fz;l efu;T

Theory of Continental Drift

By : M.N.I Ahamed

(BA.UG,EUSL)

Faculty of Arts and Culture

Eastern University, Srilanka.

M.N.I Ahamed
mwpKfk;.
G+kpapd; kPJ jw;nghOJ cs;s epy kw;Wk; ePu; gutyhdJ vg;nghOJk; xNu
epiyapy; ,Ue;jjpy;iy. rpy kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G jw;nghOJ cs;s
midj;J fz;lq;fSk; njd; JUtj;jpy; xd;wpize;jpUe;jJ. ,g;ngupa epyg;gug;G
~~ghd;[pah|| (Pangea) vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ. ghd;[pah vd;gJ xU fpNuf;fr; nrhy;.
,jd; nghUs; 'vy;yh epyKk;' (All Earth) vd;gjhFk;. ,e;epyg;gug;ig Rw;wp ,Ue;j
ngupa rKj;jpuk; 'nge;jyhrh|| (Penthalassa) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. nge;jyhrh
vd;gJk; xU fpNuf;fr; nrhy;. ,jd; nghUs; 'vy;yh ePUk;|| (All Water) vd;gjhFk;.
gpwF ghd;[pah gy jl;Lfshf cile;jJ. ,t;thW cile;j ,j;jl;LfNs
epyf;Nfhs; jl;Lfs; (Lithosphere Plate) vd mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,j;jl;Lfs; nkJthf
xU rpy kpy;yp kPl;lu; Kjy; nrd;wpkPl;lu; tiu xt;nthU Mz;Lk; efu;fpwJ.

fz;l efu;T gw;wpa mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Mjhuq;fs;.

GtpNkw;gug;gpy; fz;lq;fs; efu;tile;jd vd;w fUj;jhly; mz;ikapy;
Njhd;wpajd;wp goikahdjhFk;. Kd;G 1596 ,y; Mgpufhk; Mu;nlypa]hy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; 1620 ,y;> gpuhd;rp]; ghnfhd; vd;gtu;>
njd;dnkupf;ftpdJk; Nkw;F Mgpupf;fhtpdJk; ntspAUtk; xd;Wld; xd;W
,izthdJ vd;W njuptpj;j xU fUj;jhdJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
NkYk; 1858 ,y; md;NuhdpNah rpidlu; vd;gtu; fz;l efu;T Fwpj;Jf; fUj;Jj;
njuptpj;jpUe;jhu;>
1910 ,y; v/g; gp. nuapyu; vd;w mnkupf;f mwpQu; cyfpd; ngUk; kiyj;
njhlu;fs; gf;f mKf;fj;jhy; Njhd;wpd vd;whu;.

❖ `hup n`];]pdJ fUj;Jf;fs; (1906-1969)

kj;jpa fly; KfLfs; vdg;gLk; fly;rhu; kiyj;njhlu;fs;> fz;lq;fspd; rWf;fypy;
tpisAk; jfl;baf;fj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil vd;gij jPu;khdpj;jtu; n`];.
ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;flypy;> ~~upl;[;" vd;gJ ,UGwKk; cs;s fz;lq;fSf;F eLNt
cs;sJ> vdNt ,J xU eLf;fly; KfL vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. 1953 Mk; Mz;by;>
tpQ;Qhdpfs; ~~fpNul; FNshgy; up/g;l||; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; xU Kf;fpa
gs;sj;jhf;F ,e;j KfLfspd; ikaj;jpy; ,Ug;gij fz;Lgpbj;jdu;. Mu;tj;Jld;>
n`]; Kw;wpYk; Gjpa> tof;fj;jpw;F khwhd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; juit kWguprPyid
nra;jhu;. 1962 Mk; Mz;by;> mtu; xU mw;Gjkhd fUJNfhis Kd;nkhope;jhu;>
,J fz;l efu;T Nfhl;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rpapy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,J gy Gtpapay;
Gjpu;fis vLj;Jiuj;jJ: ngUq;fly;fs; Fiwe;jJ 4 gpy;ypad; Mz;Lfshf
,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> Vd; fly; jsj;jpy; ,t;tsT rpwpa tz;ly; Ftpe;Js;sJ? fly;
tz;ly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Gijgbtq;fs; Vd; 180 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Nky;
,y;iy? kw;Wk; fz;lq;fs; vt;thW efu;fpd;wd?
ngUq;fly; jskhdJ mjpfgl;rk; rpy E}W kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; goikahdJ>
fz;lq;fis tpl fzprkhf ,isaJ vd;W n`]; fUjpdhu;. vupkiyr; nraypy;
cUthFk; KfLfspypUe;J cUfpa ghiwfs; ntspNawp> Gjpa flw;gug;ig
cUthf;f gf;fthl;lhfg; gutp> fly; mfopfspy; G+kpapd; Mokhd cl;Gwj;jpy;
kiwe;JtpLtjw;F ,J vt;tsT Neuk; vLf;Fk;. ,e;j ~~kWRow;rp" nray;Kiw>

M.N.I Ahamed
gpd;du; ~~flw;gug;G guTjy;" vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ> gioa tz;ly;fisAk;
Gijgbtq;fisAk; vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ> NkYk; Gjpa fly; NkNyhL KfLfspy;
,Ue;J guTk;NghJ fz;l efu;T Vw;gLfpwJ.
ntf;dupd; Nfhl;ghl;il Mjupj;J> n`]; xU fhyj;jpy; ,ize;j fz;lq;fs; ,d;W
,Uf;Fk; VO fz;lq;fshf vt;thW gpupe;jd vd;gij tpsf;fpdhu;. fz;lq;fs;
tpaj;jF Kiwapy; khWtjpy;iy my;yJ RahjPdkhf efuhJ> Mdhy; mit
jq;fpapUf;Fk; jfLfshy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpd;wd. 1920 fspy; Rtp];
Gtpapayhsu; vkpyp mu;fz;l; Kd;nkhope;j NahridiaAk; n`]; ,izj;jhu;>
,uz;L fz;lq;fs; NkhJk;NghJ kiyg; gFjpfs; cUthfpd;wd. n`];]pd;
Nfhl;ghL gpd;du; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; epy mjpu;T Ma;Tfshy; fly;
NkNyhL cz;ikapy; mfopfspy; %o;Ftij cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.
NkYk; mnkupf;f Gtpapayhsuhduhd uhgu;l; v];. Bl;]; ,dJ Kd;itg;Gfs;
n`];]pdJ fUj;Jld; cld;glf;$ba gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jikAk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. vdpDk;> fz;l efu;Tf; nfhs;if vd;w xd;wpid cUthf;fpa
ngUik N[u;kdpa mwpQuhd my;gpnul; ntf;diuNa NrUk;.

❖ my;gu;l; ntf;dupd; fUJNfhs; kw;Wk; rhd;Wfs;. (1880 - 1930)

1912 Mk; Mz;L My;gu;l; ntf;dupd; fUj;Jg;gb Nehf;Fk;NghJ gy kpy;ypad;
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G vy;yh fz;lq;fSk; xNu fz;lkhf ,Ue;jJ. ntf;dupd;
$w;Wg;gb 250 kpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G Gtp 'ghQ;rpah|| vd;w jw;NghJs;s
midj;J fz;lepyj;jpzpTfSk; xNu epyg;gFjpahf fhzg;gl;l mNjNtis ,e;j
ghQ;rpahit Rw;wp ~~ghe;jyhrh" vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w xU ngUq;fly;
R+of;fhzg;gl;bUe;jJ.
fz;lq;fspd; efu;T
ePz;l fhyf;fl;lj;jpw;F Nkyhf mjhtJ Rkhu; 220 kpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G
fz;lq;fs; ,lk; ngau;e;J jw;Nghija epiyf;F te;Js;sJ. Kjypy; ghQ;rpah ,U
epyg;gFjpfshf cile;jd. mit tlf;fpy; ~~yhNurpah" vdTk; kw;Wk; njw;fpy;
~~Nfhz;Lthdh" vdTk; miof;fg;gl;ld. yhNurpah NkYk; ,U gFjpfshf
cile;J ANu\pah kw;Wk; tl mnkupf;fhthf gpupe;jJ. Nfhz;Lthdh epyk;
NkYk; cile;J Mg;gpupf;fh> njd; mnkupf;fh>mz;lhu;bfh> M];jpNuypah kw;Wk;
,e;jpah vdg; gpupe;jJ.
ntf;dupd; fz;l efu;Tf; nfhs;if Rna]; vd;gtupd; fUj;Jf;fis XusT
Mjhukhff; nfhz;lit. mT];jpNuypag; Gtpr; rupjtpayhsuhd Rna];
Mgpupf;fhtpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; xNu tifahd capu;r;RtLfs; fhzg;gLtjw;Ff;
fhuzk; Kd;du; ,t;tpU gFjpfSk; nfhz;Lthdh vd;w epyj;jpzptpd; gFjpfshf
,Ue;jikNa vdf; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jpUe;jhu;. mj;Jld; mlu;j;jp $ba
rPkhg;gilapy; (2.9)> mlu;j;jp Fiwe;j rPay;gil (2.05) fly; ePupy; gdpf;fl;b
kpjg;gJ Nghy> xU rkepiyiag; Ngzpf;nfhz;L kpjg;gjhfTk;> mjdhy; GtpNahL
rPkhg;gilapy; efuf; $baJ Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jf;fs; epytpd. ,tw;iw
ntf;du; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L 'ngUf;Ftpir' (Tidal force) fhuzkhfg; gQ;rpahf;
fz;lk; efu;e;jJ vd;w jdJ Kf;fpakhd fUj;ij Kd;itj;jhu;.

M.N.I Ahamed
 ❖ ntf;dupd; fz;l efu;Tg; gbKiwfs;
1. gypNahNrhapf; Afj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; vy;yhf; fz;lq;fSk; xd;whfr; Nru;e;J>
,ize;J xU fz;lkhf ,Ue;jd. ,jidg; gQ;rpah vdyhk;.
2. gQ;rpahf; fz;lj;jpy; epyj;jpzpTfs; ,U FOf;fshf ,Ue;jd. tl jpzptpy; tl
mnkupf;fh> INuhg;gh> Mrpah Mfpa fz;lq;fSk;> njd; jpzptpy; mT];jpNuypah>
me;jhl;bf;fh> jPgfw;g ,e;jpah MfpadTkpUe;jd. tlghfj;ij mq;fhuhyhe;J
vd;Wk; NyhNwrpah vd;Wk; mioj;jhu;. njd;ghfj;ijf; nfhz;L thdhyhe;J
vd;Wk; mioj;jhu;. nfhz;Lthdyhe;J njd; KidTf;F mUfpy; mike;jpUe;jJ>
mg;NghJ njd;dhgpupf;fiu njd;KidTf;F kpf mUfpy; ,Ue;jJ.
NyhNwrpahTf;Fk; nfhz;Lthdhyhe;Jf;Fkpilapy; njj;jP]; (Tethys) vd;nwhU
ePu;g;gug;gpUe;jJ.
3. khWgl;l GtpaPu;g;G tpirapdhy; gQ;rpahf;fz;lk; cile;J gy Jz;Lfshfp>
ntt;NtW jpirfSf;Fk; ,lk;ngau;e;J nrd;wJ. mtw;wpy; rpy gFjpfs; flypy;
%o;fpa gpd;G vQ;rpapUe;j ,lk;ngau;e;j epyq;fs; jhd; ,d;iwa fz;lq;fshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. cile;j gQ;rpahtpypUe;J tl njd; mnkupf;fhf;fs; Nkw;Fg; gf;fkhf efu;e;jd.
njd;fpof;F Mgpupf;fhTld; ,ize;jpUe;j mT];jpNuypah tlfpof;Fj; jpir
Nehf;fpAk; jPgfw;g ,e;jpah tljpir Nehf;fpAk; efu;e;jd.
5. ,NahrPd; fhyj;jpy; nfhz;Lthdh epyk; Miu tbtpy; cile;J gpupe;jjhy;
njd;fz;lq;fs; Kf;Nfhz tbtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cile;j fz;lq;fs; njd;
KidapypUe;J kj;jpa Nfhl;Lg;gf;fkhf efu me;jhl;bf;fh kl;Lk; njd;
KidtpNyNa epiyj;Jtpl;lJ. ntf;du; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis epiyepWj;j gy;NtW
Mjhuq;fisf; fhl;bdhu;. ,d;iwa fz;lq;fs; ahTk; xd;whf xNu fz;lkhf
,Ue;jd vd;gjid epiyehl;Ltjw;Fupa 'rhl;rpaq;fshf|| me;j Mjhuq;fs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. mit>

1. Gtpg; ngsjpftpay Mjhuq;fs;-; (Geophysical) rPay;> rPkh> Nfhstfk;

vd;gtw;wpd; mlu;j;jp NtWghLfisAk;> fbd> ghF> jput NtWghLfisAk; kdjpy;
nfhz;L Rz;lk; efu;e;jJ vd;whu;.

2. ,ltpsf;ftpay; (Topographical) Mjhuq;fs;-; ,d;iwa fz;lq;fis xd;whf

,izj;Jg; gioa gQ;rpahff; fz;lj;ij cUthf;fp tplyhk; vd;whu;. ,d;iwa
fz;lq;fspd; tpspk;Gfs; xd;NwhL xd;W nghUe;jf; $bad vd;whu;. cjhuzkhf>
mnkupf;fhf;fis INuhg;gh- Mgpupf;fhTld; ,izf;Fk; NghJ> nkr;rpf;Nfhf;
FlhtpDs; Mg;gpupf;fh nghUe;j njd;dnkupf;fh - fpdp tisFlhtpDs;
nghUe;JfpwJ vd;whu;.

3. Gtpr;rupjtpay; (Geological) Mjhuq;fs; cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; ,sk;kbg;Gkiyfs;

fz;l efu;tpdhy; Njhd;wpd. cjhuzkhf mnkupf;fh Nkw;Fg; Gwkhf efu;e;jjhy;
gRgpf; milay;fs; kbg;Gw;W nwhf;fp - me;jP]; kiyj;njhlu; cUthdJ. NkYk;
xU fz;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w xNu tifahd ghiw> kWfz;lj;jpYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gpNurpypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gspq;FUg;ghiwg; gupir epyk;>
Mgpupf;fhtpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

4. capu;r; Rtl;bay; (Palaentological) Mjhuq;fs;. xU fz;lj;jpy; ,d;W

rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;w my;yJ xU fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs;
vd;gdtw;wpd; capu;r;RtLfs; ,d;W ,d;ndhU fz;lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
M.N.I Ahamed
fz;lq;fisg; gpupf;fpd;w gue;j rKj;jpuj;ij mit vt;thW fle;jpUf;f KbAk;?
vd;w rhj;jpakhd tpdh ,jid cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

5. fhyepiyapay; (Climatological) Mjhuq;fs; madg; gFjpfs; ahTk; xd;whfr;

Nru;e;jpUe;jikahy;jhd; epyf;fupg; gbT Vw;gLtjw;Fr; rhjfkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;whu;.
Gtpr; rupj fhyq;fspy; Vw;gl;l fhyepiy khw;wq;fis ,tuJ Mjhuq;fs;
ep&gpj;jd.
ntf;dupd; fz;l efu;Tf; nfhs;iffs; gy mwpQu;fshYk; Muk;gj;jpy;
fz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,d;W 'fz;lq;fs; efu;e;jd|| vd;w fUj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; ntf;du; njuptpj;j ngUf;F tpirahy; fz;lq;fs; efu
,lkpy;iy vd;wdu;. vdpDk; mz;ika Muha;Tfs; ntf;dupd; fz;l efu;Tf;F
Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mt;tifapy; %d;W fUJNfhs;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
mitahtd :
1. Nkw;fhTif Xl;lf; nfhs;if -
cUfpa epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; Nfhstfj;jpDs; Njhd;Wk; fpsu;kpd; tPr;rhy; Vw;gLk;
Nkw;fhTif Xl;lq;fs;> GtpNahl;ilj; jhf;fp efu;j;jpapUf;fyhk; vd;fpd;wdu;.
Nkw;fhTif Xl;lq;fs; GtpNahl;ilj; jhf;Fk; NghJ rKj;jpug; gFjpfs; xd;wpy;
,Ue;J xd;W gpuptdthfTk;> fz;lg; gFjpfspy; xd;iwnahd;W fPo;Nehf;fp
,wq;Ftd thAKs;sd. mjdhy; fz;lq;fs; efu;e;jpUf;fyhk;.
2. Gtpf; fhe;jtpaw; nfhs;if- GtpapDl;gFjp fhe;jj; jd;ikiaj;
Njhw;Wtpf;ff;$ba nghUl;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. Nfhstfj;jpDs; Vw;gLk; kpd;
miyfs; Gtpapd; fhe;jtpaiy cUthf;Ffpd;wd. mit fz;lq;fis
efuitj;jpUf;ff;$bad vd;gJ mz;ikf; fUj;Jf;fspy; xd;whFk;.
3. ftrj;jl;Lf; nfhs;if - gpupj;jhdpahitr; Nru;e;j fP];> kj;A+]; Mfpa ,U
mwpQu;fs; 1963y; ntspapl;l fUj;Jf;fspd;gb GtpNahL MW 'ftrj;jfLfspd;||
(Plates) ,izg;ghy; cUthfpAs;snjd;Wk;> mit efuf;$badntd;Wk;
fUj;Jf;fis njuptpj;Js;sdu;.

KbTiu
Kbtpy;> gy;NtW Gtpapayhsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs;> rhd;Wfs; gw;wpa
tpupthd njhlu;r;rpapd; Kbthf miktJ ekJ G+Nfhsj;jpy; fz;lq;fs; vd;gJ
epiyj;J epw;fhJ khw;wj;jpw;Fl;glf;$baJ vd;gNjahFk;. ,jd; %yk; gy;NtW
Gtpapay; uPjpahd khw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. fz;l efu;it nghWj;jkl;by;
Mz;Lf;F ruhrupahf xU nrd;wpkPl;lu; tiu efu;tJ Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
mNjNtis ntf;duhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fz;l efu;T Nfhl;ghL> G+kpapd;
,af;ftpay; gw;wpa ekJ Gupjypy; Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL> fz;lq;fs; vt;thW
khwpAs;sd vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ. Muk;gj;jpy; re;Njfj;ij re;jpj;jhYk;> ,J
etPd Gtpapaypy; gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kd;Djhuzkhd mbj;jsj;ij
mikj;jJ.

M.N.I Ahamed
crhj;Jizfs;.

★ Fzuhrh. f> (2001) > Rw;whlw; Gtpapay; (jpUj;jpa %d;whk; gjpg;G)>

nfhOk;G> fkyk; gjpg;gfk;.

★ Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; (2017) > ~Gtpapay; juk; 12 Mrpupau;

mwpTiug;G topfhl;b> kfufk> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp
epWtfk;.

★ fyPy;>vk;.[.vk;> (2017) > ngsjpf Gtpapay;> fz;b FwpQ;rp

ntspaPL.

★ Fzuhrh f> (1983) > ngsjpf Gtpapay;> aho;g;ghzk;> Nufh

ntspaPL.

★ fpupjud;> Fkhurhkp> (2011) > ngsjpfg;Gtpapay;> mr;RNtyp fyq;fiu

ntspaPL.

M.N.I Ahamed