Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Intervention
An intervention is something that comes between two
things or something that changes the course of
something.
An intervention is a systematic process of assessment and
planning employed to remediate or prevent a social,
educational, or development problem
Classifications of Intervention Studies
1. Individual vs. Group (Community) Trials
2. Prevention Trials vs. Therapeutic Trials
3. Cross-over trials vs. Randomized controlled trials
1. Individual vs. Group (community) trials
a) Controlled clinical trials
– in which individual subjects are assigned to one or
another of the competing interventions.
a) Community interventions
– in which an intervention is assigned to an entire
group.
 2. Prevention trials vs. Therapeutic trials
a) Preventive trials
– are conducted to evaluate whether an agent or
procedure reduces risk of developing a particular
disease among individuals free from that disease
at the beginning of the trial, i.e., vaccine trails
b) Therapeutic trials
- are condcuted among individuals with a particular
disease to assess the effectiveness of an agent or
procedure to diminish symptoms, prevent
recurrence, or reduce mortality from the
disease.
 3. Cross-over trials vs. randomized controlled
trials
a) Cross-over trials
– a pre-post clinical trial is one in which the
subjects are first assigned to the treatment group
and, after a brief interval for cessation of residual
effect of the drug, are shifted into the placebo or
alternative group.
b) Randomized controlled trial
– is considered as the most rigorous method of
determining whether a cause-effect relationship
exists between an intervention and outcome.
 Data collection and analysis procedures
Data – are pieces of information that are collected
during a study.
- refers to information like facts or numbers,
collected to be examined and considered for use to
help decision-making.
Research data – means disctinct pieces information,
usually formatted in a special way.
- refers to the recorded factual material
commonly accepted in them scientific
community as necessary to validate
research finding, which are collected,
observed, created, for purposes of
analysis to produce original research
results.
Information – when data are processed, organized,
structured or presented in a given
context so as to make them useful.

❖Data is the computer’s language, Information is our

translation of this language.
Examples of research data:
1. Documents (text, Word), spreadsheets
2. Laboratory notebooks, field notebooks, diaries
3. Questionnaires, transcripts, codebooks
4. Audiotapes, videotapes, Photographs, films
5. Protein or genetic sequences, Spectra
6. Test responses, Slides, artifacts, specimen, samples
7. Database contents (video, audio, text, images)
8. Methodologies, and workflows and Standard operating
procedures and protocol
 Quantitative data collection methods
1. Quantitative Survey
2. Quantitative Interview
3. Quantitative Observation
4. Experiments
Quantitative data collection methods
- rely on random sampling and structured data
collection instruments that fit diverse experiences
into predetermined response categories.
Quantitative data gathering strategies:
1. Administering surveys with closed-ended questions
2. Experiments/clinical trials
3. Observing and recording well-defined events
4. Obtaining relevant data from management info. system
1. Quantitative Survey
➢ quantitative paper surveys pose closed questions, with
the answer options provided

2. Quantitative Interview
➢ personal one-on-one interviews may also be used. The
interview is more structured than when gathering
qualitative data, comprised of a prepared set of
standard questions.
Quantitative interview forms:
a. Face-to-face interviews
b. Telephone and/or online, Web-based interviews
c. Computer-assisted interviews
3. Quantitative Observation
➢ Data may be collected through systematic observation
by, say, counting the number of users present and
currently accessing services in a specific area, or the
number of services being used within a designated
vicinity.
4. Experiments
➢ These methods involve manipulation of an
independent variable, while maintaining varying
degrees of control over other variables, most likely the
dependent ones.
Types of experiments are:
a. Laboratory experiments
b. Field experiments
c. Natural experiments
 Quantitative data analysis
It is a systematic approach to investigations during which
numerical data is collected and the researcher transforms
what is collected or observed into numerical data.
It often describes a situation or event, answering the
“what” and “how many” questions which involves
measuring or counting attributes.
 Data analysis procedure:
1. Identify the levels or scales of measurement as nominal,
ordinal, interval or ratio.
2. Use descriptive statistics to summarize or describe the data.
List of commonly used descriptive statistics:
a. Frequencies e. Mode
b. Percentages f. Minimum and maximum
c. Mean values (range)
d.Median
3. Utilize data to make inferences or predictions about
the population need to proceed and use inferential
statistics.

Inferential statistics – examine the differences and

relationships between two or more samples of the
population.
List of inferential statistical tests:
a. Correlation - seeks to describe the nature of a relationship
between 2 variables, such as strong, -+, weak, or statistically
significant.
b. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – tries to determine whether
or not the means of 2 sampled groups is statistically or due
to random chance.
c. Regression – used to determine whether one variable is a
predictor of another variable.
4. The type of analysis will also depend on the number of
variables in the study. Studies may be:
a. Univariate,
b. Bivariate, or
c. Multivariate in nature.
a. Univariate data
✓ is used for the simplest form of analysis. It is the types of
data in which analysis are made only based on one
variable.
b. Bivariate data
✓ Is used for little complex analysis. The data in which
analysis are based on two variables per observation
simultaneously.
c. Multivariate data
✓ Is the data in which analysis are based on one or more than
two variables per observation.
 Making inferences and drawing analysis
Direct observation
Maria who lives in a rural area touched
the forehead and neck of her 3-year
old daughter one evening. She said
that her daughter had a fever so she
told her to sleep. Afterwards, she
brought her to the quack doctor and
asked her to take aspirin.
What is the actual data?
Inference
Maria believes in the efficacy of both
traditional and modern healing. She
consulted the folk healer first then
resorted to the medical way of healing
fever.
What is it directly telling you?
Analysis
In rural areas, people recognize the
need for the traditional means, as well
as the modern means. Considering the
proximity of clinics or hospitals and the
costs of medical treatments, the
tendency for many households is to
resort to the traditional way first before
the modern ones.
*Then make sure to support this with
relevant literature or study which also
already found out the same.
What can you say about the data?
What has other reviewed literature and
studies already found out that is
related to your findings?
Discourse analysis-involves looking at the text and its
context
What are the concepts and ideas the text wants to convey?
What are the overt(undisguised) meanings?
What are the hidden ones?
What are the claims to expertise or knowledge that this text is making?
What discursive strategies can i see in the text that reinforce its claims to
knowledge/expertise?
What form of consciousness/subjectivity is the text imposing?