cstpaypd; tuyhWk; mZFKiwfSk;

kdpj caphpaYld; xg;gpLifapy; cstpayhdJ kpfTk; ,sikahd tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w tifapy; 19Mk;
Ehw;whz;by; ghpkspf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. mjhtJ etPd cstpayhdJ gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjpf;
fhyg;gFjpapy; mjd; tpQ;Qhd me;j];jpid ngw;wjd; gpd;dh; njhlq;fpaJ vdyhk;.

19Mk; Ehw;whz;Lf;F Kd;dh; kdpj kdk; njhlh;ghf vOk; gpur;rpidfSf;F jj;Jthh;j;j mbg;gilapNyNa
jPh;T fhzg;gl;lJ.

tpy;nfy;k; Tz;l; (Wilhelm Wundt) kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; N[k;]; (William James) MfpNahh; 19 Mk;
Ehw;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; cstpaYf;F tpQ;Qhd me;j];ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;j ,U Nkijfshth;.

Tz;l;Lk; (1832 – 1920) mtuJ mikg;GthjKk;

Tz;l; xU N[h;kdpa cstpayhsh;. Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa cstpayhsh; vd ,th; fUjg;gLfpd;whh;. ,tuJ
caph;njhopw;ghl;L cstpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfs; (Principles of Physiological Psychology) vd;w EyhdJ
1873 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. cstpaiy edTepiy mDgtk;gw;wpa tpQ;QhdhPjpahd fw;if vd Tz;l;
tpghpf;fpd;whh;. me;j tifapy;> edTepiyapd; $Wfs; vitnad ,dq;fhZjYk; ,tw;wpd; xd;W Nrh;f;if
vt;thW edTepiy mDgtq;fSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yfpd;wd vd;gij Muha;jNy cstpaypd; Nehf;fk; vd ,th;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jw;nfd Tz;l; gad;gLj;jpa Ma;T Kiw mfNehf;F (introspection – internal
perception) Kiwnad miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xU tpQ;Qhdp ,aw;ifapd; gyjug;gl;l mk;rq;fisAk; vt;thW
Nehf;Ffpd;whNwh mt;thNw mfNehf;F Kiwapy; xUth; jdJ edTepiy mDgtq;fis ,ad;wtiuapy;
Gwtakhd Kiwapy; Muha;fpd;whh;. ,j;jifa Ma;tpd;NghJ mftaj;jd;ikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd gy;NtWgl;l
epge;jidfs; Ngzg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf kdjpd; mikg;G my;yJ ,ay;Gfisg;gw;wp tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; ,e;j
Kaw;rpNa mikg;Gthjkhf cUntLj;jJ vdyhk;.

Tz;l; jdJ ghpNrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;nfd 1879 Mk; Mz;by; N[h;kdpapYs;s Leipzig gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
cstpaYf;fhd KjyhtJ tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lnkhd;wpid epWtpdhh;. ,JNt cstpaYf;F tpQ;QhdhPjpahd
me;j];jpidg;ngw;Wf; nfhLj;j epfo;T vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,t; Ma;T $lj;jpy; Tz;Lk; mtuJ
rPlh;fSk; ,ize;J vjph;;tpidf;fhd Neuk; (reaction time) vd;Dk; ghpNrhjidia Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. xU
miwapy; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLgtiu jdpNa mku itj;J mtUf;F xsp xyp my;yJ VjhtnjhU tpk;gk; Nghd;w
Jhz;bapid toq;Fjy;. xU nghj;jhid mOj;JjNy ,jw;fhd vjph;tpidr; nrayhFk;. ,t; vjph;tpidf;F vLf;Fk;
Neuk; Fwpj;j fUtpnahd;wpd; %yk; msf;fg;gLk;. Mapuj;jpy; xU nrf;fDf;F ,t; vjph;tpidr; nraypd;
Neuj;jpid Tz;bdhy; mstplf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; Tz;bd; mfNehf;F KiwahdJ Kw;wpYk; mftakhdJ
vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mikg;GthjkhdJ Tz;bd; rPluhd Edward Titchener (1927) kiwTf;F
gpd;dh; tof;nfhope;J Nghdnjdyhk;.

tpy;ypak; N[k;Rk; (1842 – 1910) mtuJ njhopw;ghl;LthjKk;

cstpay; vt;thW njhopw;gLfpwJ vd;gjw;fhd NtWgl;l Nehf;fpid Kd;itj;jth; mnkhpf;f cstpayhsuhd

tpy;ypak; N[k;rhthh;. lhtpdpd; ,aw;ifj;njhpT Kiwapyhd $h;g;Gf; nfhs;ifia mbnahw;wp xU
caphpapd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Ftjw;F ,f;nfhs;if Vw;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd ek;gpdhh;. #oYld;
nghUj;jg;ghliltjw;F VJthf mike;j elj;ij my;yJ ,ay;Gfs; ,aw;ifahy; njhpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd vd;gNj
$h;g;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; ikaf;fUj;jhFk;. nghUj;jg;ghliljy; vd;gJ xU caphp jf;nfd gpioj;jy;
my;yJ ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;jy; Nghd;w gz;Gfis ,aw;ifahdJ njhpT nra;jy;. ,J Nghd;wNj cstpaypd;
Nehf;fKk; mjhtJ ,t;Tyfpy; elj;ijapd; njhopw;ghl;bid fw;wy; vd N[k;]; fUjpdhh;. ,jd; fhuzkhf
cstpaypd; ,t; mZF KiwahdJ njhopw;ghl;L thjk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. csr; nraw;ghLfs; xU caphp
#oYld; ngUe;jpg;Nghtjw;F vt;thW cjTfpd;wd vd;gijg;gw;wpNa njhopw;ghl;L thjk; typAWj;jpaJ.
mikg;Gthjj;jpy; $wg;gl;lJ Nghd;W kdjpd; $Wfis jdpj;jdpNa Nehf;fhJ njhopw;ghl;L thjkhdJ xU
KOikahd kdjpd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jJ. Tz;bdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mfNehf;F KiwahdJ
csr; nraw;ghLfis fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU topKiwahff; fUjpdhYk; gjpT nra;Ak; fUtpfs;>
csr;nraw;ghLfs;> clw;$w;wpay; kw;Wk; clw;njhopw;ghl;baypd; tpisTfshd Jhyg;nghUl;fis
ghPl;rpj;jy; Nghd;w Gwtakhd Kiwfis gad;gLj;Jtjpy; N[k;]; mf;fiw fhl;bdhh; vdyhk;.

rpf;kz;l; Gnuhapl;Lk; (1856 – 1939) csg;gFg;Gf; nfhs;ifAk;

cstpay; tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; nry;thf;F kpf;ftuhfTk; rfyUf;Fk; mwpKfkhdtuhfTk; rpf;kz;l; Gnuhapl;

jpfo;e;jhh;. rpf;kz;l; Gnuhapl;bd; cstpay; mZFKiwahdJ csg;gFg;G mZFKiw vdg;gLk;. ,JNt
cstpaypd; KjyhtJ tpir vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. Gnuhapl; x];hpahtpYs;s tpad;dhtpy; euk;gpay; kdey
kUj;Jtuhf jdJ gzpia njhlq;fpdhh;. ,th; jd;dplk; tUk; csg;gpzp kw;Wk; euk;Gg;gpzp nfhz;l
Nehahspfspd;ghy; ftug;gl;L jdJ nfhs;ifapid cUthf;fpdhh;. ,tuJ fUj;jpd;gb xUthpd; csNeha;f;F fhuzk;
mthpd; fle;jfhy gps;isg;gUt mDgtq;fshFk;. ,t; mDgtq;fs; ahTk; kdpj kdjpd; xU gFjpahd edtpyp kdJs;
xLf;fg;gl;L mthpd; kpFjpAs;s tho;f;if fhyk; KOtJk; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gNj Gnuhapl;bd;
fUj;jhFk;. xUtiu ,af;Fk; tpir edT kdkd;W khwhf edtpyp kdNk. xUthpd; edtpyp kdkhdJ rhjhuzkhf
edT epiyf;F vl;lhjJ. vdNt xUthpd; csg;gpur;rpidapd; ,Uf;ifahd edtpyp kdjpid fdTfisg; gFj;jy;>

2
RahjPd ,iaG Nghd;w rpfpr;ir KiwfspDhlhf edT epiyf;F nfhz;L tUk;NghNj gpur;rpidf;fhd
fhuzq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;L mtw;Wf;fhd jPh;Tfs; vl;lg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ Gnuhapl;bd; thjkhFk;.

gt;Nyh tl;rd; kw;Wk; ];fpd;dh; MfpNahUk; elj;ijthjKk;

tpyq;F my;yJ kdpjdpd; njwptpidr; nraw;ghLfs; epge;jidg;gLj;jg;gl;l elj;ijahf vt;thW

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ njhlh;ghd Ma;tpid u];a ehl;bd; caphpayhsuhd Itd; gt;Nyhtpdhy; (1849 –
1936) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. eLepiyj; Jhz;bnahd;wpd; %ykhf vt;thW ,t;thwhd epge;jidg;gLj;jg;gl;l
fw;wiy caphpaplkpUe;J tUtpf;fyhk; vd;gij ehnahd;wpid itj;J mJ Ruf;Fk; ckpo;ePhpd; mstpid
msg;gjDlhf ghpNrhjpj;jhh;. gt;Nyhtpd; gioa epge;jidg;ghl;Lf; fw;wy; nfhs;ifahdJ gy;NtW
csg;gpur;rpidfSf;fhd (Fwpg;ghf gPjp - phobia) fhuzq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;F MNyhrfh;fshYk;
cskUj;Jth;fshYk; ,d;wstpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) kpfTk; nry;thf;Fkpf;f
mnkhpf;f cstpayhshuhf jpfo;e;jhh; vdyhk;. ,th; Tz;bdJk; N[k;rpdJk; fUj;Jf;fis kWjypj;jhh;. fhuzk;
kdij Gwtakhf gFj;jhuha KbahJ vd;gJ ,tuJ thjkhFk;. Tl;rd; Neubahf mtjhdpf;fg;glf; $ba elj;ijfSf;Nf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhh;. cstpaiy kdk; vd;gjpypUe;J elj;ij vd;w epiyf;F nfhz;L te;jth; tl;rd;. vdNt
tl;rdpdJk; Vida elj;ijthjpfspdJk; nfhs;iffs; elj;ijthjk; vd;w gue;J gl;l Nehf;fpy; Muhag;glyhapw;W
vdyhk;. elj;ijthjk; nghJthf tpyq;F elj;ijfis Muha;e;J kdpj elj;ijf;F ,tw;iw XusTf;NfDk;
gpuNahfpf;fyhk; vd;fpd;w vLNfhspd; mbg;gilapy; jdJ thj;ij Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.

B. F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) vd;w mnkhpf;f cstpayhsh; tl;ridg; Nghd;W kdpjdpd; ntspj;njd;gLk;
elj;ijfs; vt;thW ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd Muha;e;jhh;. ,thpd; njhopyp epge;jidg;ghl;Lf; fw;wy;
nfhs;ifahdJ vt;thW elj;ijf;F gpd;duhd epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;j elj;ijapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij Gwh
kw;Wk; vypapid itj;J ghpNrhjpj;J Muha;e;J gy;NtWgl;l Nfhl;ghLfisAk; Kd;itj;jhh;. elj;ijthjkhdJ
cstpaypd; ,uz;lhtJ tpir vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

elj;ijthjkhdJ gy jrhg;j fhykhf cstpay; cyfpy; Ml;rp ngw;W tUfpd;wikia ,d;wstpYk; tFg;giw fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy; gpuNahfpf;g;gl;L tUfpd;w Nfhl;ghLfis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Gwtakhd Kiwfisg; Fwpg;ghf ghpNrhjid Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;JtjDhlhf elj;ijthjkhdJ cstpaYfhd tpQ;Qhd
me;j];jpid cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; ,tw;wpd; ngUk;ghyhd Nfhl;ghLfs; elj;ij kw;Wk; mwpif-elj;ij
rpfpr;if Kiwfspy; (Cognitive Behaviour Therapy – CBT) gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

3
Ntj;jpkh; nfht;fh kw;Wk; Nfhyh; MfpNahUk; nf];Nlhy;l;thjKk;

,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; N[h;kdpa cstpayhsh;fshd Max Wertheimer (1880 –

1943), Kurt Koffka (1886 – 1967) kw;Wk; Wolfgang Kohler (1887 -1967) MfpNahh; ehrpg;
gilfspypUe;J jg;gpj;J mnkhpf;fhtpy; jQ;rk; GFe;jdh;. ,th;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs; nfh];Nlhy;l;
Nfhl;ghLfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. nf];Nlhy;l; (Gestalt) vd;w N[h;kdpa gjkhdJ KOik vd;w fUj;ij
Fwpj;J epw;Fk;. me;j tifapy; nf];Nlhy;l; cstpayhdJ GyDZh;T mDgtq;fs; jdpj;jdp $Wfshf
fhzg;gl;lhYk; $l mtw;iwnay;yhk; xd;wpidj;J xU KOik vd;w tifapy; ehk; Gyf;fhl;rp ngWfpNwhk;
vd;gJ ,th;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU ghlyhdJ gy;NtWgl;l thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; nfhz;L gy ghly;
thpfSld; cUthf;fg;gl;L ,irf;fg;gl;lhYk; ,tw;iw ehk; jdpj;jdpna Nehf;fhJ ,it vy;yhtw;iwAk; xd;wpizj;J
KOik vd;w tifapy; me;jg; ghlypd; re;jk;> RUjp> nky;ypir vd;wthwhf Gyf;fhl;rp ngWfpd;Nwhk;.

[Pd; gpahN[ kw;Wk; N[Nuhk; G&zUk; mwpifthjKk;

elj;ijthjpfisg; Nghyd;wp mwpifthjpfs; xUthpd; elj;ijahdJ vjphghh;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; kdntOr;rpfspdhy;

jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;fpd;wdh;. mwpifthjpahd [Pd; gpahN[ xU tplaj;ijg;gw;wp xUth;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ mth; mJ njhlh;ghff; nfhz;Ls;s Kd;dwpit (];fPkh) mbg;gilahhf; nfhz;lJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Fwpj;jnthU gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;f;Fk; Mw;wyhdJ mg;gpur;rpidgw;wpa xUthpd;
fle;jfhy; mDgtq;fisg;gw;wpa Qhgfk; %ykhFk;.

mwpifthjkhdJ elj;ijthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghd;W mtjhdpf;fg;glf;$ba elj;ijfis tpLj;J mtw;Wf;F

fhuzkhd cs;shh;e;j csr; nrad;Kiwfspdghy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;.

mwpifthjkhdJ xUtupd; Qhgfk; Gyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; ftdk; njhlh;ghd csj; njhopw;ghLfisg;gw;wp

tpghpf;fpd;wJ. fzpdpnahd;wpy; vt;thW jfty; nrad;Kiw eilngWfpd;wNjh mNjNghd;Nw kdpjDk;
jfty;fis cs;sPL nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; ntspaPL vd;wthwhf nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jp mwpit tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;fpd;whd; vd;gJ mwpifthjpfspd; thjkhFk;.

kh];Nyh kw;Wk; nuhN[h;]; kw;Wk; mth;fspd; kdpjj;Jt mZFKiw

,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Kjy; gFjpahdJ mnkhpf;f cstpaypy; elj;ijthjk; kw;Wk; csg;gFg;Gthjk; Nghd;w
mwpTj; Jiwfspd; nry;thf;Ff;Fl;gl;bUe;j fhynkdyhk;. vdpDk; gpw;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; kdpj elj;ij

4
gw;wpa ,th;fspd; ,t;thwd Nghf;Ffs; gyuhYk; tpkh;rdj;Jf;Fs;shfpd. ,th;fSs; Mgpufhk; kh];NyhTk;
fhh;s; nuhN[h;Rk; Kjd;ikahdth;fs;. kdpjh;fs; ahtUk; ey;yth;fs; mth;fsplk; ,ay;gpNyNa kpfr; rpwe;j
Fzhjpraq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ ,th;fspd; thjkhFk;. Kdpj elj;ijahJ #oypdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
vd;fpd;w elj;ijthj kw;Wk; edtpyp kdjpdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;fpd;w csg;gFg;Gthj
fUj;Jf;fis ,th;fs; kWjypj;J ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lNj kdpjj;Jt thjkhFk;. ,J cstpaypd; %d;whtJ tpirahf
fUj;g;gLfpd;wJ.

r. Nahfuhzp

2020