Brain Fingerprinting

CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
Brain Fingerprinting is a controversial proposed investigative technique that measures
recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or
pictures that are presented on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence
Farwell. The theory is that the suspect's reaction to the details of an event or activity will reflect
if the suspect had prior knowledge of the event or activity. This test uses what Farewell calls the
MERMER ("Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response")
response to detect familiarity reaction. One of the applications is lie detection. Dr. Lawrence A.
Farwell has invented, developed, proven, and patented the technique of Farwell Brain
Fingerprinting, a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime
accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime- relevant words or
pictures presented on a computer screen. Farwell Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate
in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US
Navy, and tests on real-life situations including actual crimes.

1.1DEFINITION
Brain Fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes
specific information related to an event or activity by measuring electrical brain wave responses
to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen. The technique can be applied only
in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event
or an activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and Investigator. In this respect, Brain

Fingerprinting is considered a type of Guilty Knowledge Test, where the "guilty" party is
expected to react strongly to the relevant detail of the event of activity.
Existing (polygraph) procedures for assessing the validity of a suspect's "guilty"
knowledge rely on measurement of autonomic arousal (e.g., palm sweating and heart rate), while
Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity via a fitted headband containing special
sensors.

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Fig. 1.1 Waves to detect guilt

Brain Fingerprinting is said to be more accurate in detecting "guilty" knowledge distinct

from the false positives of traditional polygraph methods, but this is hotly disputed by
specialized researchers.

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1.2TECHNIQUE
The person to be tested wears a special headband with electronic sensors that measure the
electroencephalography from several locations on the scalp. In order to calibrate the brain
fingerprinting system, the testee is presented with a series of irrelevant stimuli, words, and
pictures, and a series of relevant stimuli, words, and pictures. The test subject's brain response to
these two different types of stimuli allow the testor to determine if the measured brain responses
to test stimuli, called probes, are more similar to the relevant or irrelevant responses.
The technique uses the well known fact that an electrical signal known as P300 is emitted
from an individual's brain approximately 300 milliseconds after it is confronted with a stimulus
of special significance, e.g. a rare vs. a common stimuls or a stimulus the proband is asked to
count. The novel interpretation in brain fingerprinting is to look for P300 as response to stimuli
related to the crime in question e.g., a murder weapon or a victim's face. Because it is based on
EEG signals, the system does not require the testee to issue verbal responses to questions or
stimuli.
Brain fingerprinting uses cognitive brain responses, brain finger printing does not depend
on the emotions of the subject, nor is it affected by emotional responses. Brain fingerprinting is
fundamentally different from the polygraph (lie-detector), which measures emotion-based
physiological signals such as heart rate, sweating, and blood pressure. Also, unlike polygraph
testing, it does not attempt to determine whether or not the subject is lying or telling the truth.

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CHAPTER 2
HISTORY
Android was the brainchild of Andy Rubin, one of the cofounders of “Android Inc” (others are
Rich Miner, Nick Sears, Chris White). He decided to produce a better smartphone operating
system which can compete with the other mobile operating systems of that time like symbian and
windows. But he faced some financial problem that time and in 2005, Google buys “Android
Inc” owning it wholly as a subsidiary of it. The key employee of Android Inc started working
under Google and developed this platform purely based on Linux kernel.
In 2007, the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), a consortium of more than 50 technology companies
including Google, HTC ,Samsung , QualComm, TI was announced and Android was officially
announced open sourced.

2.1 Evolution
first commercially available phone to run Android was the HTC Dream, released on October 22,
2008. Since 2008, Android has no doubt gone through numerous updates which have
incrementally improved the operating system in terms of new features, processing power, 3 eye-
catching UI and bug fixing abilities from the previous releases. Each new release is being named
in alphabetical order after In 2008, the first ever software development kit of Android was
released as “Android SDK 1.0”. The a dessert or sugary treat. The

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CHAPTER 3
WORKING PRINCIPLES
3.1 GPS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides
location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the earth. GPS is a
complex system which combines three segments – space, control and user segment. Such
distinction of segments emphasizes the main objective of the combined segments: to create a
functional system that at a global level makes people aware of the possibility and potential of the
services based on navigation. GPS uses the satellite constellation, where each of the satellites
transmits the signal in the range which encompasses the message navigation.
The latter contains also the information necessary to determine the satellite coordinates and
brings the satellite clocks in accordance with the GPS time. At the same time the measurements
of at least four satellites are required in order to determine the positioning of three-dimensional
and time capacity. The satellite constellation provides a range of possibilities for each user who
is located anywhere and anytime on the Earth. Tracking of GPS satellite, using its operative
controls and determining their location in space, is performed by the Operational Control
Segment (OCS).

Additionally, the segment takes care of

 Maintenance of orbiting satellites through small manoeuvres;
 Introduction of corrections and adaptation of satellite clocks and capacity;
 Monitoring of the GPS satellites and upload of navigation data for each satellite
 Giving orders for big changes in case of satellite failure.

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The architecture of Place Reminder called GPS Architecture consists of several segments that are
sufficient to create a fully functional unit. The absence of any of these parts means at the same
time the impossibility of developing the system.
As can be seen, there are three basic segments:
 User – represents a person who uses the possibilities provided by the mobile device and
the Place Reminder-An Android application installed on the mobile device;
 Mobile terminal device – hardware-equipped terminal which enables the usage of Place
Reminder-An Android application;
 GPS system – system of satellites and receivers intended for positioning. The basis for
the running of the application lies in the mathematical concept, i.e. formula which
compares the geographic position entered into the application and at which the user wants
to be alarmed, and the position given by the GPS system that shows at which coordinates
the mobile terminal device is currently located.

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Working of GPS Alarm System

3.2 LBS
The term Location Based Services (LBS) refers to mobile services in which the user location
information is used in order to add value to the service as a whole. The user location information
in that case consists of X-Y coordinates generated by any given Location Determination
Technology (LDT), such as Cell-ID, A-GPS,EOTD, etc. The Location Based Services (LBS) are
mobile applications that depend on the location of the mobile device, such as cellular phones.

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LBS services can be categorised as imposed LBS services (push services) and as user-requested
LBS services (pull services).
In order to make the LBS services possible, some infrastructure elements are necessary,
including [6]:
 Mobile devices
 Applications
 Communication network
 Positioning of components
 Servers
 Services.
Mobile devices are tools used to access LBS services, send requests and correct results. Such
devices can be Personal Navigation Devices (PNDs), Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), portable
computers, cellular phones, etc. [8]. The user’s interface for access to LBS services represents an
application. Usually it is software-developed by the service provider, uploaded and installed on
the user’s device. The specific application is usually developed for specific LBS services.
Because of the constraints of the mobile devices (small display size, processor of limited power
and memory, battery capacity), LBS applications have to be light and save batteries. The service
providers are engaged in server maintenance which sends different types of LBS services to
users, and are responsible for the processing of service requests and for returning the request
result. The server calculates the positions, looks for the routes or specific information based on
the user’s location. The service providers usually maintain all information requested by the user.
Instead, the content providers are responsible for the collection and storage of geographic data,
location-based information, etc. These data will be requested and processed by the server and
then returned to the users.

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There are six types of LBS services :
1. Assistance,
2. Orientation,
3. Information,
4. Advertising,
5. Tracking,
6. Charging.

3.3 Satellite Communication

Communications The satellite communications market has developed significantly over the past
five years. The industry has extended its offerings to include telecommunications services via
low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations and enhanced its capabilities in such highgrowth
areas as direct-to-home (DTH) television[9]. Despite these expansions, many sectors of the
satellite communications industry have experienced mergers among major providers and
operators aimed at creating consolidated companies that are more competitive nationally and
internationally. New broadband services and bundled offering packages to end-user consumers
promise to maintain, or perhaps even increase, recent growth over the next few years. Figure 3.
shows world revenue growth in the four industry sectors examined in this section: The highest
revenue component of the satellite communications industry from 1996 to 2000 has been the
satellite services sector. Within this sector, DTH television services have driven a large portion
of the growth. The first Direct Broadcast Satellite system, Hughes Communications' DirecTV,
debuted in 1994. This DTH satellite television service featured high-powered satellites
transmitting in the Ku-band and required consumer reception dishes only 18 inches in diameter,
significantly smaller than traditional C-band dishes typically measuring several meters across. As
other providers rolled out similar services (Primestar's medium-powered system and Echostar
Communications' Dish Network), competition among providers and with the cable industry led
U.S. operators to significantly subsidize the cost of consumer equipment to expand their
subscriber base.

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3.4 Overall System Architecture

Figure5 shows the overall architecture of location based alarm system. It shows the actions that a
user could reasonably expect to be able to perform from the mobile device user software. Home
screen provides four options: Saved Alarms, Map, Activate alarm and Deactivate Alarm. “Saved
Alarms” displays the alarm name along with its longitude and latitude values. This screen
provides options to “Delete” and “Edit” alarms. Delete and edit as it name implies used to delete
and edit the alarm name and message. Map button is used to display the map where the user can
select the target location which retrieves latitude and longitude values from location provider
(GPS/ Network) and prompt user to enter the alarm name and message. These details are then
saved in the database. Activate Alarms is used to activate the alarm which enables the alarm and
displays the provider name (GPS/Network) in the screen. Deactivate Alarms are used to disable
the alarms.

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CHAPTER 4
FEATURES

 Android is a hardware reference design which clearly describes the capabilities needed
for a mobile device to support the software stack.

 It has a “Linux operating system kernel” which provides low-level interface with the
hardware, memory management, and process control, optimized for mobile devices.

 Open-source third party libraries for application development such as SQLite, WebKit,
OpenGL, and a media manager .

 A run time used to execute and host Android applications, including the Dalvik virtual
machine and the core libraries that provide Android-specific functionality. The run time
is designed to be small and efficient for use on mobile devices.

 An application framework that agnostically exposes system services to the application

layer, including the window manager and location manager, content providers, telephony,
and sensors.

 A user interface framework used to host and launch applications.

 Preinstalled sample applications available.

 A software development kit used to create applications, including tools, plug-ins, and
documentation.

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CHAPTER 5

Advantages

 The android alarm can be associated with a reminder message.

 As the user reaches the destined location, the alarm rings and even the
associated message flashes on your mobile screen.
 The user may set, reset, disable, edit and set duration of the alarms as he wishes.
 User may view the destined locations on a map to check how far he is from the
desired location.

Disadvantages

 User can use this application only with android mobile phone.
 User must start the task by clicking start option. if user forget to do so, system won’t
provide him with the notification.

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CHAPTER 6

FUTURE WORK

7.1 Scope of Future Application

The future application of this system is to include voice message. Voice message enhances the
usability of the application. Currently, system ringtone is used as the default ringtone in the
application. However, choice of ring tones could be provided from the audio gallery, since it has
volume control and vibrates mode control settings.

7.2 Scope of Improvement

The possibility of improvement of the system includes: improvement of the precision of the GPS
system positioning, activation of alarm within a certain date and time, determining the distance
from the point at which the application is to alarm us, sharing of alarm with other users
(sending/receiving).

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The final system allow user to easily activate alarm in the mobile device. Based on the saved
location on the mobile device, alarm will ring automatically and display remainder message
when the user reaches the target location. The system will also integrate additional settings into
the system. This mobile alarm service will act as assistance for the frequent travellers to visit
new places.

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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
[1] "Industry Leaders Announce Open Platform for Mobile Devices" (Press release). Open
Handset Alliance. November 5, 2007. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[2] "T-Mobile G1 Spec". Infosite and comparisons. GSM Arena. Retrieved September 12,

2012 [3]Android Overview". Open Handset Alliance. Retrieved 2012-02-15.

[4] Elgin, Ben (August 17, 2005). "Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal". Bloomberg
Businessweek. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved 2012-
02-20. "In what could be a key move in its nascent wireless strategy, Google (GOOG) has
quietly acquired startup Android, Inc., ..."

[5]http://pdf.cyberpresse.ca/lapresse/dufour/rimm.jankowski.august3.pdf (August 2010)

[6] Tong Chang: “Analysis of critical success factors of mobile location-based services”,
Helsinki University of Technology, Master thesis, Helsinki 2009.

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