ypif> ,iy> Ntu;fs;) kUe;J vz;nza; itj;J
Fspg;gu;. Gj;ju; Nfhapy; (ngsj;j gd;riy) nrd;W topg;gl;L tUtu;.
2) Vg;uy; 14> K.g 06.29 Gj;jhz;L gpwg;G. (R+upad; Nkr ,uhrpapy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;
Neuk;) gl;lhR nfhSj;Jtu;.
3) Vg;uy; 14 K.g. 06.54 Gj;jhil cLj;jp ghy; nghq;Fjy;> ghy;NrhW rikj;jy;> my;yJ
czTgz;lq;fs; jahupj;jy;; ,jpy; xd;iwf; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; nra;tu;. ,j;Jld; gzpahuk;>
thiog;gok; kw;Wk; jpd;gz;lq;fSk; itj;J gilay; ,Ltu;. ,g; gilaypy; Kf;fpakhf
ghy;NrhW (fpup - ghy;> gj; - NrhW : fpupgj;) ,Uf;Fk;. Fj;J tpsf;Nfw;Wtu;>
CJtu;j;jp nfhOj;Jtu;> rhk;gpuhzpg; Gifg; gpbg;gu;.
4) Vg;uy; 14 K.g 08.10 czT gupkhwp cz;gu;. maytu;fsplKk; czT
gupkhwpf;nfhs;tu;. ngupNahiu kjpj;J tzq;Ftu;. iftpNrlk; ngWtu;. iftpNrlk;
 nfhLf;Fk; ngupatu; my;yJ FLk;gj; jiytu; ntw;wpiyapy; itj;Nj fhR nfhLg;ghu;.
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; nra;tu;. xU rk;gpujhaj;jpw;fhf jj;jkJ Ntiy my;yJ njhopy;
nra;tu;. rpy kzpj;jpahsq;fspw;F kl;Lk;. rpy tu;j;jf epiyaq;fs; jpwe;J xd;W ,uz;L
tpahghuq;fs; nra;Jtpl;L kPz;Lk; %b tpLtu;.
5) ,it midj;Jk; Gz;zpaf; fhyk; vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Neuj;jpw;F Kd;ghf epiwT
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
6) Vg;uy; 14k; ehs; gpw;gfy; 12.05 Kjy; ,uT 12.53 tiu Gz;zpaf; fhyk;
vd;gLk;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; rka rk;gpujha epfo;Tfspy; <Lg;glNtz;ba Neuk;
vd;fpd;wdu;. mNefkhNdhu; Gj;ju; tpfhiufspw;F “gd” (ngsj;j ciu)
Nfl;gjw;fhfTk; NtW tpNrl epfo;TfSf;fhfTk; nry;tu;. ,e;jg; Gz;zpaf; fhyk; vDk;
nrhy;iy rpq;fstu;fs; "Gz;zpa fhy" vd;gu;. mjw;F (nefj;j) vDk; xU nrhy;iyAk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,g; Gz;zpaf; fhyk; Kbe;jg; gpwF> Gj;jhz;L fyhr;rhu
kw;Wk; tpNehj tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfis elj;Jtu;. ngz;fs; “wghd;” mbg;gu;. ,J
jkpouplk; ,y;yhj xU tof;fkhFk;. rpyNtis Gz;zpaf;fhyk; ,utpy;
KbtilAkhapd;> ,e;epfo;Tfs; mLj;j ehspNyh my;yJ mLj;J rpy ehl;fspNyh jkJ
trjpf;Nfw;g itj;Jf;nfhs;tu;.
7) Vg;uy; 16>17 (Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy;) kPz;Lk; kUe;J vz;nza; itj;J Fspf;Fk; ehshFk;.
8) Vg;uy; 17>18>19 ,e; ehspy; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy;> Fwpj;j jpirapy; jj;jkJ gzpfSf;F
kPs;tu;.

Gj;jhz;L fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; tpNehj tpisahl;Lf;fs;

Gj;jhz;L fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; tpNehj tpsahl;Lf;fs; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; xNu Neuj;jpy;

epfo;tjpy;iy. rpy ,lq;fspy; Gj;jhz;L md;Nw eilngWk;. mNef ,lq;fspy; jj;jkJ trjpf;Nfw;w
ehl;fspy; itj;Jf;nfhs;tu;. ,g;Gj;jhz;L fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; tpNehj tpisahl;Lf;fspy; rpy:

 tOf;F kuk; VWjy;

 fz;fl;b Kl;b cilj;jy;
 fapW ,Oj;jy;
 ahizf;F fz; itj;jy;
 gg;ghrp goj;jpDs; ,Uf;Fk; nfhl;ilfis vd;Djy;
 jiyaid rz;ilaply;
 Cu; Rw;wp Xl;lg; ge;jak;
 kiwe;jpUf;Fk; egu; NjLjy;
  kpjp tz;b Xl;lg;Nghl;b
 ughd; mbj;jy; Nghl;b
 moFuhzp Nju;T (rpq;fs fyhr;rhu cilapy;)
 ngz; Foe;ijfspd; moFuhzpg; Nghl;b
,t;thW rpq;fsg; Gj;jhz;L jkpoupd; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J rpy NtWghLfisf;
nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> ,it jkpoupd; gz;ghl;L gof;ftof;fq;fspy; ,Ue;Nj Njhd;wpait vd;gij
vtUk; kWf;f KbahJ. mjhtJ ghl;ld; G+l;ld; Kg;ghl;ld; fhykhf jkpo; Gj;jhz;ilNa
rpq;fstu;fSk; nfhz;lhb te;j tof;fpd; fhuzkhfNt ,d;Wk; mtu;fs; jkpo; Gj;jhz;il “jkpo;
rpq;fsg; Gj;jhz;L” vd nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wdu;. ,J tuyhw;W uPjpahf jkpoupd; gz;ghLk;
gof;ftof;fq;fSk; ,yq;if jPntq;Fk; tpahgpj;J ,Ue;jjw;fhd xU rhd;whFk;. (RS, 2018, 1- 47)

Nkw;fz;l eilKiwfspd; gbNa ce;JUt gFjpapYk;(fl;Lf;nfypaht) rpq;fs Gj;jhz;L rlq;Ffs;

kw;Wk; kuGfis nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; rpq;fs kf;fspilNa Gj;jhz;L rlq;Ffs; Vg;uy;
13 Mk; Njjp eLepiy fhyk; my;yJ NehdhfNj vd;w rlq;Fld; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j
Neuj;jpy;> ,g;gFjp kf;fs; Gj;jhz;Lf;F jahuhfp tUtjw;F jq;fs; kjj;jpd; MrPu;thjj;ijg;
ngWtjw;fhf midj;J NtiyfisAk; tpl;Ltpl;L> kj eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtijj; jtpu NtW vijAk;
nra;a khl;lhu;fs;.

mLg;ig Vw;Wjy; (ypgh fpdp nkstPkh) Gj;jhz;L cjakhdJk;> ,yq;ifau;fspd; Kjy; rlq;F>
ghy; rhjk; (fpupgj;) jahupg;gjw;fhf tPl;bd; mLg;ig Vw;wp itg;gJ> nropg;igf; Fwpf;Fk;
Gj;jhz;L tpUe;jpy; xU ghuk;gupa czit fz;bg;ghf rhg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. Nkirapy; Kjy; czT
(m`u mDgtah) ce;Jut gFjp kf;fspd; Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
rpq;fstu;fspilNa mTUJNfk vd toq;fg;gLk; fpupgj;> thiog;goq;fs;> nfTk;> nfhf;fp];>
jhsFsp> mfy;> M];kp> mYt Nghd;w gy ghuk;gupa ,dpg;Gfs; nfhz;l xU ngupa Nkir
xt;nthU tPl;bdJk; ikag; nghUshfpwJ.

ce;JUt gFjpapy; cs;s xt;nthU FLk;gKk; vz;nza; tpsf;if Vw;wp xU ey;y Neuj;jpy;
tpUe;jpy; kfpo;r;rpailtu;. Ntiyiaj; njhlq;Fjy; kw;Wk; gzg; gupkhw;wk; (Ntjh myPkh
r`h fD NjD fpupkh) FLk;gk; Gj;jhz;L czit Kbj;jTld;> Gjpa Mz;by; Ntiy nra;aj;
njhlq;Ftijf; Fwpf;Fk; tifapy; kf;fs; rpy Ntiyfisr; nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,e;j rlq;F ntl vypkh
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mLj;jtu;fs; FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw kupahijf;Fupa
jug;gpdupilNa guptu;j;jidfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;fs;. mgpN\f vz;nza; ( Hisa thel gaama) ,q;F
MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; Fzkila MrPu;tjpg;gjw;fhf ,isQu;fs; kw;Wk; ngupatu;fspd;
jiyapy; njhlu;r;rpahd vz;nza;fs; mgpN\fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,t;ntz;nza;ahdJ rpwg;ghf
Njt;uj ud;ij tpfhiuapypUe;Nj midtUk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tu;. (Njt;uj ud; uj tpfhiu Njuu; -)

,e;j rlq;Ffs; midj;Jk; xU ey;y Neuj;jpy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ KO ehLk; vg;NghjhtJ

rikj;J> cz;gJ kw;Wk; Rg Neuk;> xNu Ntiyapy; <LgLtJ. jkpou;fs; Gj;jhz;il nghJthf
‘Gj;jhz;L’ vd;W nfhz;lhLfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fspd; Gj;jhz;by; rpq;fstu;fsplkpUe;J rw;W
tpj;jpahrkhd ghuk;gupaq;fs; kw;Wk; rlq;Ffs; gy Mz;Lfshf eilKiwapy; cs;sd. rpq;fsk;
kw;Wk; jkpo; Gj;jhz;L ,dpg;Gfs; czitg; gw;wp Ngrhky; rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo;
Gj;jhz;L gw;wp Ngr KbahJ. mjdhy;jhd; ,yq;ifapy; cq;fs; Vg;uy; tpLKiwapd; NghJ
Gj;jhz;L ,dpg;Gfis Urpg;gJ mtrpak;. nfhz;lh nfTk; - Njq;fha; JUty; kw;Wk; muprp
nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gLk; nfhz;lh nfTk; xU Mokhd vz;nza;apy; tWj;j gQ;RNghd;w Nff;
MFk;. Nfhfp]; muprp khT kw;Wk; Njq;fha; ghypy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gLk; >
kpUJthd ,dpg;G m];kp ghuk;gupa Nfuky; rpug; nfhz;l nkhd; nfTk; - xU itu tbt ,dpg;G
my;th> ,J cs;Ns ,dpg;G gr;ir fpuhk;Gfspd; ,dpg;G tpOJld; nkhWnkhWg;ghd
NkNyhLld; ,J ,Uf;Fk;.

mTUJ ,ir kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lfs; rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; Gj;jhz;L vd;gJ FLk;gj;ij ikakhff;
nfhz;l nfhz;lhl;lq;fisg; gw;wpaJ. ,e;j gUtj;jpy; efuq;fspy; gzpGupAk; kf;fs; jq;fs;
nrhe;j CUf;F my;yJ fpuhkj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gp> jq;fs; FLk;gj;Jld; Gj;jhz;ilf; nfhz;lhLtu;.
Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; Ntbf;ifahd tpisahl;Lfs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfSk; Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wd. jkf;fpilapy; xw;WikiaAk; cwit ePbj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpYk; ,t;thwhd
tpisahl;L epfo;Tfs; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLk;. ugdhit thrpg;gJ> kfpo;r;rpahd rkaq;fspy;
kf;fs; Rw;wp mku;e;J tpisahLk; xU ngupa buk; MFk;. ,J Kf;fpakhf tajhd ngz;fshy;
tpisahlg;gLfpwJ. ,jDld; rpy Neuq;fspy; eldk; MbAk; kfpo;tu;.

ghuk;gupa gyif tpisahl;Lf;fshd xypz;lh nfypah kw;Wk; gQ;r nlkpkh ,uz;L my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tPuu;fis cs;slf;fpa ,e;j gUtj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; ,yq;if ngz;fs;
tpisahLk; ,uz;L gyif tpisahl;LfshFk;. mj;jifa tpisahl;Lfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; midj;J
nghUl;fSk; ,aw;ifahdit. cjhuzkhf> tpisahl;Lfspd; gyiffs; kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lit kw;Wk;
tpisahLtjw;F jhtu tpijfs; kw;Wk; fly; XLfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Gj;jhz;L tpoh tpisahl;Lfs; ,e;j fhyj;jpy;> KO fpuhkKk; xd;W$b nfhz;lhLk; tifapy; gy

ghuk;gupa tpisahl;Lfis cs;slf;fpa epfo;Tfis Vw;ghL nra;J> Foe;ijfs; Kjy; ngupatu;fs;
tiu ,JNghd;w epfo;Tfspy; fye;J nfhs;tjpy; kfpo;r;rp milfpwhu;fs;. ,e;ehl;fspy; ,jid
fz;Lfspg;gjw;fhf Ntz;b ,q;F thOk; K];ypk; kf;fSk;; Gj;jhz;L epfo;Tfspy; fye;J
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,q;F tpisahlg;gLk; rpy Gj;jhz;L tpisahl;Lfs;>
o ahidapd; kPJ fz; itg;gJ- (mypahjh Mr jgPkh)
o gd; rhg;gpLtJ - (gdp]; nfkh)
o jiyaiz rz;il - (nfhl;lh Nghuh)
o ,Og;G-Nghu;- (fk;gh mBkh)
o cilj;jy; ghidfs; – (fdhKl;b gpz;Bkh)
o f;uP]; fk;gj;jpy; VWjy; – (yprhdh f`h efPkh)
Nkw;fz;l Kiwfspd; fPo; ce;JUt rpq;fs kf;fspDila Gj;jhz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lkhdJ
mike;Js;sJ. ,tu;fspilNaAk; ,yq;if tho; rpq;fs kf;fSf;;Fupa nghJthdnjhU gz;bif nfhz;lhl;l
KiwNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tu;fs; K];ypk; kf;fNshL xd;wpa jd;ikahd tho;f;if tho;tjdhy; jkJ
gz;biffspy; mtu;fSk; fye;J nfhs;tij ngupJk; tpUk;Gtu;. mj;Jld; K];ypk; ez;gu;fSf;Fk;
jkJ gz;bif czTfisf; nfhLj;J mtu;fSf;fpilapyhd cwit GJg;gpj;J neUf;fkhf;fp nfhs;Sk;
tof;fKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,U rKfj;jpduJk; xw;Wikj;jd;ikapid ,r;nray; gpujpgypj;J
epw;fpd;wJ. ,d;wstpYk; Cu;g;gFjp NtW Ntwhf gpupf;fg;gl;lhYk; jkf;fpilNaahd
cwitak; el;igAk; ,tu;fs; njhlu;e;j tz;zNk cs;sdu;.

rpq;fs kf;fspilNa nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ,d;ndhU gz;bifahf nghrd; ngsu;zkp(Nghah jpdk;)

rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J Fwpj;J ghu;j;jhy;> ,J nghrd; Nghah vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;
nghrd;> fpK 3 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; Gj;j kjj;jpd; tUifiaf; nfhz;lhLk; ,yq;if
ngsj;ju;fshy; elj;jg;gLk; xU tUlhe;j tpohthFk;. ,t;tpoh Mz;bd; kpf Kf;fpakhd Nghah
(KO epyT) tpLKiw kw;Wk; Mz;bd; ,uz;lhtJ kpf Kf;fpakhd ngsj;j tpLKiwahFk;> ,J
ntrhf; %yk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. nghrd;> ,yq;if jPT KOtJk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ>
jpUtpohtpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd tpohf;fs; mDuhjGuk; kw;Wk; kp`pe;jiyapy;
elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. [_d; ngsu;zkpAld; ,ize;J [_d; njhlf;fj;jpy; jpUtpoh elj;jg;gLfpwJ.

fpK 236 ,y; kfpe;j NjNuhtpdhy; ,yq;iff;F Gj;j kjj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaij epidT$Uk;
tifapy; nghrd; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. kj tpohtpd; ikag; Gs;sp kp`pe;jiy kiyapy; cs;s Gj;j
klhya tshfkhFk;> mq;F mu`j; kfpe;j NjNuh ,yq;ifapd; kd;du;fspy; xUtuhd
Njtek;gpajp];] kd;dUf;F Gj;j kjj;ij Nghjpj;jhu;. mDuhjGuj;jpy; ngsj;j jyq;fis ikakhff;
nfhz;L nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd> ,J ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F khwpa Kjy;
efuq;fspy; xd;whFk;. nghrd; fhyj;jpy;> ,e;j ,uz;L ,lq;fSk; ,yq;if KOtjpYk; ,Ue;J
Mapuf;fzf;fhd ahj;uPfu;fis <u;f;fpd;wd. ,e;j ahj;uPfu;fs; nts;is cil mzpe;J
Md;kPf ,lq;fspy; topgLfpd;wdu;. kpfTk; gf;jpAs;s ahj;uPfu;fspy; gyu; ngsj;jj;jpd;
kuGfis nfsutpg;gjw;fhf gy kzpNeuq;fis mikjpahd rpe;jidapy; nrytpLfpd;wdu;.

nghrd; jpUtpoh jPT KOtJk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ> xt;nthU efu ikaq;fspYk; kpfg;ngupa

kpd;dZ xsp ge;jy;fs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> l(j)d;ry;fs; (r%fq;fshy; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;l ,ytr czT filfs;) Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. md;iwa jpdj;ij epidT$Uk; tifapy;
tPLfs; tpsf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tpsf;Ffshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; KO epyT
Nghah ehspy; njhlq;fp 5 ehl;fs; Kjy; xU thuk; tiu eilngWk;. ,yq;ifapd; rpy gFjpfs;
jpUtpohtpd; NghJ ,iwr;rp kw;Wk; kJghdq;fis tpw;gid nra;tij jil nra;fpd;wd.

Nghah vd;gJ ,yq;ifapy; re;jpu khjhe;jpu ngsj;j tpLKiwahd cghrjhtpw;F toq;fg;gLk;

ngau;> ,J rptpy; kw;Wk; tq;fp tpLKiwahFk;. ngsu;zkp jpdkhdJ nghJthf xt;nthU
khjKk; Nghah ehshff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU ngsu;zkpapYk; xU Nghah epfo;fpwJ
mjd;NghJ cynfq;fpYk; cs;s ngsj;ju;fSf;F gf;ju;fshy; cgrjh kupahij fpilf;fngWfpd;wJ.
mtu;fs; jq;fs; kj mDrupg;GfSf;F re;jpu ehl;fhl;bia Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. re;jpudpd; KO
msT kw;Wk; mjd; gpufhrk; fhuzkhf> KO epyT ehs; xt;nthU re;jpu khjj;jpw;Fk; xU
Kiw (29.5 ehl;fs;) epfOk; ehd;F re;jpu fl;lq;fspy; kpfTk; kq;fsfukhdjhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ> ,jdhy; ,yq;if muR ,e;ehis tpLKiwahf Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. (RS, 2018, 1- 50)

xt;nthU ngsu;zkp jpdKk; rpq;fs nkhopapy; Nghah vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy;

ngsj;j kjj;ij filg;gpbf;Fk; xUtu;> kj mD];lhdj;jpw;fhf ,e;ehspy; tpfhiuf;F nrd;W
tzf;fj;jpy; <LgLtu;. tUlj;jpw;F 13 my;yJ 14 Nghahf;fs; cs;sd. Nghah vd;w nrhy; ghyp
kw;Wk; rk];fpUj thu;j;ijahd cNghrjh (cg th]; -Kjy; tpujk;) vd;gjpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ> ,J Kjd;ikahf “tpuj ehs;” vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. nghJthf Nghah ehl;fspy; filfs;
kw;Wk; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; %lg;gLk;> kJ kw;Wk; ,iwr;rp tpw;gid jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
xt;nthU khjj;jpYk; Nghah ehs; nghJthf KO epytpd; fpupNfhupad; Njjpapy; tUfpwJ>
Mdhy; vg;NghjhtJ mJ ,UGwKk; xU ehs; tpOk;. epakpf;fg;gl;l Nghah ehs; kj;a`hd
Neuj;jpy; re;jpudpd; fl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ (,uz;L fhbfhf;fis kl;LNk cs;slf;fpa
kj;jpa`hdj;jpd; khWghL).

nghrd; Nghah jpdkhdJ ce;JUt kf;fspilNaAk; Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; Njt;uj ud;uj tpfhiuia
ikakhff; nfhz;l tzf;f ehshff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F nrd;W Kjypy; tpfhiu tshfj;ij $l;b Rj;jk;
nra;J> g+i[f;fhd kyu; myq;fhuq;fs; nra;J gf;ju;fs; tpfhiu Njuupd; ey;YgNjrj;ij ngw
mkUk; ,lq;fis xOq;F nra;tu;. njhlu;e;J xt;nthU rlq;fhf epiw Ntw;wp Gj;j gpuhzplk;
fPNo tpOe;J Mrpu;thjk; ngw;W ngsj;j ey;Yiuia Nfl;gu;. ,Wjpahf Gj;j gpf;Ftpd; fhypy;
tpOe;J ey;yhrp ngWtu;. ,Jkjyhf jkJ jhd rhiyfis Cupd; xt;nthU gFjpapYk; jkJ trjpf;Nfl;g
Vw;ghL nra;J ghijapy; nry;yf; $ba kf;fSf;F toq;Fthu;fs;.

jd;ry;; vd;gJ> gz;ila ngsj;j ,e;jpahtpYk;> ,yq;ifapYk;> murDk; trjp gilj;jtu;fSk;

ViofSf;F czT jhdk; nra;tijf; Fwpf;Fk; xU jQ;ir. kfhtk;rj;jpy;> 2000 Mz;LfSf;Fk;
Nkyhd vOjg;gl;l tuyhw;iw gjpT nra;Ak; ,yq;if ehspjopy;> Njthek;gpajp];] kd;dupd;
(fpK 247 - 207) Ml;rpapd; NghJ ld;ry;fs; nray;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy;>
mjd; tpisthf tUk; kd;du;fs; Mz;L KOtJk; ld;ry; Kiwf;F cj;jutpl;ldu;> ,jd; %yk;
ViofSf;Fk; capupdq;fSf;Fk; ,ytrkhf czit toq;fpdu;. ,e;j eilKiw kpfTk; jFjp tha;e;jjhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ> me;j ek;gpf;if ,d;Wtiu njhlu;fpwJ.(Rthkpd; t`d;r: gpf;F)
gpupl;b]; fhydpj;Jt Mf;fpukpg;G jPtpy; ngsj;jj;ij filg;gpbg;gjw;fhd tpjpfis
jsu;j;jpajhy;> lhd;ry; Nghd;w ,af;fq;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vOr;rp gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
khj;jis khtl;lj;jpy; ,j;jifa xU lhd;ry; 130 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhd tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1978 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; xt;nthU Gj;j G+u;zpkhtpd; NghJk; fl;lha tzf;fkhf lhd;ry; jhd Kiw
,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ,d;wstpy; ,tu;fspilNa> “,e;j jd;ry; %yk; midj;J kjj;jpdupilNaAk;
xw;Wik jd;ik xd;iwAk; rKfj;jpy; RKf epiynahd;iwAk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; ,dthj gpizg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jk; vq;fs; r%fj;jpd; eyDf;fhf ,e;j
ld;riy Vw;ghL nra;fpNwhk;>” vd;w nfhs;ifAk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

,yq;if Nghd;w gy;ypd r%fj;jpd; R+oypy;> xUtiunahUtu; ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;tJ kw;Wk; xU r

%fkhf jk;kplk; ,Ug;gijg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tJ ey;ypzf;fj;ijAk; rftho;itAk; Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
Gj;jupd; gpwg;G> Qhdk; kw;Wk; kiwT Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lhLk; ntrhf; ehs; md;Wk;
mjid ikag;gLj;jp nfhz;lhLk; nghrd; nghsu;zkp jpdj;jpYk; ,j;jifa jhd Kiw> mtu; jdJ
tho;ehis midj;J capupdq;fspd; eyDf;fhf nrytpl;lij epidTgLj;Jk; mNj Ntisapy;> nfhilia
eilKiwg;gLj;j xU rpwe;j jUzj;ij mspf;fpwJ. me;j tifapy;> midj;J r%fj;jpd; Viofs;
kw;Wk; Viofspd; eyDf;fhf jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fs; xd;wpiztjw;F lhd;ry; ,af;fk;
rpq;fs kf;fspd; topghl;by; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fnjhU epfo;thf mike;J nfhs;fpd;wJ.

,j;jd;ikfspd; fPo; ey;nyz;zj;jpd; nghUl;L toq;fg;gLk; ,e;j jhdj;jpy; gytifahd czTfs;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> gotiffs;> rikj;j czTfs;> ghz tiffs;> Fspu;
czTfs;> ,dpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; rpy ,lq;fspy; kuf;fwp KjyhditAk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ce;JUt
kf;fspilNa mjpfkhf> Muk;kg eilKiwapy; kfhtypf;F Kd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy; rikj;j
czTfNs mjpfk; toq;fg;gl;;lJ. rkfhyj;jpy; tho;e;j xU rpy kf;fSf;F xU Ntis czntd;gJ ngUk;
Nghuhl;lkhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ,t;thwhdnjhU Kiwia ,tu;fs; iff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,d;wstpy; kfhtypf;F gpd;duhf tay; epyq;fspd; %ykhd rpwe;j tpisr;rypdhy;> kf;fspilNa
rpwe;j nghUshjhu epiynahd;W Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; rpq;fs kf;fs; eilKiwapy; ,d;W>
nghJthf Fspu; czTfs;(I]; fpwPk;)> goq;fs;> ghztiffis toq;Ftu;. ,tu;fs; tPjpapy; tUfpd;w
thfdq;fis kwpj;J epWj;jp toq;Ftu; ,J ghu;g;gjw;F rpy ,lq;fspy; Ntbf;ifahfTk;
Rthu];akhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. taJ te;j ,sk; ,isQu;fs; ,jpy; Mu;tkhf fye;J nfhs;tu;. ngUk;ghyhd
kf;fs; Fspu; czT toq;fspd; NghJ jpuyhf tUtJk; cz;L. jhdk; toq;Ftjw;fhf rpyu; xNu
tifahd epw MilfisAk; mzpe;J nfhs;tu;. ([ae;j mkurpq;f> 2014> Origin of the New Year
Festival In Sri Lanka.)

jpUkz rlq;fhf rpq;fs ngsj;ju;fspd; nghUth tpoh

jpUkzj;jpw;fhd tiuaiw

jpUkzk; vd;gJ xt;nthUtupd; tho;f;ifapYk; kpf Kf;fpakhd rlq;Ffspy; xd;whFk;. gy r

%ftpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; khDltpayhsu;fs; midj;J tifahd r%fq;fspYk; jpUkzk; gw;wpa
tpupthd Muha;r;rpiaj; njhlq;fpAs;sdu;. jpUkzk; vd;gJ xU cyfshtpa epfo;T vd;whYk;>
vy;yh r%fq;fspYk; jpUkzj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gof;ftof;fq;fs; cyfshtpait vd;W mu;j;jky;y.
jpUkzk; vd;gJ> 'ghYwtpy; ,ize;J thOk; taJ te;j Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; ,ilNa> mtu;fSf;Fk;
mtu;fs; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfSf;Fk;> fztd;-kidtpapd; cwtpdu; FOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa xU rpwg;G
cwit Vw;gLj;Jk; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> tpjpfs; kw;Wk; flikfs;” vd tpsf;fk; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.
(fhupatrk; V.[p.v];. g. 196).

,e;j tiuaiwapd;gb jpUkzk; vd;gJ ,uz;L egu;fSf;F ,ilNa kl;Lk; my;y vd;gJ Gupfpd;wJ.
fztd; kw;Wk; kidtp> Kf;fpakhf vjpu; ghypdj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;. mjd; ftdk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,U egu;fSf;F mg;ghy; efu;fpwJ kw;Wk; mJ r%f tiyg;gpd;dy;fspd; tupiria
cUthf;FfpwJ. vdNt xU jpUkzk; vd;gJ Vuhskhd jdpegu;fs;> cwtpdu; FOf;fs;> mtu;fs;
kj;jpapy; fzf;fpl Kbahj r%f cwTfis cUthf;f xd;W Nru;tijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

,e;j tiuaiw jiyKiw jiyKiwahf filg;gpbf;fg;gLk; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> tpjpfs; kw;Wk; flikfisg;

gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwJ> NkYk; ,it ve;jnthU r%fj;jpYk; ve;j jpUkzj;jpYk; ehk; fhZk;
rlq;Ffspd; njhFg;ig cUthf;Ffpd;wd. xU rlq;F> (ilyupd;>1991> gykj jpUkzq;fs;) gb>
'xU njhFg;G my;yJ njhlu; nray;fs;> nghJthf kjk; my;yJ ke;jpuk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l>
ghuk;gupaj;jhy; epWtg;gl;l KiwahFk;.” (g. 457). rpq;fstu;fspilNa ,J ‘nghUth rlq;F’
(jpUkz ehspy; elj;jg;gLk; xU njhlu; rlq;F) vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,yq;ifapy; Gtpapay;
NtWghLfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; rpq;fstu;fspilNa nghJthd Kiwahf jpUkz
rlq;F ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. nghUth tpohtpd; NghJ kjk;> Guhzk; kw;Wk; ke;jpuk;
Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;Gila xU njhFg;G my;yJ njhlu;r;rpahd nray;fs;> rlq;Ffs;
eilngWfpd;wd. ce;Jut Nfhwis kf;fspilNaAk; nghJ tof;fkhd jpUkz KiwNa
gpd;dw;wg;gl;lJ. (Rthkpd; t`d;]: gpf;F- Njt;uj ud;uj tpfhiu)

nghUth tpoh

,yq;ifapy; cs;s ngsj;ju;fs; kj;jpapy; nghUth rlq;F gy fyhr;rhu jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; flikfs;
fhuzkhf jpUkzj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sJ. nghUthtpd; tuyhW ,uz;lhapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ijaJ vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s yhFfytpy;
cs;s kFy; kfh tpfhiuapy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l fpuhidl; kFy; nghUth (jpUkzk;
nra;ag;NghFk; jk;gjpfspd; jpUkz rlq;Ffis elj;Jtjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l jw;fhypf Nkil)
cs;sJ. ,J U{FDtpd; kd;du; fTe;jp];] kw;Wk; ed;F mwpag;gl;l rpq;fs kd;du;
Jl;LnfKDtpd; (fpK 161-137) ngw;Nwhuhd tp`hu kfh Njtpapd; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W ek;gpf;if.

jpUkz ehspy;> jpUkzj;jpy; gq;Nfw;gtu;fspd; midtupd; ghu;itAk; kFy; nghUth kPJjhd;.

uj;dghy (1991) kFy; nghUit> ‘,sk; Njq;fha; ,iyfshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l kug;gyiffshy;
fl;lg;gl;l xU rlq;F Nkil’(gf;fk; 74) vd;W tptupf;fpwhu;. nghUthtpd; tz;zkakhd
fl;Lkhdk; kzkfspd; FLk;gj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. Fwpg;ghf fpuhk mstpy; ,j;jifa fiyg;
gzpfSf;Fg; ngau; ngw;w rpy egu;fs; cs;sdu;. ,J KO tpohtpdJk; <u;g;ghFk;> vdNt ,J
mtu;fspd; ez;gu;fs;> maytu;fs; kw;Wk; cwtpdu;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; FLk;gj;jpd; fz;zpaj;ij
guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf nra;ag;gLk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rlq;fhFk;. nrduj;dh (1999)
nghWthtpd; fiyf; fz;Nzhl;lk; xU jpUkzj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU jpUkzj;jpw;F
NtWgLtjhfTk;> gilg;ghspapd; GJikiaf; fhl;LtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

epu;khzj;jpd; Muk;gKk; xU nefjj;jpd; gb (xU ey;y Neuk;) njhlq;FfpwJ. kzg;ngz;zpd;

FLk;gj;jpdu; [hjfq;fisg; nghUj;J N[hjplupd; (N[hjplj;ijf; ifahSk; egu;) MNyhridiag;
ngWk;NghJ (Xy tpLg;gpy; my;yJ fhfpjj;jpy; xUtu; vg;gbg;gl;ltu; my;yJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
mtUf;F vd;d Neuplyhk; vd;gij tptupf;Fk; tpsf;fk;. mtu; /mts; gpwe;j Neuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
fpufq;fspd; Kiwg;gb) tUq;fhy kzkfd; kw;Wk; kzkfs;> ,U [hjfq;fspYk; fpufq;fspd;
epiyg;ghl;bd; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; xU ey;y Neuj;ij N[hjplu; fzpf;fpwhu;. jk;gjpaupd;
KO vjpu;fhyKk; mtu;fspd; r%f xd;wpak; eilngWk; nghUthtpy; njhlq;FfpwJ
vd;gjhy; ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. fl;Lkhdk; njhlq;Fk; Kd; Gj;ju; kw;Wk; gpf;Ffspd;
Mrpu;thjk; ngWtu;.

,tu;fsplj;jpy; nghUit itg;gJk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,U [hjfq;fspd; MNyhridapy; N[hjplu; $wpaJ

Nghy; jk;gjpfSf;F nropg;G jUk; jpiria vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW gFjpfisr; Nru;e;j
nghUthit fl;Ltjw;Fk; myq;fupg;gjw;Fk; thioj;jz;Lfs; (Krh mf;FkpNdl; my;yJ %rh
gy;gprpahdh)> ghid kuf;fl;ilfs; (mNufh Nfl;R)> Njq;fha; G+f;fs; (NfhNfh];
epA+rp/nguh)> ,sk; Njq;fha; ,iyfs;> eh ,iyfs; (nkRth /ngupah)> nfhn`hk;gh
(mrhbuhr;lh ,z;bfh) Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;)> NfhNghyPyh (ngs`pdpah)>
jhkiu (neYk;Ngh epA+rp/nguh)> kw;Wk; ypy;yp (epk;Ngah ];nly;yhl;lh). nfhN`hk;gh
(Azadirachtaindica) mjd; fbdj;jd;ik> kUj;Jt kjpg;G kw;Wk; mjd; nja;tPf njhlu;Gfs;
Nghd;w Fzq;fis kf;fs; ek;Gtjhy; ,t;thwhd nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.(jp];]
fhupatrk;> 1973> ‘rpq;fstupd; fyhrhu jd;ikfs;’)

ghtlh (kpjpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Jzp) vd;W miof;fg;gLk; xU nts;isj; Jzp nghWthtpd; kPJ
Nghlg;gl;L> nghUit NkNy ,Ue;J> tPl;bd; $iu my;yJ $iuapd; fPo; kw;nwhU nts;is
Jzpahy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;> ,J tpahdh (xU Jzp itf;fg;gLfpwJ. epw;Fk;> cl;fhUk; my;yJ
mku;e;jpUf;Fk; kf;fspd; jiyf;F NkNy). NkNyAk; fPNoAk; nts;is epwj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ
vg;NghJk; J}a;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ> Vnddpy; kzkfspd; J}a;ik ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; kw;Wk;
midj;J gq;Nfw;ghsu;fSf;Fk; Kjd;ikahd ntspg;ghlhf cs;sJ. rk;gpujhakhd jpUkzk; tiu jd;
J}a;ikiaf; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; kzkfs; jdf;F kl;Lky;y> ngw;Nwhu;> cwtpdu;fs; kw;Wk;
jd; $l;lhspfs; midtUf;Fk; fz;zpaj;ijj; jUfpwhs;. vdNt nts;is epwj;jpd; gad;ghL ,e;j
R+oypy; kpfTk; fz;zpak;kpf;f FwpaPlhf khWfpwJ.

nropg;igf; Fwpf;f> G+f;fs;> ney; my;yJ muprp (xuprh rhbth) my;yJ ,uz;Lk; kw;Wk;
jhdpaq;fs;> ntw;wpiy (iggu; ntw;wpiy) kw;Wk; ehzaq;fs; nghUth kPJ
rpjwbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kyu;fs; gpwg;G> gUtkiljy;> jpUkzk; kw;Wk; ,wg;G Nghd;w xU
egupd; midj;J rlq;FfSld; njhlu;Gilait. kyu;fs; gy md;whl rka kw;Wk; kj rhu;gw;w
eltbf;iffspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kyu;fs; epfo;tpw;F moF Nru;f;fpd;wd kw;Wk;
Kf;fpakhf gpr;rh (ky;ypif) Nghd;w ntt;NtW G+f;fspd; nts;is epwk; kPz;Lk; moifAk;
J}a;ikiaAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. kyu;fs; R+oypy; xU kupahijf;Fupa jd;ikiar; Nru;f;fpd;wd>
Vndd;why; jpUkzk; vd;gJ ve;jnthU jdpegupd; 'tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapd; Nghf;fpy; epfOk;
epiy khw;wq;fSld;' kpf Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; rk;gpujhakhd rlq;fhFk;.
ney; kw;Wk jhdpaj;Jld; $ba muprp tho;f;ifapd; czthf epw;fpwJ. ve;jnthU ngupatUk;
jq;fs; Foe;ijfNsh my;yJ Gjpa tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fg; NghFk; ,isa jiyKiwapdNuh gl;bdp
fplg;gij tpUk;Gtjpy;iy> vdNt mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; vtUf;Fk; Vuhskhd czT
Kf;fpakhdJ. nghWthapy; rpjwpf;fplf;Fk; ney;> muprp kw;Wk; jhdpaq;fs;>
jk;gjpaupd; vjpu;fhy tho;f;if mtu;fspd; gpiog;Gf;F cztpy;yhky; ,Uf;fhJ vd;gij
rpj;jupf;fpwJ. rpq;fstu;fs; Kf;fpakhf tptrha r%fkhf ,Ue;jjhy;> FLk;gj;jpd; jd;dpiwT
kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. vdNt> jk;gjpaupd; FLk;gj;jpd; vjpu;fhyk; Vuhskhd czTfshy;
MrPu;tjpf;fg;gLk; vd;gij ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.

tpupf;fg;gl;l ntw;wpiyfSk; cztpd; nropg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ‘gj;j Gyj;jpd; rUNty’

(muprp kw;Wk; ntw;wpiyapy; nropg;G) vd;W rpq;fstu;fs; jq;fs; ,jag;G+u;tkhd
tho;j;Jf;fspy; xU gonkhopiaf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ghj;jh vd;why; muprp vd;Wk; Gyjh
vd;why; ntw;wpiy vd;Wk; nghUs;. xUtd; Fspj;jhy; mtd; grpahy; thLtjpy;iy vd;W
nghUs;. ntw;wpiy gy topfspy; rpq;fstu;fspd; tho;tpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. xUtuJ
tho;tpd; midj;J Kf;fpakhd epfo;TfspYk; ntw;wpiyfs; neUf;fj;ijg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s
czthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> ,J xU tifahd miog;G kw;Wk; tho;j;J. Mf> ntw;wpiy
vd;gJ rpq;fstu;fspd; tho;tpy; gpupf;f Kbahj xU mq;fk;. ehf cyfj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntw;wpiyfs;
kdpj cyfj;jpw;F nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wd vd;W rpq;fstu;fs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;
(ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; rpwe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; xd;W). vdNt mjw;F xU tifahd kupahij cs;sJ.
nghUth kPJ glu;e;jpUf;Fk; ehzaq;fs;> jk;gjpfs; kpfTk; Njitahd kw;Wk; tpUk;gpa
nghUshjhu my;yJ epjp epiyj;jd;ikiag; ngWthu;fs; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

nghUthtpd; ehd;F gf;fq;fspYk; ghid (Areca catechu) my;yJ Njq;fha; kyu;fshy;

myq;fupf;fg;gl;l ehd;F 'Gd;fyq;fs;' (nropg;igf; Fwpf;Fk; kz; ghidfs;) itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it
nropg;igf; Fwpf;f itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt> xU Gq;fyhrj;jpd; moifg; glk;gpbg;gtu;
kfpo;r;rpailfpwhu;> NkYk; mtuJ vjpu;fhy tho;f;ifapy; kpfTk; jPtpukhd gq;if tfpf;fg;
NghFk; xU egUf;F cstpay; jpUg;jp kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. j;Ujuh];lh> tpUjh> tpUghf;]h
kw;Wk; it];utzd; Mfpa ehd;F Njq;fha; vz;nza; tpsf;Ffs; ehd;F gf;fq;fspYk; Vw;wp
itf;fg;gLk;. jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; jk;gjpfs;> mtu;fspd; ey;y kw;Wk; nfl;l
fhyq;fspy; ,e;j nja;tPf rf;jpfshy; ghJfhf;fg;gLthu;fs; vd;gij ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.

jk;gjpfs; jq;fs; khkhf;fshy; Rg Neuj;jpy; nghWthf;F mioj;J tug;gLtu;.; jhapd; %j;j

my;yJ ,isa rNfhjuu;. ,e;jr; nraYf;Fr; rupahd fhuzk; ,y;iynad;whYk;> gy Mz;Lfshfg;
nghWth rlq;Ffis elj;jp tUk; Kjpatu; xUtu;> jq;iff;F Jd;gk; Vw;gl;lhy; my;yJ Jd;gk;
Vw;glhky; je;ijf;Fg; gpwF nghWg;Ngw;gJ mz;zd;jhd; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtu;. vdNt
jhapd; rNfhjud; jdf;F ve;jf; f];lkhd Neuj;jpYk; jdJ cwtpdupd; nghWg;ig
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhf mq;fpUe;jtu;fsplk; kiwKfkhff; $WtJ rpq;fstu;fspilNa tof;fkhf ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ.

jk;gjpfs; kw;Wk; khkhf;fs; nghUth kPJ fhyb vLj;J itf;Fk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpir cs;sJ.
rpq;fs ngsj;j kugpy; kf;fs; ‘Neuk;’ kw;Wk; ‘jpir’ Fwpj;J mjpf mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
mtu;fspd; [hjfj;jpd; fpufq;fspd; ,af;fj;jpd;gb mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; ‘ey;y’ kw;Wk;
‘nfl;l’ Neuq;fs; ,Ug;gjhf mtu;fs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. vdNt vijAk; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;>
mtu;fSf;F rpwe;j KbTfisj; jUk; ‘ey;y’ Neuj;ij mtu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jpirAk;
mg;gbj;jhd;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy; ghu;j;J jdJ Ntiyiaj; njhlq;fpdhy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
nja;tPf rf;jpapd; jhf;fk; me;j egu; kPJ ,Uf;Fk; vd;W mtu;fs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;.
nghUj;jkw;w my;yJ Nkhrkhd Neuj;jpy; xU jpiriag; ghu;j;J Ntiyiaj; njhlq;fpdhy;> mtu;
tpUk;gj;jfhj gyidg; ngWthu;. vdNt nghUth tpohtpYk; tho;f;ifapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; NeuKk;
jpirAk; Kf;fpak;.

Rg Ntisapy; khkd;khu;fshy; jk;gjpfis nghUthf;F mioj;J tUk;NghJ rq;Ffs; Koq;f>

Nksk; Koq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU rpwg;G epfo;Tfs; eilngWtij kw;wtu;fSf;F njuptpg;gjw;F
rpq;fstu;fspilNa cs;s kw;nwhU toikahd eilKiw my;yJ rlq;F. rq;F Xirfs; nraypd;
fz;zpak; kw;Wk; fk;gPuj;ij ek;g itf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oiy mtw;wpd;
mofpa xypfshy; epug;Gtu;. buk;]; thrpg;gJ midj;J Kf;fpa epfo;TfspYk; nghJthd eilKiw
my;yJ rlq;F. kFy; nghWthtpd; (xU tif buk;) rj;jk; Rw;wpAs;s KOtijAk; xU trPfukhd
kw;Wk; fk;gPukhd R+o;epiyAld; epug;GfpwJ.

nghWth tpohtpy; Kjypy; nra;ag;gLtJ kzkfSf;F Milfs; kw;Wk; eiffis mzptpg;gJ.

tUq;fhy fztdpd; md;igAk; mf;fiwiaAk; kidtp ngWtjhy; ngz;Zf;Fj; Njitahd xd;W.
kzkfSf;F myq;fhuk; nra;tjd; %yk; fztd; mij nghUth kPJ FwpaPlhfr; nra;fpwhu;> vdNt
mtu; jdJ tUq;fhy kidtpf;F mbg;gilj; Njitfis toq;fg; Nghfpwhu; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L
kw;w gq;Nfw;ghsu;fSf;F ep&gpf;fpwhu;. eiffis myq;fupg;gJk; FwpaPlhf khWfpwJ>
Vnddpy; eiffs; fztd; kidtp kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; kjpg;igAk; nghUshjhu ghJfhg;igAk;
Fwpf;fpwJ.

jk;gjpfs; nghUth “m];lfh” (nghWthtpy; Xjg;gl;l ruzq;fs;) kPJ Vw;wg;gl;l NghJ>

Gjpjhf jpUkzkhd jk;gjpfSf;F nja;tq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw kdpj my;yJ kdpjuy;yhj rf;jpfspd;
MrPu;thjq;fisj; J}z;Ltjw;fhf ngsj;j gpf;Fthy; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,uz;L
tajhd Mz;fs; ,ijr; nra;tjpy; ,U jug;igAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. ,e;j m];lfq;fs;
nja;tPf rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; MrPu;thjq;fisg; ngWtJ kl;Lky;yhky;> kf;fspd; “jPa fz;” kw;Wk;
“jPa tha;” Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu;g;gjw;Fk; jPq;fpiof;Fk; fpufq;fspd; jhf;fq;fisf;
Fiwg;gjw;Fk; MFk;. vdNt nkhj;jj;jpy; ,e;j ‘n[akq;fy fjh’ (Mrpu;thj trdq;fs;)
jk;gjpaupd; vjpu;fhy tho;f;ifia rpwg;ghf;fp tho;j;Jk; tifapy; ghlg;gLfpwJ my;yJ
ghuhazk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

m];lfj;ij cr;rupf;Fk; NghJ my;yJ XJk;NghJ xU jpUkzj;ij elj;Jgtuhy;> kzkfd; kw;Wk;

kzkfdpd; Rsq;fpypia (rpwpa tpuy;fis) xU E}yhy; fl;Lfpwhu;. ,e;j cwT vd;nwd;Wk;
epiyj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;> jk;gjpfs; gpupe;JtplNth my;yJ tpthfuj;J nra;aNth $lhJ
vd;gij ,J Fwpf;fpwJ. $l;lj;jpd; Kd; fl;Lk; nray; kzkfDf;Fk; kzkfSf;Fk; xU r%f
mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; tho;tpay; mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; mspf;fpwJ> Vnddpy; gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs;
midtUk; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;gtu;fs;. mtu;fspd; iffs; ,izf;fg;gl;L mtu;fs;
kPJ jz;zPu; Cw;wg;gLfpwJ. goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj jz;zPu; kw;nwhU rpd;dk;. jz;zPu;
vd;gJ tho;f;if> mJ ,y;yhky; ahUk; tho KbahJ. vdNt mtu;fspd; iffspy; jz;zPu;
Cw;wpdhy; mtu;fs; vjpu;fhy tho;f;ifapy; vjw;Fk; Fiwa khl;lhu;fs;. jz;zPu; gha;tJ
Nghy> mtu;fs; fdT fz;l tplaq;fs; mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; ePu; Nghy Fiwtpd;wp
Vw;gl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; ,jid nra;tu;.

kzkfd; gpd;du; kzkfspd; jha;f;F gy mu;j;jq;fisf; nfhz;l fpup fl Nriy my;yJ nub fr;rp
(nts;is Jzpapd; Ftpay;) xd;iw guprhf mspf;fpwhu;. Kjyhtjhf> tUq;fhy kidtpapd;
jha; ,Jtiu kzkfis tsu;g;gjpy; mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fSf;F ,J jpUg;gpr; nrYj;JtjhFk;. ,e;j nraypd;
Guhz jhf;fq;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. xf;fhf;fh kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; kuGg;gb> khyjpapd; kfs;>
gpuhkzuhd Rg;ukzpadpd; kfDf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;J itf;fg;gl;lhs;> kzg;ngz;zpd; jha;
kfspd; gpupitj; jhq;f Kbahky; moj; njhlq;fpdhs;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; kzkfd; kzkfspd; jhapd;
fz;zPiu eidf;f xU Jzpia nfhLj;jhu;. vdNt tUq;fhy khkpahUf;F ed;wp nrYj;j kzkfd; xU
rlq;fhf Jzp Ftpay; guprspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W rpq;fs ngsj;ju;fs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. njhlu;e;J
kzkfd;> kzkfs; ,UtUk; ,U jug;gpdupYk; cs;s ngupatu;fs; kw;Wk; cwtpdu;fSf;F
ntw;wpiy toq;FtNjhL nghUth tpoh epiwtilfpwJ. (jp];] fhupatrk;> 1973> ‘rpq;fstupd;
fyhrhu jd;ikfs;’.)

tUq;fhy khkpahUf;F ed;wp nrYj;j ntw;wpiy toq;Fjy;

ntw;wpiyapd; xt;nthU jz;Lf;Fk; ehw;gJ ntw;wpiyfs; cs;sd> ,J mtu;fspd; iffspYk;

fhy;fspYk; nfhLg;gtu; kw;Wk; ngWgtupd; tpuy;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Kjy; VO
jz;Lfs; ,we;j kw;Wk; kiwe;j '`j; Kj;J guk;guhth' (VO jiyKiwfs;) epidthf
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J ed;wp nrYj;Jk; nrayhFk;> Mdhy; ,e;j ntw;wpiyfis ahUk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjjhy; nghUtpd; gf;fk; tpOe;J tpLfpd;wd. ,d;iwa jiyKiwia ,e;j epiyf;F
cau;j;j fle;j jiyKiwapdu; nra;j Jd;gq;fisAk; jpahfq;fisAk; mq;fPfupg;gijAk; ,e;j rlq;F
Fwpf;fpwJ.

xU Rg Ntisapy; jk;gjpfs; nghUtpy; ,Ue;J ,wq;Fk;NghJ> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fisj; jhf;Fk;

jPa jhf;fq;fis tpul;l Njq;fha; cilf;fg;gLfpwJ. gq;Nfw;ghsu;fspd; fz;fs; ,e;j
nraypy; ,Uf;Fk;> Vndd;why; Njq;fhia rupahf ,uz;L gFjpfshf cilj;jhy; jk;gjpaupd;
vjpu;fhyk; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W mtu;fs; midtUk; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. ,y;iynadpy;> mJ
xU jPa rFdkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjpahf muprp my;yJ ney;> gzk;> cilfs; kw;Wk;
ntw;wpiy Mfpait Njhgpf;F (uh[f rhjpiar; Nru;e;j Jitg;gtu; my;yJ ngz;)
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. nghWth rlq;fpd; KO nray;KiwAk; mtu;fspd; Fwpg;gpl;l gq;if
ed;wpAzu;T kw;Wk; kzkfspd; FLk;gj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk;. Nritfspd; kjpg;gPL ,y;yhky;
Kbf;f KbahJ vd;gjhy;> ryit nra;gtUf;F my;yJ Jitf;Fk; ngz;Zf;F gzk;> czT kw;Wk;
cilfs; Nghd;w gy nghUl;fs; guprspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cs;Su; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; 'J}a;ik'
(J}a;ik my;yJ J}a;ikapd; epiy) kw;Wk; fpy;yh (J}a;ik my;yJ J}a;ikaw;w epiy)
Mfpa ,uz;L Kf;fpa fUj;Jfisf; ifahs;gtu;fs; mtu;fs;.( jp];] fhupatrk;> 1973> ‘rpq;fstupd;
fyhrhu jd;ikfs;’.)

nghWth tpoh jiyKiw jiyKiwahf gy khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkw;fj;jpa

ghuk;gupaj;jpd; nry;thf;Fld; Kf;fhL mzptJ> Nkhjpuq;fs; gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk;
Nkw;fj;jpa cil Mfpatw;iwf; fhzyhk;. vdNt> r%ftpay; my;yJ khDltpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;
nghWth tpohitf; ftdpf;Fk; vtUk;> ,J fhyg;Nghf;fpy; khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;l gy rpwpa
rlq;Ffis cs;slf;fpa xU ngupa rlq;fhf khwpapUg;gijf; ftdpf;fyhk;. ,t;thwhf rpq;fs jpUkz
eilKiwapy; ce;Jut Nfhwis kf;fspilNa jw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thwhd epfo;TfSld; kzkfis ahidapy;
itj;J mku;j;jp kzkfd; tPL mioj;J tUk; kuG fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid trjp gilj;j kf;fs;
ngUikf;fhf jw;fhyj;jpy; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,jw;F fhuzk; jkJ fyg;ngUik ,jdhy; rpwf;fpd;wJ
vd ek;gfpd;wdu;. ( jfty;- #upatk;r Muhr;rpyh`pkpd; : Xa;T nrd;w gpuNjr nrayf jiytu;
taJ- 83)

xUtu; ,we;jgpd; nra;Ak; rlq;Ffs;

rpq;fstu; xUtu; ,we;j gpd;du;> ,we;jtupd; Kfj;ij iff;Fl;ilahy; %b> ngUtpuy;fis xd;whff;
fl;Ltu;. gpd; mtUf;F mUfpy; vz;nza; tpsf;Ffs; Vw;wg;gLfpd;wd> gLf;ifapy; G+f;fs;
tpupj;J mjd;Nky; ,we;jtupd; cly; itf;fg;gLk;> ,utpy; kj Gj;jfq;fs; gbf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jfdk; nra;tjw;F cly;fs; jahu; epiyapy; itf;fg;gLk;. Jwtpfs; my;yhjtu;fSf;fhd ,Wjpr;
rlq;Ffs; %d;W my;yJ ehd;F ehl;fSf;F Kd;djhf> ,we;jtupd; tPl;bw;F FLk;gj;jpdu;>
ez;gu;fs;> rf gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; maytu;fs; tUif jUthu;fs;> mq;F cliy jpwe;j
rtg;ngl;bapy; itj;J kf;fs; ghu;itf;fhf itj;jpUg;gu;. (Cengage Learning, 2009, jhk;rd; Nfy;)

,Wjpr; rlq;fpw;F Kd; ,we;jtupd; cly; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ,utpy; Fiwe;jJ xd;W

my;yJ ,uz;L egu;fs; ,we;jtUld; ,uT KOtJk; tpopj;jpUg;ghu;fs;> rpy rkaq;fspy; rpwpJ
Neuk; J}q;Fthu;fs;. ,utpd; VfNghfj;ijAk;> mjpy; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; mikjpiaAk; cilf;f ,J
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gioa ehl;fspy;> ngUk;ghYk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;> Gfo;ngw;;w
'nt];]e;juh [hjfah' kpfTk; kdr;Nrhu;tile;j njhdpapy; thrpf;fg;gl;lJ.(Rthkpd; t`d;] : gpf;F)

rpq;fstu;fspd; kuzr; rlq;Ffs; kpfTk; tpupthdit> nghJthf ,we;jtu;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; kj

jiytu;fSld; ,ize;J rlq;Ffis nra;thu;fs;. cly;fs; Kjypy; kjr;rhu;gw;w> kUj;Jtr; nray;ghl;by;
vk;ghkpq; nra;ag;gl;L> gpd;du; ,Wjpr; rlq;FfSf;fhf FLk;gq;fSf;Fj; jpUg;gp
mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd> ,jpy; $l;Lf; FLk;gk; kw;Wk; czTg; gfpu;T> mlf;fk; my;yJ jfdk;
Mfpait mlq;Fk;. (Mjhuk;: ghk;gp vy;. rhgpd; kw;Wk; fypq;fh bA+lu; rpy;th> “ehLfs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; fyhr;rhuq;fs;”> jp Nfy; F&g; ,d;f;.> 2001)

ngsj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;Jf;fs; kj;jpapy;> cly; xU thuk; tiu %jhijau; tPl;by; itf;fg;gLfpwJ>
mNj Neuj;jpy; ,we;jtUf;F ey;y kWgpwg;ig cWjp nra;tjw;fhf gytpjkhd rlq;Ffs;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. clypy; ,Ue;J tUk; khRghl;bypUe;J FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fisg; ghJfhf;f
njhlu;r;rpahd Rj;jpfupg;G rlq;FfSk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. kQ;rs; epw Jzp ,we;j
JwtpfSf;F ,lg;gLk;> Vidatu;fSf;F ,Wjpr; rlq;FfSld; njhlu;Gila epwk; nts;is. xU
kuzj;ijj; njhlu;e;J> ,we;jtupd; epiyf;F Vw;g nts;is Ngdu;fs;> nfhbfs; kw;Wk; gpw
myq;fhuq;fs; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

xU ngsj;j ,y;yj;jpy; xUtu; ,we;jhy;> cly; Nkw;F Nehf;fp jiyia itg;gu;. jPa Fk;gypd;
jiytuhd it];utzd; vDk; NtrKdp flTspd; ,Ug;gplk; ,J vd;gJ ek;gpf;if. mtu; ghjhs cyfj;jpd;
mjpgjpahd Ntkhdpf;f gpNujuh[h vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; akhtpd; topfhl;Ljypd;
fPo; ,Uf;fpwhu;. ,we;jtupd; jFjpfs; kw;Wk; jPikfs; kw;Wk; G+kpapy; mtu; nra;j
nray;fSf;fhf mtu; jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh my;yJ ntFkjp ngw Ntz;Lkh vd;gij akh
jPu;khdpg;ghu; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. (Mjhuk;: Mu;ajhr uj;drpq;f> ngsj;jupd;
fyhrhuk;> nka;epfu; E}yfk;)
Rpq;fs kf;fspilNa akd; Ntj rh];jpuq;fspd; FNtuh vdg;gLfpd;whu;. mtuJ J}ju;fs;
'nghy;fpr;rh' kw;Wk; 'fdNfhfh' gwitfs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ> ,itfspd; xypfis kf;fs; Nfl;f
gag;gLfpwhu;fs;> mJ jPikia Kd;dwptpf;fpwJ vd;Wk; kuzj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ vd;w
ek;gpf;ifiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ve;j xU ,Wjpr; rlq;fpYk;> Rtupy; njhq;Fk; FLk;gg;
Gifg;glq;fs;> ,we;jtu;fspd; neUq;fpa cwtpdu;fs;> kw;Wk;> xUNtis> capUld; ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ mtUf;Fj; njupe;j kw;wtu;fspd; Gifg;glq;fs; jpUg;gp itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;L
kdpju;fSf;F ,ilNaahd gupr;rak; kw;Wk; xU kdpjDf;Fk; Mtpf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s gupr;rak;
rkkhf ,y;yhjjhy;> gaDs;sij tpl jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; vd;W fUjg;gLk; ,we;jtu;fspd; Mtp
mtu;fspy; ahiuAk; Ml;nfhs;shky; jLf;f ,J nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

,we;j cliy Kjypy; fhy; gf;fkhf ntspNa vLj;Jr; nry;tJ tof;fk;. ,J xU Nehf;fj;Jld;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ> ,Ug;gpDk; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; ,ijg; gw;wp mwptjpy;iy. Mtp tPl;bw;Fj;
jpUk;Gtijj; jLg;gjw;fhf ,t;thW nra;ag;gLtjhf ek;Gfpd;wdu;. ,J ,we;jtu;fSf;F
tPl;bypUe;J fy;yiwf;F nry;Yk; ghijiaf; fz;lwpa cjTfpwJ vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. gpzj;ij
tPl;il tpl;L ntspNa vLf;Fk; tiu> ,uTk; gfYk; vupAk; vz;nza; tpsf;Ffs; vupe;J
nfhz;bUg;gJ nghJthd fhl;rpahFk;. kpd;rhuk; cs;s tPLfspy; $l ,e;j tpsf;Ffs; tof;fk; Nghy;
vupe;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. vz;nza; tpsf;FfSf;Fg; gjpyhf igiar; Rw;wp rpy “tpsf;Ffs;”
(rpwpa “ghz;lq;fs;” my;yJ xspUk; jPgq;fs;) Vw;wp itg;gJ gioa ehl;fspy;
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. Guhzf; fUj;jhf;fk; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ tPl;bw;Fs; MNuhf;fpakhd
R+oiy cUthf;FfpwJ> Vnddpy; mOFk; clypy; ,Ue;J ntspg;gLk; mUtUg;ghd v/g;shtpah
xf;]p[Dld; cwpQ;rg;gl;L jPg;gpok;Gfshy; vupf;fg;gLfpwJ. (Mu;ajhr uj;drpq;f> nghsj;j
fyhrhuk;> tpu;r;Rty; iyg;uup ,yq;if)

vdNt> vz;nza; tpsf;Ffs; Vw;wg;gLtJ mwptpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. Njhy; Neha;fshy;

mtjpg;gLk; rpyUf;F ,JNghd;w khRgl;l fhw;wpdhy; myu;[p Vw;gl;L> fhaq;fs;> Gz;fs;
cs;stu;fs; $l Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;ifahf ,Wjpr; rlq;Ffspy; fye;Jnfhs;tjpy;iy. xU
rtg;ngl;biaj; Nju;e;njLg;gjpy;> mJ ,we;j egupd; msTf;F xj;Jg;Nghfpwjh vd;gij
ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tPl;bw;F nfhz;L tUk;NghJ> mJ ngupajhf ,Ue;jhy;> FLk;gj;jpy;
kw;nwhU kuzj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w %lek;gpf;ifiag; Nghf;f> xU Kl;ilia
fhy;fSf;F mUfpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. rtg;ngl;bapy; cs;s $Ljy; ,lj;jhy; Vw;gLk; 'eu gpy;yh'
(xU kdpjdpd; jpahfk;) jPa nry;thf;if Kl;il eLepiyahf;Ftjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

,Wjpr; rlq;F
gpf;Ffs; (Jwtpfs;) ,Wjpr; rlq;fpw;F jiyik jhq;Ffpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; cau; gjtpapy; cs;s
gpf;F xU RUf;fkhd gpurq;fj;ij toq;Fthu;. ,Wjpr; rlq;fpy; fye;J nfhs;gtu;fs;> kuzj;jpd;
khRghl;bypUe;J jq;fis tpLtpg;gjw;fhf Fspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
cwtpdu;fSf;F vspa czT cz;L. neUq;fpa cwtpdu;fs; nts;is Milfis mzpthu;fs;. (Cengage
Learning, 2009)

xU Kf;fpakhd rlq;F> JwtpfSf;F xU ePskhd Gjpa nts;is Jzpia toq;FtJ. ghk;RFyh vd;W
miof;fg;gLk;. Jzp - Jz;Lfshf ntl;lg;gl;L gpd;du; xU Nkyq;fpapy; ijf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(fhupatrk; V.[p.v];> “,yq;ifapd; ngsj;j rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; rlq;Ffs;”) mij toq;fpa
gpwF> ,we;jtupd; neUq;fpa cwtpdu;fs; xU ghapy; xd;whf mku;e;J> kupahijf;Fupa
Njhuizia vLj;Jf;nfhs;thu;fs;> NkYk; mtu;fs; xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,Ue;J jz;zPiu xU jl;by;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfhg;igapy; Cw;Wfpwhu;fs;. Nfhg;ig epuk;gp topAk; tiu. jz;zPu;
Cw;wg;gLk; NghJ> Jwtpfs; Fj;jfghjj;jpd; jpNuhFj;j Rj;jj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l
gpd;tUk; tupfis xUkpj;j Fuypy; xypf;fpwhu;fs;: “cd;dNk clfk; tl;lk; ajh epd;dk;
ghtj;jjp VtNkt ,Njh jpd;dk; Ngjhdk; cgfg;gb. tupt` Guh gupG+Nue;jp ]hfuk;
VtNkt ,Njh jpe;ehk; Ngjhehk;”.
nghUs; :cau;e;j epyj;jpy; tpOk; ePu; vt;thW fPo;kl;lj;jpw;Fg; gha;fpwNjh>
mt;thNw ,q;fpUe;J nfhLf;fg;gLtJk; gpupe;jtu;fSf;Fr; NrUk;. epuk;gp topAk; MWfs;
fliy epug;GtJ Nghy> ,q;fpUe;J nfhLf;fg;gLtJk; gpupe;jtu;fSf;Fr; NrUfpwJ. (fhupatrk;
V.[p.v];> 1995> “,yq;ifapd; ngsj;j rlq;Ffs;;”)

,e;j Kiwapy; jz;zPu; Cw;WtJ mDjhg ke;jpuj; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j xU rlq;Fr; nrayhFk;> ,J
xU tifahd jf;fpdh my;yJ gpurhjkhf ,we;jtu;fSf;F khw;wg;gl;l jFjpapd; ed;ik gaf;Fk;
kuGupikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. KO rlq;Fk; fUizapd; nrayhFk;> ,jd; %yk; ,we;jtu;fSf;F jFjp
khw;wg;gLfpwJ> ,jdhy; mtu;fs; gpwe;jpUf;ff;$ba ve;j kfpo;r;rpaw;w
kz;lyj;jpypUe;Jk; mtu;fs; epthuzk; ngwyhk;. vd;w ek;gpf;ifAk; ,tu;fsplj;jpy; cz;L.

rpy gFjpfspy;> rlyj;ij jfdk; nra;a my;yJ Gijg;gjw;fhf tPl;il tpl;L ntspNa vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;
tiu Rkhu; Ie;J epkplq;fSf;F tPl;Lf;Fs;NsNa jdpikg;gLj;jp itf;Fk; tof;fk; cs;sJ.
xt;nthUtUk; tPl;il tpl;L ntspNaw;wg;gl;L;> vy;yh [d;dy;fSk; fjTfSk; %lg;gl;Lk;> ,J
jPa Fk;gy; ,we;j cliyf; ifg;gw;wp> gpd;jq;fpapUf;fhky;> fhu;nl[{ld; ntspNaw cjTfpwJ.
,q;F jPa Mtpfs; ,Uspy; nray;gLtjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ> mjid ntspNaw;Wk;
Nehf;fj;jpw;F ,r; nrad;Kiw cjTfpwJ vd;Wk; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. (Mu;ajhr uj;drpq;f>
nka;epfu; E}yfk;)
ngsj;j ,Wjp Cu;tyq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; giw mbg;gJ ,lk;ngWk;. fy;yiwf;F nry;Yk;
topapy;> kzy; Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; tz;b xd;W fy;yiwf;F Kd;dhy; nrd;W> fy;yiw
kahdj;jpw;F topelj;Jk;. gz;ila tof;fj;jpd;gb> kzy; rhiyapy; tPrg;gLfpwJ. rpy rkaq;fspy;
rpwpa fhRfis vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; vtUf;Fk; njhz;L nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;jpy; kzYld;
tPrg;gLfpd;wd. “nghup”Ak; (tWj;j rhjk;) jPa rf;jpfshy; <u;f;fg;gLk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifapd; ghu;itapy; tPrg;gLfpwJ.

gioa ehl;fspy;> tPLfspy; cs;stu;fs;> J}uj;jpYs;s fpuhkq;fspy; ,Ue;J>

kiwe;jtu;fSf;F ,Wjp mQ;ryp nrYj;Jtjw;Fk;> me;jp rhAk; Kd; jpUk;gp tu Kbahj
fhuzj;jhy;> cwtpdu;fs; kw;Wk; cwtpdu;fis jq;f itg;gJ tof;fk;. ,e;j eilKiw ,d;Dk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; czT 'khyh ghj;jh' vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ> ,J cyu;-kPd;
kw;Wk; G+rzpf;fhAld; rikj;j fwpfSld; toq;fg;gLk; vspa rhjkhFk;. Mdhy;> ,d;W> rpy
tPLfspy;> ,Wjpr; rlq;fpy; fye;J nfhz;ljw;F ed;wp njuptpf;Fk; tifapy;> 'khyh ghj;jh'Tf;F
khw;whf> gp];fl; kw;Wk; Fspu;ghdq;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

kWGwk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; Nkhrkhf ,Ue;j me;jf; fhyj;jpy;> ,Wjpr; rlq;fpy; fye;J
nfhs;s te;jtu;fs;> rupahd Neuj;jpy; jpUk;g Kbatpy;iyahdhy;> ,utpy; jq;fp> kWehs;
fhiyapy; Gwg;gl;ldu;. grpia Nghf;f 'khyh ghj;jh'it rpwg;ghf gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,e;j czitg;
gw;wp> fpwp];jt iggps; $WfpwJ: "gf;jpAs;s kdpjDk; flTSf;Fg; gae;jtDk; kf;fSf;F
kpfTk; gpr;ir mspj;J> flTsplk; vg;NghJk; n[gpj;jhd;" (mg;Ngh];jyu; 10:
2). ,J ,we;jtu;fspd; ngaupy; nra;ag;gLk; njhz;Lfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

ngsj;j ,Wjpr; rlq;Ff;Fg; gpwF

,Wjpr; rlq;fpw;Fg; gpwF ,we;jtupd; tPl;by; VO ehl;fSf;F czT

jahupf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.maytu;fshYk; cwtpdu;fshYNk czT toq;fg;gLk;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;
Jwtpfshy; Ntjke;jpuq;fspd; rlq;F kw;Wk; ,we;jtupd; FLk;gj;jhy; ,we;jtUf;F
nra;ag;gLk; jFjp gupkhw;w rlq;Fld; ,Wjpr; rlq;Ffs; KbtilfpwJ. ,Wjpr; rlq;fpw;F
%d;W khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwFk;> mjw;Fg; gpwF xt;nthU tUlhe;j Mz;L tpohtpYk; jFjpr;
rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; epidTr; rlq;Ffs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. (“Ntu;y;l;khu;f; vd;irf;NshgPbah
M/g; upyp[pa]; gpuhf;b];”> jhk;rd; Nfy;> 2006)

NkNy tptupf;fg;gl;l nray;fSld; ,ize;J> ngsj;ju;fs; VohtJ ehs; kw;Wk; %d;whtJ khjk;
kw;Wk; xU tUlj;jpd; Kbtpy; gpf;FfSf;F “jhdk;” toq;Ffpwhu;fs;> ,J fl;lhakhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j gpurhjq;fspd; jFjpfs; ,we;jtu;fSf;F khw;wg;gLfpd;wd>
mtu;fSf;F ,we;j gpd;du; cs;s tho;f;ifapd; Jaukhd epiyapy; ,Ue;J jg;gpf;f cjTfpd;wd.
ngsj;ju;fs; “kuzk; epr;rakhdJ> tho;f;if epr;rakw;wJ vd;Wk; ,aw;ifahd epfo;T> gpwe;j
xt;nthUtUk; xU ehs; ,wf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;fs;”. ,JNt tho;f;ifapd; KbT.
(fhupatrk; V.[p.v];> 1995> “,yq;ifapd; ngsj;j rlq;Ffs;”>)

kjf-gdh my;yJ “,we;jtu;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf gpurq;fk;” rlq;Ff;fhf> xU Jwtp ,we;jtupd;

tPl;bw;Fr; nry;tJ tof;fkhd eilKiwahFk;. ,Wjpr; rlq;fpw;Fg; gpwF %d;whk; ehs; (my;yJ
vg;NghjhtJ xU thuj;jpw;Fs; VNjDk; xU ehspy;) me;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
xU gpurq;fj;ijg; gpurq;fpf;Fk;gb mtiuf; NfhUtJ. mjd;gb> ,we;jtupd; cwtpdu;fs;
kw;Wk; tPl;bd; mz;il tPl;lhiuj; jtpu;f;f Kbahky; $bapUe;j ghu;itahsu;fSf;F mtu; Rkhu;
xU kzpNeuk; nghUj;jkhd gpurq;fj;ij elj;Jfpwhu;. gpurq;fj;jpd; Kbtpy;> Jwtp> epfo;it
xOq;fikg;gjd; %yk; ngw;w jFjpfis ,we;jtUf;F khw;Wtjw;F Njitahd ruzq;fis
cwtpdu;fsplk; $Wfpwhu;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J> Jwtpf;F gupR toq;fg;gLfpwJ> NkYk;
miof;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F rpw;Wz;bAk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. (fhupatrk; V.[p.v];> 1995>
“,yq;ifapd; ngsj;j rlq;Ffs;”>)

“,we;j ehspypUe;J %d;W khjq;fSf;F> ,we;jtupd; epidthf md;djhdk; (rq;fpfh jhdk;)

elj;JtJk;> gpd;du; mij Mz;LNjhWk; kPz;Lk; nra;tJk; tof;fk;. Kd;G $wg;gl;l rlq;Ffisg;
NghyNt> ,q;Fk; ,we;jtUf;F Gz;zpaj;ij toq;FtNj Nehf;fkhFk;. vdNt ,J ,we;jtu;fspd;
ngaupy; fhzpf;if vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ (klfh-lhdh). ,we;j cwtpdu; xU
kfpo;r;rpaw;w ,Ug;gpy; (mjhtJ> xU gPl;lh my;yJ kfpo;r;rpaw;w Mtpahf) kPz;Lk;
gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> mtu; my;yJ mts; jdJ capUs;s cwtpdu;fs; ,e;j topapy; jFjpia khw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;g;gJ eilKiwapd; mbg;gilahFk;. Mtpfs; my;yJ gPlhf;fs;
jhq;fshfNt ve;j xU Gz;zpa nraiyAk; nra;a ,ayhJ. epue;jukhf ,Uf;Fk; mtu;fspd; grpAk;
jhfKk; $l ,e;j Kiwapy;jhd; jzpAk;. vdNt mtu;fs; kw;wtu;fshy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lijg;
nghWj;J tho;fpwhu;fs;. (gujj;j-cg[Ptp) vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,e;j tof;fk;
Gj;jupd; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,Ue;jijf; fhzyhk;> kd;du; gpk;gprhuu; jdJ gpupe;j
cwtpdu;fspd; FOthy; Jd;GWj;jg;gl;lhu;> mtu;fs; ngaupy; Gj;jUf;F gpr;ir toq;fj;
jtwpajhy;> gPlhf;fshf kPz;Lk; gpwe;jhu;. Gj;jupd; Ntz;LNfhspd;gb ,J
epiwNtwpaTld;> gPl;lhf;fs; kfpo;r;rpaile;J NkYk; ve;j gpur;ridAk; nfhLf;fhky;
epWj;jpdu; (KhpA. 202.gf;-19 Fwpg;gpl;ltu;- Rthkpd; t`d;] gpf;F). Gj;ju; Kd;du;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jpNuhFj;j R+j;jpuj;ij cgNjrpj;j re;ju;g;gk; ,JthFk;> NkYk; ,e;j rlq;Ffs;
nra;ag;gl;lTld;> ,e;j jpUg;jpahd Mtpfs; ed;nfhilahsu;fis MrPu;tjpf;Fk; vd;W NkYk;
$WfpwJ.
,e;j rlq;Ffs;> rpy topfspy; ,e;Jf;fspd; rpuhj;j rlq;Ffis xj;jpUg;gij ,q;Nf Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Gj;jupd; $w;Wg;gb> ngl;lhf;fshf kPz;Lk; gpwe;j> ,we;j cwtpdu;fs; kl;LNk ,e;j
ed;ikiag; ngw KbAk; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ (A.v> 269gf;.). xU kuzj;jpd; Mz;Ltpoh
FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fshy; nra;ag;gLk; rlq;FfshYk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. (jp];] fhupatrk;>
1973> ‘rpq;fstupd; fyhrhu jd;ikfs;’. fhupatrk; V.[p.v];> 1995> “,yq;ifapd; ngsj;j
rlq;Ffs;;”)

Foe;ij gpwe;jJk; nra;ag;gLk; rlq;Ffs;

rpq;fstu;fspilNa gpwe;jJ Kjy;> ngaupLk; tpoh kw;Wk; Foe;ijapd; Kjy; jpl czit cz;gJ
Nghd;w fyhr;rhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j iky;fw;fisr; Rw;wp Kf;fpakhd rlq;Ffs; rpy
elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

ngau; R+l;Lk; tpoh

'ehk; njgpkh' my;yJ ngaupLk; rlq;F ghuk;gupa rpq;fs r%fj;jpy; xU Kf;fpakhd rlq;F.
rpq;fstu;fs; Foe;ijapd; [hjfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Foe;ijapd; ngaUf;fhd rpwe;j vOj;Jf;fisj;
jPu;khdpf;f N[hjpluplk; rupahd gpwe;j Neuk; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ‘ehk; Njgpkh’ vd;gJ
rpq;fsg; ngau; R+l;Lk; tpohthFk;. (tof;fkhf> Kjy; kw;Wk; eLg;ngau; ,uz;Lk; njhlq;f
Ntz;ba vOj;Jf;fspd; Nju;T nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ). Gjpjhfg; gpwe;j Foe;ij gpwe;J 90
ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,yq;ifr; rl;lk; $WfpwJ. (jp];] fhupatrk;:
rpq;fstupd; fyhrhu jd;ikfs;> 1973)

jplg;nghUl;fspd; Kjy; czT

ghuk;gupa rpq;fsf; FLk;gq;fs; ,e;j ‘,Jy; fl;l nfk’ tpohtpy; xU Foe;ijf;F Kjy; NrhW Cl;b
nfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;. ‘,Jy; fl;l nfkh’ vd;gJ Foe;ijapd; Kjy; jpl czitf; nfhz;lhLk; tpohthFk;.
FLk;g ,y;yj;jpNyh my;yJ tpfhiuapNyh eilngWk; ,e;j tpohtpy;> ghypy; fha;r;rg;gl;l
muprp czTfs;> ghuk;gupa ,dpg;Gfs;> thiog;gok;> xU Gj;jfk; kw;Wk; xU eif Mfpait
mlq;Fk;. Foe;ij ghapy; jto;e;J xU nghUisj; Nju;e;njLf;f mDkjpf;fg;gLtij FLk;gj;jpdu;
tpLtu;. Foe;ij czitj; Nju;e;njLj;jhy;> mtUf;F MNuhf;fpakhd tho;f;if ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk;>
Foe;ij Gj;jfj;ijj; Nju;e;njLj;jhy; fy;tpapy; vjpu;fhyk; ,Uf;Fk;> Foe;ij eiffisj;
Nju;e;njLj;jhy;> mtUf;F mjpu;r;lk; kw;Wk; nry;tk; fpilf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;fifis
nfhz;Ls;du;. (jp];] fhupatrk;: rpq;fstupd; fyhrhu jd;ikfs;> 1973)
ntspapy; Kjy; gazk;

xU Foe;ij Kjypy; ntspahf> cjakhFk; fhiy R+upaid ntspapy; njd;gl;lJk; tskhd

tho;f;iff;fhd MrPu;thjq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf xU ngsu;zkp ehspy; xU Gj;j NfhtpYf;F
Foe;ijapd; Kjy; gazk; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;. ‘njhul ntLk' ghuk;gupa rpq;fs r%fj;jpy;
kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd rlq;fhf ,J ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j eilKiwahdJ gz;ila ,e;J tof;fkhd
“Mjpj;a juprdk;”> gpwe;j ehd;fhtJ khjj;jpy; xU Foe;ijia R+upaidg; ghu;f;f ntspNa
mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; rlq;Fld; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xw;Wikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

vOj;Jf;fspd; mwpKfk;

,yq;ifau;fspd; tho;tpYk; fyhr;rhuj;jpYk; fy;tp xU Kf;fpa mq;fkhFk;. ,J rpq;fstu;fspilNa

'mFU fpahtPkh' vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpoh xU Foe;ij %d;W taij milAk; NghJ> Kd;dNu
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ehspy; (Foe;ijapd; [hjfg;gb xU ey;y ehs;) ngw;Nwhu;> xU
fw;wwpe;j egu; my;yJ ngsj;j gpf;F Foe;ijf;F jdJ Kjy; vOj;Jf;fisf; fw;gpg;ghu;fs;. >
FLk;gk; kw;Wk; eyd; tpUk;gpfspd; Kd;dpiyapy; ,J ,lk; ngWk;. ,jd; NghJ cwtpdu;fSk;
eyd; tpUk;gpfSk; gps;isf;F tho;j;J njhuptpg;ghu;fs;. xU jl;by; kzy; my;yJ muprp ,l;L
mjpy; Foe;ijapd; tpuiy gpbj;J Kjy; rpq;fs mfutupir vOj;J vOjg;gLk;. ,J Foe;ijf;F ey;y
mwpTk; fy;tp tsKk; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf Ntz;b nra;ag;gLk; xU epfo;thf cs;sJ.
(jp];] fhupatrk;: rpq;fstupd; fyhrhu jd;ikfs;> 1973)

Nkw;fz;l Kiwfspd; fPo; K];ypk;fspdJk; rpq;fstu;fspdJk; tho;ifapy; rpwe;J tpsq;ff; $ba

jpUkzk;> Foe;ij gpwg;G> g+g;giljy; vd tho;tpd; xt;nthUfl;lj;jpYk; nra;ag;gLk;
rlq;FfSk; rk;gpujhaq;fSk; Fwpj;J ghu;f;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,it xt;nthU rKfj;jpYk; rpwg;G
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Wtpsq;Ftij ghu;f;ff; $bjhf cs;sJ. ,yq;if tho;kf;fspilNa jkJ tho;tpay;;
mk;rq;fsy; ,iwek;gpf;if fye;jpUg;gij ,jd;%yk; fz;L nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. mjpYk;
rpq;fstu;fs; jkJ tho;tpd; vy;yh fl;lq;fspYk; rlq;F rk;gpujhaq;fis Kiwahf gpd;gw;wp
elg;gjpy; mf;fiwAs;tu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

4.3 jdpj;JtKila tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;

xU fpuhkj;jpdNjh my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapdNjh rpwg;ig vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapYk;>

mt;t+upw;fhd milahskhfTk; rpy tplaq;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ce;JUt fl;Lf;nfypaht
kf;fspilNaAk; jkJ Ciu vLj;Jf; fhl;lj;jf;f tifapyhd jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;tifapy;
,q;Fs;s jdpj;Jt gz;Gfs; Fwpj;J ghu;g;Nghk;.

mt;ypahTk; fe;J}up topghLk;

fl;Lf;nfypahitapd; goikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjpy; ,d;Wtiu epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mk;rq;fspy;

gioags;sp vd toq;Fk; rhgp[_k;kh k];[pj; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,jd; cw;gj;jpahz;L Rkhu;
160 tUlq;fis fle;jpUf;Fk; vd Cu; kf;fSk; mjid mwpe;j Ntw;W}u; kf;fSk; fUJfpd;wdu;.
nghJthf K];ypk;fs; jkJ flikfis gs;spapid ikakhff; nfhz;Nl nra;tu;. ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
jdpj;Jtk; vd;dntdpy; g+f;Nfhah vd toq;Fk; ey;ybahu; xUtupd; mlf;f];jyk; fhyk;
fhykhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wikahFk;. ,tu; ,iwtdpd; ey;ybahu; vd;Wk; mjdhNyNa ,q;F ,tu;>
mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;shu; vd;Wk; mjdhNyNa gs;spthay; ,q;F mikf;fg;gl;lnjd;Wk; Cu;g;
ngupahu;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. ,jid Cu; kf;fs; mt;ypah vd miof;fpd;wdu;. (`k;]h ntg;ig>
`k;khj; -gs;sp gupghyfu;fs;)

,t;thW mike;jpUf;Fk; ,J jh;`h mikg;ig xj;jjhf ,Ug;gjdhy; mjDs;

mlf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,iwNerdpd; epidT ehspid `e;Jhhp vdr; rpwg;ghf miog;gh;. `e;Jhhp tpoh
12 ehl;fs; tiu ,q;F ,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,t;tpohtpd; njhlf;f ehs; Kjy; ,Wjpehs; tiu gy;NtW
epfo;Tfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. jh;`htpy; eilngWk; `e;Jhhp tpohtpd; njhlf;f ehspy;
nfhbNaw;Wjy; eilngWfpwJ. ,jd; NghJ gr;ir epwj;Jzpapy; nts;isepw el;rj;jpuk;> gpiw>
,];yhkpa vOj;Jf;fs;> rpahwj;jpDs; mlff;g;gl;Lss; typkhuJ ngah; vd;gd mike;j
nfhbnahd;W Vw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,iwNerid fz;zpag;gLj;Jk;
tpjkhfNt ,f;nfhbNaw;wk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

gd;dpU ehl;fs; ,lk;ngUk; ,f;nfhbNaw;w tpohtpy; ghth vdg;gLk; $l;lj;jpdu; fpof;F

khfhz gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J(fy;Kid> rha;e;jkUJ) tuif jUtu;. ,tu;fs; ths; ntl;L> giw Nksk;
nfhl;b kf;fis fspg;g+l;Ltu;. thshy; jk;ik ntl;bf; nfhz;L MLtu;. gd;dpU ehl;fSk; ntt;NtW
gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; kf;fs; filj;njhFjpfis ,q;F ,Ltu;.

fl;Lf;nfypaitapw;fhd jdpg;gl;l milahsf; FwpaPlhfTk; ,f;nfhbNaw;wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

nfhbNaw;wj;jpypUe;J gd;dpuz;L ehl;fs; njhlu;e;;J gy;NtW rlq;F Kiwfs;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. nfhbNaww; epfo;thdJ gfy; Ntisfspy; ,lk;ngWtNjhL
epfo;tpw;;nfdg; gpuj;jpNahfkhf nksytpkhUk; tutiof;fg;gLth;. jpUtpoh Kbtile;jJk;
gd;dpuz;lhk; ehs; nfhb ,wf;Fk; epfo;T ,lk;ngWk;. ,e;epfo;tpidj; jhprpf;Fk;
Nehf;Fld; ,yq;ifapd; Vida gFjpfisr; Nrh;e;j ,];yhkpah;fs; ,e;epfo;tpy; gq;Fgw;WtNjhL
Cu; kf;fNshL maypYs;s rpq;fs kf;fSk; ,jpy; fye;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. nfhb
Vw;wg;gl;L ,wf;fg;gl;lJk; `e;Jhup czT toq;fg;gLk;.

,t; czthdJ khL mWj;J fwp nra;J> kuf;fwpapy; gpujhdkhf g+rdpf;fha; rikf;fg;gLk;.
NrhW kQ;rs; ,l;L rikg;gu;. ,d;Dk; gypahf Neu;j;jpf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; ehl;Lf; Nfhop>
Nrty; KjyhditAk; rikf;fg;gLk;. ,t; cztpid ghuk;ghpa Kiwg;gb tio ,iy ntl;b itj;J toq;Fk;
Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. jpUtpoh ,lk; ngWk; gd;dpU ehlf;Sk; khiy Ntisapy; rpahuj;jpDs;
mlff;g;gl;Ls;s typkhiu Gfo;e;J ghly;fs; ghLtJ (kt;Y}j; Xjjy;)tof;fkhf cs;sJ.

,Jtypkhh;fspd; mlff;];jyk;. vtUk; topelj;jhky; mtuth; tpUg;gk; Nghy topghLfs;

eilngWk;. gpw rkaj;jtUk;> ngz;fSk; tUtjw;F mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s epiyapid ,q;F
fhzyhk;. jh;`htpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s mTypahf;fSf;F Neh;j;jpf;fld;> gypapLjy;
Kjyhdit Nkw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F jh;`h topghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;Nthh;
mlf;fkhapUf;Fk; typkhh;fs; mw;Gjq;fs; nra;Ak; rf;jpgilj;jth;fs; vd;W mjpfkhf
ek;Gfpwhh;fs;.

rhjhuzkhf Vida ,];yhkpa kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wpa vz;zq;fisg;

Nghyd;wpj; ju;`h kPJ ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;fs; kj;jpapy; mjpf %l ek;gpf;iffs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ehy; tisak; vd;gd fl;Ljy;> jhaj;Jf;fll;y;> ke;jphpj;jy;> #dpak;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; ek;gpf;if> rh];jpuk; ghh;j;jy; Neh;j;jp itj;jy; vd;gd ,];yhkpa
khh;ff;g;gb jtwhd nray; vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;w NghJk; ,q;F ,e;ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;fs;
kj;jpapy; ,e;ek;gpf;iffs; gutyhf cs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jpUkzk; Kbj;jhy; jpUkzk;
epfo;e;j ehSf;F mLj;j ehs; rpahuj;ij ehlNtz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; nja;tf;Fw;wk; MfptpLk;
vd;w ek;gpf;if epyTfpwJ. ,t;thW rpahuj;ij jhprpf;fr; nry;Yk;NghJ xU jl;by;
NghPr;rk;gok;> fw;fz;L kw;Wk; jk;khy; ,ad;w gzj;jpiditj;J nksytpf;F jhdkhf toq;Fk;
KiwAk; cs;sJ.

jPh;f;f Kbahj Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wNghJ rpahuj;jpw;F te;J Neh;j;jp itf;Fk;

Kiwfhzg;gLtNjhL> rpahuj;jpy;Vw;wg;gl;Ls;s Fj;Jtpsf;fpy; cs;s vz;izapid Neha;
te;j ,lj;jpy; jlTk; KiwAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wNghJ gs;spthry;
nksytpapdhy; Fh;uhd; Xjpa gpd;du; jz;zPh; toq;Fk; Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Kfk;>
iffhy;fis 3 Kiw fOTk; tof;fKk; cs;sJ. ,j; jz;zPhpid tPl;L %iyfspy; jl;btpLk; tof;fKk;
cs;sJ. ,jdhy; J];;l Mtpfs>; Neha;fs;> f];lq;fs; vd;gd jk;ik neUq;fhJ vd;w ek;gpf;if
fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkf;F Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fis ePf;Fk; nghUl;Lk; jhaj;Jff;s; mzpAk; tof;fKk;
cs;sJ. jpUf;Fu;uhd; vOj;Jf;fis nrg;Gjfj;jl;by; vOjp ml;ruf;$l;bDs; ,l;L ,Lg;gpy; my;yJ
iffspy; fl;Lk; tof;fKk; ,tu;fsplk; cs;sJ.

ke;jphpj;jy;> #dpak; nra;jy;> trpak; nra;jy; Nghd;w gpur;rpidfspypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk;;

nghUl;L rpahuj;JfF; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltiu mioj;J te;J Fh;uhd; Xjp ke;jpupf;Fk; Kiw
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;ek;gpf;if ,e;Jf;fs; kj;jpapNy mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtNjhL mth;fs; gpujp
nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk; ,q;F tUif jUtijf; fhzyhk;. NkYk; ,q;F ke;jphpj;jjhaj;Jf;fs;>
ke;jphpj;jjfLfs; toq;Ftij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

jk;khy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;w Neh;j;jpfs; epiwNtwpdhy; mjw;fhdghpfhuq;fis jtwhJ

epiwNtw;Wtij fhzyhk;. mt;thW nra;ahtpl;lhy; Jd;gk; NeUk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifAk; ,tu;fspilapNy fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; nghUl;L FLk;gj;jpdUld; gs;spthrypy;
rikj;J midtUf;Fk; cztspf;Fk; Kiwgutyhf cs;sJ. kjj;jhYk; ,dj;jhYk; ,];yhkpau;fshfNt
tpsq;Fk; ,tu;fsJ topghl;L KiwfspNy khWjy;fs; fhzg;gl ju;`h mikg;ig xj;j topghl;L Kiw
fhzg;gLtNj gpujhd fhuzkhFk;. (`k;]h nyg;ig> `k;khj;- gs;sp gupghyfu;fs;)

rd;dhrp nja;tKk; NjthyaKk;

fl;Lf;nfypaht rd;dhrp nja;tk; vd;why; md;iwa nghOjpy; mwpahjtu;fs; vtUk; ,Uf;f

khl;lhu;fs;. ,e;jsT ggpurpj;jk; nfhz;bUe;jJ. rd;dhrp vd;gJ Nga; MLtijf; Fwpg;gu;. ,q;F
mg;Ju; u`;khd; gf;fPU nyg;ig vd;gtNu ,t;thW Nga; Mbdhu;. ,jid Cupy; rpyu; %l
ek;gpf;ifahfTk; rpyu; ek;gpf;ifahfTk; ghu;j;jhu;fs;. rpq;fstu;fs; ngUk; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,tu; ,jd; %yk; rpj;j itj;jpa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,jdhy; fl;Lf;nfypaht
fpuhkj;jtu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp Ntw;W fpuhkq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; kf;fs; tUif je;jdu;. ,tu; Nga; Mb
xUtUf;F cs;s Nehia fz;L mtuJ new;wpapy; ifitj;J nrhy;thu;. gpd;du; mjw;fhd
kUe;ijAk; nrhy;thu;.

fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ jdJ Muk;g fhyk; njhl;Nl rpj;j itj;jpa Kiwfspy; jdpj;j jd;ika
nfhz;Lte;Js;sJ. maypy; cs;s vl;L^u; gFjp kf;fSk; itj;jpaj;jpw;fhf ,q;F tUif jUtJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,q;F ghk;G Kjyhd tpr itj;jpaj;jpw;fhd itj;jpaj;ij vr;. Vy; `k;rh
vd;gtUk;> tpru; eha;fb kw;Wk; rpy tpyq;Ffspd; tprf; fbfSf;F ,g;wh`pk; rh`pG vd;gtUk;
if fhy; KwpT itj;jpaj;jpw;F eh$u; gpr;ir vd;gtUk; kUe;Jtoq;fp te;jdu;. ,d;W tiu fpuhkk;
rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; ngau;Nghd fpuhkkhfNt cs;sJ. ,d;W Ry;gpfhu; vd;w rpj;j kUj;Jtuplk;
ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; kf;fs; jpuyhfte;J itj;jpak; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tij ghu;f;f KbAk;.
(jfty;- rh`_y; `kPl;: Xa;T nrd;w jghy; mYtyu;)
,Lj;J fl;Lf;nfypahitapd; jdpj;Jtj;jpw;F milahskhf ,Ug;gJ mjfd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpahFk;.
1928fspy; mur ghlrhiyahf gpufldk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l fl;Lf;nfypaht ghlrhiy ,q;F jdpj;Jtk;
tha;e;j gz;ghl;lk;rkhFk;. rpW ghlrhiyahf njhlq;fg;gl;L Cu; gps;isfSf;F ghlk;
nrhy;ypje;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. ehsiltpy; ,J (1940)rpq;fs fytd; ghlrhiyahf khw;wk; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ. uzt gFjp gps;isfSk; ,q;F fy;tpngw Muk;gpj;jdu;. 1948fspd; gpd; uzt gFjpapy;
jdpg;ghlrhiy njhlq;fg;gl;lJk; kPz;Lk; K];ypk; ghlrhiyahf khwpf; nfhz;lJ. aho;g;ghzk;
Kjyhd gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J te;J ,q;F Mrpupau;fs; ghlk; fw;gpj;Js;sdu;.

fl;Lf;nfypahitapd; fy;tptsj;jpw;F milahskhf ,Ug;gtu;> ‘E}u; K`k;kJ ry;khehr;rp’

vd;gtuhthu;. ,tu; ,yq;ifapy; tlkj;jpa kfhzj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopapy; Kjy; ngz;
MrpupauhfTk; ,yq;ifapy; %d;whtJ ngz; Mrpupau; vd;w rpwg;igak; ngWfpd;whu;. ,tu;
Xl;LtsT kf;fs; $l;lj;ijNru;e;jtu; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,d;Wtiu ,tuJ guk;giu kf;fs;
fy;tpeltbf;iffspy; rpwe;J tpsq;FtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. mz;ikapy; cs;s Cu;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;
gps;isfs; fy;tpf;fhf ,q;Fte;J fy;tpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ Cupd; jdpj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. (jfty;: nffpuht fy;tpj;jpizf;fs Mz;lwpf;if kw;Wk; fl;Lf; nfypaht
ghlrhiyapd; nyhf; Gf;)

,t;thwhf Cupd; jdpj;JtkhdJ K];ypk; gz;ghlby; fye;jpUf;Fk; fe;J}up KiwapdhYk; rpj;j

itj;jpak; kw;Wk; fy;tpapdhYk; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. kf;fs; jkJ tho;tpy; md;whlk;
filgpbf;fpd;w gof;ftof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L xOFq;fs; vd;gd tho;tpay; mk;rq;fshf
gpujpgypj;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; xU rKjhaj;jpid milahsg;gLj;Jtjpy; gz;ghL Kf;fpa
gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. gz;ghLfspy; rpyit cyfshtpa uPjpapy; vy;yh r%fq;fspYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;w xU nghJThd gz;ghlhfTk; rpyit jdpj;JtKilajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mj;jpahak; 5 - KbTiu

mEuhjGuk; khtl;lj;jjpd; 21 gpuNjr rig gpupTfspy; xU gpupthf gyhfy gpuNjr rig

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. gyhfy gpuNjr rigia ikag;gLj;jp 36 fpuhk Nrtfu; gpupTfs; ,aq;fp
tUfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 683>684 Mfpa ,yf;fq;fspy; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhk;khdJ mjd; mikg;igf;
nfhz;L ,U Cu;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fpuhk khdJ fpuhkj;ij mz;b thof;$b ntt;NtWgl;l
fpuhkq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; ,lk; ngau;e;Jte;j kf;fs; $l;lj;jpd; FbNaw;wj;jhy; cUthfpf; nfhz;l
fpuhk khf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb fl;Lnfypaht fpuhkKk; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fSk; xg;gpay;
Ma;T vd;w jiyg;gpNyNa 5 mj;jpahaq;fs; nfhz;ljhf vdJ Ma;thdJ mikfpd;wJ Kjyhk;
mj;jpahaj;jpy; Ma;tpd; mwpKfKk; ,uz;lhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; fpuhkj;jpd; mwpKfKk;
cs;slf;fg;gl;bUg;gNjhlL %d;whtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; kfhtyp FbNaw;w jpl;lKk; mjdhy;
fl;Lnfypaht fpuhkj;jpy; Vw;gl;l FbNaw;wk; njhlu;ghf Tk; ehd;fhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy;
fl;Lnfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL Ie;jhtJ
mj;jpahakhf KbTiu mike;J nfhs;fpd;wJ.

,t;tha;tpid nghWj;jtiuapy; fl;Lnfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ik Fwpj;J Cu;

kf;fspilNa Md Neu;fhzy;fisf; nfhz;Lk; Cupid ikag;gLj;jp ,aq;Fk; fpuhk rig gpuNjr rig
kw;Wk; khtl;l nrayfq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w jfty;fisf; nfhz;Lk; fpuhkj;jpdJ
tho;tpay; mk;rKk; FbNaw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fSk; cs;slf;fpajhf Ma;tpd; Nghf;F
mikfpd;wJ.

fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkkhdJ mz;zsthf 200 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhd goik tha;e;j njhd;ik

rpwg;Gfis cilaJ vd mf;fpuhkj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gs;spthay; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy mj;Jld;
mjid mLj;J mz;ikapy; fhzf;$ba tuyhw;W jsq;fisf; nfhz;L 200 Mz;Lfs; goikahd
fpuhkkhf ,J ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w Cfpg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ ,e;j tifapy; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd;
kfhtyp FbNaw;wj;jpw;F Kd;djhf ,Ue;j ngau; cj;JU fl;Lf;nfypaht vd;gjhFk;. kfhtyp
FbNaw;wj;jpd; gpd;dNu fpuhkk; gy gFjpfshf mjhtJ gy fpuhkq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;ljdhy;
fl;Lf;nfypaht vd;w ngau; khw;wj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; mbg;gil
FbNaw;w thrpfshf Xl;L tsT kf;fs; $l;lj;jhu; jfutPl;L kf;fs; $l;lj;jhu; mzpj;jpuhs kf;fs;
$l;lj;jhu; Kjyhd kf;fs; $l;lq;fspd; ,lk;ngau;tpdhy; fpuhkk; ,q;F cUthfpf; nfhz;lJ.

,f;FbNaw;wq;fspdhy; fpuhkj;jpd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fshdJ top topahf kfhtyp

FbNaw;wj;jpw;F Kd;dUk; mjd; gpd;du; etPd njhopy;El;gq;fspd; gad;ghl;Lf;F
Kd;dUkhd fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j kf;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L te;jik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; thof;$ba Cu; kf;fspilNa ,t;thW gpd;gw;wp
toq;fp te;j kuGfSk; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fSk; tof;fpoe;J Ngha;tpl;lJ. etPd fhy njhopy;El;g
khw;wq;fshy; gz;ghl;L rPuopTfs; Vw;gl;L ,t;thwhd gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs; ,d;W fpuhk
kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; kfhtypf;F Kd;duhd fhyj;jpy; fpuhkj;jpy;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;l kuGfisAk; tof;fhWfisAk; ,d;iwa kf;fs; %lek;gpf;iffshf Fwpg;ghf
K];ypk;fs; fUJtjdhy; mtw;iw jtpu;j;J thof;$ba xU tho;f;if Kiwia ,d;wstpy; mjpfkhd
kf;fspilNa fhzf; $bajhf cs;sJ. fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkk; MdJ mjd; Rw;wpYkhf tuyhw;W
ikaq;fisf; nfhz;l fpuhkkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd;gb fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpid mz;kpj;j
tuyhw;Wg; gFjpfshf jk;Gs;is rPf;fpupa kw;Wk; jk;Gs;s tpfhiu ,tw;Wld; ehky; cad
Rw;Wyh jsk; fyh thtp kw;Wk; upl;bfy kiy gFjp Kjyhd tuyhw;W njhd;ik
nghUe;jpa ,lq;fs; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;ij mz;ba gFjpfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

,e;j tifapy; ehd;F $l;l kf;fshy; FbNawpf; nfhz;l fpuhkkhdJ ,d;W 1630 FLk;gq;fis
nfhz;l fpuhkkhf tsu;r;rp mile;Js;sJ. ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplak; ahnjdpy; Muk;gj;jpy;
ce;JUt gFjpahf fhzg;gl;lNghJ ,q;F K];ypk; FbapUg;GfNshL rpq;fs FbapUg;GfSk;
fye;J ,Ue;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk; kfhtyp FbNaw;w jpl;lj;jpd; gpd;duhf Cu; gFjp
gFjpahf gpupf;fg;gl;ljdhy; K];ypk;fs; xU fpuhkkhfTk; rpq;fstu;fs; xU fpuhkkhfTk; jkJ
FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j tifapy; fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpid ikag;gLj;jp
Rw;wpYkhf rpq;fs fpuhkq;fs; mike;jjhf fpuhkj;jpd; R+oypay; mikT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
1985 Mk; Mz;lstpy; ,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhu rigapdhy; mDuhj Gwg;gFjpfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
kfhtyp jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; gyhfiy gpuNjr rigf;F cl;gl;l ce;JUt fpuhkk; Kjyhd
fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; kfhtyp FbNaw;w jpl;lk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J Kjyhf kf;fsJ
FbNaw;wq;fs; khw;wg;gl;lJld; tho;tpay; KiwfSk; khwpf; nfhz;lik ,q;F ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sj;jf;f tplakhf cs;sJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; Nridg; gapu;r; nra;ifiaAk; fhy;eil tsu;g;gpidAk; jkJ gpujhd njhopyhff;

nfhz;L tho;e;j ,k;kf;fs; ney; tptrhaj;jpid ,d;W Cu; ikag; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Fsj;J
ePiu Mjhukhf nfhz;L vl;L Vf;fu; mstpNyNa gapu; nra;jdu;. ,jid czTf;fhf kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,tu;fsJ gpujhd njhopyhf fhy;eil tsu;G (ke;ij Nka;g;G) fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
%yNk mjpf tUkhdk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. Nridg; gapu;r; nra;ifapd; %yKk; ,tu;fs;
jq;fSf;fhd tUkhdj;ij <l;bf;nfhz;likAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. kfhtypf;FbNaw;w jpl;lj;jpd;
gpd;duhf ,e;epiyikahdJ ,uz;L jrk; Ie;J Vf;fu; taYk; miu Vf;fu; FbNaw;w fhzpAk;
fpuhk kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;ljdhy; kf;fsJ tho;tpy; nghUshjhukhdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy;
rpwg;ig ngw;Wf; nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpaJ.
,q;F kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ePu; ts jpl;lkhdJ `_US thtpia ikag;gLj;jp kfhtyp
fq;ifapypUe;J ePu; jpirjpUg;gg;gl;L mjpypUe;J Cl;lf;fhy;tha; topahf fz;lyk;
Fsj;jpw;Fk; ,jpypUe;J uzt Fsj;jpw;Fk; ePu; khw;wg;gl;L uzt fhy;tha; Clhf ce;JUt gFjp
tay; epyq;fSf;F ePu; toq;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;
tptrhapfSf;fhd cukhdpak; kw;Wk; jhdpa tiffs; ,ytrkhf Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiu
nfhLf;fg;gl;lNjhL ,q;F nghUshjhu tpUj;jp milaj; njhlq;fpaJ Kjy; gris khdpakhdJ xU
Fwpg;gpl;l njhifapd; fPo; kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhf kf;fsJ nghUshjhukhdJ kfhtyp
mgptpUj;jp jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nrid gapu;r; nra;ifapd; %yk; jkJ md;whl czTj; Njitia
G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhz;ldu;. ,t;thW Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msthd tUkhdj;ij ngw;W jkJ
tho;thjhuj;ij flj;jp te;j epiyapy; kfhtyp jpl;lj;jpd; fPohd mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpapy;
fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhk kf;fspilNa Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;Lf;
nfhz;lJ.

nghUshjhu uPjpahf Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;l kf;fspilNa fhyk; fhykhf gpd;gw;wg;gl;L te;j

gz;ghl;L gof;ftof;fq;fspYk; khw;wq;fs; cz;lhfj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jd;gb kfhtypf;F Kd;du;
$l;Lf;FLk;g tho;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l kf;fspilNa nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf
jdpf;FLk;g Kiwfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ,t;thW tho;tpay; mk;rq;fshdJ ,q;F
nghJthdit> rpwg;ghdit> jdpj;Jtkhdit vDk; Kiwahf ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb nghJthd
tho;tpay; mk;rq;fshf kdpj tho;f;ifapy; md;whlk; ,lk;ngwf; $ba tho;f;if Kiwfs; mike;J
nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; FbapUg;G KiwapNy tPLfspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; njhopy; Kiwfs;
kf;fs; mtw;wpy; gpd;gw;wf; $ba goikahd kuGfs; czT> cil ,tw;Wld; kf;fspd; nghOJ
Nghf;F mk;rq;fs; gps;isfspilNa tpisahlg;gLk; tpisahl;L Kiwfs; Kjyhd mk;rq;fs;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

rpwg;ghd tho;f;if Kiwfspd; fPo; ,Ukjj;jhupilNaAk; ,UNtWgl;l Kiwahd gz;ghl;lk;rq;fs;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,q;F gpwg;Gr;rlq;F KiwapNy Foe;ij
gpwe;jJk; ngau; itj;jy;> gy; Kisj;jhy; tpoh vLj;jy; gps;isf;F vOj;J gof;Fjy; vDk; tifahd
rlq;Ffs; ,lk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJld; K];ypk;fspilNa Mz; Foe;ijfSf;F fj;dh(tpUj;j Nrjdk;)
nra;Ak; tof;fKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;eilKiwfspy; ,d;W nghsj;ju;fs; kw;Wk;
K];ypk;fspilNa Mq;fpNya fyhrhu KiwfSld; gpwe;j ehis Nff; ntl;b nfhz;lhLk; tof;fk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;g eilKiwg; gz;gpNy ngsj;ju;fs; ,d;Wtiu jkJ rlq;F Kiwfis kj
uPjpahd tzf;f topghlhf vz;zp nra;J tUfpd;wdu; K];ypk;fspilNa ,e;eilKiwfs;
gpd;gw;wg;gLtjpy;iy. kj uPjpahd tpsf;fq;fspd; fPo; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; gy; Kisj;jhy;
tpoh vLf;Fk; eilKiwfis jtpu;j;J tUfpd;wdu;.
mLj;J jpUkz KiwfspNy Muk;g eilKiwapNy K];ypk; ngz;gps;isfs; g+g;gile;jJk; jkf;F
tpUg;gkhf ,Uf;ff; $batu;fis kzk; Ngrp itf;Fk; Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fspilNa ngz;gps;isfs;
18 tajpw;Fy; jpUkzk; Kbj;J nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,d;W ,t;thwhd eilKiw ,y;yhJ
fpuhkj;;;jpy; fy;tp tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;l fhyk; Kjyhf ngz;gps;isfSk; fy;tpapy;
ehl;lk; nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpaJk; ,tu;fSf;fhd jpUkz tanjy;iy 18 tajhfpdhy; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhLg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. jw;fhy eilKiwapy; ,J 25>26 taJfspy; ngz; gps;isfs; fy;tp fw;whYk;
jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,tu;fsJ jpUkz KiwapNy nghJthf Kjypy; kzj;Nju;Tfs; ,lk;ngw;wJk; jpUkzj;jpw;fhd ehs;

Fwpf;fg;gLk;. jpUkzk; %d;W ehl;fSf;F ,lk; ngWk; Kjyhk; ehs; kzkfSf;F kUjhzp
itf;Fk; epfo;T ,lk; ngWk;. ,uz;lhk; ehs; kzkfd; gs;spapy; my;yJ tPl;by; jpUkz gjpit
nra;J Kbj;J k`u;(kzkfSf;fhd jpUkzg;gupR) toq;fpaJk; kzkfspd; je;ij ngz;zpd; fuj;ij
my;yJ Kd;new;wp Kbia gpbj;J ,wf;Fk; tiu vd; kfs; cq;fs; nghWg;Gf;Fupatshths; vd;w
vz;zj;jpd; fPo; typ(nghWg;G) nfhLg;ghu;. ,jd; gpd;du; jpUkz tpUe;Jgrhuj;NjhL
jpUkzk; epiwTUk;.

ngsj;ju;fspilNa ,d;Wk; md;Wk; xNu tifahd jpUkz KiwfNs ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,tu;fsJ
jpUkzKiwahdJ nghUth vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fz;bad; Kiw vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F kzj; njupTfs; jkJ rhjpfspd; fPo; ,lk;ngWk; ,jd; gpd;du;
jpUkzj;jpw;fhd ehshdJ gQ;rhq;f Fwpg;Gfspd; gb ey;y Neuk; ghu;j;J epr;rapf;fg;gLk;.
gpd;du; Fwpj;j ehsd;W jpU kzj;jpw;fhd nghUth Kiwr; rlq;Ffspd; gb jpUkz epfo;T ,lk;
ngw;W cwTfSf;F ntw;wpiy nfhLg;gJld; rlq;F Kbtile;J Njq;fha; cilj;J jpUkzk;
KbtilAk;. ,e;eilKiwfSld; rpW khw;wq;fs; rlq;F Kiwfs; jkJ rhjpKiwf;F ngUik Nru;f;Fk;
tifahd eltbf;fifs; ,d;iwa #oypy; ce;JUt kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mLj;J kuz KiwfspNy ,U kjj;jpdu;f;fpilapYk; md;W njhl;L ,d;W tiu xNu tifahd jpUkz
KiwfNs ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,tw;Wld; ,tu;fsJ gz;bif KiwfSk; rpwg;ghd
gz;ghl;lk;rq;fshf ,q;F ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jkJ kj uPjpahd ek;gpf;fifspd;
fPo; ,lk;ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ngsj;ju;fs; %d;W Kf;fpa tpohf;fis jkJ gz;biffshf
nfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;. rpj;jpiu Gj;jhz;L> ntrf; ngsu;zkp> nghrd; ngsu;zkp Kjyhdit
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F ,lk;ngWk; rlq;F eilKiwfs; ,d;Wk; khwhky; ,tu;fspilNa
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. K];ypk;fspilNa ,U gz;bif Kiwfs;
nfhz;lhlg; gLfpd;wJ. mit ukohd; kw;Wk; `[; jpUehs;fshFk;. ,tu;fspilNaAk; ,jd; NghJ
gpd;gw;wf; $ba eilKiwfs; ,d;Wk; khwhky; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
,Wjpahf jdpj;JtKila gz;ghl;lk;rq;fshf ,q;F Cupd; jdpj;Jt gz;G vLj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F fl;Lf;nfypahit gpuNjr FbNaw;wj;jpy; mjpfkhf K];ypk;
FbapUg;Gf;fs; mike;J nfhz;ljhy; gs;spthsy; ,tu;fspilNa gpujhdkhdjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ ,q;F
mt;ypahtpd;(ey;ybahu;) mlf;f];jyk; mike;J ,Ug;gjhy; ,];yhkpa gpiw fzf;fpd;gb Kjyhk;
gpiw njhlf;fk; gd;dpuz;lhtJ gpiw tiu mt;ypahtpd; ngUik ghb nfhbNaw;w tpoh ,lk;
ngWk;. ,jd; NghJ fe;J}up vd;w czT toq;Fk; eilKiwAk; ,lk;ngWk;. ,J tUlj;jpy; VjhtJ
xU khjj;jpy; xU KiwNah gy KiwfNsh ,lk;ngWk;. ,e;eil KiwahdJ ,d;W tof;fpoe;Jk;
tof;fpof;fhky; rpyuhy; filgpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;;wJ. ,d;W gioa eilKiwfspd; gb ngU
tpohthf ,J ,lk;ngUtjpy;iy. khwhf fl;Lf;nfypahitapy; mikag;ngw;Ws;s kj;u]Jy;
[yhypa;ahtpy; fe;J}up itgtk; kl;Lk; ntF tpku;irahf ,lk;ngWk;. ,jw;F maypy; cs;s fpuhk
kf;fs; kw;Wk; J}u gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; kf;fs; tUif jUtu;

mLj;j mk;rkhf ,q;F rd;dhrp nja;t topghl;L Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J nghJthf Cupy; FbNawpa
Gjpjhf ,];yhj;ij Vw;Nwhuhd mzpj;jpuhs kf;fs; $l;lj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;L te;jJ. ,q;F
Njthyak; vdg;gLk; mikg;G fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J mkhD~;a rf;jpfs; kPJ nfhz;l ek;gpf;if Kiwahf
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F mg;Ju; u`;khd; gf;fPU nyg;ig vd;gtuhy; Nga; Mlg;gl;lJ. ,tu; Nga;
gpbj;jtu;fspd; Ngia tpul;ly;> rFzk; nrhy;yy; rpy rpj;j itj;jpa KiwfisAk; ,tu;
nra;jhu;. ,e;ek;gpf;if KiwahdJ ,d;W tof;fpoe;J Nghd xd;whf ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mdhy; kf;fspd; tho;f;if ngr;Rf;fspy; Gyf;fpj;jpy; ,Jtho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. Njthyak;
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; ,d;W tay; epyk; ,Ug;gjhy; ,J Njthya tay; vd kf;fshy; ,d;W
miof;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

mLj;J jdpj;JtKila mk;rkhf Cupd; fy;tp Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Cupy; mikf;fg;gl;l

ghlrhiyahdJ 1928k; Mz;L mur ghlrhiyahf gjpT nra;agl;lJ. ,jw;F Kd;dk; gps;isfSf;F
ghlrhiy mikag;ngw;w ,lj;jpNy Cupy; fy;tp fw;w kf;fshy; gps;isfSf;F fy;tp eltbf;fifs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jd; jdpj;Jtj;ij gpujpgypg;gjhf tlkj;jpa kfhzj;jpd; KjyhtJ ngz;
Mrpupauhd ry;kh ehr;rp ,Ue;jhu;. fl;Lf; nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; ngUik ,tu; %yk; mjid
mz;ba gFjpfspYk; ehl;bYk; gutpajhy; ,J Cupd; jdpj;Jt gz;ghf ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;thwhf fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fshdJ Fwpah Cu; Mw;iw ikag;gLj;jp

mike;j FbNaw;wj;jpidf; nfhz;L fhy;eil tsu;g;G> Nridg; gapu;r; nra;if Kjyhd njhopy;
Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J kfhtypf; FbNaw;wj;NjhL fiu epyKk; Nrw;W epyKk; toq;fg;gl;L
kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tho;f;if Kiw tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jpypUe;J kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L
KiwfspYk; khw;wq;fs; cz;lhfpf; nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpaJ. ce;;JUt gFjpahf ,Ue;j NghJ
kf;fspilNa gpd;gw;wg;gl;l tho;f;if Kiwf;Fk; ,d;W fl;Lf;nfypaht fpuhkj;jpy; thOk;
kf;fSf;fkhd tho;tpay; mk;rq;fspy; filgpbf;fg;gLk; gioa gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; ngUkstpy;
tof;fpoe;J NghdhYk; rpy rkak; rhu;e;j ek;gpf;iffs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy kf;fshy; njhlu;e;Jk;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. nghJthd tho;tpaypy; etPd tho;f;if
Kiwfspdhy; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; eilKiwr; #oypy; khwpf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wik jtpu;f;f
Kbahj xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
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