tpNrl NjitAila khztHfspd; gy;tifikf;F Vw;g MrpupaHfs; jq;fs; fw;gpj;jy; tfpghfq;fis

khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
me;j tifapy; MrpupaHfs; jkJ tFg;giwapy; cs;s tpNrl Njit cila khztHfis ruptu ,dq;fhz;L
mjw;Nfw;g fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nghJthf MrpupaHfs; tpNrl NjitAila khztHfspd; Njitfis Gupe;J nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;g thrpg;G
vOJjy; fzpjk; nkhop Nkk;ghL cly; cs Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; r%fkakhf;fy; Mfpatw;wpd; jpwd;fis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
xU MrpupaUf;F rpwg;Gf; fy;tp kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j fy;tp gw;wpa njspthd mwpT ,Ug;gJ
mj;jpathrpakhFk;.
mg;NghNj Foe;ijfspd; Njitfisg; nghUj;J xU rpwg;Gg; ghlj;jpl;ljij Mrpupauhy; jahupf;f
KbAk;.

MrpupaHfs;@ jhd; fw;w fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfis ifahz;L khztHfSf;F gy jfty;fis flj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F
khztHfis njhlHr;rpahf mtjhdpj;J mtHfsJ ,aYikfs;> ,ayhikfis fz;Lgpbj;J nkJthf khztHfSf;F
mUfpy; ,Ue;J fw;gpf;f Ntz;L@k;.
khztHfsplk; MrpupaHfs;@ rpwg;ghd njhlHghliy Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ nrtpg;Gyf;
FiwghLila khztHfSf;F MrpupaH irif nkhop Clhf jfty;fis toq;fyhk;. ,jpy; MrpupaHfspd;
cjl;lirTfis ghHj;J khztHfs; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sf;$ba Kiwapy; jfty;fis flj;j Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; ghltplaq;fis fijfshf $Wjy; %yKk;> rpy tPbNah fhl;rpfs; %yKk;> XbNah fhl;rpfs;
%yk; ,k; khztHfSf;F ,yFthd nkhopeilapy; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,k; khztHfSld; MrpupaHfs;@ rpwe;j me;epNahdpakhd cwtpidg; Ngz Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ghl
cs;slf;fj;ij fl;b vOg;Gk; NghJ vspatw;wpy; ,Ue;J rpf;fyhdtw;wpw;Fk;> mwpe;jtw;wpy; ,Ue;J
mwpahjtw;wpw;Fk; khztHfis nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;
Example:njhFj;jwpKiw
tpNrl Njit cila khztHfSld; gzpGupAk; MrpupaHfs; Vuhskhd jd;dk;gpf;if, jd;dlf;fk; kw;Wk;
Ra topfhl;Ljy; cs;stHfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghNj mtHfspd; nghWikAk; tplhKaw;rpAk;
mk;kztHfspd; xspkakhd vjpHfhyj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tjw;F Jiz Gupaf; $bajhapUf;Fk;.

MrpupaHfs; mk; khztHfis cly; uPjpahfTk; kd uPjpahfTk; MNuhf;fpakhf itj;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;, ,y;iynadpy; mtHfs; jtW fz;Lgpbf;Fk; gof;fj;ij tsHj;Jf; nfhs;sNth my;yJ Foe;ijfis
mjpfkhf tpkHrpf;fNth tha;g;Gs;sJ.

cstpay; uPjpahd Cdj;ijj; jLf;f, Foe;ij jdJ Cdj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s MrpupaH cjt Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijf;F
jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; ,Uf;fTk;, mtHfspd; tuk;Gfis rupnra;aTk; Kbe;jtiu Foe;ijf;F cjt cz;ikahd
Kaw;rpfs; toq;FgtHfshf MrpupaHfs; nrayhw;w Ntz;Lk;.
tpNrl NjitAila khztHfspd; tpNrl jd;ikf;F Vw;g mtHfis ,dq;fhzy; Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaHfs; tpNrl
NjitAila khztHfspd; fw;wYf;F cjt Ntz;Lk;>
Fwpg;ghf ngw;NwhHfSk; ,g; gps;isfisr; rupahd Kiwapy; ,dq;fz;L mtHfisf; ifahs Ntz;Lk;.
mjw;fhf MrpupaHfs; fw;wy; FiwghLfs; cs;s khztHfspd; FLk;gq;fSld; neUf;fkhd njhlHGfis
Ngzpf;nfhz;L khztHfspd; ed;F Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; ngw;NwhHfs; tPl;by; ghlrhiyapy; nra;Ak;
Ntiyfspy; tYg;gLj;Jtij cWjp nra;tjw;Fk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzkhf xU khztd; ghlrhiyapy; fw;Fk; ghlq;fis tPl;bYk; ngw;Nwhupd; cjtpAld; kPl;Ltjw;F
mtHfis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tpNrl Njit cila khztHfSf;F MrpupaHfs; fw;gpg;gjw;fhd ,d;ndhU topahf fzpdp top fw;gpj;jy;
Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpy; ,g;gpur;rpidiaj; jPHf;f Mrpupaiu mjpfstpy; fw;gpj;jypy; <Lglr;
nra;tpg;gNj fzpdp topf; fw;gpj;jypd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;. MrpupaH khztH kw;Wk; fzpdp
Mfpa %d;Wk; ,ize;J nray;gLk;NghNj fzpdp topf;fy;tp rpwg;ghf mikAk;.
njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F MrpupaHfspd; ,lj;jpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahtpl;lhYk;> fzpdp
nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; ,izag;ghtid vd;gd ,d;W gps;isfspd; fw;wy; cgfuzq;fshf khwpAs;sd
cjhuzk; :
fzpdpj; jpiuapy; NtW fhfpj epwk; my;yJ gpd;dzp tz;zk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; fhw;whiy
vspikahdjhf khw;wy; .
vOj;Jg;gpio rpukk; cs;stHfSf;fhd thHj;ijfis fzpf;Fk; fzpdpfis gad;gLj;jy; .

fzpdp topf; fw;wYf;F khztiu mjpfkhff; Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. khztHfs; mtHfspd; Nehf;fq;fis
miltjw;F Vw;w mDgtq;fisf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
kPsf; fw;wYf;F fzpdpapd; gad;ghL kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
tpNrl NjitAila khztHfSf;Nfw;g tFg;giwr; #oy; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fg; ghlrhiyapd;
cjtpAld; ngw;NwhH> fy;tp mjpfhupfspd; cjtpfisg; ngw toptFj;jy; mtrpak;.
me;j tFg;giwapy; mk; khztHfSf;F Njitahd fw;wy; cgfuzq;fs; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk; :czHr;rp nghk;ikfs;, jfty; njhlHG rhjdq;fs;, jOtpa cgfuzq;fs;,rpwg;G nkd;nghUs;
Nlg;gpy; cs;s Gj;jfq;fs;, Nlg; nuf;fhHlHfs;, fhy;FNyl;lHfs;,
gpnua;yp, MbNah, ngupa mr;R kw;Wk; b[pl;ly; ciu.

,k;khztHfspd; tpNrl epiyia MrpupaH czHe;J nghUj;jkhd fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis

Kd;ndLf;fNtz;Lk;.
,k; khztHfspd; tpNrl jd;ikf;F Vw;g mtHfSf;fhd fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mbg;gilj; NjHr;rpfis tpNrl NjitAilatHSf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ik cilajhf
gpuj;jpNafkhfj; jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:
guPl;irfspd; NghJ fz; ghHit FiwghLs;s khztUf;F rhjhuz khztUf;F toq;fg;gLk; Neuj;ij tpl
$Ljyhd Neuk; toq;fy;.
mNjNghy kPj;jpwDila khztHfSf;F mtHfspd; jHf;f uPjpahd mwptpid nkU$l;Lk; tifapy; rpf;fy;
jPHg;gjw;fhd re;jugq;fisAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;
NkYk; ,k; kPj;jpwDila khztHfis rhjhuz khdtHfSlNdNa ,izj;J fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ mJ
mk;khztupd; jpwikfs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;L mtHfs; fw;wy; njhlHghf gpd;thq;Ftjw;F fhuzkha;
mikAk;.
vdNt mt;thwhd khztHfis ruptu ,dq;fz;L Double Promotion toq;Ftjw;fhd eltbf;iffis MrpupaHfs;
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mNj Nghy tFg;giwapy; %Hf;fj;jdkhd eltbf;iffis fhl;Lk; khztHfis MjuTld; mZfp mtHfspd;
gpur;rpidfis ruptu ,zq;fz;L mtHfisAk; fw;wypy; <LgLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
fw;wy; FiwghLfs; cs;stHfSf;fhd fUtpfs;, i`iyl;lHfs;, tz;zf; FwpaPl;L Nfhg;Gfs;
my;yJ ,Og;giwfs; vd;gtw;iw gad;gLj;jp MrpupaH fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
mNjNghy czHT, Nkhl;lhH, mwpthw;wy; my;yJ gpw FiwghLfs; cs;s khztHfSf;fhf
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fs; ,ngupa mr;rpy; cs;s Gj;jfq;fs;, gpnua;yp kw;Wk; MbNah
Gj;jfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; gad;ghl;Lld; fw;f MrpupaH Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

nrtpg;Gydw;w khztHfspd; fw;wy; miltpid mstpl Vw;fdNt irif nkhopapd; Clhf tpdhf;Nfl;gij
xspg;gjpT nra;J mNj Nghy; khztHfs; irif %ykhf tpilaspf;Fk; NghJ mit xspg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;L
gpd; mtw;iw irif nkhop GyikAs;Nshupdhy; kjpg;gpl;L Gs;sp toq;Fk; Kiwapid
mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
GJf;fUj;ij KOikahf Gupe;J nfhs;s ,k; khztHfSf;F jdpahf fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;> nray;fis nra;J Kbf;f
mjpf Neuk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;> khztHfspd; msTf;F jFe;jhw;Nghy; ,yFthd nray;fis nfhLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;>
xU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiy nra;Ak; NghJ xt;nthU epiyapYk; cw;rhfg;gLj;jYk;> nra;j nraiyg;gw;wp
vLj;Jf;$WjYk; Ntz;Lk;.,J mk; khztHfSf;F rpwe;j gpd;D}l;lyhf mikAk;.
nrtpg;Gydw;Nwhupd; vOj;Jj; jpwid guPl;rpf;Fk; Kiwapaypy; glq;fs; %ykhf vOj;Jj;jpwid
kjpg;gpLtJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

MrpupaH ghl> ,izg;ghltpjhd nraw;ghLfspy; ,k;khztHfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fp Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk; gapw;wg;gl;l tpNrl NjitAila khztHfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd MrpupaHfis mjpgUf;F
mwptpj;J epakpff;f eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; tpNrl nraw;wpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L ,k;khztHfspd; fw;wiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;,fzpg;gPL
kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis clDf;Fld; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
nray;epiy Ma;Tfspy; MrpupaH <Lgl;L ,k;khztHfs; fw;wypy; vjpHNehf;Fk;
gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;L gupfhuf; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,k;khztHfSf;fhd gapw;rpg; ghriwfs;> MNyhrid epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
tpNrl NjitAila gps;isfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jy;> ghlrhiyf;Fk;
ngw;NwhUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwitg; gyg;gLj;jy;@ kw;Wk; njhlHr;rpahd fz;fhzpg;ig
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mUfpy; cs;s ghlrhiyapy; ,k;khztHfis NrHg;gjw;F tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk; cjtp
Gupjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpNrlNjitf; fy;tpAld; njhlHGgl;l gy;fiyf;fof> fy;tpaw; fy;Y}up tpupTiuahsHfis mioj;J
ngw;NwhHfSf;Fr; nraykHTfs; elhj;Jjy;. 1994y; And];Nfhtpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l rykd;fh
mwpf;ifia (The UNESCO salmanca statement) Kiwahfg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpNrl NjitAila khztHfs; gy;fiyf;fofk; nry;tjw;F fhzg;gLk; tha;g;gpid MrpupaHfs;
ngw;NwhUf;F njspTgLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
MrpupaHfs; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; njhlHgpy; ,k;khztHfsJ epiyikfisg; ngw;NwhUf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;ly; Ntz;Lk;.
khiy Neu tFg;Gf;fis elhj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,k;khztHfSf;F tpLjp trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. jpl;lkplg;gl;l fw;gpj;jYf;Fj; (Programmed instruction) jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlg;
nghUl;fisNa nkd;nghUshf khw;wp fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp khztH vspjhff; fw;Wf; nfhs;s
Cf;fg;gLj;jp nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.@.
tpNrl NjitAila khztHfs; nra;j rhjidfis vLj;Jf; $wp mt;thuhd rhjidahsHfis ghlrhiyf; $l;lq;fSf;F
miog;G tpLj;J ghlrhiyapy; mt;thW fw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Vida tpNrl Njit cila khztHfSk;
mt;thwhd rhjidahsHfshf cUthf topfhl;ly;fis MrpupaHfs; toq;f Ntz;Lk; . @>
,g; gps;isfspd; vjpHfhyk; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHit MrpupaH> mjpgH kw;Wk; fy;tpg;
gzpg;ghsHfs; Clhf ngw;Nwhupd; kdepiyapy;@ gbg;gbahf khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tFg;giwf; fw;wypy; jdpg;gl;l khztdpd; fw;wiy tpl midj;J khztupd; fw;wYf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
jug;gLk;. tpNrl NjitAila gps;isfsJ FLk;gj;Jld; ghlrhiy> neUf;fkhd cwit tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
topfhl;ly;fis MrpupaHfs; njhlHr;rpahf toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;
gpw ,lq;fspy; ,aq;Fk; tpNrl NjitAila gps;isfs; fw;Fk; ghlrhiyfSld; ngw;NwhHfSf;Fj; njhlHig
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy; Nghd;w gy tpopg;GzHTfisr; nra;tjd; %yk; ngw;Nwhupd; <LghLk;
mjpfupg;gJld; ,k;khztHfspd; fw;wYk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
MrpupaH KOikahd njhlHghly; jpwid Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. njhopy; tpNrl fy;tp MrpupaHfis
Nkw;ghHit nra;Ak; mjpgH> Nritf;fhy Mrpupa MNyhrfH MrpupaHfspd; thz;iktpUj;jpia
ftdj;jpy; vLj;J mtHfSf;F njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jpia ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F khjj;jpy; xU jlitahtJ
nrakHTfis elhj;j Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;tUk; rfy gapw;rp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYk; tpNrl fy;tp njhlHghf mwpt+l;Lk; jiyg;Gf;fis cs;slf;fp
mJ Fwpj;J gue;jstpyhd nrad;Kiw Gupe;JzHit toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf jw;NghJ
gzpGupAk; tpNrl fy;tp mYtyHfs; kw;Wk; mjpgHfs; kw;Wk; MrpupaHfis cupa
fhyq;fspy; ,w;iwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mwpTWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.