Footnotes Hull Quick Reference Guide
Common Reference Types
Book with single author
Full footnote:
Initial(s). Surname of author, Title of book in
sentence case and italics: subtitle if present
(City published: Publisher, Year), relevant
page(s).
K. Robinson, Out of our minds: learning to be
creative (Chichester: Capstone Publishing Ltd.
2001), 63-64.
Short footnote:
Surname, Shortened form of book title,
relevant page(s).
Robinson, Out of our minds, 63-64.
Bibliography entry:
Surname, Initial(s). Title of book in sentence
case and italics: subtitle if present. City
published: Publisher, Year.
Robinson, K., Out of our minds: learning to be
creative. Chichester: Capstone Publishing
Ltd. 2001.
Book with multiple authors
Full footnote:
Initial(s). Surnames of authors, Title of book in
sentence case: subtitle if present (City
published: Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).
For two authors use an ampersand (&)
between them:
C. K. Bleser & L. J. Gordon, Intimate strategies
of the Civil War: military commanders and
their wives (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2006), 34.
For more than two authors, list only the first,
followed by et al. (not italicised):
D. Daiches et al., The Penguin companion to
literature (London: Allen Lane, 1971), 58.
Short footnote:
Bleser & Gordon, Intimate strategies, 34.
Bibliography entry:
List all the authors with the first one reversed.
Publishing information not in brackets. No
page numbers.
Web: www.hull.ac.uk/skills
Not the first edition
Full footnote:
Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book
in sentence case: subtitle if present,
No edition (City published: Publisher, Year),
relevant page(s).
P. J. Lynch & S. Horton, Web style guide,
3rd edition (London: Yale University Press,
2008), 78-79.
Short footnote:
Lynch & Horton, Web style guide, 78-79.
Bibliography entry:
As footnote with first author name surname
first. Publishing information not in brackets.
No page numbers.
An edited book
Full footnote:
Initial(s). Surname of editor(s) (ed(s).), Title of
book in sentence case: subtitle if present (City
published: Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).
P. Hacket (ed.), The Andy Warhol
diaries (London: Penguin Classics, 2010), 66.
A. Bradley & A. DuBois (eds.), The anthology
of rap (New Haven: Yale University Press,
2010), 42-43.
Short footnote:
Hacket, The Andy Warhol diaries, 66.
Bradley & DuBois, The anthology of rap, 42-43.
Bibliography entry:
As footnote with first editor surname first.
Publishing information not in brackets. No
page numbers.
A chapter in an edited book
Full footnote:
Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of
chapter', In Editor(s) (ed(s).) Title of book.
(City published: Publisher, Year). Page range
of chapter:relevant page(s).
P. D. Richardson, ‘The British Empire and the
Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660-1807’, in W.R.
Louis (ed.), The Oxford History of the British
Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth
Century (Oxford: OUP, 1999), 448-456:449.
Short footnote:
Richardson, ‘British Empire’, 449.
Bibliography entry:
As footnote with first editor surname first.
Publishing info. not in brackets. Page range only.
An electronic book (eBook)
Full footnote:
Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of
book [eBook] (City published (if available):
Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).
H. Parnell, The principles of currency and
exchange, 4th edition [eBook] (London: J.
Budd, 1805), 14-15.
Short footnote:
Parnell, The principles of currency, 14-15.
Bibliography entry:
As footnote with first author name surname
first. Publishing information not in brackets.
No page numbers.
Journal article (print or online)
Full footnote:
Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of article in
sentence case’, Journal title in italics, Issue
information (Year), page range:relavant page(s).
K. N. Panikkar, ‘Literature as history of social
change’, Social Scientist, 40, 3 (2012) 3-5:4.
Short footnote:
Panikkar, ‘Literature as history’, 5.
Bibliography entry:
As footnote with the all authors listed, first
author surname first. Publishing information
not in brackets. Page range only.
Conference paper:
Full footnote:
Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of paper
in sentence case*', Title of conference:
subtitle if present. Location and date of
conference (City published: Publisher if given),
page range:relevant pages(s).
W. Blozijl & B. Andeweg, 'The effects of text
slide format and presentation quality on
learning in college lectures', IEEE International
Professional Communication Conference.
Limerick, 10-13 July 2005, 288-299:292.
Short footnote:
Blozijl & Andeweg, 'The effects of text slide
format', 292.
Bibliography entry:
As footnote with first author surname first
and all authors listed. Publishing information
not in brackets if given. Page range only.
Web page
Full footnote:
Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Web page title
(Date). Available online: URL [Accessed date].
Individual Author(s)
G. Reynolds, Top ten slide tips (2005).
Available online:
http://www.garrreynolds.com/preso-
tips/design/ [Accessed 27/3/2014].
Company author
SocialBakers, LinkedIn statistics, number of
LinkedIn users & demographics (2014).
Available online:
http://www.socialbakers.com/linkedin-
statistics/ [Accessed 26/3/2014].
No author or company name
Gourmet coffee boom takes Russia by
storm (2013). Available online:
http://www.8975.co.uk/gourmet-coffee/
[Accessed 2/1/2014].
Short footnote:
Reynolds, Top ten slide tips.
SocialBakers, LinkedIn statistics.
Gourmet coffee boom.
Bibliography entry:
As full footnote but with author surname first
and dates not in brackets.
Secondary References
Sometimes you want to reference something
that has been quoted, reproduced or cited in a
source you have read (a secondary reference).
Here are a few simple rules when dealing with
them:
 If at all possible, find the original
source and use that instead.
 Never pretend you have read the
original source.
 Only include the book/article you have
read in the reference list.
 Always make it clear in your in text or
footnote that it is a secondary
reference.
In your text, you could write
“Harrison2 implied that...”
The footnotes and bibliography entries would
then be:
Footnote:
Harrison quoted in Smithson, J. Common
Ancestors (New York: NP Publishing, 2008), 65.
Bibliography
Smithson, J. Common Ancestors (New York:
NP Publishing, 2008).
Alternatively, you could make the secondary
nature of the reference clear in your text i.e.
“Harrison, quoted/cited in Smithson2,
suggested that...”
The Smithson book would then be referenced
in the footnote and bibliography with no
further mention of Harrison.