Meet VFDVFV

INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY (BSL4 LAB)
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
SUBMITTED BY
Mr. MEET SOMPURA
HEMCHANDRACHARYA NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE, H.N.G. UNIVERSITY, PATAN

UNIVERSITY ROAD, PATAN- 384265
JUNE -2022
Institute of Architecture H.N.G University
Institute of virology, chandigarh
INDEX
Certificate………………………………………………………………………I
Declaration…………………………………………………………..………. II
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………...…. III
Abstract……………………………………………………………………... IV
Table of Contents……………………………………………………...…… V
List of Figures………………………………………………………..……. VI
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled, “institute of virology BSL4 Lab” submitted
to Institute of Architecture, H.N.G.U Patan in partial fulfillment for Award of The Degree
of Bachelor of Architecture, is a record of bona fide work carried out by Mr Meet
Sompura, under my Supervision and Guidance.
THESIS PANEL
Ar. Mayank Patel Ar. Niket Patel
Ar. Krunal suthar Ar. Meera Chatwani
Internal Guide Head of Department
Ar. Zubin Barot
External Guide
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DECLARATION
I, Meet Sompura Roll No.16/AR/17 hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Institute
of virology BSL4 Lab” submitted by me in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor
of Architecture, in Institute of Architecture, H.N.G.University, Patan, Gujarat, is a
record of bona fide work carried out by me. The matter embodied in this thesis has
not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or
diploma.
Date: / /
Place: Meet sompura
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have learnt a lot in my journey of these five years as an architecture student, thanks
to the wide knowledge and guidance of all the teachers’ right from the first semester
and their consistence support over these five years.
I am extremely thankful to Ar. Krunal Suthar as internal guide and Ar. Zubin Barot
as external guide, without their assistance and dedicated involvement in every step
throughout thesis process this thesis would have never been accomplished. I would
like to thank you very much for your support, understanding and trust which always
encourage me to give my best.
Most importantly my whole journey would be incomplete without the support of my

family, my parents and my brother who offered their encouragement and
unconditional love and support throughout the thesis and stood behind me as strong
structural support. Last but not the least, warm regards and gratitude to my friends
Pankti Shah, Honey Dave, Shivam Raval and Aditi Yadav for their unconditional
love, who are always there in my thick & thin and have made this possible.
Meet Sompura
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ABSTRACT
A number of viruses cause acute central nervous system disease. The two major
clinical presentations are aseptic meningitis and the less common
meningoencephalitis. Clinical virology laboratories are now more widely available than
a decade ago; they can be operated on a modest scale and can be tailored to the
needs of the patients they serve. Most laboratories can provide diagnostic information
on diseases caused by enteroviruses, herpesviruses, and human immunodeficiency
virus. Antiviral therapy for herpes simplex virus is now available. By providing a rapid
diagnostic test or isolation of the virus or both, the virology laboratory plays a direct
role in guiding antiviral therapy for patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Although
there is no specific drug available for enteroviruses, attention needs to be paid to these
viruses since they are the most common cause of nonbacterial meningitis and the
most common pathogens causing hospitalization for suspected sepsis in young
infants in the india during the warm months of the year. When the virology laboratory
maximizes the speed of viral detection or isolation, it can make a significant impact on
management of these patients. Early viral diagnosis benefits patients with enteroviral
meningitis, most of whom are hospitalized and treated for bacterial sepsis or
meningitis or both; these patients have the advantage of early withdrawal of antibiotics
and intravenous therapy, early hospital discharge, and avoidance of the risks and
costs of unnecessary tests and treatment. Enteroviral infection in young infants also
is a risk factor for possible long-term sequelae. For compromised patients, the
diagnostic information helps in selecting specific immunoglobulin therapy. Good
communication between the physician and the laboratory will result in the most benefit
to patients with central nervous system viral infection.
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Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................3
1.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................3
1.3 Need for Biosafety Labs ............................................................................................................6
1.4 What Are Biosafety Labs? ......................................................................................................7
1.5 Key elements of a virology laboratory ........................................................................................7
1.6 PHYSICAL INFRASTUCTURE………………………………………………………………………7
1.7 BIOSAFTY REQUREMENT…………………………………………………………………………8
1.8 ACCESS………………………………………………………………………………………………12
1.9 DESIGN FEATURES………………………………………………………………………………...14
1.10 PROPOSAL…………………………………………………………………………………………15
1.11 SCOPE AND LIMITATION ....................................................................................................16
2. CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................................17
2.1 PRIMARY CASE STUDY ............................................................................................................18
2.1.1 SALK INSTITUTE .................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 SECONDARY CASE STUDY .....................................................................................................23
2.2.1 ASTER ADHAR HOSPITAL ...................................................................................................... 23
2.2.2 MEDEOR HOSPITAL .............................................................................................................. 30
2.2.3 CARMAN HOSPITAL…………………………………………………………………………... ..36

3. SITE ............................................................................................................................. 43
3.1 SITE LOCATION .........................................................................................................................44
3.2 CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................................45
3.3 CLIMATE ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................46
4. CONCEPT AND DESIGN ................................................................................................................51
4.1 CONCEPT ...................................................................................................................................52
4.2 DESIGN.......................................................................................................................................53
4.2.1 SITE LAYOUT ......................................................................................................................... 55
4.2.2 INDIVIDUAL PLAN ................................................................................................................ 56
4.2.3 ELEVATION .......................................................................................................................... 60
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4.2.4 SECTION ............................................................................................................................... 61
4.2.2 3D VIEWS ............................................................................................................................. 62
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. introduction
Starting work in a virology research laboratory as a new technician, graduate

student, or postdoc can be complex, intimidating, confusing, and stressful. From
laboratory logistics to elemental expectations to scientific specifics, there is much
to learn. To help new laboratory members adjust and excel, a series of guidelines
for working and thriving in a virology laboratory is presented. While guidelines may
be most helpful for new laboratory members, everyone, including principal
investigators, is encouraged to use a set of published guidelines as a resource to
maximize the time and efforts of all laboratory members. The topics covered here
are safety, wellness, balance, teamwork, integrity, reading, research, writing,
speaking, and timelines.
A BSL-4 facility is the highest level of biosafety containment facility available today
to handle extremely dangerous pathogens that can cause severe and serious life-
threatening illness in humans that have no treatment or preventive measures.
A BSL-4 facility support study of diseases such as Nipah, H5N1 Avian influenza,
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and many others.
Only two so far
There are only two such laboratories in India, the National Institute of Virology,
Pune, which is a dedicated facility for the study of human pathogens, and the High
Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Bhopal, a dedicated facility that studies
animal pathogens.
Establishing a BSL-4 laboratory was not an easy task given the stringent
international standards and safety precautions that had to be met apart from the
high cost of training personnel and maintenance.
1.2. theoretical Background
Diseases caused by viruses have assumed great public health significance in the
recent past and an increase in the frequency and spread of such diseases
observed globally. Several new viruses have been isolated. During the past three
decades, of the 30 new pathogens discovered, 16 are viruses (Table 1.1). These
emerging viruses have added a new paradigm to public health concepts. Not only
the health but the economic and social fabric of global communities have been
affected by viruses such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza
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Ever since its discovery, the

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has
emerged as a global disaster. Around the
world AIDS has led to more than 20 million
deaths. Over 33 million people are living with
HIV today and by 2010 it is estimated that
more than 40 million children will have one or
both parents dead from AIDS. People in
productive age groups are predominantly
affected by AIDS and hence in some
countries the impact of AIDS has led to a
major decrease in their respective gross
national products. Till date the only tool
available to ascertain the presence of HIV in
an otherwise healthy looking individual is a
laboratory assay
The beginning of the millennium saw the appearance of Nipah virus in Malaysia
which caused the deaths of 100 people in the country as well as significant
economic losses due to the slaughter of pigs. It is estimated that the outbreak cost
was nearly USD 500 million. Subsequently, Nipah virus outbreaks were identified
in India and Bangladesh.
In 2003, SARS caused by a coronavirus inflicted a major impact on health, tourism

and travel in many countries. In a very short period this virus caused 7761 probable
cases and 623 deaths in 28 countries. SARS demonstrated the potential of a new
virus for a rapid spread, high infectivity, huge mortality and the inability of health
systems to mount rapid and effective response because of nonavailability
ofdiagnostic services. The isolation of the virus and understanding its genetic
characteristics were major contributors in curtailing the spread of this disease.
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) occurred in Asia beginning in

early 2004. As on October 2008, 387 cases with 245 deaths have been reported
from 15 countries (Table 1.2). In Indonesia, the case fatality ratio is as high as 85%.
More than 250 million birds have either died from the disease or were culled in
efforts to contain the outbreaks. The world continues to live under the threat of a
pandemic of influenza. Laboratory support is critical not only to detect the presence
of the virus in clinical material and birds but, more importantly, to understand the
genetic changes in the viral genome which shall be the harbinger of the pandemic.
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It is in this context that the establishment and strengthening of existing national

virology laboratories gains paramount importance. A national viral surveillance
system needs to be established. The epidemiology of virus diseases needs to be
studied in depth. The need to be able to easily, cheaply and quickly diagnose these
and other potential outbreaks of viral infections as public health problems in specific
geographic regions, in addition to travel and bio-terrorism concerns, is crucial.
Apart from development of diagnostic reagents and their supply to investigating
centre, a central serum bank, and a virus repository are important factors.
Research on viruses, as regards the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis and
vaccinology of virus infections, needs to be strengthened. An international network
of databases of virus infections, needs to be instituted. A global network for the
diagnosis and containment of emerging viral diseases is the need of the hour. This
document has therefore been conceived and developed to provide to policy
makers, administrators and public health professionals in developing countries, an
overview of the requirements for establishing a national virology laboratory.
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1.3. The Need for Biosafety Labs
In the past century, medical research has led to improved health and increased life
expectancy largely because of success in preventing and treating infectious diseases. This
success has come about through the use of antibiotics and vaccines, improved hygiene,
and increased public awareness. New threats to health continually emerge naturally,
however, as bacteria and viruses evolve, are transported to new environments, or develop
resistance to drugs and vaccines. Some familiar examples of these so-called emerging or
re-emerging infections include HIV/AIDS, West Nile virus, severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS), and annual outbreaks of influenza.
To control epidemics and protect the public health, medical researchers must quickly
identify naturally occurring microbes and then develop diagnostic tests, treatments, and
vaccines for them.
Preparing for bioterrorism—the deliberate release of a microbe into a community in which

it is not a current health concern—calls for the identical scientific skills and strategies.
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1.4. What Are Biosafety Labs?
1. Pathogenicity of the organism.
2. Mode of transmission and host range of the organism. These may be influenced
by existing levels of immunity in the local population, density and movement of the
host population, presence of appropriate vectors, and standards of environmental
hygiene.
3. Local availability of effective preventive measures. These may include:

prophylaxis by immunization or administration of antisera (passive immunization);
sanitary measures, e.g. food and water hygiene; control of animal reservoirs or
arthropod vectors.
4. Local availability of effective treatment. This includes passive immunization,

postexposure vaccination and use of antimicrobials, antivirals and
chemotherapeutic agents, and should take into consideration the possibility of the
emergence of drug-resistant strains.
1.5. Key elements of a virology laboratory
The key elements for the establishment of a virology laboratory and diagnostic
services are:
(1) Physical infrastructure

(2) Human resources
(3) Equipment and supplies
1.6. Physical infrastructure
Virus isolation and a number of methods for detection of viral antigens, nucleic acids, and
antibodies (serology) are the core repertoire of techniques used in a
diagnostic virology laboratory. Virus isolation using cell culture is always performed
in designatedvirology laboratories although the other methods may be performedin
diverse laboratory settings such as clinical microbiology, serology, blood bank,
clinical chemistry, pathology or molecular biology. In future, the likelihood of viral
diagnostic testing being conducted outside the traditional virology laboratory setting
is likely to increase as rapid diagnostic techniques based on immunologic and
nucleic acid detection methods gain greater acceptance.
A diagnostic virology laboratory should ideally be located in a separate,

multistoried building. If this is not possible, it must be separated from other areas and
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facilities that are open to unrestricted staff movement within the building. It is
therefore ideal to have the virology laboratory situated at the end of a corridor in a
building where other laboratories are located. This would restrict entry of visitors,
prevent contamination and facilitate maintaining biosafety standards.
1.7. Biosafety requirements
Microorganisms have been divided into four categories (Box 1) according to the risk posed
to individuals and communities
The biosafety infrastructure must be designed on the basis of risk assessment for handling
specific pathogens. An agent that is assigned to Risk Group 2 may generally require
Biosafety Level 2 facilities, equipment, practices and procedures for safe conduct of work.
The desired biosafety levels are established on the basis of professional judgement based
on risk assessment.
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Diagnostic virology laboratories must be designed for Biosafety level 2 (BSL 2)

or above and special attention should be paid to conditions that are known to pose
biosafety problems. It is desirable that every country have at least one national
laboratory that is equipped with Biosafety level 3 (BSL 3) facility especially because
most of the viral pathogens that have emerged in the recent past have been agents
that require BSL 3 facilities for handling specimens and cultures. However, if
resources are limited, a BSL 2 laboratory with negative pressure (BSL 2) is
essential to handle most emerging pathogens.
A typical biosafety level 3 laboratory
The laboratory is separated from general traffic flow and accessed through an
anteroom (double door entry or basic laboratory – Biosafety Level 2) or an airlock.
An autoclave is available within the facility for decontamination of wastes prior to
disposal. A sink with hands-free operation is available. Inward directional airflow is
established and all work with infectious materials is conducted within a biological
safety cabinet.
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In principle, unless the recommended biosafety level facilities are available the
laboratory should not handle a particular virus. In situations where there is an
outbreak of a viral illness and the required biosafety levels are not available, it is
advisable to collect and refer the specimens to the nearest laboratory in the Region
that has the required BSL laboratory. If specimens are collected from patients who
are suspected to be suffering from viral infections caused by agents which need
BSL 3 facilities (e.g. avian influenza) it is advisable that they be directly forwarded
to the reference laboratory which has facilities for handling such agents.Apart from
the biosafety requirements mentioned above, the following are some of the
essential features that need to be incorporated in the design of a virology
laboratory.
1] Adequate space must be provided for the safe conduct of laboratory

work and for cleaning and maintenance. Designated cubicles, rooms or
areas should be available to carry out different activities, e.g. office
rooms, specimen collection cubicle, specimen reception and processing
room, serology laboratory, cell culture cubicle, molecular diagnostic
laboratory comprising three cubicles, cold room, dark room for
fluorescent microscopy, common equipment room, media preparation
room, washing and sterilization section, store room, toilets and lunch
room.
2] Each laboratory room should have space for housing a BSL 2 cabinet,
one workbench, a sink, discard bins, wall cabinets to store consumables,
a centrifuge, an incubator and a refrigerator.
3] Ideally the entire laboratory should be air conditioned to maintain a

dust-free environment and an ambient temperature of 22–25 °C. If this
is not possible, at least cell culture cubicles, virus handling cubicles, the
serology lab and the molecular biology labs should be air conditioned.
4] Walls, ceilings and floors should be smooth, easy to clean, impermeable

to liquids and resistant to chemicals and disinfectants normally used in
the laboratory. Floors should be slip-resistant.
5] Bench-tops should be impervious to water and resistant to disinfectants,

acids, alkalis, organic solvents and moderate heat.
6] Illumination should be adequate for all activities. Undesirable reflections and

glare should be avoided.
7] Laboratory furniture should be sturdy. Open spaces between and under

benches, cabinets and equipment should be accessible to cleaning.
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8] Storage space must be adequate to hold supplies for immediate use and
thus prevent clutter on bench tops and in aisles. Additional long-term
storage space conveniently located within or outside the lab area should
also be provided.
9] All doors should have vision panels, appropriate fire ratings and
preferably be self-closing.
10] Facilities for storing outer garments, personal items as well as having tea
and lunch and restrooms should be provided outside the laboratory
working area.
11] Hand-washing basins with running tap water should be provided in each
laboratory room, preferably near the exit door. A dependable supply of
good quality water is essential. There should be no cross-connections
between sources of laboratory water supply and drinking water supplies.
12] There should be reliable and adequate electricity supply and emergency
lighting for safe exits. A stand-by generator is essential at least for some equipment
such as incubators, biosafety cabinets, freezers etc.
13] Safety systems should cover fire, electrical emergencies, emergency

shower and eyewash facilities. These include:
- Avoiding overcrowding and too much equipment
- Preventing infestation with rodents and arthropods
- Preventing unauthorized entry into the laboratory area
1.8. Access
1. The international biohazard warning

symbol and sign must be displayed
on the doors of the rooms where
microorganisms of Risk Group 2 or higher
risk
groups are handled.
2. Only authorized persons should be
allowed to enter the laboratory working
areas.
3. Laboratory doors should be kept closed.
4. Children should not be authorized or
allowed to enter laboratory working areas.
5. Access to animal houses should be
specially authorized.
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6. No animals should be admitted other than those involved in the work of the
laboratory
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1.9. Design features
1. Ample space must be provided for the safe conduct of laboratory work and for
cleaning and maintenance.
2. Walls, ceilings and floors should be smooth, easy to clean, impermeable to

liquids and resistant to the chemicals and disinfectants normally used in the
laboratory. Floors should be slip-resistant.
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3. Bench tops should be impervious to water and resistant to disinfectants, acids,

alkalis, organic solvents and moderate heat.
4. Illumination should be adequate for all activities. Undesirable reflections and

glare should be avoided.
5. Laboratory furniture should be sturdy. Open spaces between and under

benches, cabinets and equipment should be accessible for cleaning.
6. Storage space must be adequate to hold supplies for immediate use and thus
prevent clutter on bench tops and in aisles. Additional long-term storage space,
conveniently located outside the laboratory working areas, should also be provided
7. Space and facilities should be provided for the safe handling and storage of
solvents, radioactive materials, and compressed and liquefied gases.
8. Facilities for storing outer garments and personal items should be provided
outside the laboratory working areas.
9. Facilities for eating and drinking and for rest should be provided outside the
laboratory working areas.
10. Hand-washing basins, with running water if possible, should be provided in

each
laboratory room, preferably near the exit door.
11. Doors should have vision panels, appropriate fire ratings, and preferably be
selfclosing.
12. At Biosafety Level 2, an autoclave or other means of decontamination should

be available in appropriate proximity to the laboratory.
13. Safety systems should cover fire, electrical emergencies, emergency shower
and eyewash facilities.
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1.10. Proposal
The objective of the thesis will be establishing a virology laboratory in india to

provide better medical research and diagnostics support to the country.
1.11.1. Aim and Objectives
The aim is to provide myriad design features like,
Aim to establishing a virology laboratory in a developing country and address

issues pertaining to policy and program, infrastructure, human resources,
technologies available, and high-quality systems. The guidelines do not
describe the technique for processing the specimens because every
laboratory has to develop its own standard operating procedures (SOP). Also,
various standard textbooks are available for these techniques .These
guidelines shall principally assist the national laboratory programs in
expanding their diagnostic profile and should be used in conjunction with any
other national directives on International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) or
disease surveillance program.
1.11.2. Scope and Limitation
Diseases caused by viruses have assumed great public health significance in

the recent past and an increase in the frequency and spread of such diseases
observed globally. Several new viruses have been isolated. During the past
three decades, of the 30 new pathogens discovered, 16 are viruses. These
emerging viruses have added a new paradigm to public health concepts. Not
only the health but the economic and social fabric of global communities have
been affected by viruses such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza
16
CHAPTER II
CASE STUDIES
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1. CASE STUDY
1.1 The Salk Institute of Technical Information

▪ Kahn’s masterwork consists of two mirror-image structures – each six stories tall –
that flank a grand travertine courtyard. Three floors house laboratories, and the three
levels above them provide access to utilities. Towers jutting into the courtyard provide
study space for senior faculty. Towers at the east end contain heating, ventilating,
and other support systems. At the west end are six floors of offices overlooking the
Pacific Ocean. A total of 29 structures join to form the Institute.
▪ In the basement of the complex, there are different colored water walls because Kahn
was experimenting with the mixtures. The buildings themselves have been designed
to promote collaboration, and thus there are no walls separating laboratories on any
of the floors. The lighting fixtures on the roof slide along rails, thus reflecting the
collaborative and open philosophy of the Salk Institute’s science.
▪ The impact of Kahn’s architecture can be particularly felt in the travertine courtyard.
Important to note are Kahn’s imaginative use of space and high regard for natural
light. In response to Salk’s request that the Institute be a welcoming, inspiring
environment for scientific research, Kahn flooded the laboratories with daylight.
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PROJECT OBJECTIVE
▪ In 1959, Jonas Salk, the man who had discovered the vaccine for polio, approached
Louis I. Kahn with a project. The city of San Diego, California had gifted him with a
picturesque site in La Jolla along the Pacific coast, where Salk intended to found and
build a biological research center. Salk, whose vaccine had already had a profound
impact on the prevention of the disease, was adamant that the design for this new
facility should explore the implications of the sciences for humanity. He also had a
broader, if no less profound, directive for his chosen architect: to “create a facility
worthy of a visit by Picasso.” The result was the Salk Institute, a facility lauded for both
its functionality and its striking aesthetics – and the manner in which each supports the
other.
▪ He built all the exterior walls out of large, double-strength glass panels to create an
open, airy work setting on the laboratory levels. Local zoning codes restricted the
buildings’ height so that the first two stories had to be underground. However, this did
not prevent the architect from bringing in daylight: he designed a series of light wells
40 feet long and 25 feet wide on both sides of each building to bring daylight into the
lowest level.
▪ Salk and Kahn’s collaboration resulted in a blueprint uniquely suited to a scientific
research center. The next challenge was to realize it through the use of materials that
could last for generations with only minimal maintenance. Chosen to meet these
criteria were concrete, teak, lead, glass, and steel. The poured-in- place concrete walls
deliver the first bold impression for visitors. Kahn actually went back to Roman times
to rediscover the waterproof qualities and the warm, pinkish glow of “pozzolanic”
concrete. Once the concrete was set, he allowed no further processing of the finish—
no grinding, no filling, and above all, no painting. The architect also chose an
unfinished look for the teak surrounding the study towers and west office windows, and
he instructed that no sealer or stain be applied to the teak. The building’s exterior, with
only minor required maintenance; today looks much as it did in the 1960s.
DESIGN ANECDOTE
▪ After two years of design work, and after the design had been approved and meetings
with building contractors had begun, Kahn and the Salk Institute abruptly decided to
reduce the number of laboratory buildings from four narrow ones to two wider ones
and to increase the number of floors per building from two to three.
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▪ The construction started with Kahn still intending to put a garden court between the
two blocks. However, as work continued, Kahn realized that he did not know what form
it should take. Kahn had seen Barragán’s work in an exhibition at the Museum of
Modern Art, and subsequently, Kahn met Barragán in Mexico City in 1965 and invited
him to review the design of the court.
▪ To Kahn’s surprise, Barragán told Kahn that he should “. . . not add one leaf, nor plant,
not one flower, nor dirt. Instead, make it a plaza with a single water feature. If you make
a plaza, you will have another facade to the sky.’ Kahn was so jealous of this idea that
he could not help adding to it, saying ‘then we would get all those mosaics for nothing,’
pointing to the Pacific Ocean.
▪ Along with these lofty instructions, Salk laid down a series of more practical
requirements. Laboratory spaces in the new facility would have to be open, spacious,
and easily updated as new discoveries and technologies advanced the course of
scientific research. The entire structure was to be simple and durable, requiring
minimal maintenance. At the same time, it was to be bright and welcoming – an
inspiring environment for the researchers who would work there.
▪ Kahn’s scheme for the Institute is spatially orchestrated in a similar way to a
monastery: a secluded intellectual community. Three zones were to stand apart, all
facing the ocean to the west: The Meeting House, the Village, and the laboratories.
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The Meeting House was to be a large community and conference venue, while the
Village was to have provided living quarters; each part of the complex would then have
been separated from its parallel neighbors by a water garden. Ultimately, the Meeting
House and Village were cut from the project, and only the laboratories were built.
▪ Laboratory units grouped
to form two garden courts between
them at the lower level. Study and
confer enact rooms are attached
to the upper level over the garden
courts 1. Reception 2. Director's
office conference and
administration areas, technical
library 3. Garden (et lower level) 4.
Study room 5. Conference room at
upper level 6. Animals for
laboratory, service and
mechanical equipment areas (at
lower level) 7. 7laboratories 8. Box
girder ducts for air and gases 9.
Exhaust stack.
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1.2 Aster Aadhar Hospital, Kolhapur

INTRODUCTION
▪ Established: January' 2012
▪ Location: Kolhapur,
Maharashtra
▪ Architect: Ar. Shirish Beri
▪ Cost of Construction: 140
million rupees
▪ Number of beds: 150
▪ Number of ICU beds: 30
▪ Site Area: 5900 m2
▪ Built Area: 12900 m2
▪ The ground floor has the registration, O.P.D, part diagnostic department, canteen,
pharmacy, emergency and I.P.D entrance.
▪ The 1 st floor also has some O.P.D and diagnostic department, kitchen, sterilization
and one in patient department.
▪ The 2 nd floor has the operation theatres and a 30 bed I.C.U.
▪ 3 rd , 4 th & 5 th floors have the patient rooms and wards.
▪ Basement has the administration, parking, central store and other services.
DEPARTMENTS
▪ Dermatology • ENT • Cardiology and Cardiac Science • Neuro Surgery •

Gastroenterology & Hematology • Surgical & Medical Oncology • Obstetrics &
Gynecology • Dental • Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation • Nephrology • Ophthalmology
• Radiology • Pediatrics • Pulmonology • Orthopedics • Pathology • Urology
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1.3 Medeor Hospital, New Delhi

INTRODUCTION
▪ Established in: 2014
▪ Location: Qu tub Institutional
area
▪ Number of beds: 200
▪ Number of ICU beds: 17
▪ Site Area: 60480 m2
▪ Built Area: 33600 m2
▪ The hospital is one of the
prestigious hospitals in Delhi
and can be said to beautifully
dovetailing modern treatment
with holistic healthcare.
▪ Basement: opd services

radiology laboratory opd
pharmacy office
▪ Ground floor: parking, reception

cum waiting area, physiotherapy
day care unit (operation theatre)
▪ First floor: operation theatre, icu,

post-operative wards
▪ Second floor: patients room
▪ Third floor: patients room
▪ Fourth floor: patients room and

doctors cabin
DEPARTMENTS
• General Medicine • General Surgery • Obstetrics & Gynecologist • Endoscopy/laparoscopic
Surgery • Pediatrics • Orthopedic Surgery (including Joint replacement) • Dental • Cardiology
& Cardiothoracic Surgery • G.I. Surgery • Urology • Nephrology (including Dialysis) •
Neurology • Neurosurgery • ENT • Eye • Medical and Surgical Oncology & Diagnostics.
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MAIN ENTRANCE
▪ General traffic goes only to the main entrance; for hygiene reasons (e.g. risk of
infection), special entrances are separate. The entrance hall, on the basis of the open-
door principle, is designed as a waiting room for visitors and reception. Circulation
routes for visitors, patients and staff are separated from the hall onwards. However, it
prevents public access from reception to inner areas and main staff circulation routes.
CIRCULATION
▪ Entrance and circulation within the building has considered wheelchair users, parents
with small children and people with disabilities.
CORRIDORS
▪ Corridors are designed for the maximum expected circulation flow.

▪ Generally, access corridors are at least 1.50m wide. Corridors in which patients will be
transported on trolleys have a minimum effective width of 2.25m.
▪ The suspended ceiling in corridors are installed up to 2.40 m.
▪ Windows for lighting and ventilation is mostly 25m apart.
BASEMENT CORRIDORS
▪ Extensive use of artificial light in the basement because of unavailability of natural light
in the basement.
UPPER FLOOR CORRIDORS
▪ Artificial light not required during day time.

▪ Large non openable windows providing good natural light and external view. Width of
access corridors 2m and 2.5 m.
STAIRS
▪ For safety reasons stairs are designed in such a way that if necessary they can
accommodate all of the vertical circulation.
▪ The effective width of the stairs and landings in essential staircases are a minimum
of 1.50 m and do not exceed 2.50 m.
▪ Doors do not constrict the useful width of the landings and, in accordance with
hospital regulations, doors to the staircases must open in the direction of escape.
32
▪ Step heights of 170 mm are permissible at places and the minimum tread depth is
280 mm.
▪ Rise/Tread ratio of 150:300 mm.
DOORS
▪ Smoke doors are installed in ward corridors in accordance with local regulations. The
surface coating withstands the long-term action of cleaning agents and disinfectants,
and they are designed to prevent the transmission of sound, odours and draughts.
▪ A double-skinned door leaf construction meets a recommended minimum sound
reduction requirement of 25dB.
▪ The clear height of doors depends on their type and function: Normal doors 2.10-
2.20m; Oversized doors 2.50m; Transport entrances; 2.70-2.80m; Minimum height on
approach roads 3.50m.
33
DIMENSIONAL CO-ORDINATION
▪ Modules: Modular dimensional co-ordination is the best starting point for meeting
strategic design requirements. For hospital construction the preferred module
dimensions 12m are recommended, or 6M or 3M if the increments are too numerous.
In this system all the building components are coordinated with each other. The
supporting structure can be drawn in by producing a horizontal and vertical basic grid.
Here a horizontal grid approx. of 3mx6m is used.
34
35
1.4 El Carmen Hospital of Maipu, Chile

INTRODUCTION
▪ Architects: BBATS Consulting & Projects SLP, Murtinho + Raby Architect
▪ Area: 70000 m²
▪ Year: 2013
▪ The venue where the new hospital is based was a plot of land of 50,619 m2.
▪ The surrounding environment is of a very low scale, 1 or 2 storey buildings, almost
entirely single family homes.
Programme
1) Two underground floors housing parking lots, clinical and non-clinical services;
2) Two floors in the half-buried plinth, housing the heart of the hospital, that is emergency
room, radiology unit, critical patients and pavilions; and
3) Two upper floors for in-patient stay rooms, arranged into a technical gallery in the
intermediate floor.
Main Access
1) Main access to Hospital or CRS
2) Emergency access
3) Supply and Personnel Access
4) Access to Auditorium and Cafeteria
Highest level (park) access
1) Access to the Mapuche Ceremonial Plaza
2) Access to Psychiatric Day Hospital
3) Access to Multicanchas
36
BUILDING MATERIALS
▪ Exposed concrete: It is the main material of the plinth, more opaque on the sides (with
small vertical rips to control the eastern and western sun)
▪ Steel: Used as a mesh of transparent and dark deployed metal that serves as a
permeable enclosure for technical premises on the 3rd floor, while creating a shadow
that highlights the condition of suspended volume.
▪ Wood type asbestos cement: We take advantage of the warmth of this material to
represent the image of hospitalization volumes.
▪ Aluzinc: Vertical blinds formed by horizontal louvers that confer optimum sun
protection, both to the north and the west side providing users with controlled privacy
▪ Glass: It is a key material given the importance of light in this project. It is the key item
at courtyards.
37
Sequence of care
The four main types: -
1) Emergencies: Urgencies, RX, pavilions, births, ICU.
2) Inpatient stay: Admissions, inpatient stay units, consultations, pavilions, ICU.
3) Outpatient Care: Complementary Explorations, OlA, Pavilions of major and minor surgery.
4) Provision of General Services Production units, outstanding hospital services.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
1) 375 beds
2) 14 ER rooms
3) 41 consultation units
4) 17 procedure rooms
5) 11 pavilions
6) 6 labor rooms
7) 522 parking spaces
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS PER FLOOR
▪ Floor -2: Parking

▪ Floor -1: This floor is structured into three important areas:
▪ The first area corresponds to public services, including cafeteria, meeting hall,
commercial premises, accessible from both, the inside and the outside of the hospital.
▪ The second area is public/patient, connected to the CRS room and day care hospital,
CRS pharmacy, U.M.T. and laboratories.
▪ The third area is devoted to general services of the hospital, such as the Kitchen,
warehouses, loading and unloading platforms, workshop, laundry, etc., as well as staff
services, that is, dressing rooms, staff dining room, living room, childcare, etc.
▪ Western sector: public area, CRC, shopping area, auditorium, cafeteria.
▪ Eastern sector, general, sanitary and technical services: pharmacy, laboratories,
pathology surgery, warehouse, kitchen, cleaning, personnel and sterilization.
38
▪ 1st Floor: Western sector: admissions office, Rehabilitation. Eastern sector:

Emergency room, Radio diagnosis.
▪ 2nd Floor: Eastern sector: outpatient care, surgery day care hospital, admissions
office. Western sector: Surgery unit, delivery rooms and critical patients.
▪ 3rd Floor: Psychiatry Hospital courtyards.
▪ 4th Floor: This floor house two Maternal units, as well as the infant patients,
neonatology, SEDILE, adult acute patient unit and related management services.
▪ 5th Floor: It houses adult surgery inpatient basic units and the retirement unit.
39
40
41
42
CHAPTER III
SITE
43
3.SITE
3.1 Site location:- sarangpur institutional area ,chandigarh
Latitude:- 30°47'25.33"N
Longitude:- 76°45'59.69"E
Area:- 132220 msq.
44
Chandigarh is a city and a union territory in

the northern part of India that serves as the
capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned
city in India post-independence in 1947 is
known internationally for its architecture and
urban design • The master plan of the city
was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le
Corbusier
AREA = 114 sq. km
GEOGRAPHY = Chandigarh is a landlocked

city located near the foothills of the Sivalik
range of the Himalayas in northwest India. It
shares its borders with the states of Haryana
and Punjab.
45
CLIMATE
Chandigarh enjoys an extreme climate with hot summers (March to June) and chilly winters
(November to February). The monsoon season, though pleasant in the evenings, is humid
during the daytime. The best season to visit Chandigarh is autumn (August to November),
when the weather is pleasant, nether too hot, nor too cold.
The hot season lasts for 2.5 months, from April 22 to July 8, with an average daily high
temperature above 98°F. The hottest month of the year in Chandigarh is June, with an
average high of 103°F and low of 81°F.
The cool season lasts for 2.6 months, from December 3 to February 21, with an average daily
high temperature below 75°F. The coldest month of the year in Chandigarh is January, with
an average low of 49°F and high of 69°F.
46
Precipitation
A wet day is one with at least 0.04

inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent
precipitation. The chance of wet
days in Chandigarh varies very
significantly throughout the year.
The wetter season lasts 3.0 months,

from June 15 to September 16, with
a greater than 31% chance of a
given day being a wet day. The
month with the most wet days in
Chandigarh is July, with an average
of 17.3 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.
The drier season lasts 9.0 months, from September 16 to June 15. The month with the fewest
wet days in Chandigarh is November, with an average of 0.8 days with at least 0.04 inches of
precipitation.
Among wet days, we distinguish between those that experience rain alone, snow alone, or a
mixture of the two. The month with the most days of rain alone in Chandigarh is July, with an
average of 17.3 days. Based on this categorization, the most common form of precipitation
throughout the year is rain alone, with a peak probability of 60% on July 26.
Humidity
We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration
will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher
dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between
night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at
night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.
47
Chandigarh experiences extreme seasonal variation in the perceived humidity.
The muggier period of the year lasts for 3.6 months, from June 15 to October 3, during which
time the comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable at least 24% of the time. The month
with the most muggy days in Chandigarh is August, with 29.0 days that are muggy or worse.
The least muggy day of the year is February 2, when muggy conditions are essentially
unheard of.
Wind
This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10
meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on
local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more
widely than hourly averages.
The average hourly wind speed in Chandigarh experiences significant seasonal variation over
the course of the year.
The windier part of the year lasts for 5.1 months, from January 20 to June 24, with average
wind speeds of more than 6.4 miles per hour. The windiest month of the year in Chandigarh
is April, with an average hourly wind speed of 7.9 miles per hour.
The calmer time of year lasts for 6.9 months, from June 24 to January 20. The calmest month
of the year in Chandigarh is August, with an average hourly wind speed of 5.0 miles per hour.
Demographics
48
Population
Population growth in Chandigarh over

the years.
As of 2011 India census, Chandigarh
had a population of 1,055,450,[3][4]
making for a density of about 9,252
(7,900 in 2001) persons per square
kilometre.[51][52]
Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 818 females for
every 1,000 males.[6] The child sex ratio is 880 females per thousand males. Chandigarh has
an effective literacy rate of 86.77% (based on population 7 years and above), higher than the
national average; with male literacy of 90.81% and female literacy of 81.88%.[6] 10.8% of the
population is under 6 years of age.[6] The population of Chandigarh forms 0.09 per cent of
India in 2011.[4]
There has been a substantial decline in the population growth rate in Chandigarh, with just
17.10% growth between 2001 and 2011. Since, 1951–to 1961 the rate has decreased from
394.13% to 17.10%. This is probably because of rapid urbanisation and development in
neighbouring cities.[53] The urban population constitutes as high as 97.25% of the total and
the rural population makes up 2.75% as there are only a few villages within Chandigarh on its
Western and South-Eastern border and the majority of people live in the heart of Chandigarh
Languages of Chandigarh (2011)
Hindi (73.6%) Punjabi (22.03%) Urdu (1.00%) Nepali (0.62%) Bengali (0.59%) Tamil (0.53%)
Others (1.63%) English is the sole official language of Chandigarh.[7] The majority of the
population speaks Hindi (73.6%) while Punjabi is spoken by 22.03%.[55] Government schools
use English, Hindi, and Punjabi textbooks.[56] The percentage of Punjabi speakers has come
down from 36.2% in 1981 to 22.03% in 2011, while that of Hindi speakers has increased from
51.5% to 73.6%
Religion
Hinduism is the predominant religion of Chandigarh followed by 80.78% of the population.

Sikhism is the second most popular religion in the city, followed by 13.11% of the people.
Islam is followed by 4.87%. Minorities are Christians 0.83%, Jains 0.19%, Buddhists 0.11%,
those that didn't state a religion are 0.10%, and others are 0.02%.[58]
49
Many institutions serve minorities in the city. One such is the Roman Catholic Diocese of
Simla and Chandigarh, serving the Catholics, which even has a co-cathedral in the city, Christ
the King Co-Cathedral, although it never was a separate bishopric. Most of the convent
schools of Chandigarh are governed by this institution.
Chandigarh hosts many religious places, including Chandimandir, the temple after which it
was named. The ISKCON temple in Sector 36 is one of the worship places for Hindus. Nada
Sahib Gurudwara, a famous place for Sikh worship lies in its vicinity.[59] Apart from this, there
are a couple of historical mosques in Manimajra and Burail.
50
CHAPTER IV
CONCEPT
51
CONCEPT
52
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROLS & REGULATIONS IN CHANDIGARH
Architectural Control
The Edict of Chandigarh states that certain areas of Chandigarh are of special architectural
interest where harmonized and unified composition of buildings is aimed at. In these areas,
absolute architectural and zoning controls should remain operative.
The planners of the city employed large scale aesthetic controls ranging from urban design
measures to extensive architectural controls that prescribe volumes, outlines and skyline,
forms, spatial setting, facades, materials, textures, colours, fenestrations and even boundary
wall and
gates. These architectural controls depict the architect's interpretation of available technology,
olmate, social order of the democratic nature placed in the context of modernism
However, the competition brief asks the designer to take a stand and respond to Le
Corbusier's legacy.
Controls along major arterial roads

The architectural controls for commercial and institutional buildings were evolved for all the
major arterial roads of the city-Madhya Marg (V2), Jan Marg (V2) Dakshin Morg (V2) Himalaya
Marg (V2b) The chosen site is pierced by the Jan Marg which is V2.
The controls whether commercial or institutional can be classified either as brick structures or
RCC structures or composite built forms
The institutional buildings of plotted development which are composed of multiple blocks of
varying heights placed at angle to the avenues in order to facilitate north lights.
Parking for all types of buildings

Multi level parking above the ground level shall also be allowed which shall be free from FAR
However, the footprint of the separate parking building block shall be counted up to 50% of
the ground coverage permissible in this block, no other use except parking drivers rest room
with toilet, toll center and any other facility which is essential for parking facility shall be
allowed subject to condition that these shall not exceed 150 sq mtrs. per 100 EOS (Equivalent
Car Space) of parking space or in multiple of that.
Other parameters such as ground coverage, height etc. for such parking shall be governed
by the existing rules for any other multilevel building
Multi-level mechanical parking shall also be permissible for which the norms shall be decided
on case to case basis
b) Parking along V-4, V-5 and V-6 roods shall be strictly prohibited.
53
ramp
The clear width of the ramp leading to the basement shall be 4.00m with an adequate slope
not less than 1:10.
Separate entry/exit of ramps in the basement should be provided and the ramp for basement
parking shot be allowed outside the zoned area subject to fire tender movement. The ramp
shall be on non-slippery surface.
Barrier free approach

Barrier free approach shall be compulsory in all non-residential sites in Chandigarh to facilitate
differently abled persons
Toilets for especially abled person

Toilets for especially abled person shall be compulsory in all non-residential sites in
Chandigarh to facilitate differently abled persons
Courtyard
Where the minimum size of courtyard for providing light and ventilation to the basement is
provided
Lift:
Lift shall be allowed to open in basement of buildings in Chandigarh
Staircase:
a Design of Staircase-As per new fire safety norms, minimum of two staircases are to be
provided in buildings above 15m, height Fire staircases shall be open to sky and hence, shall
not be counted towards FAR While providing the extra staircase, the uniformity shall be
maintained
b. Location of Staircase - The staircase in any building shall be so located that the travel
distance on the floor shall not exceed 30 m). Access to Terrace: The terrace of all buildings
in Chandigarhs shall be allowed to be accessed by staircase except maria houses Service
zone on terrace: Mumty to be located within the service zone to create refuge area in case of
fire
54
A2
55
educational institute and canteen floor plan

56
Administration and quad lab floor plan
57
High containment lab floor plan
58
hospital floor plan
59
FRONT ELEVATION BACK ELEVATION
60
SECTION AA’ SECTION BB’
61
3D render image
62
63
64
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/biodefense-biosafety-labs
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240011311
https://ncdc.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/File608.pdf
https://animal.kmu.edu.tw/images/International_Guide/WHO/WHO_LBM_4edition_draft.pdf
http://www.nihsad.nic.in/bio-cont-lab.html
https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/upload_documents/Revised_ICMR_Guidelines_2_
December.pdf
65

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INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY (BSL4 LAB)

Mr. MEET SOMPURA

HEMCHANDRACHARYA NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE, H.N.G. UNIVERSITY, PATAN

Ar. Mayank Patel Ar. Niket Patel

Ar. Krunal suthar Ar. Meera Chatwani

Internal Guide Head of Department

Ar. Zubin Barot

Place: Meet sompura

Most importantly my whole journey would be incomplete without the support of my

1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................3

1.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................3

1.3 Need for Biosafety Labs ............................................................................................................6

1.4 What Are Biosafety Labs? ......................................................................................................7

1.5 Key elements of a virology laboratory ........................................................................................7

1.6 PHYSICAL INFRASTUCTURE………………………………………………………………………7

1.7 BIOSAFTY REQUREMENT…………………………………………………………………………8

1.9 DESIGN FEATURES………………………………………………………………………………...14

1.11 SCOPE AND LIMITATION ....................................................................................................16

2. CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................................17

2.1 PRIMARY CASE STUDY ............................................................................................................18

2.1.1 SALK INSTITUTE .................................................................................................................... 18

2.2 SECONDARY CASE STUDY .....................................................................................................23

2.2.1 ASTER ADHAR HOSPITAL ...................................................................................................... 23

2.2.2 MEDEOR HOSPITAL .............................................................................................................. 30

2.2.3 CARMAN HOSPITAL…………………………………………………………………………... ..36

3.2 CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................................45

3.3 CLIMATE ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................46

4. CONCEPT AND DESIGN ................................................................................................................51

4.1 CONCEPT ...................................................................................................................................52

4.2.1 SITE LAYOUT ......................................................................................................................... 55

4.2.2 INDIVIDUAL PLAN ................................................................................................................ 56

4.2.3 ELEVATION .......................................................................................................................... 60

4.2.4 SECTION ............................................................................................................................... 61

4.2.2 3D VIEWS ............................................................................................................................. 62

Starting work in a virology research laboratory as a new technician, graduate

1.2. theoretical Background

Ever since its discovery, the

In 2003, SARS caused by a coronavirus inflicted a major impact on health, tourism

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) occurred in Asia beginning in

It is in this context that the establishment and strengthening of existing national

1.3. The Need for Biosafety Labs

Preparing for bioterrorism—the deliberate release of a microbe into a community in which

1.4. What Are Biosafety Labs?

1. Pathogenicity of the organism.

3. Local availability of effective preventive measures. These may include:

4. Local availability of effective treatment. This includes passive immunization,

1.5. Key elements of a virology laboratory

(1) Physical infrastructure

1.6. Physical infrastructure

A diagnostic virology laboratory should ideally be located in a separate,

1.7. Biosafety requirements

Diagnostic virology laboratories must be designed for Biosafety level 2 (BSL 2)

A typical biosafety level 3 laboratory

1] Adequate space must be provided for the safe conduct of laboratory

3] Ideally the entire laboratory should be air conditioned to maintain a

4] Walls, ceilings and floors should be smooth, easy to clean, impermeable

5] Bench-tops should be impervious to water and resistant to disinfectants,

6] Illumination should be adequate for all activities. Undesirable reflections and

7] Laboratory furniture should be sturdy. Open spaces between and under

13] Safety systems should cover fire, electrical emergencies, emergency

1. The international biohazard warning

1.9. Design features