Topic 2.

Two-cycle Diesel Engine

Starter

Ex.1 Fill in the gaps with the words from the box

to the connecting rod/housed/rotary motion/by a cylinder head/ the cylinders/

the crankshaft/up and down/by spring/the inlet and exhaust valves

1. The four-stroke engine is made up of a piston which moves _ crankshaft __in a cylinder
covered at the top _______ up and down _________.
2. The fuel injector, through which fuel enters ___ the inlet and exhaust valves _______,
is located in the cylinder head.
3. The inlet and exhaust valves are ___ to the connecting rod ____ in the cylinder head
and shut _____ the cylinders _________.
4. The piston is joined ______ by a cylinder head _____________ by a gudgeon pin.
5. The bottom end or big end of the connecting rod is joined to the crankpin which forms
part of ______________ housed _________________.
6. With this assembly, the linear up-and-down movement of the piston is converted into
___________ rotary motion _____________ of the crankshaft.
7. The camshaft operates the rocker arms which open ________ by spring _________.
Ex.2 Answer the questions:
1. What are the main Diesel engine parts? What parts are moving and what parts are fixed?
2. What are the strokes of 4-cycle Diesel engine? Describe each stoke in brief.
3. How do you think what is the difference between 4-cycle and 2-cycle Diesel engines?
Vocabulary
Ex. 3 Match the English words and their Russian equivalents

Exhaust pipes прямоточная продувка

Inlet valves оборот

Exhaust ports верхняя мертвая точка

Scavenging ports впускные клапана

Uniflow scavenging выхлопные патрубки

Top Dead Center нижняя мертвая точка

Bottom Dead Center выхлопные окна

Revolution продувочные окна

Reading
Two-cycle Diesel engine
 In the 2-cycle, single acting Diesel engine instead of an exhaust valve there is a ring of
exhaust ports around the bottom of the cylinder, communicating with the exhaust pipe. The spray
valve and starting valve are the same as in the 4-cycle. In place of air inlet valves there are
scavenging ports, in place of exhaust valves there are exhaust ports, in uniflow scavenging
engines there are exhaust valves.

The crankshaft is revolving clockwise and the piston is moving up the

cylinder, compressing the charge of air. Because energy is being transferred into
the air, its pressure and temperature increase by the time the piston is
approaching the top of the cylinder (known as Top Dead Center or TDC).

Just before TDC fuel is injected into the cylinder by the fuel injector. The burning
starts as the piston passes over TDC. The expanding gas from the fuel burning
forces the piston down the cylinder, turning the crankshaft. It is during this stroke
that work energy is being put into the engine.

As the piston moves down the cylinder, the useful energy from the burning
fuel is expanded. At about 110° after TDC the exhaust ports open and the hot
exhaust gas leaves the cylinder.

At about 140º after TDC the piston on its downward stroke uncovers a set of
ports known as scavenging ports. Air under pressure enters the cylinder via
these ports and pushes the remaining exhaust gas from the cylinder in a process
known as "scavenging".

The piston now goes past Bottom Dead Centre and starts moving up the
cylinder, closing off the scavenging ports. The exhaust ports then close and
compression begins.

The complete series of operations, including fuel injection and combustion, expansion,
exhaust, filling cylinder with fresh air and compression, occurs in two strokes of the piston, or
one revolution of the crankshaft.

Ex. 4 Are the statements true or false ? Correct the false ones

1. In the 2-cycle, single acting Diesel engine instead of an exhaust valve there is a ring of
exhaust ports around the top of the cylinder.
 TRUE  FALSE
2. The fuel injection valve and starting valve are the same as in the 4-cycle.
 TRUE  FALSE
 3. Scavenging is a process of pushing the exhaust gases out by air through scavenging
ports.
 TRUE  FALSE
4. In uniflow scavenging engines there are inlet valves.
 TRUE  FALSE
5. The complete cycle of this type of engine occurs in two strokes of the piston:
compression and power.
 TRUE  FALSE
6. The complete cycle of 2-stroke Diesel engine requires 2 revolutions of the crankshaft.
 TRUE  FALSE

Ex.5 Underline the proper word and complete the sentence

Air pressure and temperature increase by the time the piston is approaching (TDC/BDC).
The compression begins when (scavenging ports/exhaust ports) close.
The crankshaft makes one (stroke/revolution/movement) during 2-stroke cycle.
Exhaust ports around the bottom of the cylinder are connected with the (inlet
valves/exhaust valves/ exhaust pipe).

Ex.6 Match the two parts to get the sentences

The burning starts … … compressing the charge of air.

The piston is moving up the cylinder, .. … and the hot exhaust gas leaves the
cylinder.

At about 110° after TDC the exhaust ports … as the piston passes over TDC.
open …
… closing off the scavenging ports.

Air pushes the remaining exhaust gas from the

cylinder …

… in a process known as "scavenging".

The piston passes BDC and starts moving up
the cylinder, …

Grammar
CONDITIONALS

If-clause (condition) Main-clause (result)

Type 1 Pres.Simple/Cont. will+V

 (for future If we have time tomorrow, we will overhaul the engine.
real/factual
situations) If he is keeping watch on Friday, he won’t go ashore.

Type 2 Past Simple/Cont. would/could/might+V

If I were you, I would report the Chief

Engineer about the trouble.
(for present or
future unreal, If we had time tomorrow, we would overhaul the engine.
imaginary
situations) If he was keeping watch on he wouldn’t go ashore.
Friday,

Type 3 Past Perfect would/could/have+V3ф./ed

(for past unreal, If we had had time yesterday, we would have overhauled the
imaginary engine.
situations)
If he hadn’t kept watch last he could have gone ashore.
night,

Ex. 7 A) Open the brackets and put the verbs in the proper form to get the 1 st type
conditionals
Model: If you (to leave) the engine room, you (to meet) the Master.
If you leave the engine-room, you will meet the Master.

B) Transform received sentences into 2nd type and 3rd type conditionals
Model: 1st - If you leave the engine-room, you will meet the Master.
2nd – If you left the engine-room, you would meet the Master.
3rd – If you had left the engine-room, you would have met the Master.

1. If the exhaust valve seal rings (to be) worn out, they (to be) reconditioned by grinding.
2. If oil (to enter) the cylinders, the impurities (to be) extracted.
3. If the air (to flow) through the diffuser, its velocity (to fall).
4. If the exhaust gas (to pass) through the turbine, its pressure (to fall).
5. If the crankshaft (to be) handled outside the engine, it must be carefully supported.
6. If the fuel line (to be) defective, it (to be) replaced.

Ex. 8 Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets for each of the following sentences
( 1st, 2nd, 3rd type conditionals):

1. If the oiler (to get) the raise of wages, it will be because he does a good job.
2. If they had repaired the compressor already, they (to notify) us.
3. If we finish the bunkering before 5 p.m., we (to leave) port tonight.
4. If you had stopped the unit earlier, it (to be damaged, negative) so badly.
5. If the main cooling water pump stopped due to power supply failure, the motorman (to
start) the stand-by pump manually.
6. If he took the turbine clearances, he (to record) them.

Writing
Ex. 9 Describe the operation of a two-stroke diesel engine in writing

Speaking

Ex. 10 Present the operation of a two-stroke diesel engine to your colleague

Ex.11 Read the information and fill in the chart below

What is the principal difference between 4-cycle and 2-cycle Diesel engines
 The main difference between the four- and two- stroke cycle engines is the power
developed. The two-stroke cycle engine will develop twice the power of a four-stroke
engine of the same swept volume.
 For a particular engine power, the two-stroke engine is considerably lighter, a matter of
great importance for ships. The four-stroke engine, however, can operate efficiently at
high speed which offsets power disadvantages. It also consumes less lubricating oil.
 The fuel prices have gone high and better grade fuel is adding higher costs to vessel
operation. A two stroke engine can burn low grade fuel oil and hence reduce running cost
of the ship.
 The thermal and engine efficiency of 2-stroke engine is much better than that of a 4-
stroke engine.
 As two stroke engines are low speed engine, there are no requirement of reduction gear
or speed reduction arrangement as required for high speed four stroke engine.
 Initial cost of installation of a two stroke propulsion plant is also much higher than
running and maintenance cost of a 4-stroke engine. In 2-stroke engine, the amount saved
on high grade fuel can compensate all other disadvantages and also reduce
the whole operating cost of a ship.

4-cycle Diesel engine VS 2-cycle Diesel engine

Construction

Working cycle
 Revolutions of the
crankshaft

Power

Efficiency

Speed

Oil consumption

Fuel grade

Ex. 12 Set the correct order for the following phrases. Make up a dialogue and learn it
by heart

What is their location? It’s

The working processes are
absolutely the same as in
the four-stroke cycle, but
they occur during the two
cycles.
very important. As far as I
know the scavenging ports
are always lower than
Why so?
exhaust ones.
 To provide
scavenging of the
cylinder.
I also know it.
There are exhaust Is there any difference
ports and in construction between
scavenging ports. the four-cycle and two-
cycle engines?

Yes, a principal one.

In a four-stroke cycle
there are valves in the
cylinder head , and in
the two-cycle Diesel Right you
there are ports. are.

WORDS TO BE LEARNT

Cycles of Diesel Engines. Two-cycle Diesel Engine

Bottom Dead Center нижняя мертвая точка

Burning горение

Charge заряд

Clockwise по часовой стрелке

Efficiency эффективность, производительность

Exhaust pipes выхлопные патрубки

Exhaust ports выхлопные окна

Inlet valves впускные клапана

Power мощность

Revolution оборот

Scavenging ports продувочные окна

Spring пружина

Top Dead Center верхняя мертвая точка

To consume потреблять, расходовать

Increase увеличиваться, расти

To expand расширять, расширяться

To reduce уменьшать, снижать

To revolve вращать, вращаться

To transfer переносить, перемещать

Uniflow scavenging прямоточная продувка

 TEST YOURSELF
1. What are the engine types according to the piston construction?
a) single-acting, double-acting;
b) crosshead, trunk, opposed-piston type;
c) two-stroke cycle, four-stroke cycle.

2. What are the engine parts?

a) cylinder liner, piston, burner, crankshaft, conrod, valves;
b) cylinder head, piston, furnace, camshaft, piston rod, valves;
c) cylinder, piston, shaft, piping, crankcase, rocker.

3. At the end of expansion stroke burned gases have:

a) reduced pressure and increased temperature;
b) increased pressure and reduced temperature;
c) reduced pressure and reduced temperature.

4. What piston stroke is also called ‘power’?:

a) suction; c) combustion and expansion;
b) compression; d) exhaust.

5. What is the position of suction and exhaust valves during exhaust stroke?
a) suction and exhaust valves are closed;
b) suction and exhaust valves are opened;
c) suction valve is opened, exhaust valve is closed;
d) suction valve is closed, exhaust valve is opened.

6. Which engine parts are moving?

a) crankshaft; d) crankpin;
b) cylinder head; e) connecting rod;
c) cylinder block; f) fuel injector.

7. What happens during the suction stroke?

a) piston starts upward and gas is compressed;
b) piston moves upward pushing out burnt gases;
c) piston moves downward and high temperature air ignites fuel;
d) piston starts downward and air is drawn into the cylinder.

8. The two strokes of two-cycle diesel engine are:

 a) compression and combustion;
b) compression and power;
c) combustion and expansion.

9. In 2-stroke diesel engine the cycle of operation requires:

a) one revolution of the crankshaft;
b) two revolutions of the crankshaft;
c) four revolutions of the crank.

10. In 2-stroke diesel engine in place of air inlet valves there are
a) scavenging ports;
b) exhaust valves;
c) exhaust ports.

11. Сhoose the correct Tense form for the sentence:

The pressure in the cylinder (to increase) by the combustion of the fuel.
a) is increased; b) increases; c) is increasing.

12. Сhoose the correct Tense form for the sentence:

The engine (to get out) of order two hours ago.
a) got out; b) gets out; c) has got out.