Facilitating Learner-Centered
Teaching learning.
METACOGNITION
The most important goal in
education is to teach students
how to learn on their own.
This entails a deeper
awareness of how one
processes information, the
ability to evaluate his own
thinking and to think of ways
to make his own learning
process more effective. All of
these involves metacognition.
Metacognition
- Was coined by John
Flavell. According to him
(1979,1987),
metacognition consist of
both metacognitive
knowledge and
metacognitive experiences
or regulation.
- Metacognition, “thinking
about thinking” or
learning to learn
- Acquired knowledge
about cognitive process
- Refers to higher order
thinking which involves
active awareness and
control over the cognitive
processes engaged in
Metacognitive knowledge refers
to acquired knowledge about
cognitive processes, knowledge
that can be used to control
cognitive processes.
Flavell further divides
metacognitive knowledge into
three categories:
1. Person variables
2. Task variables
3. Strategy variables
Person variables – how one
views himself as a learner and
thinker.
-knowledge of person variables
refers to knowledge about how
human being learn and
process information, as well as
individual knowledge of one’s
own learning processes.
Task variables – knowledge of
nature of the task as well as
the type of processing demands
that it will place upon the
individual.
-knowledge of what is exactly
needs to be accomplished.
Strategy variables – 4. Have your students relate
awareness of the strategy you ideas to existing
are using to learn a topic and knowledge structures.
evaluating whether this 5. Make students develop
strategy is effective questions
6. Help students to know
1. Meta-attention – is the
when to ask for help
awareness of specific
7. Show students how to
strategies so that you can
transfer knowledge,
keep your attention
attitudes, values, skills to
focused on the topic or
other situation or task.
task at hand.
2. Meta-memory – is your
awareness of memory
strategies that work best
for you.
Metacognitive strategies to
facilitate learning:
1. Have students monitor
their own learning and
thinking.
2. Teach students study or
learning strategies:
- TQLR – can be
taught to young
learners ( primary
levels)
- PQ4R – usually for
older students in
intermediate levels
and onwards.
3. Have students make
prediction about
information to be
presented next based on
what they have read.